IRJET- Development and Study of Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Composites

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DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED COMPOSITES KOMMINENI MADHU1, T.PAVAN KUMAR2 1Student

of Mechanical Engineering, Vjit College of Engineering, Hyderabad, 500075 Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Vjit College of Engineering, Hyderabad, 500075 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------2Assistant

Abstract - Composite materials have remarkable properties like low weight, rigid strength and low production cost.

They are reinforced using natural fibres. These polymer composites are utilized as a substitute for conventional reinforced materials. In many sectors, such as vehicles and manufacturing, it has drawn interest. Jute fibers, of all natural fibers, have strong properties, low cost and fast commercial availability. Under Stress and Hardness, the action of Jute / Basalt / Orientation and Epoxy composites was studied.

composite manufacturing, the matrix is often used to shield the fibres from environmental damage. When correctly formed, the current combined material shows greater strength than each individual material. Composites are used for electrical, thermal, tribological and environmental uses, not just for their structural properties.

1.1 Definition of Composite The definition quite frequently used and confirmed by Jartiz is “Composites are multifunctional material systems that provide characteristics not obtainable from any discrete material. They are cohesive structures made by physically combining two or more compatible materials, different in composition and characteristics and sometimes in form”. There is a drawback of this concept, which is that it allows any mixture of materials to be categorised among the composites without specifying whether its specificity, or laws that should offer it, distinguishing it from rather banal and meaningless mixtures.

To boost the output parameters, the process parameters have to be optimized; which is the aim of this project.

Centered within various layers of Jute / Basalt and material orientation, the orthogonal series of various experiments are performed using the relevant Taguchi technique. The aim of these experiments is to provide a relationship between process and performance parameters to enhance the overall performance of the substance under various conditions. The effect of Basalt fibre and Jute fibre orientation during Tension and Hardness is studied in the present work. The tests are arranged according to the orthogonal array of Taguchi L9. Using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the experimental results are statistically analyzed to correlate the parameters and answers. It was observed from the experimental findings that orientation was perceived to be the most important element affecting the intensity of the substance proposed. Experimental studies have shown that hybridization of Basalt fibre jute epoxy shows greater tolerance to strength.

Kelly emphasises quite lucidly that, as a mixture of two materials, composites should not be considered plain. In the wider sense, the mixture has its own distinctive characteristics. It is better compared with either of the materials or drastically dissimilar from either in intensity of resistance-to-heat or any other quality of choice.

Beghezan has defined it as “The composites are compound materials which differ from alloys by the fact that the individual components retain their characteristics but are so incorporated into the composite as to take advantage only of their attributes and not of their short comings”, for getting materials with better characteristics.

1. INTRODUCTION In general, a composite is a mixture of two or more materials where one of these materials can be fibres, papers, or particles, used in the reinforcing phase, and is incorporated in other materials, which is called the matrix phase. A ceramic, metal or polymer may be used as both the reinforcement material and matrix material.

Composites typically have a tougher and stronger fibre or particle phase than that of the continuous matrix phase and serve as the main load bearing elements. The matrix acts as a load distribution medium between the fibres, and the matrix might also have to carry loads transverse to the fibre axis in less optimal situations where the loads are complex. The matrix is much more ductile than fibre and acts as a means of composite resistance. Before and after

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1.2 Need of Composite Materials Many latest technologies need materials that have uncommon combinations of desired properties that traditional metal alloys and metals are not capable of meeting. This is particularly true for materials necessary for application in aerospace, underwater, and transport.

Aircraft engineers, for example, are looking for structural reinforcing materials that have low density, high rigidity, resistant to abrasion and high impact, and not readily corrosive. These are very astute character combinations.

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Stronger materials are thick, and increase in strength typically contributes to a decrease in impact strength.

matrix. The water absorption test showed the resilience of different composites in different environments (alkali, regular, acid water and boiling). [58].

A composite is a form of structural material that normally consists of two or more mixed components that are not soluble in each other and are mixed at a macroscopic stage. One component is called the reinforcing process, and the matrix is called the one in which it is embedded. Fibers, fragments, or flakes can be in the form of the reinforcing phase material. In general, the matrix phase materials are continuous. Both the fibres and matrix maintain their physical & chemical distinguishing in this form, but also create a mixture of properties that are hard to achieve with any of the components acting idle. Fibers typically are the main load carrying components, although they are maintained by the surrounding matrix and shielded from natural degradation due to rise in temperatures and levels of humidity.

A.M. Noor Azammi et. al. Studied that thermoplastic polyurethane as test specimen was subjected to water absorption test by submerging it in distilled water in 7days.

It had better result in water absorption and thickness swelling due to good interfacial bonding between them and had good damping properties at high temperatures with high potential to be used in automotive applications [59].

Atiqah Afzaluddin et. Al. Studied the glass fibre reinforced polyurethane plastic thermos hybridised in the same matrix with sugar palm fibre in order to enhance its properties. When measured for reinforced thermoplastic, the thickness swelling, lowest density, and water absorption reported for hybrid-specific composites were seen to have the lowest density. The mixture of silane and alkaline therapy showed a substantially positive outcome of lower density swelling relative to the other treatment suggested. [60].

2. Literature Survey Jiri Militky et. al. The break stress distribution is defined using Weibull-type model. Fractures occur because of fibre volume non-homogeneities (most probably near small mineral crystallites). The handling of the basalt fibres must be carried out with caution, considering the fact that basalt particles are very dense for respirable purpose [1].

3. Experimentation 3.1 Fabrication of specimens Jute / Basalt Fiber Rein-forced Polymer (JBFRP) composites are the chosen material for experimental work. Jute fibre, Blass fibre, hardener (HY951) and Epoxy resin (CY230) are required for specimen manufacturing.

Specimens are prepared using the hand layup method.

Finally, by adjusting the fibre orientation and thickness of JBFRP / epoxy content, the specimens are cut to a scale of 250 mm X 25 mm.

DylmarPenteado Dias et. al. The parameters of fracture hardness, critical stress factor and critical crack opening displacement are tested on 18 bending beams tested by three-point bending. The ratio of 0/h (notch height/beam height) has been equal to 0.2 and the ratio of L0/h (distance between support/beam height) is equal to that of Geopolymeric concretes with greater fracturing properties than typical Portland cement, according to the observations. They are also less vulnerable to fractures. [2].

3.2 Resins The resin's primary functions can be attributed to pass stress among the reinforcing fibres, to act as an adhesive to keep together the fibres & to shield the fibres from environmental decay. Resins are split into primary thermoset and thermoplastic groups. When hot, thermoplastic resins become flexible and can be formed or moulded in hot semi-fluid state and become firm when cooled. Thermosetting resins are typically sluids or solids with very low melting points in their primary The thermosetting resins go under the healing process with the use of heat or catalyst, or by both. Tough thermoset resins can’t be transformed to their initial fluid state until cured. Cured thermosets, contrary to thermoplastic resins, wouldn’t melt or flow, but will soften well when heated and cannot be reshaped once formed. The temperature of the heat distortion (HDT) and the glass transfer temperature (Tg) are used to measure the softening of the cured resin. The estimated temperature at which the cured resin can be significantly softened to yield under load is measured by both test methods.

Jongsung Sim et. al. Its tensile strength of 1000 MPa, which was about 30 percent of carbon and 60 percent of extra strong glass fibres, is seen by the basalt fibre used for this study. Basalt and glass fibres decreased their endurance with a surface reaction agent when the fibres were immersed in an alkali solution, but the carbon fibre did not cause a high drop in strength. Basalt fibre orientation improved both the yield and the ultimate strength of the beam in the Flexural Strengthening Test as a stronger reinforcement form. In addition, there is no need to stretch the reinforcement over the whole span of the flexural member. [3].

Jaideep Adhikari et. al. Fabricated non-saturated polyester composites including jute fibre reinforcement. It has been noticed that the micro-hardness level of the resulting matrix material has reached its limit. Tensile, flexural experiments have been performed on standard samples and also the water was absorbing. FITR spectroscopy showed the attaching of the fillers to the

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Unsaturated epoxies, vinyl esters and phenolics are the most prevalent thermosetting resins used in the composite industry. To select the right material for a specific application, there are variations between these classes that must be acknowledged. Resins are a very crucial source of mechanical properties and desirable process characteristics in thermoset composites. Manifold choices of resins are significant design calibres of composites. Designers and products mentioned need to be familiar in terms of advantages, disadvantages and the properties of all the common composite resins in order for allowing efficient usage of these choices. To decide the best resin or an application, it is normal to use the expertise of the laboratories of the resin manufacturer.

and to predict desired outcomes. Both interaction plots are shown in Figs for S / N ratios of composite materials.

From the equation below, the S / N ratio is determined.

S/N = -10log [1 ∑n (yi2)] n i=1 Where n is the number of measurements in a trial and yi is the measured value in the trial To find the significant parameter by calculating the minimum variance, the S / N ratio may be the effective representation. The S / N ratio values of machining efficiency can be determined for the SR values for each experiment of L9 OA by applying the above equation.

4. Final Results and Discussion

Analysis of variance

After the experimental procedure, response factors like Tensile and Hardness was calculated from the observed data. Then a statistical analysis was performed using MINITAB 17 software and the signal to noise ratio values of those are tabulated.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be used to describe findings as an introductory method. It is used to assess the dependent importance of the various response behavior parameters. ANOVA was used in the current study to examine the influence of the sliding velocity, load and sliding distance test parameters on the wear efficiency of composite materials. The study was conducted with a 95 % confidence level of significance. The percentage contribution of the impact factor on the square sum was determined. The higher value of the square sum implies a greater effect on the output parameters.

The experimental tests were carried out using Design of Experiments to determine the effect of parameters such as Jute, Basalt, and Orientation with different compositions on Tension and Hardness of the proposed material. About the table. Displays experimental findings in all composite materials.

Taguchi Technique

Selection of Orthogonal array

To optimize the design of experiments, the Taguchi method is simple, systematic and efficient. It is a better technique than traditional experimental design, which reduces the number of experiments, time and expense.

The orthogonal array-based Taguchi technique offers a series of balanced experiments. An L9 orthogonal array was chosen in the current analysis, consisting of 9 rows and 3 columns. The degree and operating parameters are shown in the table. The experiments are made up of 9 orthogonal array (OA) experiments. In OA, the first column is assigned to Jute, the second column is assigned to Basalt, and the third column orientation is assigned to Jute.

OA collection is dependent on the number of variables and levels that refer to each of the variables. For each factor, the degree of freedom is 2 and, thus, the cumulative DOF obtained is 6 (i.e. 3x2=6). Of all the variables, the chosen OA degree of freedom must be greater than the overall DOF. 8(i.e., number of experiments-1) is the DOF for OA. L9 is also considered for the study. The OA picked is shown in the following table Jute (Laye rs) 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10

Signal- to-Noise Ratio When researching materials to modify the quality characteristics of the product, the "signal" of the desired effect is a factor implemented in response to experimental design. However, when experiments were conducted, experiments that influence response (output) were not taken into account by many external factors. These external variables are referred to as the noise factor, and their effect on the performance of the experimental test is called "noise." The signal-to - noise ratio is a log function of deserving output response, performed as an objective function for optimization. This helps to interpret the data

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Basalt (Laye rs) 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4

Orientat ion (deg) 0 45 60 45 60 0 60 0 45

Tensile Strength (N/mm²) 89.26 107.08 96.85 101.09 92.97 95.69 93.98 93.54 116.41

Hardn ess(B HN) 59.26 71.38 64.56 67.93 61.98 63.79 62.65 62.36 77.6

SNRA 1

MEA N1

35.45 37.07 36.19 36.64 35.84 36.09 35.93 35.89 37.79

59.26 71.38 64.56 67.93 61.98 63.79 62.65 62.36 77.6

Table: Taguchi orthogonally array with experimental results and Signal-to Noise ratio.

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Table: Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios 3 Delta Rank

36.54 0.5 4

36.70 0.69 3

35.99 1.35 2

35.90 2.34 1

Level

Jute(Layers)

Basalt (Layers)

Orientation (deg)

Tensile strength (N/mm²)

1

63.24

36.01

35.82

35.46

2

36.19

36.27

37.17

35.85

Table: Response Table for Means regression equation Level

Jute(Layers)

Basalt (Layers)

Orientation (deg)

1

65.07

63.28

61.80

Tensile strength (N/mm²) 59.26

2

64.57

65.24

72.30

61.98

3

67.54

68.65

63.06

62.36

Delta

2.97

5.37

10.50

18.34

Rank

4

3

2

1

Main effects plot for S/N ratio

5. Conclusion In this research, effect of process parameters and later optimization of proposed material is analysed with the help of Taguchi L9 orthogonal array approach. The conclusions are based on the Study of Variance (i.e., ANOVA) and impact of process parameters on variables such as strength and hardness of Jute / Basalt / Epoxy based composites from the experimental results. ANOVA is taken to determine the degree of significance of the parameters and also their individual contributions and effects to strength and hardness. The current parameter was found to be the most powerful for the strength-to weight ratio.

1.

Orientation is considered the most important factor of all process parameters to affect the high strength and hardness of the targeted material.

2.

The content exhibits high strength compared to 00 and 600 orientation at 450 Jute fibre orientation.

3.

It is evident from the experimental results that the increase in strength of 30-40N / mm2 is observed with the reinforcement of basalt to jute fibre.

4.

The material has superior hardness at 450 jute fibre orientation, while less is considered in the case of two other angles.

5.

Because of the Jute fibre orientation, there is a sudden rise in material strength from 14-18 N / mm2.

6.

From the experimental results, it is obvious that by adding more basalt fibre, there is not much change in power. In nature, the substance becomes brittle.

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properties of polyurethane foam mixed with textile waste,” Energy Procedia, Vol.85, PP.559565, 2016.

BIOGRAPHIES Kommineni madhu Student of mechanical engineering Vjit college of engineering, hyd

T.Pavan kumar Asst.prof, dept of mech Vjit college of engineering, hyd

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