International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1692 Applications of Protection Relays in the 21st Century in Smart Grid Challenges Safdar Ali Soomro (Sr. Engineer, Transmission Protection Settings, DEWA, Dubai, UAE) Noora Abdulla Abdulrahman (Engineer, Transmission Protection Engineering, DEWA, Dubai, UAE) Haitham Gharib Juma Mohd (Sr. Engineer, Transmission Protection Maintenance, DEWA, Dubai, UAE) Ahmed Yousef Ahmed Alhammadi (Engineer, Transmission Protection Settings, DEWA, Dubai, UAE) *** Abstract - Thriving fundamentals of Smart gird that come up with ever assimilating new technological innovations and concepts specially with protection relaying are attracting huge attentionofpower grid community. This expandingrole correspondingequipment,withthehelpofhugedatamanagement,latestcommunicationpowercontroltechniquesandnotablyfasterandadaptivesettingsresponseof intelligent Electronic devices’ (IEDs) tothenetworkchangesis technologies,toovergaininggreatmomentum.Importantly,thispapershedalightmajoraspectsandcomponentsofsmartgridinrelationincreasingroleofprotectionrelaysandassociatedespeciallyhowprotectionrelaysreadying themselves to take up the role of control as considered earlier “ not in protection domain”. Protection relays respond to re configuration of network and additionally resort to self healing and artificial intelligence or machine learning based relaysRenewabletodecisionsindeterminationofchangesinrelaysettings.Furtherthis,speciallyaddressingthesurfacingchallengesduetogeneration(REG)cyberattacksinprotectionspecificallyandsmartgridingeneral. Key Words: Smart Grid, Relays, PMUs, Adaptive Settings, Asset Management, Cyber security. 1. INTRODUCTION Concept of Smart Grid is primarily an approach and implementation of state of the art technological standards,reliability,skelecrystalizeresponsibilitypowerresearchtheedgevein,advancementintoElectricalpowersystem.Inthesameadvancementinprotectionrelayswithcuttingcommunicationcomponentshaverevolutionizedperformanceofpowergrids.Asthevoluminousoverdifferentsegmentsandelementsofsystemhaspushedwithstaggeringforelectricalpowercommunitytoandembedalllatestinnovationinthetonofpowergridandproceedwithincreasingsecurityalongwithmeetingalllatestrequirementsandnorms.Thesevirtues have proved strong foothold thanks to the benefits garneredthroughthepowergridcomponentsranging from renewablegenerationtoDistributedgeneration, from involvement of Machine learning techniques to adoptabilityofEVsystemconnectivitywiththepower grid, from adaptable protection relays settings to increasing roles of PMUs and most importantly resultantlyindividualisticallydifferentdevelopmentindustrylongsegmenthand.technologyvertcomplexindustrializationwithmeetingchallengesmoretoapplicationcoordinatecontroldataSmartunderforoptimaladdressedsecurity,meetingthesubsequentincreasingchallengesofcyberfromAllthosecomponentsaredesignedandinsuchawaytoobtainmaximumpossiblerequirementwithefficiencyandsustainabilityoverallelectricalpowersystem.ActuallythatcomestheumbrellatermasSmartgrid.gridsystemconsistsofdigitallybasedsensing,management,communications,computing,andtechnologiesandfielddevicesthatfunctiontomultipleelectricgridprocesses.TheofInformationTechnologyallowsutilitieshandlegreaterquantitiesofdatathatfacilitatesforeffectiveanddynamicgridoperations.Electricalpowerindustryisnotoutofracein/objectivesashorizontalgrowthsuchasdemandsofincreasingpopulationcoupledincrementalcommercializationandleadingtoloadincrementsthatcausenetworksatonehandandembracingtheicalprogresswiththehelpofautomationandnowartificialintelligenceontheotherAlongsideofmicroleveldevelopmentineachofpowercomponentsdatingbacktocenturycontinuousprogresshasbestowedpowerwithgreatdealofhugebenefits.However,thisvariesindifferentdomains,forexampleelectricalpowerentitiesutilizebenefitswhichhascausedsomegapsandleadingcompromiseduniformityor
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1693 convergingdesignplatforms.Almostlasttwodecades ormore,IEC61850standardhassteeredarobusthold on substation control and protection aspects over today’s technologies and processes. On top of that, power grid technology has embraced smart grid conceptswhichtakesintoaccountallbestandfiltered aspectsinonego.Managementofheavyflowofdata betweenthedifferentdigitaldevicesorchannelsand protection relaying with embedded time stamping components such as PMUs and network reconfiguration aligned with adaptable protection settings or a relay that maintains lifecycle data of associatedcomponentsandgiverisetoefficientasset managementconcept,asappearingmajorconvincing featureinsmartgrid.Accordingly,thispaperassesses the smart grid role in domain of protection relay technologycoveringthecontributoryaspectsasbelow: 2. Role of Adaptive protection settings in smart grid Adaptive relay settings concept is motivated by network changes due to faults or other network switching.Ourlatestdigitalrelaysareexpandingand upgradingtheirfunctionalitiesandperformancewith passageoftime.However,ithasbeenfeltthemissing link to bring these advanced relays to its full functionalities. For example, many utilities are still static in their approach for different settings in one relay. As smart gird where it has taken many innovativeandefficienttechnologiesinitsdesignand implementation, it has progressed efficiently for changing relay response to different conditions. It encompasses smart approach where immediate and automatic response is increasingly becoming paramount importance with network changes and ThereMajorthatconsequentlymajoreffortstocaterthechangingneedshavebeenresolvedbytheadaptivesettings.threattopowersystemisduetoblackouts.ismajorcontributionofprotectionrelays ’ non operation or nuisance operation when system is stressed out and cascaded events lead to black outs. inadvertently,thiscoincidedTheunderlyingreasonsmaystartwithplannedoutagewithmaloperationofrelaysoralongwithunwantedcomponentmaloperationcomesupthencascadedeventsareboundto transpire. Preference of security vs dependability or vice versa is long debatable point for power system engineers. If weassume powersystem is instressed condition, preference for loss of dependability stressednetworksadaptabilityitselfsystemsettingassociatedconditionsconditions.differentproblemtheduedevelopoperations.stillvoltagerelatedincorporatedstressedzonerelayssubstation.delayedprotectionofDistancesettingsrelatedchangesmakeprotectiondependabilitynewinchangesitsminimizethissomehowlagsbehindslightlytolossofsecurity.Hence,isthepointwherepowersystemengineersthisuncertainconditionsorgreyareasandsolutionisfoundinadaptableresponsetosuchinpowersystembydintofautomaticchangestherelaysettings.Thusnewalgorithmisbasedonconceptsthatprovidesmeanstosecuritybiasofgroupsordifferentarrayofsettingsandlogicsthatisindependentandthecorrespondingdecisionsadaptivelythroughintherelayssettings.Therearenumerousexamplesforadaptabilityofprotectionrelaysomeofthemarediscussedasbelow.relayisamajorprotectionusedforprotectiontransmissionlinesinpowersystem.Backupzonesi.e.zone3thatprovideseffectivetimeprotectionsforremotelinesconnectedtonextHistorically,undesiredtrippingofdistancezone3hascausedblackouts.Maloperationof3ismainlycausedbytransmissionlinesinconditions.Thoughprotectionrelayshavethefeaturetocounterthechallengestoloadencroachment,powerswingsandinstability.However,thesefeaturessometimesfallshortofrequirementandresultsinmalThus,singlemaloperationofarelaysfurtherstressedconditionstoadjacentlinestosimilarrelayalgorithmresponseandreleasestriptothecircuitbreakersofthelines.ThiscanbewelltackledifwekeeptwoormoresettingsintherelayssatisfyingthesystemForexample,iftherelayinnormalhasonerangeofsettingparametersorlogics;subsequently,itswitchestootherparametersorgroupiftheinformationofstressedconditionsarerecognizedbyrelayorsignaledextraneously.Thelatterexampleofisfulfilledwiththehelpwideareawhereinformationisstreamedwhentheconditionssetthresholdisreached.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1694 Thereismuchgrowthinnon conventionalgenerations, energyelectricitycircuitsomajoradaptablesmartinshortovercurrentIngridaddressedinminimumrelayingGenerationsInherentmakingsimultaneously,distributedgenerations(DGs)areseenawayintothepowerdistributionnetwork.decreasedshortcircuitofDistributed(DGs)isdemandingtaskforconventionalsettingsthatarecalculatedonmaximumandshortcircuitsbeingfargreaterthanwhatisDGsorientedshortcircuitcurrent.Thisdemeritiswiththehelpofadaptivesettingsinsmartconcept.[1]distributedgenerations(DGs),bidirectionalrelaysdonotsatisfyallprotectionofcircuitscenarios.IncreasingpenetrationofDGspowersystemspeciallyindistributionsystemofgridmakepowerengineerstoapplytheprotectionschemesreadytorespondtheallchangesinthenetworkaffectingtheshortcircuittheovercurrentoperationoftherelays.Hence,shortcanbeviewedasinsinglesourcesupplyofinDGs.Thisscenarioisalsosimilarforstorageatthegridpointthatdischargeor exportpowerbacktothegrid.DGs’ DC/ACconverters phenomenon with lesser short circuit current necessitatesfeatureprotectionsettingstobelowerto meet the required overcurrent protection operation. This cannot be achieved in single settings which [2networksinformationmakesobjectstatusautomationprovides(DcoverssubstationnewIEDsadaptthisnormallyisbasedontraditionalovercurrent.However,necessitatestoprovideameanstoautomaticallytonetworkreconfiguration.[2]alongwithextendedroleofIEC618507420withdatamodelsfacilitatestoplayarolebeyondboundautomationandcommunication.ItdynamicsofdistributedenergyresourcesERs)withinitsframework.IEDshereincombinationrobustandmultirolesofprotection,andcommunications.TakingtheoverallofdistributionnetworkwithwelldefinedorientedinformationmodelofIECstandardspossibletobeinteroperableandtransfertheofanychangesinthesettingsbasedonorcorrespondingequipmentstatuschanges.] Powerprotectionengineerstakeallscenarioswhere optimal settings for relays should protect the object considering flexible conditions of power system but non adaptability of protection settings sometimes bring in disadvantages. This rigid settings at certain scenariosdonotalwaysmeettheprotectionssettings. differentbroaderAccordingly,adaptableprotectionsettingsachievedinsensethroughmodellingofpowersystematconditions,theseconditionscanbeasunder: PowerGenerationinfullCapacity. Transmissionlineslossasanindividualandor cascadedmanner. Power transformer out form the specified network. Maingridloss. Generatorlossfromrangeofonetomany. thethroughgroupnetworkgroupsnetworkgoTheseabovescenariosorpushprotectionengineerstoformoreprecisesettingsinlinewithdifferentconditions.Hencedifferentprotectionrelayhousedistinctsettingsinlinewithbroaderorgeneration/loadconditions.Thesesettingschangesarebetriggeredbyrelayinternallogicschangingsystemconditionsorbinaryinputsofrelays.[3] 3. Self healing process protection relays Powersystemischaracterizedbydifferenttransients, sub transient and dynamic changes. In smart grid concept,self healingofpowersystemhasprovedone ofmajorenablerstorespondtoitschanges.Thescope ranges from network reconfiguration, necessary adjustments, load shedding and voltage control without human interference. [4]. Further, phasor related information with reduced delays at different pointsofpowersystemisprovinggreatadvantageous insmartgridconcept. To achieve this objective power system is furnished with modern sensors, wide area control, advanced software and communication system that visualizes real time data received through different channels. Hence,duringfaults,abnormalityoroverloading,the monitoreddesignatedThereofsystemtakesowndecisiontominimizetheaffectedaredistributionpower.[4]arenumerousequipmentinasubstationorareaorsectionofpowersystemneedstobefromitsbasicelectricalquantitiestothe
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1695 statusandhealthinessoftheequipment.Basedonthis data, desired decisions are selected or programmed through IEDs or subsidiary equipment to reach the objective of self healing. Information received at differentpointsofgird forimplementingtheprocess based on Self healing current, voltage, health of equipment,devicemal functionalarm,faultlocationor faultdirection,pressure,breaker,switchesstatusetc. aresomeexamples. [3] 4. PMU in smart grid Thesynchrophasorsareusednowasinternalfunction of protection relays and DFR (Digital fault recorder) duetoacceptanceofincreasingscope.Asitincredibly minimizes the data communication time delays of ofcompeteperspective,hasThethequickinformationprovidecurrent,thanmicroPositioningmeasurementinformationmeasurementTheslowereveryacquisitioncontrast,30Dataexecutemonitoringwhichthemeasurementunit)fieldmonitoringSynchronearpointsphasorinformationofvoltagesandcurrentatdifferentofpowersystemasfacilitatingthedatamoretorealtimesotheminimizingtheblackouts.[3]phasorconceptalongwithcontrolandofpowersystemhasgotimportanceintheofprotectionrelays.PMU(PhasormeasurementtheunitordevicewhichperformsphasoroftheelectricalpowersignalsandsendinformationtoPDC(Phasordataconcentrator)furthersenttocontrolroomsystemforofrespectiveprotectionrelayshelpstoprotectivefunctioningreatlydecreasedtime.reportingratesfortheseparametersistypicallyto60recordspersecond,andmaybehigher.Incurrentsupervisorycontrolanddata(SCADA)systemstypicallyreportdatafourtosixsecondsoverahundredtimesthanPMUs.[5]PMUisthemajorcomponentsofthewideareasystem(WAMS),synchronizedofphasorsisutilizedformonitoring,andprotectionpurpose.GlobalSystem(GPS)hasaccuracylessthan1secondorphaseangleerroristranslatedatless0.021degree.Alongwithphasorinformationofvoltageandfrequency.Hence,itfacilitatestothecircuitbreakerandotherswitchesstatusinalmostrealtime.Further,thisprovidessnapshotofoverallpowersysteminformationinmostaccuratepossibility.roleofPMUsincontrolandmeasurementaspectsbeenmuchrealized,whileinprotectioninformationrelatedtoPMUsmaynotthesubcycle,cycleorslightlyhighertriptimeLinedifferentialordistancerelays. However, backup protections like time delayed protectionaszone 3ofdistancerelayneutralizesthe performedOtherhealthy3associateddisadvantagesofnuisancetrippingofzoneonloadencroachmentandcorrespondingtrippingonlines.protectionandcontrolrelatedfunctionsbyPMUsareasbelow: Steady state stability of Generators through LossofFieldrelays. TransientStabilitythroughOut ofStep(OOS) relays. Stability check/control through Oscillation check Load shedding through intelligent methodology. Voltagestability[7] This may be taken as a real new concept on the controllingthepowersystemand, especiallythepowerflow.Amorespecificexampleis the detection of power system oscillations with the help of synchrophasormeasurements andthe use of FACTsfortherelateddampingcontrol.[4] Distancerelays’zone 3sometimesisdiagnosedwith the mal operation due to load encroachment that caused some blackouts, one of most undesired improvement,Thesesolution.powerHence[6]tripping.systemdiscardsubsystem,3minimumRCSlines.designatedsubsystemavoidingbehaviorthefacilitateslinesRealswingandofPMUs.situationinpowersystemisaddressedthroughdataofOneofincidentinJuly30,2012inIndiazone3distancerelaystrippedduetoloadencroachmentcorrespondingtrippingofdistanceonfastpowerleftthepowergridinblackout.timemonitoringofdifferentialcurrentofbackupthroughRelaysupervisoryscheme(RCS)theintelligentdecisionmakingforblockingrelayfortripswhichisdeterminedasnuisancebasedonPMUreceiveddata,resultantlythezone3tripping.Thisschemeinvolveswhichcoverssetofzone3relaysoftheandtargetedportionofthetransmissionThisclosedloopcommunicationsubsystemofprovidesdecisionin180ms,whichcoversthetimeforzone3backupprotections,aszonetimingismuchhigherthan180ms.WiththehelpPMUsfastdataforzone3ofdistancerelaystheunfaultedloops.Hence,providesrobustfornontrippingdecisionforzone3nuisancemakingitpossibletotakethesnapofoverallsystemandpavedthewayforprovidingthesolutioncoversastransientstabilityreductioninoutages,realtimepower
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1696 systemmeasurementsandretrievalofrealtimedata used for multiple other protection and control functions.However,somechallengesarestillinplace everywhere.associatedofasmostpredominantly,communicationlosses,butalotresearchisconductedforresolutionofissueswithutilizationofPMUspermanentlyand[3] 5. Asset Management through protection relays in smart grid Fundamental structural concept of smart grid is reinforcedbythepowersystem’sstatusandbehavioral whole.increasedhelpcyclemotivatedtrackingsystemanalyticsdataobjectivebasedconcept.assetbestsourcepowerinformationreceivedthroughdifferentchannelsofthegrid.Whenaprotectionrelayisassignedasaforcollectingthedata,thenthisisusedastheplatformfortakingthedataforrealtimevalueofbasedoncontinuousmonitoringintheSmartgridThispavesthewayforrealtimeanalyticinformationexploitedtoexcelthesmartgridinfuture.Processingandthenprioritizingtheafterembeddedapproachedbasedonmultiplecanprovidemarvelousgridresiliency.Henceperformancecanbeincreasedbyrealtimeofequipmenthealthandfurtherdecisionbyanalyticaltools.Further,highresolutionbycyclerealtimeinformationobtainedwiththeofPMUasapartofprotectionrelayswillprovideeffectivevisibilityofpowersystemasa[8] Today’selectricalpowergridgrowntothepointasit equipmentembracesallthecomplexityandmodernsophisticatedintoitsdomain .Hence,relay’sroleinsmart grid area has gone beyond traditional protections functions to the monitoring, diagnosis andcondition systemplacesmartAsassociateddutysoftwarerelayssecondaryactuatingpostmonitoringoftheequipmentwithretainingthepreandfaultinformationthroughcurrentandvoltagequantitieswiththehelpofCTandVTconnectedtotherelays.Hence,Protectionwithitsincreasedcapabilitiesinhardwareandplatformshasprovidedtoperformadditionalofassetmanagementofequipmentdirectlywithrelays.[9]introductionofadvanceddevicesandprocessesingrid,efficientandmodernizedwaysmustbeintocaterthemonitoringdemandofassetsintheanddulybroadcastingthestatusofdevicesto theresponsibleengineersforassetmanagement.This reliabilityandeffectiveavailabilityofworkingdevices isincreasedwiththehelpofregularcollectionofdata, incorporating the asset management processes like asset management analytics, make different groups based data and their rationalization and most importantly developing the centralized asset health care processes. If we see the traditional asset managementprocess,itismorebasedonprincipleto reducetheassetswithhighrisks,butitlagstoprovide emergent requirements of power quality and timetrackprotectionsTraditionalandtheRevolutionprotectionassetarereliability.Accordingly,newinnovativemethodologiesadoptedinsmartgridperspectivewithintegratedmanagementsolutionsbymonitoringofandcontroldevicestogather.inelectronicdevicesatonehandreducedsizeofconventionalelectronicdevicesingeneralelectromechanicalcomponentsingeneral.electronicdevicescameupwithcomplexschemes.Hence,sometimesdifficulttoallcomponentslifecycleandotheraccuratelyboundmaintence.However,toda y’sadvancement inprotectionrelaysfacilitatetominimizethecomplex protectionschemesandmultiplythebenefitswiththe help of power quality, metering, logics and control centric applications of the relays made it possible. distortion,spottakedifferentinsulation.whichrelayandrelaysWhsimulationrelayscapabilitiesrelaysdecisionsdeductwheresignalIEC61850setProvenefficientcommunicationsystemsinsubstationupwithadvancedcybersecuritywiththehelpofstandardsalongwiththeabilityofadvancedprocessingprovidegreatdealofrobustplatformhistoricaldataiscollectedandexploitedtotheassetmanagementorlifecyclemanagementoftheequipmentincommunicationwithorotherwise.Furtherassetmanagementareenhancedthankstocompactnessofthathaseasedthetesting,configurationand[9]enitcomestomanagementofmotorlifecycle,haveexcelledintheirscopetotheeffectivecaremonitoringthroughoutthelifecycle.ProtectiontakesthemagnitudeofthermalstressofstatorisconsideredthemajorfactorofdegradationinTheprotectionrelaysmonitoringthroughsensorsorsubsidiarycomponentshelptoaccountofcoolingsystemfailures,windinghotheating,singlephasingcondition,Totalharmonicextremestartingconditionsandunbalance
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1697 oroverloadofthecurrent.Thesefactorsandmorelike that,playdecisiveroleforconditiondeterminationof gradual degradation of motor life cycle. As we are aware that, inter turn faults of stator winding are motivatedbyinsulationdeteriorations. andInrelaysRS485,3.0standardrelaysmanagementanalysisweTransformerbaseddecisions.dateprovided.Accordingly,windenvironmentlimitsresponsiblegivesconcentratorfromtemperaturelinestoSynchrophasorsembeddedinprotectionrelaysaresetstartmeasurementofalmostaccurateloadabilityofbyextractingtheinformationrelatedtoofthelinesbyutilizingthedatareceivedPMUsandthentransferringtoPhasordata(PDC).Thiskindofconditionmonitoringearlyparticularsystemssignsforoperatorstotakecorrespondingaction.Thermaloftransmissionlinesareimpactedbyconditionssuchaswindsolarradiation,speedandcurrentpassingthroughtheconductor.loadabilityofthelineisalmostaccuratelyHenceoperatorsarefurnishedwithuptoinformationandtakecorrespondingbestpossibleThisistermedasdynamicLinRatings(DLR)onsynchrophasors.[3].isamajorcomponentofpowersystem.Ashaveaccesstominutemonitoringandsubsequentoftransformerconditions.MonitoringorassetthroughmodernnumericalprotectionsisenhancedwithintegrationofnumerousprotocolslikeModbus,IEC608705103,DNPANDIEC61850withcommunicationoptionofFOs(Fiberoptic)andEthernets,thatmakesefficientenoughtoperformmultipletasks.suchaway,transformersmonitoringiscarriedoutsameisusedasmajorassetmanagementtools. 6. AI/ML role in relays benefiting the smart grid objectives: Smartgridhasamassedallcutting edgetechnological powersystem,discussedfullforHowever,intelligenceintroducemodernandfeaturestomakepowersystemmoreefficient,reliablesecure.Numericalprotectionrelaysalongwithallcommunicationandcontrolcompanionsmultiplebenefitsandwithnewartificial(AI)andmachinelearning(ML)concepts.thereismuchvolumeandareaofresearchAI/MLtogothroughtheimplementationprocessatscaleinpowersystem.MLrelatedconceptsherearenotnecessarilypartofpoweryettheseareprovenandbecomingapartofsystemorinsmartgridconcept. Machine Learning techniques perform the job, how computerprocessorswithraworrefineddatacanbe earlyassumptiontherelaystheretechniquesandHowever,(ANN),minimumaretechniquesemergingwideisolatorsdifferentquantitiesreceivedresults.DifferentandtomeetconsideredcompromisedalwaystradeadoptingMajordecisions.anddimensionalitymethodologies,learning.supervisedlearningintelligenttrainedorlearntoidentifycomplexpatternsandmakedecisionbasedonthosepatterns.ThisMLisbroadlycategorizedintotwoways:Oneislearningandotherisunsupervised[11].Hence,withthehelpofthesecomplexproblemswithhugedataisreducedandpertinentinformationdataisreceivedthatenablestomakerightchallengeforpowersystemengineerwhiletheprotectiondesignsistooptforthebestoffbetweenreliabilityandsecurity.Thereisaboundaryareaswhereoneapproachissomehowtootherforgreatbenefitsforpowersystem.[10].HencewehavetothischallengebyaddingtheMLconceptsinorderminimizetheoverlappingareasbetweensecuritydependabilityofrelaysettingsandlogics.MLtoolsareusedtoobtainthedesiredAsMLhasselflearningcharacteristics,datafromthepowersystemthroughelectricalandfurtherthisprocesseddataalongwithrelatedequipmentstatus(i.e.circuitbreakers,etc.)withadditionalthroughinputsproviderangeofinformationtolearnanddecidethescenariosinpowersystem(Self).NewthroughMLareembeddedintherelaysandexperimentedtogetthebestpossibleresultswitherrors,theseare:artificialneuralnetworkdecisiontree,Fuzzylogic(FZL)etc.[10].thequestionarises,whatlevelofreliabilitycertaintycanbeachievedthroughthesewhereblackoutscanbeavoided.Though,areconvincingevidencesthatperformanceoftheismuchimprovedthroughMLtechniqueswithhelpofexperiments,butcompleterelianceoverthetoeliminatethetotalblackoutsisstilltootoberatifiedbyelectricalpower engineer’s community.[10]. dormantdevicestechniques.eventsdisasters,consideredHiddenfailuresisoneofcausesofblackouts,otherthanfactorssuchashumanerror,naturalmechanicalfailuresorso.ThuscascadedduetohiddenfailuresisaddressedthroughMLAsthepowersystemcontainsnumerousorequipment,thehiddenfailureremainuntilanothereventexposethedefectin
Overcurrent(OC)protectionisthemostcommon protection relay used in distribution system.
contributefordifferentscenarios
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1698 loadnatureferroresonancewaveforms.segregatethepatternspassedsituation.networkconditions.resonancecurrent(OSB)swingsynchronouslines,Othertheconveyedtrippingprotectionsystem.overloadingtodecisionbyinformationinrelaysmachine)equipmentorprocess[10].WhileSVM(SupportvectortechniqueembeddedintotheprotectionisconsideredadvantageousascomparedtoANNglobalsolutions.SVMbasedsolutionretrievethroughelectricalactuatingquantitiesandanalyzingthecharacteristicHence,relaymakesbasedonSVMinformation,eitherithastotripremovefaultyareaor/andnotascausingtheorbringouthiddenfailurestotherestofSubsequently,otherrelaysupdatethesettingsbasedonnewtopologyaftertheandsimultaneously,thisinformationistocontrolcentersforfurtheractionstoavoidsituationsthatcanleadtoblackouts.[10].exampleofMLtechniqueisinthetransmissionwherethetransmissionlinesundergoSSR(Subresonance)problemsnormally.Hence,characteristicofSSRtriggerOutofstepblockingfeatureofdistancerelays.Since,voltageandareincreasedinthesescenarios,Ferroisaccompaniednormallywiththese[12].Inordertotacklethissituationneural(NN)ischosenandtrainedtotacklethisDuringcommissioningprocess,therelayisthroughthetrainingprocedure;subsequently,developedaretransferredtothealgorithmofrelay.Henceforth,therelayismadecapabletoferroresonancewaveformfromother[12]Accordingly,waveletandneuralnetworkdifferentiatephenomenonfromothertransientcharacteristics,suchastransformerenergizing,andcapacitanceswitchingetc.[12]. 7. Role of Distributed Generation: The power system is growing its volume with respecttoincreasingpopulationatonehandand standardoflifeontheotherhand.Newsolutions has made its ways by introducing distributed generations(DGs)tomeettheloads,itmaybein individual capacity and/or to be connected to a grid at the time of need or regularly. DGs may consistofmicroturbo generatorstorenewables near the concentrated demand areas. However, Protection system of distribution faces some adoptionchallengesinconventionalpowersystem.AswithofDGs,thosedistributionsystemshaving
settings
Distribution system with fixed topology or network having rare can accommodate one fixed over current However, DGs wherefixedOC will fall short to meet the
radialsystemfaceOC/EFmis coordinationdueto powerflowinginbi-directionalnature[13].
changes
settings.
required [13].andThroughconfigurationprepareddirections.beconfiguration,Further,andwithoutislandingdistrconnections.microgriddifferentadoptrelayconceptTheexamplesclosersrelaythis,thedirectionstoHowever,consistsenhancementfacilitateIncorporation[13]settingsprotectiondemands.AccordinglyOCwithdifferentcanmeetthevaryingrequirementofDGs..ofDGsindistributionsystemtobringinsomeadvantageslikeinelectricalcharacteristicsthatofvoltagesag,powerlossesandstability.itbegetssomedemeritsspeciallyrelatedprotectionrelayssuchasflowofcurrentintwoandmodificationinnominalcurrentofline.ProtectionschallengesarenotlimitedtoasDGunderliesblindingprotection,nuisanceoperationortripping,malfunctioningofreandunsynchronizedreclosingaresomeassociatedwithprotectioninDGs.[13].protectionrelayschallengesinsmartgridaremetthroughinnovationinprotectionsettingsandprocesses.OneofsolutionistodifferentsettingsorgroupofsettingswherenetworkconfigurationrelatedtoorDGstothemainnetworkKeepingdifferentscenariosofibutionnetwork,wheremicrogridisinmode,ormicrogridisinoperationgenerationormicrogridisinoperationalconnectedtomaindistributionsystem.withinDGsinternalnetworkforexample,differentfeedersmayON/OFFcausingdifferentfaultcurrentandTheseprotectionrelaysettingsisconsideringallscenariosandnetworkimpactingloadingandshortcircuits.thisadaptivesettingsconceptemergesimplementedinDGsinsmartgridconcept
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1699 8. Agent based protection system in smart grid: A software agent is a computer program where decisions are made based on events in its surroundings.Whilerelayagentcanbeelaboratedas an IED with embedded software agent that communicates and cooperates to provide changing settings in line with the system requirement, that settingstobeprimaryand/orback upprotectionfor smart grid. Multi agent system uses the multi cast protocol that beefs up the information to more than onedestinationsinIEDswithmulticastsystem.These aresetinthegroupsinordertoeasethetrafficonthe network.[14]. This is intelligent system that implements adaptive protectionorself healinginpowersystem,isbasedon primaryandback upprotectionzones.Powersystem capabilitywhenconnectedsystemmakingIntelligence[14].optimizedPrimarytocascadedexperiments,Thisinsystem,agents.communicationwithprotectionssystemwiththerelayInordertoobtainhighselectivityinprotectionthisprimaryandbackuprelayingisextendedwideareaofthepowergrid.[14].agentsystemisdevelopedwithnumberofwhererelayagentsarepassedthroughoutageofcommunicationandpowersystemtesttheviabilityandefficacyagentsystemconcept.andbackupprotectionarecomparedwithdirectionalOCrelayofinterconnectedgrid.systemcoupledwithautonomousdecisioniscentralcoreoftheagentsystem.Multiagent(MAS)consistsofmultipleagentsthatareinsuchawaytotakecollaborativeactionsprotectionorcontrolrelatedproblemsareoutofforsingleagentsystem.[15] 9. Benefits and challenges of growing Renewables in Smart grid: Deteriorating environmental aspects due to power generation thorough fossil fuels have put strong pressure on governments and power generation communities to take decision to shift from conventional power generation to renewables. As electricity generation has huge proportion to total arepollutionintheenvironment.Accordingly,renewablesc onsideredbestalternativesandworld’selectrical generationasslowingshiftingtothisenvironmental friendly technologies. Natural push due to fast avenuespowerdistributionsystem.powerthesevoltage,onAsparttheapproachespowerasforrenewables.ispowerchallenge.provideincreasedcomplexity(ICT)useactuallyurbanizationandadvancementinlivingstyleofpeopleconvergestosmartcityconceptwherebroadofInformationandcommunicationtechnologiesandusageofelectricityhasincreased.Thus,ofpowernetworkinsmartgridareahastheresponsibilityofprotectionengineerstobestdesignandsettingssolutionstomeetthisThefrequency,disturbancesinvoltageandoutagesandgapinpowerindemandandsupplythetechnicalandeconomicmotivationtotheThishaschangesthetraditionalfixedrulesOCorEF(Earthfault)relayscoordinationconceptsettingsprovidedthroughconsiderationofsinglesource.However,duetoDGs,differentareappliedtomeettherequirements.AndvoltageoperatedOCrelaysarehavealsobecomeofnewprotectionschemesweareaware,manyrenewablesourcesarebasedDCvoltage,itbringsaboutvaryingfrequencyandandinverters/convertersunitsarepartofoverallschemes.Resultantly,itbringsinsomequalityissuesintherespectivedistributionFurther,electricalpowerstorageinnetworkcomesupwithnewchallengesofflowandsimilarlyprotectionburdenovernewtobeexplored.[16] 9.1 Impact of Renewables and Energy storage in Distribution networks: The Technologicaldevelopmentofrenewableenergy generationunitsandrelatedsubsidies,aswellasthe changing structure of electricity market have stimulated an increase use of renewable energy sources but it comes with problems or drawbacks, Renewableenergysourceswillhaveanimpactonthe wholeutilityvaluechain. electricityinterdependenceandcustomerenergySmartgridsenabletheintegrationofsmalldistributedresourcesintheurbannetwork,increasetheawareness,providerealtimeoptimization,energyflowsattheurbanlevelenablesandfacilitatingthelinkingofnetworkwithotherinfrastructures.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page1700 The installation of renewable energy source in distribution networks has number of technical difficulties, the technical implications are being investigatedandcanbedividedintofourgroups Loadflows Voltagecontrol Faultlevels Networksecurity Theaboveproblemscanleadtodifficultiesorbarriers in operation and planning of distribution networks , hours.increasinghaskeyinwithincreaseddistributedgenerationpenetrationlevelfuture.inthisregard,storagetechnologieswillplayaroleforelectricitydistributionnetwork.StoragethepotentialofincreasingdeploymentwithancostdifferencebetweenpeakandValley[16] 10. Applications of cyber security in protection relays Interconnectivity through different effective communicationchannelsorsystemsisamajorbaseof modernpowersystem.Themorethesophisticationis involvedinautomationandcommunicationsystems, electroniccommorecommunity.thatwethehighertherisksandchallengesappear.Historically,haveseencyberattacksinelectricalpowergridshasshownnewchallengestopowergridMoreover,smartgridiscombinationofinterconnectivityanddecisionsarebasedonmunicationinformationthroughdifferentdevicesorsensors.AndSmartgridincludes theconceptofindividualconsumers’energysharingon different commercial aspects. Thus, communication profilehasevenadvancedandsubsequentlyrequires new approaches with counter technology to block thesemaliciousintrusions.Asthenewstandardsand newseriesofactionsareadoptedbydifferentpower gridsorutilitiesinrelaystoidentifyandsafeguardthe systemfromalltheseintrusions. Cybersecurityisimplementedinprotectionrelaysas one of potential source of threat through advancing usersapplicableHowever,propersecuritylogging,userauthenticationandstrengtheningfunctionalitiesformostsecurecommunication.implementationprocesstobedonethroughstandards.Thus,cybersecuritysupportsonrolebasedaccess,supervisedprotocols, services, communication ports, intelligent load monitoring and respective configuration for the ensuresecurityinfrastructureThesoftwarethatarebasedonvitalprotocolsandservices.cybersecurityisapplicableforentireofsmartgrid.Theserequirerobustfromallunwantedinterferencesandequallyeffectivefunctionalityforallthetime.Therange of cyber security covers all today’s possible threats, these may be due to espionage operations, criminal factors, natural disasters, equipment failures or vulnerabilities associated with errors of users. Therefore, huge research is done and underway to make the protection relays in smart grid more safe, secureandreliablefromallkindsofthesethreats. 11. CONCLUSIONS Thenewprotectionrelaysandprotectionschemesin smart grid have given great deal of improved selectivity, dependability and efficiency. Smart grid with protectionrelays, with the setof other efficient communication platforms and digital devices are proving to be most advantageous and equally, many innovativeconceptsthroughartificialintelligenceare under full experimentation and in implementation stagesisactuallyprecursorforpromisingfutureand expected to reach an improved response to many transientsorsub transientproblemsassociatedwith powersystem.Itsolidifiesthenumerousequipment’s effectiveassetmonitoringandmanagementinsmart gridandspeciallyatimelypreventiveandcorrective systemfutureadvancedbenefitsloadingactions.Additionally,optimalsolutionsfromconductortocomplexdistancezonesoperationaremajortobeobtained.Finally,Smartgridwithprotectionrelaysisexpectedtobeglitteringandadvancementthesmartgridorpowerof21 st century References [1] M. K. Jena, S. Samantary and B. Ketan, "A New Adaptive Dependability Security Approach to enhance Wide Area Back up Protection of Transmission System," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids,Nov2018. [2] K. Kauhaniemi and S. Voima, "Adaptive Relay ProtectionConceptforSmartGrids,"in Renewable Efficient Energy II Conference, P5 of P11, Vaasa, Finland,Mar2012.
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