IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Sample Reports

IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Sample Reports John De Luca

The graphs, charts, diagrams, tables, lifecycles, and maps in these samples have not been created by IQ Bamboo Language Services nor was the language written in the tasks. They come from various unknown sources and the IELTS Cambridge Test Books.

Complete Report Text: Copyright © John De Luca 2020 No part of these Complete Reports can be used without the written permission of the author.

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce the samples or any portion of it in any form whatsoever.

Cover Design by John De Luca

Independently Published by IQ Bamboo Language Services Kamloops BC, Canada ISBN 9798739910639 Product of BC, Canada

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Reports Line Graphs …………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Writing Line Graph Reports …………………………………………………………… 6 Bar Charts …………………………………………………………………………….. 34 Writing Bar Chart Reports …………………………………………………………… 35 Pie Charts ……………………………………………………………………………... 75 Writing Pie Chart Reports ……………………………………………………………. 76 Multiple Charts, Graphs, and Tables ……………………………………………… 103 Writing Multiple Chart, Graph, and Table Reports ………………….…………… 104 Tables ………………………………………………………………………………... 127 Writing Table Reports ………………………………………………………………. 128 Comparison Diagrams ……………………………………………………………… 149 Writing Comparison Diagram Reports ……………………………………………. 150 Process Diagrams ………………………………………………………………….. 167 Writing Process Diagram Reports ………………………………………………… 168 Life Cycle Diagrams …………………………………………………………………204 Writing Life Cycle Diagram Reports ………………………………………………. 205 Flowcharts …………………………………………………………………………… 219 Writing Flowchart Reports …………………………………………………………. 220 Maps …………………………………………………………………………………. 233 Writing Map Reports ………………………………………………………………... 234

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Line Graphs How to Write Reports with Line Graphs Line graphs always show changes over time. Here is some advice about how to describe them.

• Try to write 4 paragraphs: an introduction the trend of the main point, 2 detail paragraphs and a conclusion.

• For your trend sentence, look at the overall picture. What changes happened to all of the lines from the beginning to the end of the period shown? Look for information from the first year to the last. Is there a trend that all of the lines follow? Look for information that shows an overall increase • You do not need to give numbers in your introduction paragraph. The numbers are specific details. Just mention general things like the overall change, such as the highest and lowest amounts without giving specific figures.

• Never describe each line separately. You must make comparisons. The examiner wants to see comparisons.

• If the graph shows years, you will not have time to mention all of them. The key years to describe are the first year and the last year. You should also mention any important years that show a peak or a significant increase or decrease.

• Start describing details with a comparison of the lines for the first year shown on the graph, like ‘in 2007, the number of’...

• Use the past simple (increased, fell) for past years, and 'will' or 'is expected/predicted to' for future years.

• Do not use the passive tense, such as ‘the number was increased’; present continuous tense, like ‘the number was increasing’, or perfect tenses such as ‘the number has increased’.

• Write a conclusion connected to the trend in the introduction.

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Writing Line Graph Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe the highest amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows the biggest increase or difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows the lowest amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe another amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows a difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows another amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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US Consumers' Average Annual Expenditures Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows US consumers' average annual expenditures on cell phone and residential phone services between 2001 and 2010.

Complete Report The line graph compares the average yearly spending by Americans on mobile and landline phone services from 2001 to 2010. The trend shows that spending on landline phones fell steadily over the 10-year period, while mobile phone expenditure rose quickly.

The year 2006 marks the point at which expenditure on mobile services overtook that for residential phone services.

In 2001, US consumers spent an average of nearly $700 on residential phone services, compared to only around $200 on cell phone services. Over the following five years, the average yearly spending on landlines dropped by nearly $200. By contrast, expenditure on mobiles rose by approximately $300.

In the year 2006, the average American paid out the same amount of money on both types of phone service, spending just over $500 on each. By 2010, expenditure on mobile phones had reached around $750, while the figure for spending on residential services had fallen to just over half this amount.

Overall, the information suggests that spending on landlines fell, while the expenditures for cell phones steadily increased over the same time period.

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Car Ownership in Britain Line Graph Sample The line graph below gives information about car ownership in Britain from 1971 to 2007.

Complete Report The line graph shows changes in the number of cars per household in Great Britain over a period of 36 years. The trend suggests that car ownership in Britain increased between 1971 and 2007. In particular, the number of households with two cars rose, while the number of households with a car fell.

In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around 44% of households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars. It was uncommon for families to own three or more cars, with around 2% of households falling into this category.

The one-car household was the most common type from the late 1970s onwards, although there was little change in the figures for this category. The biggest change was seen in the proportion of households without a car, which fell steadily over the 36-year period by around 25% in 2007. In contrast, the proportion of two-car families rose steadily, reaching about 26% in 2007, and the proportion of households with more than two cars rose to around 5% To conclude, car ownership increased in England, especially in the two-car category, while the no car category fell dramatically.

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The Proportion of the Population Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.

Complete Report The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three countries over a period of 100 years. The trend shows that the proportion of elderly people increases in each country between 1940 and 2040. Japan is expected to see the most dramatic changes in its elderly population.

In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden rose gradually over the next 50 years, reaching just under 15% in 1990.

By contrast, the figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early 2000s.

Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040. By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be slightly lower, at about 25% and 23%, respectively.

Overall, the proportion of elderly people increased in all countries, with Japan having the most significant changes.

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UK Acid Rain Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four different sectors between 1990 and 2007.

Complete Report The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the number of acid rain emissions that they produced over a period of 17 years in the UK. It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell between 1990 and 2007. The most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas, and water supply sector.

In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas, and water sector. The transport and communication sector was responsible for about 0.7 million tonnes of emissions, while the domestic sector produced around 0.6 million tonnes. Just over 2 million tonnes of acid rain gases came from other industries.

Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tonnes in 2007, a drop of almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector and other industries fell gradually, the transport sector saw a small increase in emissions, reaching a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005.

Overall, the amount of acid rain fell in the UK, as did electricity, gas, and water.

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Marriages Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the number of marriages in England from 1951 to 2011.

Complete Report The line graph shows information on marriages in England over a 60-year period of time from 1951 to 2011. The trend shows that the total number of marriages per year fell between 1951 and 2011. While the number of first marriages fell dramatically from the end of the 1960s, the figure for remarriages remained stable.

Around 400,000 marriages took place in the UK in 1951. The figure reached its peak to nearly 500,000 in 1971 and then decreased gradually below 300,000 in 2009. First marriages in the UK followed the same pattern, first reaching its peak at nearly 400,000 marriages in 1971, and then decreasing to below 200,000 marriages in 2009.

In 1951, there were about 100,000 marriages in the UK. The figure remained the same for next two decades when it then raised above 100,000 marriages in last 40 years that are shown. In 2009, the figure for second marriage stood at 100,000.

Overall, all marriages and first marriages were almost similar for the period shown, with second marriages reporting some increase.

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Wheat Exports Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the number of wheat exports in tons from three continents from 1985 to 1990.

Complete Report The line graph shows the number of wheat exports in tons from three areas, that being Australia, North America, and Europe over a period of 15 years. The trend suggests that Canada exported more wheat than Australia and the European Community for most of the period shown. However, while Canada's wheat exports fluctuated and Australia's fell, wheat exports from the European Community rose somewhat steadily.

From 1985 to 1988, Canada became the highest exporter peaking at 25 million tons of exported wheat. This amount fell dramatically to 14 million about a year later, followed by another increase of 5 million tons by 1990.

In 1985, Australia and the European Community had comparable wheat exports to Canada with both being slightly lower than a few million tons. Five years later, Australia had shown a gradual decrease in tonnage exported showing only 11 million tons of exported wheat in 1990. The European Community after 5 years of little change, rose to the highest level in 1990 with an increase of 5 million tons to just over 20 million tons.

Overall, wheat exports fluctuated, and Australia's fell, while wheat exports from the European Community rose to a high in 1990.

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Cinema Attendance in the UK Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the annual cinema attendance in the UK from 1990 to 2010 by age category.

Complete Report The line graph shows information on the percentage of people who went to the movies in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2010. The people's attendance is divided into four different age groups. The trend suggests that young people were active at attending a movie compared to their older counterparts with all four age groups showing a gradual increase in attendance numbers during the given period, except for a slight 5-year drop.

In 1990, almost 90% of the 14 to 24-year-olds went to the cinema at least once a year.

Cinema attendance was about 30% lower than this among people aged 25 to 34 and 35 to 49, while the figure for those aged over 50 was the lowest, at only 40%. Interestingly all four groups reported a slight drop from 1995 to 2000.

Approximately 51% of the respondents between the ages of 14 and 34 attended movies in 2010 compared with only 38% in 1990. Even in the group that had the smallest number of moviegoers, those between the ages of 44 and 54, there was an increase of 6% in their attendance. After 2000, all four groups showed drastic increases followed by a slightly rising or plateau of attendance.

Overall, all four age categories showed a gradual increase in attendance for the years that are shown, except for a slight drop between for five years from 1995 to 2000.

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Internet Users Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the percentage of Internet users by population in the USA, Canada, and Mexico between 1990 and 2009.

Complete Report The line graph compares the percentage of people in the three countries who used the Internet between 1999 and 2009. It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over the period shown.

A much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.

Also, Mexico had the lowest percentage.

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5%, respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%. By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans.

Overall, Internet usage went up significantly in each country during the period shown.

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UK Commuters Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the average number of UK commuters travelling each day by car, bus, or train between 1970 and 2030.

Complete Report The line graph compares figures for daily travel by workers in the UK using three different forms of transport over a period of 60 years. It is clear that the car is by far the most popular means of transport for UK commuters throughout the period shown. Also, while the number of people who use the car and train increases gradually, the number of bus users falls steadily.

In 1970, around 5 million UK commuters travelled by car on a daily basis, while the bus and train were used by about 4 million and 2 million people respectively. In the year 2000, the number of those driving to work rose to 7 million and the number of commuting rail passengers reached 3 million. However, there was a small drop of approximately 0.5 million in the number of bus users.

By 2030, the number of people who will commute by car is expected to reach almost 9 million, and the number of train users is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million. By contrast, future bus use is predicted to become a less popular choice, with only 3 million daily users.

To conclude, cars were the most common form of transport for UK commuters during the 60-year period of time shown.

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New Music Site Line Graph Sample The line graph below compares the number of visits to two new music sites on the web.

Complete Report The line graph shows people using new music places on the Internet over a fifteen-day period of time namely by personal choice and trendy pop music. The trend suggests some fluctuation with slight increases towards the end of the 15-day period.

Starting with Music Choice websites, 40,000 people went on this new site on the first day.

Half of them backed out the next day. In contrast to this, the Pop Parade net sites were visited by 120,000 music lovers on day one, which decreased slightly on the next day, and by the third day, it showed more visits.

After the third day, the enthusiasm for both music lines on the Internet dropped slowly, reaching a maximum fall of 40,000 users on the seventh day. Whereas Music Choice gained popularity, slightly improving to get to the original strength of 30,000 viewers, there were still fewer visitors than their opponent pop group on day seven. At the beginning of the next week, both gained remarkable recovery after a few fluctuations showing 40,000 and 50,000 visitors, respectively. A peak was reached at 1,500 new viewers for Pop Parade on 11th day showing a stark contrast of the very few people who visited Music Choice for the same day at only 3,000 visitors. After the 11th day, Music Choice gained popularity having more than 120,000 new web-visitors.

To conclude, at the end of the period 180,000 visited the pop sites, whereas more than 80,000 listeners did not explore sites located to music choice on the last day of the report supporting the fluctuating trend.

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Unemployment Rates in England Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows changes in young adult unemployment rates in England between 1993 and 2012.

Complete Report The line graph compares the levels of unemployment among 16 to 24-year-olds with overall unemployment figures over a period of 20 years in England. The trend shows that the proportion of young adults who were unemployed at any time between 1993 and 2012 was significantly higher than the overall proportion of adults without work. Unemployment rates for both groups of adults were consistently higher in London than in the rest of England.

In 1993, around 18% of English 16 to 24-year-olds living outside of London were unemployed, but the figure for those living in the capital was 5% higher, at 22%. Similarly, the overall adult unemployment rate in London was 14%, which was 4% higher than the rate in the rest of England. While the levels of joblessness fell significantly over the 10 years that are shown, the information suggests that higher levels in London rose among young adults who were unemployed.

Young adult unemployment in England rose quite a bit between 2002 and 2012, from 12% to 21% outside of London, and from around 15% to an amount of 25% in the capital.

By contrast, the proportions of all adults without work remained below 10%, both in London and in the rest of the country.

Overall, the graph suggests that joblessness was higher for young adults and that London was steadily higher compared to the rest of Europe.

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Fast Food Consumption Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the amount of fast-food consumption by Canadian teenagers from 1975 to 2000.

Complete Report The line graph shows the amount of fast food consumed in three categories pizza, fish and chips and hamburgers, by Canadian teenagers over a period of 25 years. It is clearly shown in the data that over this 25-year period pizza and hamburger consumption has steadily increased, while fish and chip consumption has steadily decreased.

From 1975, for 20 years, pizza and hamburger consumption were on a steady and significant rise, until they both hit their peak and plateaued in 1995. In that 20-year period of time pizza and hamburger consumption rose from around 10 times a year to between 80 and 100 times a year. These increases are in sharp contrast to the amount of consumption of fish and chips of the period of time shown.

The decrease in consumption of the fish and chip category began in 1975 and continued to fall, albeit with just a slight rise from 1980 to 1985 of about 10 times per year, to 2000.

This decrease was quite dramatic as the number of times per year that fish and chips were eaten, in 1975, was at the same level as hamburgers. In the year 2000, the fish and chip category has fallen to just under 40 times a year which shows a drop of 60 times in fish and chip consumption per year when compared to hamburger consumption at its peak.

Overall, pizza and hamburger consumption steadily increased, while fish and chip consumption steadily decreased over the 25 years that are shown in the data.

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Unemployment Rates in the USA and Japan Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the employment rates for the United States and Japan from 2003 to 2009.

Complete Report The line graph shows the rates of unemployed in the United States and Japan for a period of 7 years. The trend suggests that the rates were decreasing in the US, while the rates were increasing in Japan, for the period of time that is shown.

It can be seen in 2003 the unemployment rate in the US was three times higher, at 7.0, when compared to Japan that only had a rate of 2.5 percent. After 2003, the rates in the US were decreasing, at fluctuating rates, while in Japan the rates were steadily increasing. In 2006, the unemployment rate in Japan was just under 4.5 percent, whereas in the US it is one percentage point higher at 5.5 percent.

After 2006, the rate in the US continued to fall, and the rates in Japan continued to increase. By 2007, the rate in the US was just over 5.0, which is 2.5 percent lower compared to 2003. In Japan, the rate for the same year was still just under 4.5, which is 2.0 percent more than in 2003. In 2008, the rates for both countries are shown at 5.25 percent and they continue at a similar rate until well beyond 2009.

Overall, the rates in the US were falling while the rates in Japan were rising for the time period that is shown in the graph.

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Burnaby Library Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the number of books read by men and women at Burnaby Public Library from 2011 to 2014.

Complete Report The line graph gives information about the Burnaby Public Library, for four years only, between 2011 and 2014. It shows how many library books people read over this four-year period. It can clearly be seen that there was a strong upward trend in the number of books read by men. Although women read more books than men in 2011, their reading fell to below the level of men in 2014.

As can be seen from the graph, there were different figures for men and women. The number of books read by men increased steadily between 2011 and 2012, from about 3,000 books read to 4,000 books read. After that, the number that was read rose dramatically to 14,000 books in 2014. This was the highest figure in that period.

Women started off reading more books than men, but their numbers followed a different pattern. Between 2011 and 2012, there was an increase of 3,000 books read from 5,000 books read to 8,000 books read. Then a gradual rise to 10,000 books that were read in 2013. However, in 2014, their numbers fell back to 8,000 books having been read.

Overall, the number of books that were ready in this library district were both increasing for men and women with a slight fluctuation in 2013.

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Fish and Meat Consumption Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the consumption of fish and different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.

Complete Report The line graph compares the amount of fish, chicken, beef, and lamb people in a European country consumed weekly per person over a period of 25 years. The trend suggests that the number of grams consumed per person per week was changing. The number of grams eaten for beef and lamb per person per week had been slowly decreasing, over the 25 years that are shown and that fish per gram intake had remained relatively low for all years presented.

From 1979 to 2004, the consumption of fish in this European country had always been far less than meat with a steady amount of approximately 50 grams per week per person.

As for the trends of meat consumption, chicken had risen to become the most eaten meat in the year of 2004, compared with the gradual decrease of beef and lamb consumption.

Despite a small spike appearing in 1984 for beef consumption, the line illustrates a general downward trend, making it the second most eaten meat in the year of 2004. Beef was the most consumed meat per week in the 1980s but then dropped from around 225 grams to 100 grams per person, showing a decrease of 125 grams by 2004. People in this European country ate roughly 150 grams of chicken or lamb per week per person in 1979. However, 25 years after 1979, the consumption of chicken rose significantly to around 250 grams per week while the amount of lamb consumed dropped to a little higher than 50 grams weekly. The opposite trend between chicken and lamb consumption eventually made a gap of 150 grams in 2004.

Overall, the amount of fish consumption remained stable, while for meat and lamb fell and chicken steadily increased.

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Channel 6 News Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the number of daily viewers on Channel 6 in the UK over a 12 month period.

Complete Report The line graph shows the number of daily viewers to a news channel in the UK over a 12month period of time. The trend suggests that there are four peak viewing times throughout the news day, with quite a bit of fluctuation regarding the number of viewers at these different times.

At 6:00, in January, the highest number of viewers were recorded just under 5 million people watching, while the lowest number of viewers was recorded in May, at 11 pm, with only around 100,000 viewers. This shows a significant difference of about 900,000 more viewers in January. In fact, the 6 pm news shows were the highest figures throughout the year, while the 11 pm news only shows viewership from May to December peaking at around 4 million, and then dramatically decreasing to just under a million at the end of the year.

The 1:00 news shows a very consistent, low number of viewers throughout the year, as it is always hovering around 1.1 million people watching. The 9:30 news time shows some fluctuation, with a huge decrease in the number of viewers occurring in August, with only around a million viewers, and a peak of 4 million views, a few months before in May. It seems quite evident that the 1 pm and the 9:30 pm news are far less watched compared to the 6 pm and the 11 pm news-times if all months are averaged together.

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Wild Bird Population Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows four different wild bird populations from 1970 to 2004 in the United Kingdom.

Complete Report This line graph shows the different amounts of the wild bird population in the UK over a 34-year period of time for four wild bird species groups. The trend suggests that there has been a lot of fluctuation in the numbers of wild bird species for the amount of time shown and that 20 coastal species have significantly flourished, while 19 farmland species have dropped dramatically. All other species have remained relatively stable.

The coastal species of wild bird’s accounts for 20 different bird kinds and these species have been on the rise for the 34 years that are shown, with a peak at 140 in the bird population in 1991. For the same year, all the other bird species categories were significantly lower at under 100 on the index. Interestingly, in 1970 the index records all species were at the same amount, that being 100. Clearly, the coastal species was flourishing compared to the others.

The farmland species accounted for the smallest group of wild birds, with only 19 different species. This population of birds had steadily dropped over the 34-year period that is shown, with the lowest recorded amount being shown in 1998. By 2004, the difference between the coastal species and the farmland species was bridged by a gap of more than 100, according to the index that was shown.

Overall, the graph shows a lot of fluctuations within these bird species’ populations, with the coastal species representing the highest population, and the farmland species having the lowest population.

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Value of Exports Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the value of selected exports for three categories over a period of five years by the millions of dollars.

Complete Report The line graph shows the dollar value, in the millions, for three selected export categories fuel, food, and manufactured goods. The information is shown over a five-year period, from 2000 to 2005. The trend suggests that the market value for fuel has been rapidly decreasing, while the values for foods and manufactured goods have remained relatively stable.

The value for fuel has been on a steady decrease since 2000 when it was at just under $50,000,000. This pattern continued until 2005 when it was recorded at $20,000,000. This shows a loss in value of $30,000,000 for the five years shown. During this time, there were no increases in fuel values, unlike the other two categories, which show some slight increases, but not significant ones.

The values for foods and manufactured goods remained quite steady over the five years that are presented in the graph. The food category remained the most stable, with almost no change recorded during these five years. In fact, the amounts for 2000 and 2005 appear to be the same. Manufactured goods did show a slight increase for one year, from 2001 to 2003. By 2003, these increases had dropped by $5,000,000. For the next two years, manufactured goods showed slight increases, finally amounting to just over $20,000,000 in 2005.

Overall, the value of fuel dropped steadily over the five years shown, while food and goods remained relatively steady for the same period of time.

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Average Monthly Spending on Children’s Sports Line Graph Sample The two line graphs below show the average monthly spending on children’s sports and their participation in these sports from 2008 to 2014.

Complete Report The two line graphs show the normal amount of spending per month for children’s sports and the participation numbers in these sports for a period of six years. The trend suggests that the amount of money that was being spent steadily increased during these six years, and that the number of children who participated in these three sports was similarly increasing at a steady pace, too.

In 2008, the average amount that was spent on sports for children was only twenty pounds, whereas six years later, this amount had increased to just over thirty pounds showing a difference of about ten pounds. This steady increase is clearly shown by the figures that were reported in 2010 and 2012, too. These spending increases can also be seen in the figures the were recorded for children’s participation.

By 2014, all three sports, including football, athletics, and swimming, showed higher participation numbers compared to the lower figures that were reported in 2008. Football and swimming showed only slight increases which were very similar to the increases that were seen for monthly spending figures. On the other hand, athletics showed the largest jump in overall participation, from much less than 2.5 million participants, doubling to approximately 5.0 million participants, compared to the other two sports.

Overall, the line graphs show a steady increase during this time regarding money spent and those who participated in these sports.

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per person in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, and Portugal between 1967 and 2007.

Complete Report The line graph depicts the average amount of CO2 emissions produced per capita for four countries, the UK, Sweden, Italy, and Portugal, over a forty-year period between 1967 and 2007. The trend suggests that Sweden was the most successful country in reducing its level of CO2 emissions per capita than any of the other three countries over the 40-year period that is shown.

In the UK and Sweden, which were the two countries that had the highest levels of CO2 emissions in 1967, their level of emissions steadily reduced over the period, and by 2007 produced considerably less than in 1967. The most noticeable drop can be seen in Sweden, when their CO2 levels went down from over 10 metric tonnes, in 1977, to around 7 metric tonnes, 10 years later.

In contrast with this, Italy and Portugal produced considerably less CO2 emissions than the UK and Sweden in 1967, but since then the levels of CO2 emissions per capita in each country steadily increased until 1997. In the case of Italy, its level of CO2 emissions remained constant from 1997 to 2007, while that of Portugal increased only marginally between 1997 and 2007.

Overall, Italy and Portugal were countries that had low levels of emissions 40 years ago, rising to much larger levels later. The UK and Sweden had the opposite.

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Waste Production Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the amounts of waste produced by three accommodation companies over a period of 15 years.

Complete Report The line graph shows the amounts of waste that were produced by three hotel businesses over a 15-year period. The trend suggests that both the Greens Village Inn and The Bus Stop Motel reported a dramatic decrease in waste production throughout these 15 years, while in contrast, the production of waste at Samberg’s Hotel rose steadily over the same period.

In 2000, Greens Village Inn reported the highest amount of waste production at 20,000 kilograms. This was 15,000 kg higher than the lowest producer of trash, that being Samberg’s Hotel at around 6500 kg. The Bus Stop Motel had an amount that was inbetween the two listed above, at just under 15,000 kg.

By the year 2015, Greens Village Inn had reduced their amount of waste to just over 20,000 kg to a low of about 14,000 kg. The Bus Stop Motel reported the most dramatic decrease of almost 10,000 kg going down to a low of just over 5000 kg of waste produced.

Oppositely, Samberg’s showed the only increase in garbage production when considering all three accommodations, with a rise in waste from about 6,000 kg to around 17,000 kg.

Overall, two of the hotels, Greens Village and The Bus Stop, showed a decreasing waste production, while Samberg’s showed an increasing waste production.

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World Food and Oil Prices Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows changes in global food and oil prices between 2000 and 2011.

Complete Report The line graph compares the average price of a barrel of oil with the food price index over a period of 11 years. The trend suggests that average global prices of both food and oil rose considerably between 2000 and 2011, although many price fluctuations can be seen during those 11 years. Furthermore, the trends for both commodities were very similar, and so a strong correlation has been suggested.

Food Prices in 2000 were at a low index of around 90 points, steadily increasing at a slow rate with varying degrees of fluctuation until 2007. For one year only, from 2007 to 2008, there was a dramatic increase in the food price points index reaching just over 220 points.

Following this year, in 2009, the index plummeted down to 140 points rallying somewhat to 180 points by the end of the same year. By 2011, another dramatic increase was reported hitting a high of just under 140 food price index points.

Similarly, oil prices almost exactly matched the fluctuations and steady increases in the food price index. From 2001 to 2007, the line graph reported that oil process steadily rose to slightly more than the points for food prices. Midway through 2008 and 2009, oil prices hit their highest mark at $130, and just as food points dramatically fell, so did oil prices, to a low of $60. By 2011, these oil prices had rebounded to just under $100 per barrel.

To conclude, average prices around the world for food and oil rose considerably between 2000 and 2011 almost mimicking each other exactly.

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Sugar and Obesity Prevalence Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the prevalence of sugar intake compared to obesity with adults in the USA from 1980 to 2013.

Complete Report The line graph shows the intake of sugar versus the prevalence of obesity with adults in the United States of American, for 33 years, from 1980 to 2013. The trend suggests that as obesity increased so did the intake of sugar, except in the year 2000, when a dramatic shift occurred with sugar intake lowering and obesity still rising.

In 1980, the per person per day sugar intake was reported at 85 grams. Ten years later, the amount of sugar intake had risen to 105 grams, increasing by a difference of 20 grams. Similarly, the percentage of adults who were obese had increased the same amount to approximately 30%. In 2000, sugar intake had increased even more by an additional 5 grams to a total of 110 grams per person per day.

In 2000, a dramatic shift occurred concerning the daily intake of sugar. This year, the intake of sugar began a decline which continued to drop for the next 10 years. However, the rate of obesity continued to rise. In 2000, the obesity rate was reported at just over 30% and for the next 10 years, it continued to rise by approximately another 6%. By 2013, the percentage of adults who were considered obese has risen to 38%.

To conclude, sugar take, and obesity were similarly linked until a change occurred in the year 2000 when sugar intake dropped, but obesity still continued to rise.

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Energy Consumption in the USA Line Graph Sample The line graph below gives information from a 2008 report about the consumption of energy in the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.

Complete Report The line graph shows the consumption of energy in the U.S. since 1980 with projections through 2030. The trend suggests that even with a little fluctuation between 1980 and 1995, there was a steady increase in all forms of energy that are shown in this graph, and this is expected to continue until 2030.

Petrol and Oil are shown as the major sources of fuel, rising from 35 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980 to 42q in 2012. Despite some fluctuation between 1980 and 1995, there was a steady increase, which is expected to continue, until reaching 47q in 2030.

The consumption of energy from natural gas and coal followed a similar pattern over the period. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990, but as of 2015, both are reported at approximately 24q. Coal consumption is projected to rise to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, natural gas is forecast to remain stable at 25q.

In 1980, energy from solar and wind, nuclear, and hydropower was the least-used, with only 4q. Nuclear energy has risen by 3q, and solar and wind by only 2q. Since 2005, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to remain approximately constant through 2030, while the others are projected to rise gradually after 2025.

Overall, fossil fuels will remain the main projected source of energy in the US, with much less projected for nuclear, coal and hydroelectric forms of energy.

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Goods Transported in the UK Line Graph Sample The line graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four modes of transport.

Complete Report The line graph shows the differences in transport from 1974 to 2002 in the UK. The trend suggests that road usage was used the most, pipeline usage remained steady, and usage by road, water and railway went up slowly from about 1998 onward.

Road was reported as the highest in 1974, and 2002, with steady increases in-between that period. Similarly, water and rail also showed a slow rise in 2002 with a period of some fluctuations from 1974 onward. In 1978, rail usage was showing signs of decline at 40 million tonnes, while water transport was showing the opposite with increases to just under 60 million tonnes. From this point forward, both water and rail showed very little change, with rail reporting more ups and downs and water remaining quite constant.

Goods transported by pipeline in the UK from 1974 and 2002 was constant at 20 million tonnes from 1994 up to 2002, starting at about one million tonnes in 1974. Unlike road and water, goods transported in these categories were at 40 million tonnes. At the beginning of 1974, pipeline usage increased in 1982 to almost 20 million tonnes and remained constant at that level from 1982 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994 pipeline transport began to slowly decrease.

To conclude, four different modes of transport were used in the UK during this period with road usage showing the most used, and the others showing increases with little change until 2002.

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Changes in Ownership of Electrical Appliances Line Graph Sample The charts below show the changes in ownership of electrical appliances and amount of time spent doing housework in households in one country between 1920 and 2019.

Complete Report The line graphs show the total percentages of electrical appliances in a given country from 1920 to 2019 and the results of housework undertaken per week. The trend suggests that all electrical appliances became more popular, in particular refrigerators and vacuum cleaners, but that the total time spent doing housework declined steadily and dramatically over the last 99 years.

Refrigerators witnessed the most significant rise, beginning at just over 0% in 1920, surging to more than 50% by 1950, and then continuing to rise steadily until plateauing at 100% around 1980. Vacuum cleaners started higher at 30% and then rose by precisely 20% every 20 years until 1960 when growth tapered, and ownership ultimately reached 100% by 1980. In contrast, proportions for washing machines began at 40%, climbed to 70% by 1960 showing an increase of 30%, then fell slightly, and recovered to finish the period in 2019 at about 75%.

The number of hours per week that were spent washing clothes, preparing meals, and cleaning fell steadily from 50 hours a week in 1920 to 20 by 1960 showing a weekly reduction of 30 hours. After that, the decline was a little more gradual, reaching slightly above 10 hours a week by 2019 which is 40 hours less than in 1920. Over the hundred years that are shown, housework gradually and continually declined.

Overall, the percentage of homes with these three appliances steadily rose over the hundred years that are shown, while the amount of housework per household went dramatically down.

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Bar Charts How to Write Reports with Bar Charts Bar charts are also a very common graph. Bar charts show amounts and as you look at the chart you can easily see the amount and the trends. In their simplest form, you will see one bar for each data source. However more complex bar charts can show multiple data sources for each category. You will get to practice with many different bar charts in this chapter. And it is likely that you will be asked to describe one on the exam.

Here is some advice on how to complete a bar chart question.

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Before you start writing, look at the title, the axis labels and legend to understand what the chart is describing. Then highlight some key points. Choose the biggest amounts in each category in the chart, in each bar column and row. If the chart shows years, look for the biggest changes in the amounts over the time period.

You could also mention the smallest amounts, but you can ignore 'middle' amounts, neither the biggest nor the smallest.

•

Write 4 paragraphs – the introduction with the trend of the main points, 2 details paragraphs and a conclusion.

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For your introduction and trend paragraph, try to compare whole categories of bar columns rather than just an individual 'one bar column' in the chart. If you cannot compare whole categories, compare the biggest and smallest amount. Try to write 1 or 2 sentences for the trend.

•

In your two 'details' paragraphs, never describe each bar category separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons and contrasts. Try to organize the amounts you highlighted into 2 groups, one for each paragraph, such as the highest amount for all categories together and lowest amounts all together.

•

Describe and compare the bars you highlighted. Try to include at least 4 or 5 amounts in each of the two paragraphs. Use the past simple for past years and will or is expected/predicted to for future years. If no time is shown, use the present simple.

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Conclude by restating your tread sentence and highlighting facts that you have discussed in your earlier paragraphs.

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Writing Bar Chart Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe the highest amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows the biggest increase or difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows the lowest amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe another amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows a difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows another amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Weekly Household Expenditures Horizontal Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the average weekly regional expenditures from 2007 to 2009.

Complete Report The bar chart shows average weekly spending by households in different areas of England between 2007 and 2009. It is noticeable that average weekly expenditure by households in the North East was around £80 less than the national average, and around £170 less than the London average and that households in the south of the country spent more, on average than those in the north.

All English households spent on average £470 per week. The average expenditure for households in London was about £560 per week, almost £100 more than the overall figure for England. Households in the South East, East and South West also spent more than the national average. Weekly household spending figures for those three regions were approximately £520, £490, and £480, respectively.

In the north in the country, household spending begins to drop. Household spending in the West Midlands, the North West and the East Midlands was about £430 to £450 per week. In the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, households spent approximately £400 per week, while expenditure in the North East was around £10 per week lower than this.

Overall, more was spent in the south compared to the north.

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Illiteracy Rates by Region and Gender Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows estimated world literacy rates by region and by gender for the year 2000.

Complete Report The bar chart that shows the estimated world illiteracy rates by gender and region for the year 2000 with 6 areas shown. The trend suggests that female illiteracy was much higher relatively in each area, except in Latin America and the Caribbean, where it was only slightly higher.

The highest rates for female illiteracy are quite similar in the Sub-Saharan Africa category, the Arab States category, and South Asia category. These areas had rates of approximately 48%, 52% and 56%, which is more than double the other three lower female illiteracy rated categories. The lowest rates for female illiteracy were recorded in the Developed Countries category, at approximately 2%, with the Latin America and Caribbean category at 12%, and the East Asia and Oceania category with rates of 20%.

Male illiteracy for the six areas shown was lower than the figures for females. The lowest rates were in the Developed Countries category. Latin America and the Caribbean had rates of approximately 1% while East Asia and Oceania had rates of approximately 10% and 8%, respectively. The rates for the next three areas were much higher and quite similar to each other. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab States and South Asia had rates of approximately 31%, 29% and 34%.

Overall, female illiteracy was much higher relatively in three categories while it was only slightly higher in the remaining others.

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Montreal Rainfall Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the average amount of rainfall in Montreal in millimetres over a one-year period of time.

Complete Report

The bar chart shows the average rainfall in Montreal from January to December. The trend suggests that the summer season has the most rainfall of the year, while the winter season has a lower amount.

The highest number of rainfall appears in July at nearly 100mm, followed closely by March and January at 99mm and 99.5mm, respectively. September, November, and December have the same amount of rain at 96, which is lower than June, at 98mm, but higher than April and May. There is little difference between February, August, and October, where the average figure falls to between 89mm to 90mm. These months have the least amount of rainfall by a relatively large amount with February and October showing the lowest amounts of rainfall.

To conclude, though the average figure of rainfall is highest in the summer months, followed closely by winter. The rainfall in February, August and October is noticeably less than in other months.

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Imprisonment in Five Countries Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980.

Complete Report The bar charts show that the figures for imprisonment fluctuated over the period shown.

It is clear that the United States had the highest number of prisoners overall, while Great Britain had the lowest number of prisoners for the majority of the 70-year period shown.

The United States had the highest number of prisoners in four out of the six years shown on the chart, and in 1980 the figure for this country peaked at nearly 140,000 prisoners compared to ten years earlier when it was at its lowest amount at under 100,000 prisoners. Canada had the highest figures for imprisonment in 1930 and 1950, with about 120,000 prisoners for both years. The numbers are slightly lower than the American numbers.

The figures for New Zealand and Australia fluctuated between 40,000 and 100,000 prisoners, although New Zealand's prison population tended to be the higher of the two.

In contrast to the figures for the other countries, the number of prisoners in Great Britain rose steadily between 1930 and 1980, reaching a peak of about 80,000 at the end of the period.

Overall, The USA and Canada had the highest recorded number of prisoners of the period shown.

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Rail Incidents and Injuries Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the number of per 100 million passenger miles travelled (PMT) by transportation type in 2002.

Complete Report The bar chart compares the number of incidents and injuries for every 100 millionpassenger miles travelled on five different types of public transport in 2002. The trend suggests that most incidents and injuries took place on demand-response vehicles. By contrast, commuter rail services recorded, by far, the lowest figures.

A total of 225 incidents and 173 injuries, per 100 million passenger miles travelled, took place on demand-response transport services. These figures were nearly three times as high as those for the second-highest category which was bus services. There were 76 incidents and only 66 people were injured on buses.

Rail services experienced fewer problems. The number of incidents on light-rail trains equalled the figure recorded for buses, but there were significantly fewer injuries, at only 39. Heavy rail services saw lower numbers of such events than light rail services, but commuter rail passengers were even less likely to experience problems. In fact, only 20 incidents and 17 injuries occurred on commuter trains To conclude, the demand response category recorded the highest amount of injuries and incidents for 100 million passengers in the year 2002.

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Consumer Goods Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the amount the consumers of different countries spend on various goods.

Complete Report The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France, and Britain. The trend suggests that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries on all six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film.

People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures at just under £150,000 for each of the six products.

The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly £160,000. However, while French people spent more than Italians on photographic film and CDs, Italians paid out more for personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis racquets, around £145,000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart.

Overall, British people spent more money, in all categories, of all the three countries listed.

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Olympic Medals Bar Chart Sample The chart below shows the total number of Olympic medals won by twelve different countries.

Complete Report The bar chart compares twelve countries in terms of the overall number of medals that they have won at the Olympic Games. It is clear that the USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal-winning nation. It is also noticeable that the figures for gold, silver and bronze medals won by any particular country tend to be fairly similar.

The USA has won a total of around 2,300 Olympic medals, including approximately 900 gold medals, 750 silver and 650 bronze. In second place on the all-time medals chart is the Soviet Union, with just over 1,000 medals. Again, the number of gold medals won by this country is slightly higher than the number of silver or bronze medals.

Only four other countries - the UK, France, Germany, and Italy - have won more than 500 Olympic medals, all with similar proportions of each metal colour. Apart from the USA and the Soviet Union, China is the only other country with a noticeably higher proportion of gold medals (about 200) compared to silver and bronze (about 100 each).

Overall, it can be seen that the USA is the most medal-winning country at the Olympic Games.

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Work Performance Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the results of a survey conducted by a personnel department at a major company. The survey was carried out on two groups of workers: those aged from 18-30 and those aged 45-60, and shows factors affecting their work performance.

Complete Report The bar chart shows various factors that have impacts on work performance of two different age groups 18-30 and 45-60. The trend suggests that the age of a person affects work performance, in some, but not all of the areas that are shown.

Money seemed to have the same effect on the two age groups, which contributed around 70% of work performance. Likewise, 60% of work performance can be achieved through team spirit for both the young age group and the middle age group. Surprisingly, the work environment contributed as few as 30% in both groups. Next, chance for personal development seemed to be significantly important for the group of people aged 18-30; whereas, for the middle age group, it contributed only half of the work performance of the young age group at 40%.

Similarly, young people surveyed had a higher level of work performance in a relaxed working environment, but this didn't improve much the work performance of the middleaged people. Having competent managers played a fairly important role in improving the work performance of both of the two age groups at 50%.

Overall, mainly age and personal development affected work performance in this bar chart.

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Waste Disposal Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the amount of waste disposal in global cities and the percentage of total waste volume by category.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the amount of total waste for four cities and compares the waste volume in four different ways. The trend suggests that most of Toronto’s and Amman’s waste is buried underground at lower percentages, while Kuala Lumpur and Madrid burn most of their garbage. Composting is, on the other hand, rarely used in all four cities.

Landfill in Toronto is highly used at about 74%, which is 25% higher compared to the other three countries, with 25% for Amman, 45% for Madrid and 58% in Kuala Lumpur.

However, the incineration shows a different order, as Kuala Lumpur stands out at 55%, followed by Madrid at 40%, and Amman, which is only a little lower than Madrid by 2 % at 38%.

Distinctively, the figure for landfill rises higher among the four ways of disposals in Toronto, both its incineration and recycling stay at the lowest level between the nations, at 11% and 8%, respectively. While recycling in Amman still remains low, Madrid and Kuala Lumpur show the same proportion in recycling as 23%. As for composting, Amman turns out to be the last. It makes up the least proportion for all four countries.

Overall, Toronto and Amman bury a lot of waste, while Madrid and Kuala Lumpur burn most of their garbage. All four countries do recycle, but composite only a little amount of waste.

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European Modes of Transport Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the modes of transport and the total number of travellers in European cities from 1990 to 2000 by bus, car, bike, and foot.

Complete Report The bar chart compares four different transport modes taken by Europeans in the year 1960, 1980 and 2000. The trend suggests that most people in Europe travelling on foot in 1960 ended up using cars in 2000.

In 1960, cars were rarely used among 5% of the population, while other people decided to take buses or ride bikes, which included about 32% of Europeans in total. However, there were many more people travelling on foot. The figure for the use of buses climbed from 15% to 26% in 1980 with a rapid increase also taking place for cars at 23%, while bike users only decreased to 20%.

In 1980, more people chose vehicles instead of the walking on foot category that largely dropped to 16%. Finally, in 2000, the number of car users was far more than the other three modes, reaching 26%. Bus numbers, nevertheless, dropped to the previous level at around 16%, along with bike and foot users that reduced to 6% and 9% respectively.

Overall, from 1960 to 2000, there was a change for Europeans choosing transportation, from walking to cars.

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Mobile Phones and Land Lines Bar Chart Sample The bar chart shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 people in selected countries.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 users, for selected countries. It is noticeable that most of the countries included in the graph have more mobile phone subscribers than landlines.

Most European countries have high mobile phone use. The biggest users of mobile phones are Italians, with 88 cell phones per 100 people. For example, Italy has twice as many mobile phones as landlines, with 88 mobiles per hundred people compared to 45 for landlines. Mobile phone use is low in Canada, with fewer than 40 phones per 100 people. Denmark is also unusual because it has slightly more landlines than mobile phones. However, in some countries, the number of landlines is higher than the number of mobile phones.

One example is the USA, where the number of mobiles, at 50 per 100 people, is much lower than the number of landlines, at almost 70 per 100 people. A similar pattern can be seen in Canada. The highest number of landlines in the graph is in Denmark, with about 90 per 100 people. In contrast, the lowest figures for fixed lines are in Italy and the UK. In conclusion, it seems that mobile phone use is higher in Europe than in North America.

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Different Forms of Transport in the European Union Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union.

Complete Report The bar chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for six various methods of transport in the European Union. The trend suggests that air transport recorded the highest amount of CO2 emissions, while coaches produced very little.

Firstly, flying by air produces, by far, the greatest amount of CO2 emissions.

Approximately three times as much as passenger cars, which are the next largest producers identified. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel.

According to the information, ships (which is labelled and ‘Maritime’ of the chart) are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains (labelled as ‘Rail’) do. While coaches are the cleanest form of transport, with less than 50 grams of CO2 emitted per passenger.

Overall, in the European Union, air transport significantly produces the most emissions, whereas coaches produce the least.

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What Kids Are Doing Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below gives information about the preferred leisure activities of Australian children.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the preferred leisure activities of Australian children aged 5-14. As might be expected, the trend suggests that sedentary pursuits are far more popular nowadays than active ones.

Of the children that were interviewed, all the boys and girls stated that they enjoyed watching TV or videos in their spare time. In addition, the second most popular activity, attracting 80% of boys and 60% of girls, was playing electronic or computer games. While just fewer than 60% of girls rated activities such as art and craft as their favourite activity in their spare time, only 35% of boys opted for creative pastimes.

Bike riding, on the other hand, was almost as popular as electronic games amongst boys and, perhaps surprisingly, almost 60% of girls said that they enjoyed this too.

Skateboarding was relatively less popular amongst both boys and girls, although it still attracted 35% of boys and 25% of girls.

To sum up, leisure activities recorded a lower percentage marks than non-active ones.

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Reasons for Study Bar Chart Sample The bar charts below show the main reasons for the study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from employers.

Complete Report The bar charts compare students of different ages in terms of why they are studying and whether they are supported by an employer. The trend suggests that the proportion of students who study for career purposes is far higher among the younger age groups, while the oldest students are more likely to study for interest. Employer support is more commonly given to younger students.

Around 80% of students, under the age of 26, study to further their careers, whereas only 10% study purely out of interest. The gap between these two proportions narrows as students get older, and the figures for those in their forties are the same, at about 40%.

Students aged over 49 overwhelmingly study for interest, at 70%, rather than for professional reasons, at less than 20%.

Just over 60% of students under the age of 26 are supported by their employers. By contrast, the 30-39 age group is the most self-sufficient, with only 30% being given time off and help with fees. The figures rise slightly for students in their forties and for those aged 50 or more.

To conclude, the information suggests that young people study for career purposes at a much higher rate than older people while older people study are more likely to study for interest.

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Sales of Digital Games Bar Chart Sample The bar chart shows global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types of digital games between 2000 and 2006.

Complete Report The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four different platforms, namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices, from 2000 to 2006. It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year, leading to a significant rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales figures for handheld games were at least twice as high as those for any other platform in almost every year.

In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion, while console games earned just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games in that year. Over the next 3 years, sales of handheld video games rose by about $4 billion, but the figure for consoles decreased by $2 billion. Mobile phone and online games started to become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion in 2003.

In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7 billion dollars respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its lowest point, at around $2.5 billion.

Overall, three of the four-game sales went up for each year shown, resulting in a total change from 2000 to 2006.

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Computer Ownership by Level of Education Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the percentage of computer ownership by the level of education for 2002 and 2010 for five levels of secondary and tertiary study.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the percentage of computer owners for five different levels of education for the years 2002 and 2010. The trend suggests that the percentage of computer ownership in 2010 was significantly higher and consistent across all of these categories, compared to the ownership percentages in 2002 which were much lower.

In 2010, all of the levels of education recorded significantly higher amounts of computer ownership compared to 2002, with the tertiary levels being much higher than the secondary ones. The highest percentage was seen in the last category labelled “postgraduate qualification”. The amount recorded here was about 95% computer ownership, which is more than double the amount for the “no high school diploma” computer ownership. The 2010 percentages for computer ownership also increased universally across all levels of education as they progressed from the high school level to the college ones.

In 2002, all of the percentages in each category were much lower, suggesting that in 2010 computer ownership became more popular amongst students. In 2002, the “postgraduate qualification” computer ownership group was about 25% less compared to 2010 and for the “no high school diploma” level the percentage was more than 50% lower, compared to ten years later. Also, in 2002, the increases were seen universally across all levels of education concerning computer ownership just like the same increases that were seen in 2010.

Overall, the percentages of computer ownership in 2010 were significantly higher compared to the ownership percentages in 2002.

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OPEC Oil Stacked Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the forecasted increases in world oil production by the barrel for OPEC and non-OPEC nations from 1980 to 2020.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the predicted increases in world oil production by the barrel for three groups of OPEC labelled nations over a 40-year period from 1980 to 2020. The trend suggests that OPEC Middle Eat and Other OPEC had increased oil production, but only OPEC Middle East will do so until 2020. Non-OPEC production, on this timeline, had decreased and is forecasted to continue.

OPEC Middle East was relatively low from 1980 to 2000 with a production of only about 2 million barrels a day. By 2010, their production had dramatically increased to more than 8 million barrels a day, showing an increase that had quadrupled. By the end of 2020, the forecast for oil production in the Middle East will continue to rise to just over 15 million barrels a day. This further increase shows another doubling of the oil produced by these OPEC nations.

Non-OPEC production was quite high from 1980 to 2000 with under 10 million barrels being produced per day. This dropped 10 years later, by the end of 2010, with a production amount that was half of the previous barrel production. It is predicted to fall even more by 2020 with a forecasted amount of fewer than 1 million barrels produced.

Other OPEC production is expected to drop over the projected forecast period, from about 5 million barrels of production between 2000 and 2010 to less than 1 million barrels of production for the predicted 10-year forecast.

Overall, OPEC Middle Eat and Other OPEC have increased oil production, but only OPEC Middle East will do so until 2020.

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Stacked Vertical Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows American drinking habits between the ages of 16 and 74 in four distinct categories one being someone who does not in fact drink.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the percentages of alcoholic drinking habits for the ages of 16 to 74 in the United States. It can clearly be seen that the majority of American people are nondrinkers, in all six age categories, with 16 to 24-year-olds being the highest non-drinkers and 65 to 74-year-olds being the lowest non-drinkers. The next best category, being someone who no longer drinks.

The non-drinker category shows the highest percentages for all age groups, with decreases shown from ages 55 to 74. In the previous four age groups, non-drinkers averaged about 60%. This accounts for more than the other three drink categories combined with an average of about 40% for the same age groups. 16 to 24 and 35 to 44year-olds have the highest percentage of non-drinkers at exactly 60%. The other remaining groups are slightly under this amount. As non-drinkers have remained relatively the same, the percentage of ex-drinkers has steadily increased from age group to age group, with roughly 10% at ages 16 to 24 rising to more than 40% for people ages 65 to 74.

The figures for light-drinkers has also steadily decreased from age 16 to 74, with percentages dropping by more than one-third from its highest amount to its lowest amount. By age 65, light-drinkers account for a lower percentage of people when compared to ex-drinkers which are the exact opposite of the figures from 16 to 24-yearolds. Heavy-drinkers remains consistent across all age categories at a relatively same percentage when the other three groups are factored in fluctuating from 10% to 15%.

Overall, the majority of American people are non-drinkers for all of the six age categories.

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Book Sales Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the number of book sales from 2002 to 2012 for four different categories.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the number of total book sales in four different categories over a period of 10 years. The trend suggests that book sales have been the highest for “History Books”, while the lowest sales were recorded for “Hobby Books”. Art Book and Entertainment Book sales are shown to be quite similar, with sales that are in-between the others that are accounted for.

The highest recorded sales for History Books occurred in 2008 with 10,000 copies sold.

The next best year was 2012 with just over 8,000 copies sold. The lowest amount for sales for this category was seen in 2002, with only about 5,000 copies sold which is more than double of all the other categories. In fact, for all years, “History Book” sales were consistently more than double and for some years even triple the sales of the other book categories.

“Hobby Books” had the lowest sales amounts based on the number of copies sold. The total number of copies sold for each year from 2002 to 2012 never reaches more than 1000 copies sold, which is significantly lower than the number of copies that are sold for books about history. The least amount of sales for “Hobby Books” was recorded in 2006 and the highest amount was recorded in 2004. Again, these figures are much less than the number of copies sold by the highest book group.

Overall, historical books sold very well, while books about hobbies did not.

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Income Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the distribution of different income groups of men aged 3050 in Toronto according to whether they were born in Canada or overseas.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the distribution of different income groups for men aged 30-50 in Toronto according to whether they were born in Canada or overseas. The trend suggests that Canadian born men earned more income than those men who were born outside of Canada.

Middle and lower-middle incomes were the two highest categories for both of the male groups. For Canadian born men, middle income was recorded with the most, at just under 70%, whereas lower-middle as recorded at 10% less than this. Compared to those men who were born overseas, Canadian men earned about 15% more than their middle earning overseas counterparts. Interestingly, in the lower-middle-income bracket, overseas men earned about 8% more than those men who were born in Canada. Finally, Canadian born men also earned 10% more than overseas’ men in the high-income bracket.

The lowest amounts of dollars earned were recorded in the lowest and highest income brackets. Canadian men earned about 10% more than those men who were born outside of Canada in the highest income group. For the lowest earners, Canadian men recorded incomes that were much less than overseas-born men, with a difference of about 13% in favour of the latter.

Overall, men that were born in Canada earned more income than those men who were not born there.

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Global Mobile Phone Sales Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows global sales of the top five mobile phone brands between 2009 and 2013.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the amounts of global mobile phone sales, by the millions, based on their brand names for five different telecommunication companies, at the two-year intervals of 2009, 2011 and 2013. The trend suggests that Samsung, as of 2013, had sold the most mobile phones compared to the other four mobile phone companies, with Nokia being recorded as the second-highest seller for 2009 and 2011, but not 2013.

Samsung sold approximately 450 million units for 2013, with sales that were more than double the number of units sold by all four of the other cell phone producers. In contrast, Samsung was not the sales leader in 2011, Nokia was, with global sales for that year being about 100 million more units than Samsung. Apple, LG and ZTE all had relatively low worldwide sales for 2013 compared to Samsung, with these three companies showing unit sales of less than a million.

2009 was the best year of sales for Nokia. This year, they had the highest sales amount, with over 450 million units sold. In comparison, this was the same amount of sales that Samsung had for 2013. The difference in the 2009 sales for Nokia and Samsung were about 100 million units in favour of Nokia. Sales for Apple, LG and ZTE in 2009, was again, comparatively quite low.

Overall, for the three two-year internals that are presented in the chart, Samsung and Nokia were the global sales leaders.

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Household Expenditures Bar Chart Sample The bar chart shows shares of expenditures for five major categories in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in the year 2010.

Complete Report The bar chart shows how consumers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan allocated household spending for categories such as food, housing, and transportation in 2010. The trend suggests that healthcare and clothing were the least spent categories.

It can be seen that the United States had the largest housing expenditure share with 26% of total expenditures in 2010. The United Kingdom and Japan followed, with 24% and 22%, respectively. Canada had the lowest housing share of 21%. Housing was the highest expenditure component in all countries except Japan.

Canada had the largest transportation share of all four countries at 20%. The United States and the United Kingdom had the next-highest transportation shares, 17% and 15%, respectively. Japan had the lowest, at 10%. Japanese consumers also spent 23% of their total expenditures on food in 2010. The United Kingdom had the second-highest share at 20%. Canada, with 15%, and the United States, with 14% had the lowest food expenditure shares among the countries studied. The chart indicates that housing and health care were higher in the United States than in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan, while Americans had the lowest clothing share. Canada had the highest clothing and transportation shares, and Japan had the highest food share, among the countries compared.

Overall, the main expenditures for all four countries were seen in housing and transportation.

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UK Graduate and Postgraduate Students Bar Chart Sample The bar charts below show what UK graduate and postgraduate students who did not go into full-time work did after leaving college in 2008.

Complete Report The two bar charts show what graduate and postgraduate students did for one year, in 2008, when they did not go into full-time work after leaving college. The trend suggests that the majority of these two graduate groups went on to do part-time work and further study, while very few of them did any voluntary work.

The number of graduate students who went on to do further study was reported at 29,665 students, which is just under double the amounts recorded for part-time work and unemployment. Part-time work had 11,930 fewer students, and unemployed students had even less, with 13,430 students. Volunteer work was the lowest, at 3,500, showing a difference of 26,165 more students continuing with their studies.

The number of postgraduate students who went onto study more was recorded at only 2,725. This is significantly lower than the graduate group. In fact, it is almost 10 times lower. The number of students who went on to do part-time work is shown at 2,535, which again is dramatically lower than the numbers shown for graduate students. Almost 15,500 more students from the graduate category went on to do part-time work. Unemployment and volunteer work for postgraduate students were also about 10 times lower than the figures shown in the top bar chart.

Overall, most of the students in the two groups that are presented above went on to do either further study or part-time work, in 2008.

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Transportation Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the methods of transport that were used in Taipei Taiwan between 2000 and 2012.

Complete Report The bar charts show the seven different methods of transportation used by Taiwanese commuters in Taipei, Taiwan for two specific years, being 12 years apart, 2002 and 2012.

The trend suggests that most commuters travelled by bus and car, for both of the reported years, while very few commuters used a train or taxi, again for both years that are shown.

Bus and car were the preferred modes of transport. In 2000, bus commuters had a usage percentage of around 40%, while 12 years later, the amount had gone down by 10%, to 30%. For car usage in 2000, the percentage of people who were using a car was reported at approximately 23%. Twelve years later, this percentage had risen a little to just under 30%, showing a difference of around 5%. Walking commuter use was relatively high for users in 2000, while subway use was nonexistent. In the same categories in 2012, walking had dropped, while subway use had risen dramatically.

Train and taxis reported very little use for both years that are presented. Train commuters only showed a 5% user percentage in 2000, with taxi users reported at half of this 5% rate. In 2012, the percentages had dropped, even more, to well under 5% of use. Bicycle commenters were a bit higher in all three of these categories, with a percentage that was around 7%.

Overall, most commuters in this city travelled by bus and car, while very few people used the train or a taxi.

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Research Students Bar Chart Sample The bar graph below shows the numbers of male and female research students studying six computer science subjects at a US university in 2011.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the gender distribution of students doing computer scientific research across a range of disciplines at a US university in 2011. The trend suggests that at this university, computer science subjects continue to be male-dominated, while women have a significant presence in fields related to psychology and the natural sciences.

In five of the six disciplines, males outnumbered females. Male students made up a particularly large proportion of the student group in subjects related to the study of programming objects such as mathematics, programming, and engineering. The gender gap was particularly large in the field of mathematics, where there were five times as many male students compared to female students.

Men and women were more equally represented in subjects related to the research in disciplines such as natural sciences, psychology, and linguistics. In natural science, there were nearly as many women reported at approximately 200, as to men reported at approximately 240. This was also the case that was seen in the subject area of psychology. Linguistics was the only discipline in which women outnumbered men at roughly 110 women, compared to only 90 men.

Overall, that majority of the subjects shown were dominated by men, except for psychology and natural sciences which showed higher results for women.

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Music Album Purchasing Bar Chart Sample The bar charts below show the types of music albums purchased by people in Canadian according to sex and age.

Complete Report The two bar charts show information about rock and classical music that was purchased by different age groups of Canadian males and females. The trend suggests that rock music was more popular among young people, while classical music was preferred more by people who were over 45 years of age.

According to the two bar graphs, more than 25% of Canadian men purchased rock music, while less than 10% preferred to buy classical music. Similarly, 8% of Canadian women purchased rock music, while only 6% from the same category, purchased classical music.

This information clearly shows that more Canadian men purchased music when compared to what women purchased.

According to the information that has been given for the age groups, rock music was most preferred by the 25 to 34 age group, since they purchased around 31% of rock music, while they only purchased 16% of classical music. Canadians from 16 to 24 years of age purchased 30% of rock music, whereas their percentage for buying classical music was significantly less, accounting for only 1% of the purchases. Rock music was also more popular than classical music among the 35 to 44 year age group who bought 26% of rock albums compared to the only 3% classical albums. Interestingly, a completely different trend can be observed among the purchasers who were over 45 years of age since these people preferred classical music over rock music. People from this age group purchased 20% of classical music compared to only 8% who purchased rock and roll music.

To conclude, young Canadian men purchased more music than women, in the over 45 years of age category, and rock music was more popular among these men than classical music.

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UK Telephone Calls Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.

Complete Report The bar chart compares the figures in terms of minutes spent on telephone calls, splitting them into three different groups, over a period of 7 years in the United Kingdom, with the minutes being measured in billions. The trend suggests that the local calls were by far the most popular way of making a telephone call, while mobiles were the least one. It is also noticeable that the two call types, national and international, and mobiles saw an upward trend during the period shown, while local calls, by contrast, experienced a gradual decline at the end of the period.

In 1995, the figures for minutes of telephone calls using a local line stood were at 70 billion. For national and international calls, it was at around 35 billion, and for all mobiles calls it was only 5 billion. This discrepancy among preferences can be observed until 1999 when the number of calls through local lines reached a peak of 90 billion. The figures for the total number of minutes using national and international lines and mobile lines were approximately 45 billion and 10 billion.

Starting in 1999, there was a steady decrease in the number of minutes made used on local lines compared to a significant rise in the number of those using cell phones. The number of minutes being used for national and international lines increased gradually during the same period shown. In 2002, the number of minutes for local calls was equal to those in 1995, while international and national lines and mobile calls saw the highest number of minutes, at just over 60 billion, and under 50 billion.

Overall, the chart shows how three different kinds of calls were made over a seven-year period in the UK. - 61 -

Distribution of Oil Consumption Sample Bar Chart The bar chart below shows the distribution of oil in 7 regions of the world from 1980 to 2000.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the distribution of oil across seven regions, in the Americans, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Far East and Oceania, for a period of twenty years, from 1980 to 2000. The trend suggests that the oil production per day was steadily increasing over this period of time, with somewhat of a decrease in the production figures early on.

In 1980, North America and Western Europe had the highest number of barrel production per day, while Africa and the Middle East has the lowest production rates for barrels produced per day. Five years later, these production rates had fallen slightly, with Western Europe seeing the largest decrease. The remaining regions were relatively unchanged in 1985.

By 1995, the number of barrels produced per day had increased compared to five years before, at just under 60,000 barrels per day to about 64,000 barrels per day. The biggest increase at this time can be seen in the Far East and Oceania regions. The other remaining regions showed similar production rates or slight increases. In 2000, all seven regions had shown increases, with the largest being seen in the Far East and Oceania, once again.

Overall, there were increases for all the regions shown, from 60,000 barrels a day to over 70,000 per day, with an initial decrease of about 5,000 barrels a day, from 1980 to 1985.

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Chatting on the Internet Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend chatting on the Internet and playing on games consoles on an average school day in the UK.

Complete Report The bar chart compares the time spent by 10 to 15-year-olds in the UK on two activities, namely chatting online and playing computer games. The trend suggests that playing computer games is marginally more popular than chatting on the Internet. However, completely different trends can be seen when specific figures are looked at for boys and girls.

The proportion of time spent on internet chatting was reported highest among girls at 68%, while the boys were reported at the least, at only 55%. Girls spent one to three hours chatting online which was only half as much as the boys at 35% of the total hours.

In contrast, 8% of the girls spent their time chatting at over four hours, as opposed to, only 5% for boys. Both boys and girls accounted for 62% of internet chatting and 30% of them spent about one to three hours doing so. The percentage of time spent by all boys and girls was the same, at 25% for each, when chatting for less than an hour.

A significant majority of the school children from the ages of 10 to 15 years who were playing on games console were boys at 85%. About two-thirds of the boys spent over 1 hour on games, whereas girls spent less than an hour for the same category, at only 35% out of a total of 52%. An equal proportion of hours were spent under an hour by all the children at 34% for each.

Overall, playing on a game console was the most popular activity among the children - 63 -

Revenue for Four Companies Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows revenue per quarter for four companies.

Complete Report The bar chart illustrates four companies and their revenues per quarter in the 1000s. It is clear that there are a lot of variations in the quarters of the four different companies represented, with Eastern shores being a standout.

The Eastern Shores Company has the highest value for Q1 at 100,000, while BI Aviation is the 2nd with just over 40,000. RCI and Highland Minerals have the same value of Q1 at just over 30,000. Q2 values are equal for Eastern Shore and Highland Minerals companies at about 90,000. Q3 values are highest for BI Aviation and Highland Minerals at 90,000, while Eastern Shores Company Q3 value is just above 60,000. The RCI Company has the least Q3 value at approximately 28,000 and Q1 has a value equivalent to that of Highland Mineral value.

Comparatively, Eastern Shores for the Q1 period has more than double the other three, and it also dominates for the Q2 period. In Q3 Eastern Shores drops dramatically, but still maintains two-thirds of the market. And in Q4 Eastern Shores has an equivalent share of the market compared to the other three shown.

In conclusion, there is considerable fluctuation in the revenue of the 4 companies, with Eastern Shores having a relatively higher revenue for two of the four quarters shown.

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New Dwellings in England Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the percentage of new dwellings built on previously developed land compared to England during 2010.

Complete Report The horizontal bar chart shows the percentage of new construction built on previously settled land in nine different parts of Britain for one year only, 2010. The trend suggests that the percentage of new homes built on previously developed land in the East Midlands were the lowest in England, while the highest number of homes built on previously developed land happened in London, with the other seven places, in ascending order, from the lowest to the highest.

London reported the highest percentage of new housing at 19%. This was more than double the percentages that were reported for Yorkshire, Humber, West Midlands, and North West London. In fact, Yorkshire and Humber only reported a percentage of 2% that was 17% lower than London proper. West Midlands and North West London reported similar new dwelling percentages at roughly 10%.

East Midlands reported the lowest rate for new dwellings with a drop of -18%. This is a 37% percent difference when compared to the top new dwelling location of London. South East London reported the least drop at only -3%, while North East, East and South West London all reported similar percentages with a drop showing between -6% and -11% Overall, East Midlands showed the lowest number of homes built in England, while the highest number of homes built on previously developed land was shown to be in London.

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Non-UK Born and UK Nationals Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the top 10 non-UK countries of birth for residents of England and Wales and the proportion of those residents who held a UK passport against those who held a non-UK passport.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the top ten non-UK countries of birth for residents of England and Wales and the percentage of those residents who held a UK passport and those who held a non-UK passport. It is clear that out of the ten countries shown more than half of the residents of England and Wales have a rate of over 50% of people holding a UK passport, while the remaining 4 nations have a rate the is under 50% of people who are holding non-UK passports.

The highest percentages for UK passport holders were shown to be in Jamaica, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, with the first two countries showing a rate of 70%. Other notable countries with a UK passport rate of over 50% were India and Germany. These two countries reported percentages that were around 10% less than the top three. While Poland showed the lowest UK passport holder percentage at less than 10%.

The USA, Ireland and Poland showed the highest percentages of Non-UK passport holders with rates approximately at 75%, 78% and 90%. According to the information, the USA and Ireland showed opposite percentages of passport origin compared to Pakistan and Bangladesh. Nigeria was the only country that showed percentages that were 50/50.

Overall, out of all the countries that are shown more than half of the residents of England and Wales have a rate of over 50% of people holding a UK passport.

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Marriages and Divorces in the USA Bar Chart Sample The bar charts below give information about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000 and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years.

Complete Report The first chart illustrates the change in the number of marriages and divorces in the US over a 30-year period from 1970. The second chart compares the proportion of American adults’ different marital statuses in two years, 1970 and 2000. The trend suggests that there was a clear downward cycle of people getting married in the US. Although most adult Americans were married in both recorded years, there was a quite higher percentage of people staying single in 2000.

From 1970 to 1980, 2.5 million marriages were registered in America; however, this number gradually decreased to 2 million by the year 2000. In contrast, the number of divorces filed was around 1 million in 1970 and then reached a peak of almost 1.5 million a decade later. Since then, there have been fewer divorces and the figure decreased to 1 million in 2000, exactly 50% of that of the marriages in the same year.

The percentage of married American adults dropped from 70% in 1970 to around 60% in 2000. Similarly, there was a marginal decrease in the proportion of widowed people. The figures for never-married people and divorced people experienced a slight rise, by around 8% in each category.

To conclude, most Americans that were reported in these two bar charts were married.

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Eating at Fast Food Restaurants Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows how frequently people in the USA ate at fast-food restaurants between 2003 and 2013.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the frequency of Americans that consumed fast food in restaurants during a 10-year period of time, from 2003 to 2013. The trend suggests that most Americans ate fast food quite often, and in fact may be trying to eat less, while the percentages of Americans who never eat or who eat fast food on daily basis, remained very low.

In 2003 and 2006, a similar pattern occurred as 31% and 33% of people in the US chose to consume fast food once a week, which are the highest figures in both years. Followed shortly behind, and only by a difference of 1% and 8% were the percentages of people who were eating fast food only once or twice a month. Meanwhile, the lowest figures belonged to those people who were eating fast food every day and never eating fast food at 4% and 5%.

In 2006, it can also be seen that fast food consumption went down by about 15% in the once a week and once a month categories. Also, in 2013, a decline of 10% was recorded in the number of people who ate fast food once a week or once a month. Those people who never ate fast food and who ate it every day were very similar, at less than 5%, across all the years that are shown.

To conclude, the information shows that Americans ate fast food quite frequently, but not daily.

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Regular Physical Activity Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in different age groups who did regular physical activity in 2010.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the proportion of various age groups of Australian men and women who were engaged in physical exercises regularly, in 2010. The trend suggests that the majority of women, except young women, did more exercise, and the number of females, mainly those who were aged 45 to 54 engaged in more physical activities compared to 15 to 24-year-old females.

It was mainly men, aged 15 to 24, who did more physical activities accounting for 52.8% of those who were surveyed, but from the ages of 35 to 44, this active lifestyle declined significantly to 39.5%. For males aged 45 to 54 and senior males aged 65 and over, the percentage of these men who partook in activities went up to 46.7% The most active females were 45 to 54 age group accounting for 53.3%. Young women were less active compared to men aged 15 to 24. Also, the number of male and female Australians who are 65 years old and over were nearly the same at 46.7% and 47.1%, respectively.

To conclude, women were reported to do more exercise, except in the young age category, from 15 to 24 years of age.

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Non-Official Mother Languages in BC Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the prevalence of world languages in British Columbia, pointing to the diversity of communities in the province.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the prevalence of world languages, or mother tongues, that are spoken in British Columbia, Canada highlighting the diversity of global communities in this Canadian province. The trend suggests that the two most common non-official languages, out of the ten that are shown, that were spoken in BC in 2011, were Punjabi and Cantonese.

Of the top four languages that were reported, three of these were various forms of the Chinese dialect. Cantonese, Chinese, (n.o.s.) and Mandarin represented just under half a million respondents. The other six languages that were not a Chinese dialect represent about 310,000 respondents. Interestingly, German and Tagalog had approximately the same amount of non-official speakers in BC. The lowest number of respondents spoke Hindi which was about 10 times lowers than the number of respondents who spoke Punjabi. About 165,000 more respondents claimed to speak Punjabi as their mother tongue. Korean, Spanish, and Persian mother-tongue speakers accounted for responses between around 39,000 and 50,000 respondents which were significantly lower than the highest three number of non-official languages that were spoken in BC. Overall, most of the respondents spoke a form of Chinese as their mother tongue in the information that is shown above.

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Households Owned and Rented in England and Wales Bar Chart Sample The chart below shows the percentage of households in owned and rented accommodation in England and Wales between 1918 and 2011.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the proportion of households in owned and rented accommodation in two countries those being England and Wales for a period of almost a hundred years between 1918 and 2011. The trend suggests that the percentages for owned homes were generally increasing and that the percentages for rented homes were decreasing over the period that has been shown, and in both cases, this trend began to change in the last year of the chart.

In terms of the percentage of households in the owned accommodation category, it was at a low of around 23% in 1918. Then, it increased to around 32% in 1939 and 1953.

These owned accommodation rates were significantly lower than the rented percentages.

Owned accommodation considerably increased from 1939 to 2001 to about 32% and 69% respectively, while it slightly decreased to around 64% in 2011. This drop was the first year to report a decrease in homeownership.

The year 2001 witnessed the highest percentage of households in the owned accommodation category at just under 70%, and it also witnessed the lowest percentage of households in the rented accommodation category which was at about 30%. In the year 2011, there is a dramatic change in the percentage reporting with owned accommodations moving downward and rented accommodations moving upward.

Overall, owned accommodation showed an increasing percentage for all years that are shown except for 2011 and the same can be said in a decreasing fashion for rented accommodations again until 2011.

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Electricity Production and Consumption in Ten Countries Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and consumption of electricity in 2014.

Complete Report The bar chart compares the amount of electricity produced and consumed by the top ten countries in 2014. The trend suggests that enough electricity was produced for consumption in each country, except for Germany, and that China and the US were the leading producers and consumers of electricity in the world.

China was the biggest producer and consumer of electricity with production at about 5400 billion kWh of electricity and consumption at just under this. With production and consumption of around 4000 billion kWh of electricity, the US was the second-largest producer and consumer globally. The amount of electricity produced and consumed in these two countries was three to five times higher than the rest of the world.

The production and consumption in Russia were relatively the same at just over 1000 billion kWh, and this number was slightly higher than that of Japan and India. All other countries generated and used around 500 billion kWh in 2014. However, Germany was the only country that used more electricity than it produced. The Republic of Korea was the smallest producer and consumer of electricity among these top ten countries.

Overall, nine out of the ten countries that have been shown produced more electricity than they consumed.

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Percentage Change in Average House Prices Bar Chart Sample The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house process in 1989.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the changes in average prices of houses in New York, Madrid, Tokyo, Frankfurt, and London for a period of 26 years compared to average house prices in 1989. The trend suggests that the average house price for the entire period that is shown was very different for New York and London, but not very different for Frankfurt, Madrid, or Tokyo.

According to the information provided in the chart, the average house price fell for the cities of New York, Tokyo, and London between 1990 to 1995. New York the prices declined by 5%, while in Tokyo, and London, they decreased by almost the same proportion at about 7%. The average house prices for Madrid and Frankfurt went up slightly by only 1.5% to 2%.

House prices increased for all cities, except Tokyo, where the prices fell to 5% from 1995 to 2002. For New York, the average prices increased by 5%, while for Madrid they doubled to 4% compared to prices from 1990 to 1995. London had the greatest increase in house prices and increased dramatically to above 10%.

Overall, there were changes in the house prices for all cities that were shown with London showing the biggest change.

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Pie Charts How to Write Reports with Pie Charts Pie charts are difficult when they contain a lot of information. Here is some advice.

• Write 4 paragraphs – an introduction with the trend of the main points, 2 details paragraphs and a conclusion.

• Before you start writing, highlight the key points in the pie chart. Choose the biggest percentage in each category in the chart. If the chart shows years under the pie chart, look for the biggest changes in the percentages over the time period. You could also mention the smallest amounts, but you can ignore 'middle' amounts, neither the biggest nor the smallest.

• For your introduction and trend paragraph, try to compare whole amounts or categories of the pie percentages rather than individual just one part of the pie. If you cannot compare whole parts, compare the biggest and smallest amount. Try to write 2 sentences for the trend.

• In your two 'details' paragraphs, never describe each pie percentage separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons and contrasts of the pie amounts. Try to organize the amounts you highlighted into 2 groups - one for each paragraph, such as the highest percentages for all of the information or the lowest amounts for all of the information and create your paragraphs accordingly.

• Describe and compare the pie percentages you have highlighted and try to include at least 4 or 5 descriptions in each of the two paragraphs.

• Use the present tense or past simple depending on the information, and use will for future years. If no time is shown, use the present simple.

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Writing Pie Chart Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe the highest amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows the biggest increase or difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows the lowest amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe another amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows a difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows another amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Proportion of Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fat Pie Chart Sample The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein, and fat in three different diets, namely an average diet, a healthy diet, and a healthy diet for sport.

Complete Report The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein, and fat in three different diets, namely an average diet, a healthy diet, and a healthy diet for sport. The trend suggests that sportspeople require a diet comprising a significantly higher proportion of carbohydrates than an average diet or a healthy diet. The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates, but the highest proportion of protein.

Carbohydrates constitute 60% of the healthy diet for sport. This is 10% higher than the proportion of carbohydrates in a normal healthy diet and 20% more than the proportion of an average diet. On the other hand, people who eat an average diet consume a greater amount of protein, at 40%, than those who eat a healthy diet, reported at 30%, and sportspeople at 25%.

The third compound shown in the charts is fat. Fat makes exactly a fifth of both the average diet and the healthy diet but then drops to only 15% for the healthy sports diet.

Overall, the charts explain that sport requires a diet of mainly carbohydrates, some protein, and less fat.

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Annual School Spending Pie Chart Sample The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981, 1991, and 2001.

Complete Report The pie charts compare the expenditures of a school in the UK in three different years over a 20-year period. The trend shows that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the school’s spending in all three years for 1981, 1991 and 2001, and by contrast, insurance was the lowest cost for every year.

In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This figure rose to 50% in 1991 but fell again by 5% in 2001. The proportion of spending on other workers’ wages fell steadily over the 20-year period, from 28% of the budget in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.

Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981 but reached 8% in 2001.

Finally, the percentages for resources and furniture or equipment fluctuated. The figure for resources was highest in 1991, at 20%, and the proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.

Overall, teachers’ salaries used most of the spending for the years mentioned, while insurance was the least.

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Religions of Lebanon Pie Chart Sample The graph below shows a breakdown of the various religious groups in Lebanon.

Complete Report The pie chart illustrates the percentages of seven different religions in Lebanon. The trend suggests that Islam sees the largest proportion in this chart. Next come the Maronite Christians, and the rest including Greek Orthodox, Druze, Greek Catholic and other Christians, which constitute the least.

Islam in Lebanon, the mainly believed religion can be divided into Sunni Islam and Shi’a Islam, which show an equal figure at 27%. Maronite Christian acquires the second place at only 3% lower than those two ‘Nations of Islam’ and stands at 21% of the people in Lebanon. These three religions attract more than half of the national population at 75%.

On the other hand, the other four religions are considerably low with Druze and Greek Catholic at only 5%, and no more than 3 % higher than the people that believe in Greek Orthodox at 8% and Other Christian at 7%. The four main religions of the world Greek Orthodox, Druze, Greek Christian, and other Christians collectively account for 20% of the total amount of religions in Lebanon, which is still less than one of the two main Muslim categories.

To sum up, the three major religions in Lebanon are Sunni Islam, Shi’a Islam, and Maronite Christian with the other religions at no more than a proportion of a quarter.

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Revenue and Expenses Pie Chart Sample The graphs below show the total revenue sources and expenditures for a donation only food service program.

Complete Report The two pie charts show both income and expenditure over several sectors The trend explains that there are many sources of revenue, while the expenditures are only used for program services, fundraising and other general services.

It is clear that the total income is slightly higher than the total expenditure of approximately 300 thousand dollars. The money is mainly collected from donated food, which accounts for 86.6%. The second biggest part that accounts for 10.4%, is community contributions.

Program revenue only makes up 2.2% and stands in third place. The rest includes investment income, government grants, and other income account for no more than 1%, which is very few.

As for ‘expenditures’, the money is mostly spent on program services as stated at 95.8%.

The percentage is almost nine times higher or almost 90 percent more than the other two categories labelled as ‘fundraising’ and ‘management and general’ which only account for 2.6% and 1.6% respectively.

Overall, there are many ways to collect money, but the use of income is only spent in three areas.

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Main Sources of Energy Pie Chart Sample The two graphs show the main sources of energy in the USA in the 1980s and the 1990s.

Complete Report The two graphs show that oil was the major energy source in the USA in both 1980 and 1990 and that coal, natural gas and hydroelectric power remained in much the same proportions. On the other hand, the trend identifies a dramatic rise in nuclear power, which doubled its percentage over the ten years.

Oil supplied the largest percentage of energy, although the percentage decreased from 42% in 1980 to 33% in 1990. Coal in 1990 was the second-largest source of energy, increasing its proportion to 27% from 22% in the previous decade. Natural gas, the second-largest source in 1980, at 26%, decreased its share very slightly to provide 25% of America’s energy ten years later.

There was no change in the percentage supplied by hydroelectric power, which remained at 5% of the total energy used. Nuclear power showed the greatest change because in 1990 it was 10%, which is twice that of the 1980s.

Overall, the pie charts identify a significant increase in nuclear power, showing a percentage increase of 50 percent over the ten-year period of time.

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Visitors to Scotland Pie Chart Sample The pie chart below shows the proportion of visits to Scotland from overseas countries by age groups for 2005 only.

Complete Report The pie chart clearly shows the percentage of visits made to Scotland from other parts of the world within specific age groups for just one year, 2005. The trend suggests that out of the total number of visits, which is calculated to be 2,392,000, more than half of these visitors to Scotland were between the ages of 25 and 54 years of age, whereas teenagers, young adults and the elderly recorded just under 50 percent of the total number counted.

The largest proportion of visitors to Scotland from overseas countries is reported by three middle-aged groups of visitors between the ages of 25 to 54. These three categories account for over 50 percent of the visitors to Scotland and they are about 10 percent more than the next largest categories.

The groups of teenagers, young adults, and the elderly, between the ages of 16 to 24, and 55 and over are the second largest group of visitors recorded in the pie chart. These groups of young adults and elderly people account for about 40 percent of the number of visitors to Scotland in all of the categories shown.

To sum up, this information suggests that most visitors to Scotland are between the ages of 25 to 54.

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Two Pie Charts Sample The two pie charts below show the total number of international students and homeschooled students for three different levels of tertiary study.

Complete Report The two pie charts clearly show the total number of international students and homeschooled students for three different levels of tertiary study, Bachelor's, Master’s, and Doctorate’s degrees. The trend suggests that between these two charts, the majority of the students, whether or not they are international or home students, are at the master’s level.

In the first pie chart, the information regards internationals students. Almost 75 percent of these foreign students are currently studying for their master’s degree. This category is three times higher than the other two, which are bachelor and doctorate. The latter two categories only combine to represent roughly 25 percent of the student body for international students.

The second pie chart accounts for ‘home students’, or students who are not from other countries. In this pie chart, the highest amount is represented by the bachelor’s level. It accounts for four times the amount in the first pie chart, with a difference of 284,273 more students in the second chart. Yet, it is the master’s group, that when compared to the first pie chart, holds a significant number of students. When these two Masters’ categories are added together, they account for the highest number of students at a total of 1,164,145.

To sum up, based on the information provided in these two charts the highest number of students, when both charts are considered, are studying at the master’s level.

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Multiple Pie Chart Sample The two pie charts below show the main reasons for immigration and emigration to the UK for one year only - 2007.

Complete Report The two pie charts show the main reasons for immigration and emigration to and from the UK in 2007 only. It can clearly be seen that there are six main reasons for moving to or leaving the UK for the year shown and that regardless if it is for immigration or emigration reasons the main purpose was jobs in both categories.

The first pie chart shows the percentages for immigration and according to the information ‘definite job’ was recorded to be 30% which is 4% higher than the next category of ‘formal study’ at 26%. ‘Accompanying or joining’ a family member represented the next highest category at 15%. ‘Looking for work’ and ‘other’ is almost at the same amounts at 12% and 11% respectively. ‘No reason given’ is the lowest group, at 6%, which is five times lower than the highest amount in this chart.

The second pie chart shows the percentages for emigration or leaving the UK. ‘Definite job’ recorded the highest amount of 29%. Compared to the ‘immigration’ amount, in the same category, it is only one percent lower than the former. ‘Looking for work’ accounts for the next highest percentage at 22%, and this amount is 10% higher than the previous number in the first pie chart. Finally, when comparing both pie charts ‘formal study’ is six times higher in the ‘immigration’ information compared to the lowest percentage of 4% in the ‘emigration’ category. This information shows that most people do not leave the UK to study, but instead come to the UK to do so.

To sum up, these pie charts suggest that the main reason for coming to or leaving the UK is based on the ‘definite job’ category.

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Cost of Living Multiple Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show the differences concerning the cost of living expenses for the years 1960 and 2010.

Complete Report The pie charts show the differences concerning the cost of living expenses in six different categories for the years 1960 and 2010. It can clearly be seen that between 1960 and 2010 a large decrease has occurred concerning the cost of housing, while a somewhat larger increase has occurred concerning the cost of food.

In 1960, 72% of the cost of living expenses was spent on housing. This was 50% lower in 2010 showing a dramatic decrease for this expense. In fact, this housing expense accounts for more than 2.5 times the combined percentages of the other five categories that are given for this year. Food is listed as the next biggest expenses, but this figure is comparatively low when compared to the percentage of 34% in the same category 50 years later. Interestingly, education was 7% in 1960 and only one percent lower in 2010, showing very little change.

In 2010, food and housing comprise 56% of the total cost of living expenses that need to be spent. This combined percentage is almost the same amount for only housing in 1960.

The housing expense has dramatically dropped, but the cost of food has risen significantly. The other main difference between the two pie charts is shown in the ‘other ‘category. In 1960 it was only 5%, but 50 years later it has risen by14%, to 19%.

Overall, the two pie charts show the differences concerning the cost of living expenses in six different categories for the years 1960 and 2010.

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Cost of Living Multiple Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show information concerning the cost of living expenses, for seven different categories for the years 1971 and 2001.

Complete Report The pie chart shows information concerning the cost of living expenses, for seven different categories for the years 1971 and 2001. The trend suggests that cars and food amounted to the highest percentages for the cost of living expenses for both years presented.

In 1971, the cost of food was the highest at 44%, which was four times higher than in 2001. Car expenses accounted for 22% of costs made and was 21% lower than 2001.

The other five categories account for a combined expense total of 34%, which is lower than food expenses, but higher than car expenses.

In 2001, the cost of car expenses was the highest at 43%, with food being 29% percent lower in the same year, but 1% higher than the car expenses 30 years before. Also, in 2001, the other five categories account for a combined expense total of 43% which is 11% higher than the other five lesser categories from 1971.

Overall, the pie chart shows information concerning the cost of living expenses, for seven different categories for the years 1971 and 2001.

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Multiple Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show a comparison of the percentages in energy for 1995 and 2005 in the UK.

Complete Report The two pie charts show a comparison of the proportions of energy usage in the United Kingdom for two years only, in 1995 and 2005. It can clearly be seen that the energy consumption for both of these years is very similar, with not a lot of differences given in the percentages for coal and gas, and petrol to a lesser degree.

In 1995, coal accounted for the highest percentage of 31%. This is only 2% higher than the next two highest categories of gas and petrol. When all three of these categories are combined together they account for 89% of all energy used in 1995. Nuclear energy and other sources of energy were the two lowest categories accounting for a combined total of only 11%. This is 8 times lower than the highest three groups and clearly shows that these two sources of energy were not highly produced.

Ten years later in 2005, coal accounted for the same amount as 1995, at 31%. As for gas and petrol, in 2005, these two account for 50% of the production percentage which is 8% lower than 10 years before, when it was at 58%. Nuclear power and other sources of power did rise a little bit, by 4%, for each of these two categories.

Overall, the pie charts show a comparison of the proportions of energy usage in the United Kingdom with very similar percentage results for both years that are shown.

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Household Spending Pie Chart Sample The charts below show household spending patterns in two countries between 1995 and 2010.

Complete Report The four pie charts show household spending patterns in the UK and Canada for five different categories between 1995 and 2010. The trend suggests that people’s spending habits had changed over the 15-year period in both countries, more so in the UK, than compared to Canada.

In 1995, in the UK, the vast majority of spending was spent on leisure time. This category was only 27%, while 15 years later, it had increased to 34%, showing a rise of 7%. The least amount was spent on “other” and was recorded at just 9%. In Canada, for the same year, most spending was recorded in the food and drink category, with 6% more being spent in Canada compared to the UK. The next highest category in Canada was for utility bills, which amounted to 1% more than the UK percentages. In both countries, an average of 16% was spent on transportation.

In 2010, the highest proportions recorded in the UK were for leisure, at 34% and utility bills at 28%, while in Canada the top recorded amounts were for utility bills at 31% and food and drink at 25%. When these amounts are combined together for each country, the total in the UK was 62%, and the total amount in Canada was 56%. The lowest amount, in both countries, was recorded in the ‘other’ category at 11% respectively.

Overall, for the 15-year period that is shown, household spending habits, in all categories, changed albeit only slightly in some of the groups.

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Browser Usage Pie Chart Sample The pie chart below shows the different browsers that were used for internet searches in 2011.

Complete Report The pie chart shows six main browser search engines for Internet usage in the year 2011.

The trend suggests that Firefox and Internet Explorer accounted for slightly more than half of all these Internet searches.

57.8% of the Internet searching that is shown in this pie chart was done so with either Firefox or Internet Explorer. This is significantly higher than the next highest amount which has been recorded for Google’s Chrome browser. The difference among these browsers is 37.2% in favour of the two former ones.

Safari, Opera and Android accounted for only 18.1% of these searches, which is comparable to the percentage given for Chrome. This is a far lower amount when compared to the combined amount of Firefox and Internet Explorer, showing a difference of exactly 39.7%. Interestingly, the Other category accounted for more than Android, with a percentage of 3.5, which shows an increase of 1.6% more traffic to these other browsers.

Overall, Firefox and Internet Explorer accounted for most of the online traffic shown in this pie chart.

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Dangerous Waste Products Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries.

Complete Report The pie charts compare five different methods for the disposal of dangerous waste products in Sweden, South Korea, and the UK. It is clear that the main method used among these three countries to get rid of hazardous waste is by burying it. It can also be seen that the ways of dealing with these dangerous amounts of waste in Sweden are exactly the same as in South Korea.

In the United Kingdom, 88% of dangerous materials are buried underground, while this figure for Sweden and Korea are much less at 55% and 22%, respectively. Sweden burns about a fifth of its risky material, and this method is only 9% in Korea, and even less in the United Kingdom, at just 2%.

Korea recycles about 70% of its dangerous materials and this method is used for the treatment of about a fourth of these substances in Sweden. In contrast, Great Britain does not practice any recycling for its hazardous materials at all. Instead, chemical treatment and dumping at the sea are two additional methods that are practiced only in England, with a percentage of 8 for each.

Overall, the main method of hazardous waste disposal for all three countries is a burial.

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Australian Household Energy Use Pie Chart Sample The first chart below shows how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.

Complete Report The two pie charts show, firstly how energy has been used by an Australian household, and secondly how this same energy, per household, has resulted in greenhouse gas production. The trend suggests that refrigeration, heating, and water heating have combined to amount for the highest percentages in both charts.

Refrigeration, water heating, and heating accounted for the highest percentages for household energy use in Australia, at 7%, 30% and 42%, respectively. When combined together, these energy suckers accounted for a whopping 79% of household energy use or four-fifths of the total usage per house. Heating the house was 12% higher than water heating, and significantly more than refrigeration, with a difference of 35%. Cooling, lighting, and other appliances accounted for only 21% of the energy use, and when this is compared to the three highest percentages, it shows a difference of 58% or more than half of the energy use was used by refrigeration, water heating, and heating.

Greenhouse gas emissions were primarily highest for the same three categories in the first pie chart. Refrigeration has doubled to 14%, while heating has significantly decreased from 42% to 15%, showing a difference of 27%. Water heating remained relatively unchanged from 30% to 32%. The information shows that energy use and the resulting emissions can fluctuate based on the kind of energy being used. A significant change can be seen with other appliances. This category has increased from 15% to just under 30%, showing a difference of double. Lighting and cooling remained relatively the same at quite low percentages.

Overall, refrigeration, heating, and water heating have combined to amount for the highest amounts in both pie charts.

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Household Expenditures Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show the average household expenditures in Japan and Malaysia in the year 2010.

Compete Report The pie charts show the proportion of money spent on various household expenses in Malaysia and Japan in 2010. The trend suggests that in both countries more than 50% of these household expenditures were spent on housing and other goods and services.

It can be seen that Malaysia had the greatest proportion of expenditures at 34%in the housing category, while Japan’s housing category only accounted for 21% of its total. In contrast, in Japan, the greatest single expense was other goods and services at 29%, compared with just 26% in Malaysia showing a slight difference of 3%. The food category in Japan was recorded at 24%, while in Malaysia the actual proportion was a bit higher at 27% showing only a 3% difference.

In Japan, another major expense was for transport. This was recorded at 20%, but this same category was much lower in Malaysia, with a percentage of only 10%. In both countries, the lowest percentage of expenditures were recorded in the healthcare category. These household expenditures indicate that in both cases food, housing, and other goods and services were the higher among the expenses, compared to the health care category which was the lowest in both countries at a combined total of only 9%, while in only 1% lower than the next lowest group of transport in Malaysia.

Overall, in both countries, more than 50% of these household expenditures were reported for the housing, and other goods and services categories.

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Electricity Production by Fuel Source Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source for Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.

Complete Report The pie charts illustrate the total production of electricity measured in units and divided by different sources of fuel in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. The trend suggests that the major fuel sources used for electrical production were different in Australia and France.

First of all, there were considerably more units of electricity produced in Australia in 2000 at 170 units compared to only 100 units in 1980. The majority of electricity produced in Australia for both years was from coal, but there was a higher dependency on coal in the production of electricity in 2000 than in 1980. It is a difference showing 130 units to 50 units. There was an increase of 16 units of electricity produced by hydropower from 1980 to 2000, whereas the other sources, like natural gas and oil, contributed less to the electricity production in 2000 than in 1980.

Regarding the fuel sources in France, it is apparent that electricity production doubled in 2000 compared to 1980, which was at 180 units for the former and 90 units for the latter.

The most striking feature is that there were only 15 out of 90 units of electricity produced by nuclear power in 1980. Nuclear production became the main fuel source of electricity production in France in 2000, which was reported at 70%. Not forgetting to mention that the use of other fuel sources in electricity production became less in 2000 than in 1980.

Overall, the fuel sources that were used in Australia and France were different, with coal being used in the former and nuclear being used in the latter.

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Customer Service Pie Chart Sample The charts below show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the Parkway Hotel how they rated the hotel's customer service. The same questionnaire was given to 100 guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

Complete Report The given pie charts compare the percentage of visitor's responses about the customer services at the Parkway Hotel in two separate years 2005 and 2015. The trend suggests that there was a significant improvement in customer services in 2010 compared to 2005 and the guests had appreciated these improvements in their responses.

In 2005, just 5% of the visitors surveyed considered the customer service to be excellent, while 14% rated this service as well. Visitors' responses changed dramatically in 2015, where a considerable number of guests, at 28% said that these services were excellent.

Even more, at 39%, the respondents found these services to be good. In 2005, 45% of guests were in favour of satisfactory services at the hotel, while this figure fell to only 17% in 2015. These positive responses have shown an improvement in services for 2015.

In 2005, the figures for people who disliked customer services and labelled them as poor and very poor were 21% and 15%, respectively. These figures dropped significantly in 2010 to only 12% and 4%. These figures show a rise in the satisfaction of services five years later. The respondents in 2010 were more pleased with the customer service of this hotel when compared to 2005.

Overall, there was a significant improvement in customer services when the two years are compared.

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Languages Spoken at a University Pie Chart Sample The charts below show the proportions of British students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010.

Complete Report The two pie charts show the percentages of university-level students, in the UK, who were able to communicate in English and other languages, over a span of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010. The trend suggests that in these two specific years most British students spoke English and only one other language.

In 2000, the highest category was reported for “Spanish only” spoken, at 30%. This is exactly 20% higher than the lowest category which was “two other languages” spoken, at only 10%. All the remaining four languages that were included in this pie chart were reported at between 10 and 20 percent.

In 2010, the “Spanish only” category had risen by 5%, which is exactly the same amount of rising seen in the “two other languages” category. The most significant change over these two years can be seen in the “no other language” spoken category which had decreased by 10%. The figures for “German only” remained the same, while “French only” dropped by 5%, and “another language” rose by 5%.

Overall, in 2000 and 2010, most British students used English and only spoke one other language when they spoke - 95 -

Water Use Around the World Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.

Complete Report The pie charts show the proportion of water that has been used in six continental areas all over the world in terms of three different categories. The trend suggests that agriculture and industry have used a vast majority of water in all six places globally. It can also be seen that the dominant purpose in the distribution of water consumption in North America and Europe was used by industry, and the remaining areas tended to use water for agricultural reasons.

The pie charts report that more than 70% of water usage in Africa, South America and the Asian regions was highest in the agricultural sector, with the highest proportion in this category being 88% which was recorded in Central Asia. The second highest agricultural water use can be seen in Africa and South East Asia at 84% and 81%. The lowest amounts of water used were seen in Central and Southeast Asia for domestic purposes, at only 7% for each one. Interestingly, there was an opposite trend reported in Asia for industrial and domestic water use when these categories are compared to North America and Europe.

By far the greatest percentage of industrial water usage was seen in Europe at 53%, with agricultural water use only being recorded at 32%, which was the lowest of all the other categories. Again, in Europe, the second-highest proportion of water consumption was allotted to domestic use, at 15%. Only South America recorded more in the domestic water use category, at 19%. Likewise, there was a similar situation in North America with industrial water use standing at 48%. This was followed by agricultural and domestic water use with figures of 39% and 13%.

To conclude, the pie charts show that agricultural and industrial water use was the highest in the categories that are shown.

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Water Usage Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California, and the rest of the world.

Complete Report The pie charts show information about the percentages of water that has been used in three sectors by the county, state, and global level. The trend suggests that water is primarily used for residential purposes in San Diego and California, while the agriculture sector consumes the lowest amount of water. However, the global trend is completely reversed. It is also noticeable that water consumption is relatively similar for different usages in California.

Domestic water use accounted for the largest amount in San Diego and California, at 60% and 39%. Interestingly, at the state level, residential water use was about 40% lower when specifically compared to San Diego County. Also, by contrast, only 8% of water was used for the same purpose in other parts of the world, as was shown as the lowest figure in the worldwide pie chart.

People who were living outside of San Diego County and California utilized 69% of water for agriculture, which was the highest figure for all three pie charts. San Diego County and California, as a whole, consumed the lowest amount of water for farming, at only 17% and 28%, respectively. The figures for industrial consumption were the same in San Diego County and the rest of the world, with only 23% of water being used.

Overall, residential, and agricultural water usage accounted for the majority of the water that was used in these three pie charts.

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Car Ownership in Canada Pie Chart Sample The pie chart below shows the proportions of adults in Canada who own one car, two cars, more than two cars, or who do not own a car.

Complete Report The pie chart shows the percentage of adults in Canada who own one car, two cars, more than two cars, and no car at all for 2015. The trend suggests that most Canadians own one or two cars.

According to the information, 80% of Canadians owned one or two cars in 2015. This amount is significantly higher than those Canadians who owned more than two cars, or no car at all. People who had one car were reported at exactly 55% which is 30% more than those people who owned two cars.

Interestingly, more people had no car at all compared to those Canadians who owned more than two cars. Car ownership for no car was reported at 17% which is 14% higher than those people who owned more than two cars. The biggest difference noted in this chart showed that 52% more people owned one car compared to two or more cars.

Overall, most Canadians owned one car, and in fewer cases, two cars.

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Distribution of Visitors to Canada Pie Chart Sample The pie chart below shows the distribution of visitors to different tourist attractions in Canada in 2015.

Complete Report The pie chart shows the distribution of visitors to seven different tourist attractions in Canada in 2015. The trend suggests that the majority of visitors to Canada went to museums, galleries, and theme parks.

The number of visitors to theme parks was the highest at 38%. Followed slightly behind, were visits to museums and galleries at only 1% less. When combined, museums, galleries and theme parks accounted for one-third of all tourist visits to Canada in 2015 at 75%. Out of the seven different categories that are presented in this information two out of every three visitors to Canada went to museums, galleries, or theme parks.

Only 9% of these visitors went to wildlife parks and zoos. This is 66% lower than the combined total percentage of visitors to museums, galleries, and theme parks. Historic houses and monuments fared no better, with only 16% of visitors. This is only 5% higher than wildlife parks and zoo showing an amount that is not much higher than the lowest category. And in fact, when these categories are all added together they only account for 25% of the total number of visitors to Canada in 2015. That is only one out of four people visiting these places.

Overall, the majority of the visitors who went to Canada in 2015 visited museums, galleries, and theme parks.

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Population Predictions Pie Chart Sample The charts below give information on the ages of the population of Yemen and Italy in 2000 and projections for 2050.

Complete Report The pie charts compare the proportions of Italian and Yemeni citizens in three age groups in 2000 with projections for 2050. The trend suggests that Yemen had a younger population in the year 2000, and the same is predicted for the year 2050. As well, the populations of both countries are predicted to get older over the 50-year period.

In 2000 just over half the Yemeni population was under 14, compared to just over 14% of Italians in the same age group. Only a very small percentage of people in Yemen were over 60 at 3.6%, in contrast to nearly a quarter of the Italian population. The two largest groups of both Italy and Yemen fell into the 15 to 59 age group with just over 60% and 46.3% respectively.

Yemen’s average age is set to increase with the proportion of over 60s increasing by just over 2%, with the middle age group rising by 11%, leaving the youngest group with a decrease of nearly 13%. It is predicted that by 2050 the number of people in Italy over 60 years of age will jump to 42.3%, the percentage of those in the youngest bracket will drop to 11.5%, and the percentage of 15 to 59-year-old individuals will decrease to 46.2%.

To conclude, Yemen was shown to have a younger population in the year 2000, and the same can be said for future predictions.

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Owned and Rented Housing in the UK Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show the percentage of housing owned and rented in the UK in 1991 and 2007.

Complete Report The pie charts compare housing that was owned and rented for two years only in 1991 and 2007 in terms of percentage. The trend suggests that the majority of homes in the UK were owned and that in the rental sector most homes were categorized in the social renting market.

In 1991, homeownership was the most popular type of housing, accounting for 60%, or more than half of all homes. The next largest sector was social rented homes, amounting to 23% or nearly one-third of homes. The remaining homes were mostly privately rented at 11% with a tiny fraction being social housing at 6%.

Sixteen years later, in 2007, the number of homeowners had risen to 70% or almost threequarters of all homes. This was an increase of 10% compared with 1991. Much of the increase in homeownership can be explained by the decrease in social rented homes, which had dropped from 23% to 17%. The percentage of privately rented homes had remained unchanged at 11%. However, there were five million more homes in 2007 compared with 1991 so the number of rented homes had increased despite the same percentage. Social housing has decreased three-fold from 6% in 1991 to 2% in 2007, and it remains the least popular type of housing.

Overall, most homes for these two years were owned by their occupants.

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Meal Type Nutrients Pie Chart Sample The pie charts below show the average percentages in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much.

Complete Report The pie charts show the number of nutrient types such as sodium, saturated fat and added sugar that was consumed for four meals per day these being breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks in the United States. The trend suggests that if these nutrients are eaten in mass quantity it could potentially be unhealthy and that the percentage of sodium was the highest amount at dinnertime, with snacks holding the largest percentage of added sugar.

It can be clearly seen that 23% of added sugar was reported at dinner. The percentage of sodium in snacks is similar to breakfast time at only 14%. This amount is much lower than lunchtime which was reported at 29%. Both saturated fat and added sugar have the same percentage at 16% at breakfast time. People in the USA consume about 26% of saturated fat for lunch, with this amount being higher than the percentage of sugar added in the same meal which was reported at 19%.

It is also shown that Americans add more sugar in their snacks because the highest percentage is 42% added sugar at snack time, while only 21% of saturated fat is consumed at lunch. Sodium and saturated fat are ranked first with reported percentages of 43% and 37% respectively. In contrast, only 21% of saturated fat was consumed in snacks.

In conclusion, people in the USA consume a large amount of these three nutrients at dinner, compared to a lesser amount at breakfast.

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Multiple Charts, Graphs and Tables How to Write Reports with Multiple Charts, Graphs and Tables Writing about multiple charts, graphs and tables can be difficult when they contain a lot of information, like a graph and a chart, a graph and a table, or many pie charts. Here is some advice.

• Write 4 paragraphs – the introduction with the trend of the main points, 2 details paragraphs and a conclusion.

• Before you start writing, highlight some key points. Choose the biggest amounts in each category in the multiple charts. For example, choose some key points in each chart and explain and compare this information. If the multiple charts show years, look for the biggest changes in the amounts over the time period. You could also mention the smallest amounts, but you can ignore 'middle' amounts. If there is a lot of information will not be able to mention all of it, so the best advice is to always ignore middle amounts in the charts with a lot of information.

• For your introduction and trend paragraph, try to compare whole categories of the multiple charts rather than just 'one part of the information’. If you cannot compare whole categories, compare the biggest and smallest amount of one chart to another chart. Try to write 2 sentences for the trend, which explains both charts.

• In your two 'details' paragraphs, never describe each multiple chart category separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons and contrasts between all the charts. Try to organize the amounts you highlighted into 2 groups, one for each multiple chart, such as the highest amount for all the information together, and lowest amounts for all the information together.

• Describe and compare the information you have highlighted in all of the charts and try to include at least 4 or 5 pieces of information to compare in each of the two paragraphs.

• Use the past simple for past years and will or is expected/predicted to for future years. If no time is shown, use the present simple.

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Writing Multiple Chart, Graph, and Table Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe the highest amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows the biggest increase or difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows the lowest amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe another amount and compare it to another part of the graph or chart.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows a difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows another amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Worldwide Water Consumption Line Graph and Table Sample The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries.

Complete Report The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The trend shows that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000 and that agriculture accounted for the largest proportion of water used. It can also be seen that water consumption was considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.

In 1900, around 500km³ of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide. The figures for industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one-fifth of that amount. By 2000, global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3,000km³, industrial water use had risen to just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.

In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million, respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m³, was much higher than that in the Congo, at only 8m³, and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times more irrigated land.

To conclude, global water needs rose in all three categories, but most significantly in the agricultural sector.

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Daily Demand for Electricity Line Graph and Pie Chart Sample The line graph and the pie chart below show the typical daily demand for electricity during the summer and winter seasons and what this electricity is used for.

Complete Report The line graph compares daily electricity consumption in England during the winter and summer, while the pie chart shows information about the different uses of this electricity in an average English household. It is clear that English homes use around double the amount of electricity in the winter compared to the summer. Throughout the year, just over half of the electricity consumed by English households is used for heating rooms and water.

In the line graph, the typical daily demand for electricity is divided into two categories, winter, and summer usage. Clearly, more electricity is being used during the winter months. In fact, as much as double compared to the summer months. The lowest demand for daily electrical power, for both seasons, is between six and nine hours. After this, both rise steadily, but not dramatically. After 14 hours of daily use, both the winter and summer amounts plateau for about five hours reaching a peak after 23 hours of daily use.

In the pie chart, slightly more than half, 52.5% of the household electricity is used for heating the home and heating water, most likely during the winter months. The other three categories are at similar percentages, which when combined together, still account for just under half the total of the amount of electricity that is used. Larger appliances use accounts for 17%, lighting and entertainment device use accounts for 15% and smaller electrical appliance accounts for 15% as well.

Overall, the charts show the typical daily demand for electricity during the summer and winter seasons and how electricity is used in four different household categories.

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Sources of Complaints Pie Chart and Bar Chart Sample The graphs below show how the sources of complaints and the average time of investigation are documented for an international finance corporation.

Complete Report The graphs show how the sources of complaints in seven categories and the average time of the investigation that has been documented for an international finance corporation. It is clearly shown that most of the complaints, recorded at 63 percent, come from the general public over the four-year period that is given.

The pie chart shows that the public was the main source of more than half of the complaint that was made from 2001 to 2004. The next largest complaint category, which was recorded from insurance companies, was 55% lower than the highest recorded group.

This shows a dramatic difference between the highest and the next highest complaint category.

The remaining five categories only account for 29% of all other complaints, which is 34% lower than the highest category of complaints made by the public sector. Interestingly, 11% of these complaints are made by the government sector, which is 3% more than the insurance sector.

To conclude, complaints made by the public were the largest category, with a difference of more than a third.

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The Flu Pie Chart, Bar Chart, and Line Graph Sample Below is an example question with a bar chart, a pie chart, and a line graph in one question. No need to worry because the information is all about one topic, ‘the flu’.

In June 1996, an experimental flu vaccine was trialled in a large country town on females only.

Complete Report The diagrams show data for a flu epidemic which hit a large country town in 1996. The pie chart shows the number of persons who died, the bar chart shows the percentage breakdown of females who received a new flu vaccine. The line graph shows the number of cases of flu before and during the epidemic. The trend from the information shows data for a flu epidemic, which affected a large country town. According to the information, females over 65 had a higher risk of flu infection in 1996.

In the pie chart, it can be seen that the flu was responsible for the deaths of two females, but no male deaths from March to May. However, from June to August, there were four female deaths and one male death. According to the pie chart, only those females most at risk were given the new flu vaccine. 28% of women did not take part in the trial. Of those females who did take part, 35% were over 65 years old, 24% were babies or children, and 13% were either hospitalized or receiving other medical attention.

From the line graph, it can be seen that the new vaccine had a positive effect on the number of new cases of flu reported for females. There were just over 1,000 cases reported in March, climbing rapidly to a peak of 3,500 in June. Thereafter, the number of cases dropped slowly to about 2,800 in August, before levelling off at 2,500 for the rest of the year. For males, the figures were lower but showed a similar trend throughout the epidemic.

Overall, the charts and the graph show information and data for a flu epidemic.

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Family Spending Four Pie Charts and a Line Graph Sample The charts below show the percentage of their food budget the average family spent on restaurant meals in different years. The graph shows the number of meals eaten in fastfood restaurants and sit-down restaurants.

Complete Report The graphs show that over the past 30 years, the average family has dramatically increased the number of meals that they eat at restaurants. The trend suggests that the percentage of the family's food budget spent on restaurant meals has steadily climbed.

First of all, just 10% of the food budget was spent on restaurant meals in 1970, and 15% in 1980. That percentage more than doubled in 1990, to 35%, and rose again in 2000 to 50%.

The places people had their restaurant meals also changed during that 30-year period.

In 1970, families had the same number of meals at fast food and sit-down restaurants. In 1980, families consumed slightly more frequently at sit-down restaurants. However, since 1990, fast food restaurants had served more meals to families than sit-down restaurants.

Most of the restaurant meals from 2000 were eaten at fast-food restaurants.

If this pattern continues, eventually the number of meals that families have at fast-food restaurants could double the number of meals they have at sit-down restaurants.

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Money Spent on Crops Line Graph and Bar Chart Sample The graphs below show the amount of money spent on protecting crops and how crops are damaged in three different regions of the world in 2005.

Complete Report The two graphs show how money was spent on the protection of crops and the damage that was done in 2005 in Australia, Europe, and Africa. The trend suggests that the damage to crops in Australia was the highest and that Australia also spent the largest amount of money to protect crops over the year.

Looking first at the amount of money that was spent on the protection of crops, it is obvious, that Africa started, in January, at a low of 200 million dollars. It then increased slightly to 400 million dollars but fell at the end of the year to around 375 million. Europe spent 800 million at the beginning of the year but fell to a low of 400 million. After a slight decrease, between January and June, Australia rose significantly to a high of 900 million dollars.

Australian fires caused the highest amounts of damage to crops with 900 thousand hectares being burned down. The highest contributors to damages in Europe were floods covering 650 thousand hectares followed by insects at 550,000. In Africa, insects were the main factor of damage at 700,000, with fires being slightly lower at 600,000 hectares.

To conclude, Australia suffered from the highest amount of crop damage due to fires, which led to the highest amount of money being spent on their protection.

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Visitors to Britain Bar Chart and Table Sample The graph and table below show the changes in the number of overseas visitors and the top 5 visitor countries to Britain in 2004 and 2005.

Complete Report The bar chart gives detailed information about overseas visitors, while the table lists the top five visiting countries. The trend clearly shows that the number of visitors to Britain remained steady with a slight amount of change among the top five visitor countries over the two years that are shown.

Not only in December 2004, but also in December 2005 the highest number of visitors was recorded at 800,000 people. While in June, it was slightly lower for both years. The lowest recorded number was in March of 2004 with only 100,000 visitors, whereas in September of 2005 this number rose to 300,000 visitors.

It is clearly shown that out of the top five visitor countries, Japan and Australia changed their positions, with the former being the first country in 2004, and the latter in 2005 with a slight increase of 2%. South Korea stayed in third place over a two-year period. China and South Korea were the second to last countries with a change of 7%. The biggest change of 13% is shown between the two last countries South Korea and India, the latter being fifth in 2005.

To conclude, visitor numbers in Britain remained steady, while there was just a slight percentage change comparing the top five visitor countries over the two years given.

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Snack Food Consumption Bar Chart and Line Graph Sample The chart below shows the amount of snack food consumption in four US cities.

Complete Report The chart shows the amount of snack food consumption in four different categories for four large American cities. The trend suggests that of these four American cities, the majority of snack food consumption takes place in the city of Boston since it has the highest recorded amounts of snack bar and cookie consumption. The lowest amounts are seen in San Diego.

The chart shows that Boston has the highest recorded amounts of snack bar and cookie consumption, while the lowest amounts, for these same categories, are seen in San Diego. In Boston, snack bar consumption is recorded at just over 2,500 in millions of dollars, which is only slightly higher than New York and Los Angeles. San Diego has the lowest recorded amount of snack bars consumed at only just over 1,000 in millions of dollars. Cracker and snack consumption is low for all four categories compared to the number of dollars that are spent on bars and cookies, with San Diego having the lowest amount of cracker consumption.

Cookie consumption is highest in Boston with 3,500 spent in millions of dollars. This amount is significantly higher than New York’s and Los Angeles’ cookie consumption which is recorded at just under 1,000 less spent in millions of dollars. San Diego has the lowest consumed amount of cookies for all four cities listed.

Overall, the highest amount of dollars spent on snack food was recorded in Boston, and the lowest amounts were recorded in San Diego.

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Occupations and Hours Worked Bar Chart and Pie Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the average number of hours worked per week for 8 different occupations. The pie chart shows the amount of stress-related illnesses that people suffer from for these same 8 occupations.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the average number of hours worked per week for 8 different professions. The pie chart shows the amount of stress-related illnesses that people suffer from for the same 8 jobs. The trend suggests that movie producers and businessmen work the most, with the least amount of stress, while lectures, work the least and have the most amount of stress.

According to the bar chart, businessmen, movie producers and doctors worked the highest number of average hours per week at 70, 60 and 51 hours each. These three occupations worked comparative much more than lecturers, lawyers, and chefs. On average the former three job categories worked 20 hours more than the latter three. The lowest number of hours worked was recorded by the lecturer category.

According to the pie chart, the three jobs that recorded the highest levels of stress-related illness were lecturers, movie producers and doctors at 25%, 18% and 10% respectively.

Two of the jobs, movie producers and doctors also worked the most. Interestingly, lecturers who worked the least average amount of hours per week had the highest levels of stress-related illness, while businessmen recorded a much lower stress-related percentage at only 11%.

Overall, movie producers and doctors work the most and have high levels of stressrelated illnesses associated with their occupations.

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Household Tasks Bar Chart and Table Sample The chart shows the division of household tasks by gender in Great Britain.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the average number of minutes per day men and women in Great Britain spend on jobs around the house. The trend suggests that women do more of the household chores compared to men.

According to the information shown, men only spend two-and-a-half hours on household tasks, whereas women spend slightly more than four hours. Women spend more than twice as much time doing kitchen tasks at 74 minutes compared to men who only do 30 minutes. This is a difference of more than double. Women are also more active in cleaning the house. 58 minutes of their day is spent cleaning, compared to only 13 minutes for men. Similarly, women put in more than twice as much time as men for childcare, with 25 more minutes of this kind of care being provided by women.

On the other hand, men are more active in the garden and with pet care, where they spend twice as much time as women. For maintenance and odd jobs around the house, men spend 15 minutes more than women do. Women account for almost all the time spent on washing and ironing clothes with a significant difference of 23 minutes spent on these chores by women. In fact, men spend only two minutes on this task.

Overall, the information shows that women spend more time on routine domestic chores than men, while men do more household maintenance, gardening, and pet care.

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Evening Courses Attendance Pie Chart and Bar Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the numbers of men and women attending various evening courses at an adult education centre in the year 2009. The pie chart gives information about the ages of these course participants.

Complete Report The bar chart shows the number of men and women who attend four evening courses at an adult education centre and the pie chart illustrates the percentages of mature students according to their age group. The trend suggests women attended more of the evening courses, except for the sculpture sessions, and that these courses were more attractive to older adults, particularly for those who are over 50 years old.

In 2009, 20 females attended the drama class, which is double the number of males in the same class. More people went to the painting class at this centre than the drama one as shown in the chart, with 30 ladies and around 25 gentlemen attending. The least popular course was for sculpture, in which the number of men was unusually higher than women, with five more for the former. The language course was frequently attended by women, with 40 of them going to it, in comparison to just 20 men.

The popularity of these four courses increased with age. Only 5% of young adults under 20 joined the courses, while 42% of the older students who attended these evening classes were from the 50 and over age group. The percentage of participants in the courses increased by around 5 to 10% every decade, from students in their 20s to those in their 40s.

Overall, women generally went to more of the evening courses, many of which were attended by older adults - 115 -

Living Alone Bar Chart and Pie Chart Sample The bar chart below shows the proportions of English men and women of different ages who were living alone in 2011. The pie chart compares the numbers of bedrooms in these one-person households.

Compete Report The first chart compares the percentage of English people living alone in terms of age distribution by gender in the year 2011. The second chart gives information about how many bedrooms these households had in the same year. The trend suggests that women aged 65 and over were more likely to live by themselves than men in England. At the same time, it is also noticeable that the majority of one household lived in a two-bedroom residence.

According to the bar chart, there were more men who lived alone than women in age groups under 65. Close to 65% of men aged 35 to 49 lived by themselves in that year, but this proportion shrank with age. From 65 onward, it is shown that the figure for women who lived alone was increasing, at around 63% in the 65 to 74-year-old bracket and that there was 76% in the 85 and over age group.

In the pie chart, it can clearly be seen that for all age groups, 35.4% of one-person households, in England, lived in a two-bedroom residence. There were similar percentages of people living alone in one bedroom and a three-bedroom house, at 28% and 29.8%, respectively. Only 1.4% of one-person households lived in houses that had more than five bedrooms.

Overall, a higher number of older women lived alone compared to men, and most English residents lived in a two-bedroom house.

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Smartphone Ownership Bar Chart and Two Pie Charts Sample The graphs and charts below show the findings from a study carried out in a university about smartphone ownership by gender and the companies used.

Complete Report The bar graphs and the pie charts show some data from the findings of a university study that was carried out concerning smartphone ownership organized into categories by gender and the telecom carriers that were used by the different smartphone users. The trend suggests that slightly more men-owned a smartphone over women, with Phonefast having the majority of the users both male and female.

The bar chart shows male smartphone ownership was slightly higher than female ownership, with a difference of only 175 people surveyed. Surprisingly, 163 male respondents stated that they do not have a smartphone, and 84 women reported that they too did not own a smartphone. Interestingly, more than 79 men admitted to not having a phone at all, and this is the same group with a higher number of smartphone owners. No period of time is given, nor is the total number of people who were surveyed at this university.

The pie charts show Phonefast with the highest percentages among men and women for smartphone use. The men using Phonefast were reported at 34%, while the percentage for women’s use was at 45%. 9% more women reported in the survey that they were connected to Phonefast. The second highest percentages were seen Supafone with men showing a percent use of 30% and women’s use being reported at 40%. This is a combined share of 70%, and the difference between the male and female users was 10% more for female Supafone users. Mobicall had the lowest percentages for women only at 15%. The male percentages or this company where much higher at 36%. This rate is more than double the female one.

Overall, more men-owned smartphones and had them connected to Phonefast.

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Survey Results Table and Two Pie Charts Sample The table below shows the number of visitors to the Ashdown Museum during the year before and the year after it was refurbished. The charts show the result of surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with their visit, during the same two periods.

Complete Report The table shows the number of visitors who went to the Ashdown Museum before and after it was refurbished, while the pie charts show the result of some surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with their visit based on five criteria. The trend suggests that most the visitors who were surveyed were very dissatisfied, or satisfied, before the refurbishment, compared to those people who stated that they were either very satisfied or satisfied, after the refurbishments.

In the year before the refurbishment, 74,000 visitors went to the museum and 40% of those people who were surveyed stated that they were “dissatisfied”, with another 30% stating that they were only “satisfied”. This reporting shows that 70% of these respondents were not “very satisfied” with the refurbishments, and in fact, only 15% of the people who were surveyed stated they were very satisfied. Dissatisfaction and “no response” accounted for 15% of those individuals who were surveyed.

In the year after the refurbishment, 18,000 more visitors went to the museum than the year before, and the respondents had answers that were quite different, with 70%of those people who were asked stating that they were either “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the refurbishments. This is a total flip-flop in satisfaction compared to the year before the refurbishment. The biggest changes can be seen with a 20% increase in those who stated they were “very satisfied”, and a 25% decrease in those who stated that they were “dissatisfied”. Additionally, the “very dissatisfied” and “no response” groups dropped by 5%, after the refurbishment.

Overall, after the museum was refurbished it was attended by more visitors who were more satisfied with their visit.

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Higher Education Two Pie Charts and Table Sample The charts and table below show the percentage of school leavers entering higher education (college and universities), and graduate earnings one year after graduation.

Complete Report The two pie charts illustrate the total percentage of school leavers entering postsecondary studies and the earnings of graduates one year after their graduation, based on national averages. The trend suggests that the rate of graduates who go on to continue their education has more than doubled in the 20 years that are shown, while the earnings reported for these graduates have remained the same in the higher earner’s category, with significant changes in the other three categories.

In 1987, the total number of graduates who continued their education was only 14%. This is much lower than the figure given in 2007. One year after graduation, the graduate earnings were as follows. The largest category was reported for those graduates who earned “More Than the National Average” at 46%. The percentage reported for those that earned “Less Than the National Average” was at 25%, which is almost half the former group. The graduates who earned “More Than Double the national Average” were reported at 18% and ‘Unemployed’ graduates represented only 11% of all students.

In 2007, those students who were going to enter higher education had increased significantly to 35%. There was very little change for the “More Than the National Average” group, with an increase of only 1%. The most substantial change can be seen in the group of graduates who earned “Less Than the National Average”, with a difference that had almost doubled to 45%. Unlike this, the remaining two categories decreased quite a bit. The group of “More Than Double the National Average”, decreased by 13%, and the “Unemployed” group went down by 8%, respectively.

Overall, the pie charts show that there was an increase in the number of graduates who went on to continue their education, and there was also some increase in their earnings.

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Reasons for Travel Pie Chart and Bar Chart Sample The charts below show reasons for travel and the main issues for the travelling public in the US in 2009.

Complete Report The bar chart shows why American people chose to travel, and the pie chart shows the main issues for the travelling public in the USA, both for 2009. The trend suggests that the reason and price were the main issues for travel in the United States.

It is clear that commuting from work was reported as the biggest contribution to travel, at 49%. People who went travelling for personal reasons and shopping accounted for 35% when these two groups are combined. However, interaction with friends and relatives only accounted for 25% less than the above categories. And social and recreational activities took up only 6%, which was the lowest figure by more than 43%.

The travelling public’s main issues were related to price and safety, with 55% of respondents reporting these two issues. While other issues accounted for a relatively small part. Only 17% of the respondents reported issues with aggressive drivers, while highway congestion accounted for even less at 14% of the issues reported. The percentage of access to public transport and space for pedestrians was much lower than the other categories at less than 10% for both.

To conclude, price and commuting time was the dominant factors relating to travel in the US in 2009.

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Report on Migration Line Graph and Bar Chart Sample The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration, and net migration between 1999 and 2008.

Complete Report The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration, and net migration between 1999 and 2008. The trend suggests that both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration were significantly higher. Also, net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007.

In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people who emigrated stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was around 160,000, and it remained at a similar level until 2003. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000 people, but there was a much smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in 2004.

After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people emigrating fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008. As a result, the net migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007 but fell back to around 160,000 in 2008.

Overall, both immigration and emigration rose, but the former went up much more than the later.

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Temperatures and Rainfall Line Graph and Bar Chart Sample The climograph below shows average monthly temperatures and rainfall in the city of Kolkata.

Complete Report The chart compares average figures for temperature and precipitation over the course of a calendar year in Kolkata. The trend suggests that monthly figures for precipitation in Kolkata vary considerably, whereas monthly temperatures remain relatively stable.

Rainfall is highest from July to August, while temperatures are highest in April and May. Between the months of January and May, average temperatures in Kolkata rise from their lowest point at around 20°C to a peak of just over 30°C. The average rainfall in the city also rises over the same period, from approximately 20mm of rain in January to 100mm in May. While temperatures stay roughly the same for the next four months, the amount of rainfall more than doubles between May and June. Figures for precipitation remain above 250mm from June to September, peaking at around 330mm in July. The final three months of the year see a dramatic fall in precipitation, to a low of about 10mm in December, and a steady drop in temperatures back to the January average.

To conclude, as can be seen, the highest recorded temperatures and rainfall occurred during the months of July, August, and September in Kolkata

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Causes of Worldwide Land Degradation Pie Chart and Table Sample The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.

Complete Report The pie chart and the table together explain the reasons for land degradation all over the world and they show the areas particularly in North America, Europe, and Oceania. The trend shows the main causes of worldwide land degradation are over-grazing, deforestation, and over-cultivation According to the pie chart, it is apparent that over-grazing accounts for the biggest part, at 35%, and agriculture business plays the third important role at 28%, while the decrease in the second-highest category for forests makes up for 30% of the land degradation. The remaining causes are not named but are put in the “other category” containing 7% in total.

The diagrams show the land degradation situation in three continental areas. Europe has the most degraded land, at 23%, compared to the second seriously exhausted area of Oceania, at 13%, and North America, at a lesser figure of 5%. Over-grazing explains the most part of degradation in Oceania while deforestation and over-cultivation are both serious issues in Europe.

To conclude, over-grazing, deforestation and over-cultivation have seriously caused worldwide land degradation.

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Results of Adult Education Multiple Chart Sample The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the costs of adult education should be shared.

Complete Report The summary of a survey on adult education is presented in the 2 charts. The bar chart summarizes the factors that caused adults to continue their education, while the pie chart shows the public opinion regarding the cost-sharing for adult education. The trend suggests that the survey showed mixed opinions regarding the reasons and cost-sharing for adult education and that most of these costs should be paid individually.

According to the bar chart, 40% of the respondents mentioned “interest in the subject” as the reason they decided to go back to school. This factor was followed closely by the “aim to gain qualification” at only 2% than the highest category. Only 9% of the survey participants said that they went to school in order to meet more people and this category was the least popular among the seven that were given.

Regarding cost-sharing, people are of the opinion that the majority of fees should be covered by the individual at 40%, while 35% of them believe that the employers should lend the helping hand showing a difference of 15%. Taxpayers are only expected to contribute 25% to adult education which is the lower percent giving in this chart.

Overall, the charts show the breakdown of a survey done to show the results of adult education and where the costs to do this should come from.

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Travel To and From the UK Multiple Chart Sample The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit.

Complete Report The diagrams show data on the number of international tourists who travelled to the UK and the UK residents who travelled outside the UK for a period of 10 years, from 1979 until 1999. The data also presents the countries where UK citizens travelled in 1999. The trend suggests that the number of international tourists travelling the UK continued to increase after 1989 and that more UK citizens travelled outside the UK than the number of tourists who travelled to the UK. According to the line graph, around 10 million international tourists travelled to the UK and the number of UK residents travelled outside the UK was also just over 10 million.

Both of these numbers gradually increased until 1986 and after that, the number of UK citizens travelling outside increased quite sharply. The number of tourists to the UK kept on increasing and reached over 25 million in 1999 while more than double this amount of people travelled to other countries from the UK. The number of UK travellers who went to other countries was more than double the number of people who came to the UK for a visit.

The bar graph shows the countries UK citizens travelled in 1999 and among them France was their most favourite destination where about 12% of tourists travelled to during that year. The second most visited place was Spain where about 11% of British tourists travelled to. Other countries visited by UK tourists were the USA, Greece, and Turkey all of which were reported at less than 5%.

Overall, the information shows the number of travellers to and from the UK, and about the most popular these people went to.

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Exports Earnings Bar Chart and Table Sample The chart below shows the value of one country’s exports in various categories during 2015 and 2016. The table shows the percentage change in each category of exports in 2016 compared with 2015.

Complete Report The bar chart gives information about how much money has been earned from exporting several items into one country for two years only, those being 2015 and 2016, with the units being measured in billions of dollars. The table chart shows the percentage change in values of each export product in 2016, compared with 2015. The trend suggests that most of the exports in 2016 generated more money than those of 2015 except engineered products and that the categories related to textiles had the highest percentage of increase from 2015 to 2016.

According to the bar chart, there were about 72 billion dollars which were gained from exporting petroleum products in 2016, this figure was higher than that of 2015 showing an increase of about 10 billion. The amount of money earned in 2016 was higher than that of 2015 in exporting engineered goods at around 61 billion which is about 17 billion more than the year before. In contrast, there was a noticeable difference in exporting gems and jewelry since the 2015 amount was slightly higher than 2016 hovering between 41 and 42 billion. The amount of money earned in agricultural products for both years was about the same amount at around 31 billion and textiles were about 5 billion less than this at around 26 billion dollars.

According to the table, the percentage change in almost all of the categories tended to increase from 2015 to 2016 excluded gems and jewelry goods. Textiles had the highest percentage change in 2016 compared to 2015 with 15.2%, while there was only 0.81% increase belonged to agricultural products. The petroleum products and engineered goods had an increasing percentage of 3% to 8.5% showing a difference of 5.5%. And the percentage of gems and jewelry items decreased to 5.18% in 2016 compared to 2015.

Overall, four out of five of the export products showed increases from 2015 to 2016.

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Tables How to Write Reports with Tables Tables are common in many types of documents. Here is some advice on how to develop your report.

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Review the Table. Locate the title and labels so you know what information is being shown. Think about what the data is representing: numbers, percentages, or something else.

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Before you start writing, highlight some key numbers. Choose the biggest number in each category in the table, like in each column and row. If the table shows years, look for the biggest changes in numbers over the time period. You could also mention the smallest numbers, but you can ignore 'middle' numbers, neither the biggest nor smallest.

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For your introduction and trend paragraph, try to compare whole categories, such as columns or rows, rather than individual 'cells' in the table. If you cannot compare whole categories, compare the biggest and smallest number. Try to write 2 sentences for the trend idea.

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In your two 'details' paragraphs, never describe each category (column or row) separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons. Try to organize the numbers you highlighted into 2 groups - one for each paragraph, such as the highest numbers for all categories together, and lowest numbers together.

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Describe / compare the numbers you highlighted - include at least 4 or 5 numbers in each of the two paragraphs.

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Use the past simple for past years, and 'will' or 'is expected/predicted to' for future years. If no time is shown, use the present simple

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Anatomy of a Table: If you have ever worked with a spreadsheet program, you know that a table is the data source of a chart. From this point of view, a table has the same basic elements as a chart. Look at the diagram below. The boxes in red show the title and the row and column labels. This is the same as any chart.

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Writing Table Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe the highest amount and compare it to another part of the table.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows the biggest increase or difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows the lowest amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe another amount and compare it to another part of the table.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same level or amount and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows a difference and compare it to something else.

4. Describe a part of the information that shows another amount and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Waste Production Table Sample The table below shows the waste produced per person in kilograms for different countries.

Complete Report The table shows the amounts of waste materials that were produced per person in tonnes for six different countries. The most noticeable feature for all of these countries is that the US produced by far the most waste in all three years compared to the other five countries.

The US, Japan and Korea created the most waste. In 1980, the US had 131 million tonnes of waste, while the amount for Japan was 28 million tonnes. No figure was given for Korea in 1980, but in 1990, 31 million tonnes of waste were produced in that country.

By 2000, waste production in the USA had risen to 192 million tonnes, while Japan’s figure had increased to only 53 million tonnes. However, Korea managed to significantly reduce its output to 19 million tonnes. Ireland, Poland, and Portugal only produced a total of around 30 million tonnes of waste between them, if each of these figures were added together for 1980, 1990 and 2000.

To conclude, waste output in America was recorded at the highest amount compared to the other five countries mentioned.

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Daily Activities Table Sample The table below shows the average hours and minutes spent by UK males and females in different daily activities.

Complete Report The table compares the average amount of time per day that men and women in the UK spend doing different activities. The trend suggests that people in the UK spend more time sleeping than doing any other daily activity. Also, there are significant differences between the time spent by men and women on employment, study, and housework.

On average, men, and women in the UK sleep for about eight hours per day. Leisure takes up the second largest proportion of their time. Men spend five hours and 25 minutes doing various leisure activities, such as watching TV or doing sport, while women have four hours and 53 minutes of leisure time.

It is noticeable that men work or study for an average of 79 minutes more than women every day. By contrast, women spend 79 minutes more than men doing housework, and they spend twice as much time looking after children.

Overall, the table shows the number of hours men and women spend doing different daily activities.

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Underground Railway Table Sample The table below describes the usage of underground railways in these six major cities.

Complete Report The table shows data about underground rail networks in six major cities. The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems.

The London Underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system, with 394 kilometres of rail. The second-largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of rail. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1,927 million passengers per year.

Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126 kilometres of rail, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year.

It is clearly shown that older systems are bigger, and they serve more people.

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Family Type Table Sample The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.

Complete Report The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of households in Australia in the year 1999. The trend suggests that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people with children were more likely to be poor than those without. As well, poverty rates were considerably lower among elderly people.

Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people were the least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single aged people and aged couples respectively.

Just over one-fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of parents living with a partner were classified as poor. The same pattern can be seen for people with no children with 19% of single people in this group living below the poverty line. The figure for couples was much lower, at only 7%.

Overall, poverty was higher for single people and not couples and people with children were poorer than those with no children.

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Consumer Spending Table Sample The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002.

Complete Report The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002. The trend suggests that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks, and tobacco.

The leisure and education category has the lowest percentages in the table. Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9% than in any of the other countries.

It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food, drinks, and tobacco and for clothing and footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure and education, at only 1.98%.

Overall, the table explains that the largest spending group was food, drink, and tobacco.

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Consumer Durables Table Sample The table below shows the percentage of Britain households that own different types of consumer durables from 1972 to 1983.

Complete Report The table shows that the percentage of British households with a range of consumer durables that steadily increased between 1972 and 1983. The trend suggests that all of the percentages for these consumer durables have slowly been rising over the 11 years that are shown.

The greatest increase was with telephone ownership, rising from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. It shows an increase of 35%, compared to refrigerator ownership which only rose 11%. Central heating ownership, rose from 37%, in 1972, to 64% in 1983. This is a difference of 27% which is quite significant when compared to the previous two differences.

The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose 21% over the same period, and those with a washing machine rose by 14%, showing a dramatically lower difference when this amount is compared to the central heating difference. Households with vacuumcleaners, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively. In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder. This last durable shows no difference since it was the first year of its introduction.

Overall, all of these durables showed increases for the period of time shown, with central heating showing a large differential increase.

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Beer and Fruit Beverages Table Sample The tables below give information about the amount of beer and fruit juice consumed per person per year in different countries.

Complete Report The table shows the amount of beer and fruit juice consumed per person per year in countries around the world. It is noticeable that the table is categorized from the highest consumption to lowest consumption of beer and juice.

Beer is most popular in Ireland, with the average Irish person drinking 155 litres per year.

Germany ranks second with 119 litres per person. In fact, the top six countries in terms of consumption of beer are all European. Australia and The United States come next, in seventh and eighth positions, with the Netherlands and Finland consuming the least amount of beer of the countries mentioned. Finnish people only drink an average of 79 litres of beer a year.

The country, which consumes the greatest quantity of fruit juice per capita is Canada.

Canadians drink an average of 52.6 litres each year, which is almost double the consumption of New Zealand, which is placed at the bottom of the table. Another North American country, The United States, comes in second in the table, while German drinkers are ranked third, consuming an average of 38.6 litres annually. Swedes drink approximately the same quantity of fruit juice as Australians, which is 35.5 litres per year.

The Finnish and the British drink 33 and 29.3 litres per year, respectively.

To sum up, beer was consumed more than juice in Ireland and Germany compared to Canada and America where more juice was drunk.

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Cycling to Work Table Sample

The table below shows changes in the number of residents cycling to work in different areas of the UK between 2001 and 2011.

Complete Report The table shows figures and percentage changes regarding the number of UK residents who ride their bikes to work over 10 years from 2001 to 2011. It can clearly be seen that the number of residents who cycle to work in various cities across the UK for the ten-year period shown was dominated by inner and outer London, Brighton and Hove, and the City of Bristol.

In 2001, inner London with 34,494 cyclers was at the top of the list followed by residents from the outer London area with a quite similar number of 33,868 bike commuters.

Amongst all of the other cities in the table, Gateshead with only 816, was the city with the least interest for biking.

By 2011, the number of residents who rode to work by bicycle around inner London, with a 144% growth rate, reached a peak of 106,219. In contrast, in the outer part of the city, only 45% of growth was shown at 33,836 in 2001 to 49,070 in 2011. A dramatic change can be seen with the number of bikers who reside in Brighton and Hove. In these cities, the number of bike commuters rose from 3,168 in 2001, with an increase of 109%, reaching 6,635 in 2011.

To sum up, the number of people who ride a bike to work across the UK was dominated by inner and outer London.

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Tourists Table Sample The table below shows the number of tourists who visited five countries around the world and the amount of money they spent while there for 2012 and 2013.

Complete Report The table shows data on the number of tourists visiting five countries around the world and the money that was spent in these countries for the years 2012 and 2013. The trend suggests that for all the figures that are shown, tourist-spending was ranked as the highest in the USA, while the highest number of visitors went to France.

For both 2012 and 2013, the USA recorded the most tourist-spending, with a combined total of 265.8 billion visitors. This is more than two and a half times the amount that was spent in France, even though France had about 30 million more visitors. The combined total of visitors to France, for the two years given, was 167.7 million visitors, while in the USA it was 136.5 million visitors.

In Spain, China, and Italy the number of visitors and the number of dollars that were spent in each country were less, with Spain having only slightly more than China and Italy. Spain and China had far fewer visitors compared to France, but similar spending amounts. Italy was recorded at a much lower amount, again compared to France.

Overall, the USA had the highest amount of tourist spending, while the highest number of visitors was seen in France.

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Standardized Math Tests Table Sample The table below shows the results of standardized math tests in Canada by percentage, gender, and grade level.

Complete Report The table shows the percentage, gender, and grade-level results of standardized math tests for Canada. The trend suggests that women scored higher than men and the upper secondary results are also higher.

Women scored percentages that were higher in the 33 to 66-point range and the 67 to 100-point range, while men scored higher in the 0 to 33-point range. This clearly shows that the results were in favour of women. Women had only 10% in the first point category, while men had 25%. In the second point group, women were only 1% higher. The biggest difference can be seen in the third group with women having an edge of 14% over men.

All students scored well in the 34 to 66-point range, with significantly lower percentages for the other two point ranges.

Upper secondary school results were recorded as higher for two of the three categories.

For the 34 to 66- point range, the upper secondary was 18% higher compared to lower primary, and in the 67 to 100-point group, the former was 8% higher. For the 0 to 33 category, the lower primary group scored significantly higher, with a difference of 26%.

The 67 to 100-point group for upper secondary had the highest percentage for all levels and groups with 50%, which is a difference of 11% when compared to the next highest level seen in the point group 0 to 33 for lower secondary.

Overall, the table shows that women had higher results compared to men when all threepoint groups are considered.

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Multiple Tables Sample The tables below give information about the sales of Fairdale* labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.

Complete Report The tables give information about the sales of specially labelled free trade products, those being coffee and bananas, for two tears only in 1999 and 2004, in five different European countries. The trend suggests that for the two years that are shown, the highest sales were seen in the UK and Switzerland for coffee and banana sales.

The coffee sales table shows the UK in the first position, with sales of 1.5 million Euros in 1999, and 20 million Euros in 2004. That’s a dramatic increase of 18.5 million dollars.

Switzerland was in the second position with sales of 3 and 6 million dollars for the same years, having doubled five years later. Demark, Belgium and Sweden accounted for 3.6 million in sales in 1999, and 4.7 million in sales five years later. This is significantly lower than the combined sales of the UK and Switzerland for 2004 which were reported at 26 million Euros.

The banana sales table shows Switzerland with the highest amount of fair-trade sales. Its sales were approximately four times higher than the other four countries shown in 1999, and 14.5 times higher than the same four countries, in 2004. The increase in banana sales for Switzerland from 1999 to 2004 was 32 million Eurodollars. Again, Belgium, Sweden and Denmark had the lowest amounts of sales with a combined total of only 4.4 million Euros, while in 2004, the same countries had a combined total of sales at 5.9 million Eurodollars.

Overall, the UK and Switzerland amounted to the most sales for fair-trade coffee and bananas for the two specific years that are shown.

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Women with Children Table Sample The table below presents the number of children ever born to women aged 40-44 years in Australia for each year the information was collected since 1981.

Complete Report The table shows the number of children born to women aged 40 to 44 years in Australia in 1981, 1986, 1996 and 2001. It is clear that between the ages of 40 to 44 years, the proportion of women who have had three or more children has fallen considerably since the 1980s, while the proportions of those women who have had no children, or only one or two children has increased.

In 1981, women aged 40 to 44 years were only marginally more likely to have had two children than three children, with percentages of 29% compared to 27.4%, while four or more children showed an almost exact figure with 27.6%. Similarly, by 1986, women of this age group were considerably more likely to have given birth to two children than three children, with figures showing 35.6% and 27%, and for four or more children it was at 18.9%.

In 1996 and 2006, the proportions of women aged 40 to 44 years who had given birth to two children were almost identical, though the proportions who had given birth to three children, or to four or more children, had decreased. In these more recent periods, women were more likely to have had two children than three or more children. With two-child families now predominating, the number of women who had given birth to only one child increased progressively from 7.6% in 1981 to 13.2% in 2006. In 1981, similar proportions of women aged in their early forties were childless or had given birth to only one child, with figures at 8.5% and 7.6% respectively. By 2006, 15.9% of women were childless and 13.2% had given birth to only one child.

Overall, the proportion of women with three or more children is declined compared to women with one or two children.

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Population Growth Table Sample The table below shows the projected population growth in the United Kingdom.

Complete Report This table compares the UK’s 55-year projected growth of the number of people over the age of 75 with that of the total population. The trend suggests that the number of people aged over 75 will double by the year 2070.

It is estimated that in the 20 years from 2015, the total population of the UK will grow by almost 10 million. It is reported to show a difference of 64.8 million in 2015, to 73.2 million in 2035. The number of older adults that are 75 years old will also increase significantly, from 5.4 million in 2015 to 8.9 million twenty years later in 2035. This is an increase of nearly 4%. The estimated figures for 2050 and 2070 indicate that this trend will continue, and the total population will be as high as 82 million by 2070.

Although the number of people aged 75 or older will remain relatively stable between 2035 at a figure of 8.9 million, and 2050 at a figure of 9 million, the number will continue to swell. By 2070, nearly 15% of the population will be aged 75 or older, with a population recorded at 11 to 12 million.

Overall, the information suggests that people who are over 75 years of age will see increasing rates of population growth for the 55 years that are shown.

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Potatoe Consumption and Production Table Sample The tables below show the consumption and production of potatoes in different regions of the world in 2006.

Complete Report The tables show how potatoes were consumed and produced in kilograms and tons on five different continents in the year 2006. The trend suggests that the least amount of potatoes was consumed and produced on the continents of South and Central America and Africa, with the most being consumed in Europe, and the most being produced in Asia.

Africa recorded the lowest amount of potatoe consumption at only 14.1 kilograms per person which is approximately half of the next lowest consumption amount for South and Central America at 23.6 kilograms. The highest amount was seen in Europe at a figure that is nine times higher than Africa. In fact, when four of the continents are compared to the total consumption in Europe there is only a difference of 25.3 kilograms.

The production table shows Asia as the highest, with 131.2 million tons of production.

Europe is only slightly less with an amount of 126.3 tons, having a difference of fewer than 4 million tons. South and Central America, Africa and North America report amounts that are significantly less than Asia and Europe, with a combined total that is one-third the latter’s amounts.

Overall, the consumption and production of potatoes in 2006 were highest in both Asia and Europe.

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Tourist Destination Table Sample The table below shows a small tropical island that has been developed into a tourist destination.

Complete Report The table shows some information regarding the recent development of a small tropical island into a tourist destination. The trend suggests that seven categories have been identified in this transformation from a remote island to a tropical resort, over a period of 20 years.

The table shows that over this twenty-year period the percent of forest on the island has continually decreased from 37% to 17%, with this figure at 17% being the same as of the present day. This suggests that 40% of the forests have been cut down during the redevelopment process. The number of bird species has also dramatically declined, from 67% in 1985 to the current amount at 44%, which is 3% higher than the percent that was recorded in 2005. Due to this development of this island into a tourist destination, the population of tourism has significantly risen from only 15% in 1985 to 43% in 2005. It currently sits at 50% which is a quadruple difference.

The percentage of housing with running water and electricity has also risen quite a bit, from nothing in 1985 to almost every household having a connection to water and electricity. In fact, most houses have been connected to water and power since 2000 at a rate of between 94 and 95%, while houses with an electrical connection are slightly higher now at 97%. This is a tenfold difference for both of these percentages. Finally, the number of school-aged children has also risen an awful lot. In 1985, the percentage was only 34%. Ten years later there was a small decline of 2%, followed by big increases, ending at 91% now.

Overall, this island experienced dramatic changes in its redevelopment, in all seven categories that were reported on.

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Educational Problems Table Sample The table below gives information about the problems faced by children in two primary schools in 2010 and 2017.

Complete Report The table shows information about two elementary schools and the percentage of students who faced problems in seven different areas between 2010 and 2017. The trend suggests that for the seven years that are shown School A encountered more problems compared to School B. In 2005, School A had the most educational problems concerning “following instructions” while in the classroom, and was 36% higher for the same problem reported at School B. A student’s “reading ability” at School A was reported as the least educational problem, at only 22%. This amount was 14% higher than the same category for School B. For School A, “spelling, listening skills and the verbal expression of ideas” all ranged between 25 and 30 percent, while for School B the same three categories scored much lower at between 10 and 15 percent.

Seven years later, in 2017 School A still reported more educational, problems compared to School B. There are significant changes though. The biggest percentage change can be seen in the “following instructions” category. It is now reported at only 18%, showing a difference of 24%. School B reported a percentage that doubled for this same category.

The “reading ability” category remained relatively the same with very little percentage change. For School A, “spelling, listening skills and the verbal expression of ideas” also showed changes with percentage drops in all three, with the biggest percentage change being shown in “listening skills” changing from 35 to 20 percent. The same three categories at School B remained similar, with the biggest change being shown for “spelling” where it doubled.

To conclude, for the seven years that are reported on in the table, School A encountered more problems than School B. - 144 -

Internet Activities by Age Group Table Sample The table below gives information on internet use in six categories by age group.

Complete Report The table shows information on internet use for six categories, by different age groups, ranging from teens to people in their 70s. The trend suggests that the majority of the people who are in these different age groups get their news and do product research on the internet.

According to the table, the highest percentages were seen in the “product research” category with most people across the age groups reporting usage at over 70%, while “teens” reported nothing for this category. The highest percent of internet use for teens was reported in the “online games” category at 81%. “Getting the news” and “buying a product” also showed high percentages for the teenage group and all the other age groups as well, ranging between 68 and 73 percent.

Lower percentages were seen in the “downloads” and “searching for people” categories.

People who were over 60 were reported to use the “download” category very little, while teens used it much more often. In fact, “downloads” show a pattern suggesting the younger age, the more use of downloads. “Searching for people” showed slightly higher percentages when compared to “downloads” for the older age groups, with the “teens” age group not really using this option for much.

Overall, most internet usage, for all age groups, was reported in the “getting the news” and “researching a product” categories.

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Modes of Travel Information Table Sample The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.

Complete Report The table shows information concerning British people for two specific years, 1985 and 2000. The trend suggests that car use was the most common way to travel by British people, for both the years that are shown.

In 1985, almost 3,200 miles, out of total 4,740 miles, were travelled by car which had increased to just about 4,800 miles, out of total 6,475 miles, 15 years later. The second most common way of travel for the two years shown was by local bus if the “other category” were overlooked. Bus travel was reported at a significantly lower number of miles travelled, at only 429 miles in 1985, and even lower, at the staggeringly low amount of 274 miles travelled in 2000. “Taxi” was the least preferred way of travelling for both of these two years, amounting to only 13 miles per person, in 1985, and just 42 miles per person, in 2000.

“Bicycles” were used for an average of 50 miles in 1985, and this amount had decreased by 10 miles to a mere 41 miles 15 years later. “Train” and “on foot” were two other modes of travel that were infrequently used by the British people, with only 239 miles reported for train use in 1985, and only 255 miles for walking. By 2000, the number of miles used on a train had only increased by 127 miles, from 239 miles to 366 miles.

To conclude, travel by car was shown to be the most common mode of transport in England for the years that are shown.

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Single Family Sales Table Sample The table below shows the number of single-family home sales based on their price in five different active inventory categories.

Complete Report The table shows the number of single-family homes that were sold based according to their sale price in five different categories for two years only, 2017 and 2018. The trend suggests that the majority of these real estate sales took place in the 560,000 to 999,999 category for both respective years in the residential active inventory and that the total sales of homes in 2017 were higher than 2018, except in the group that is mentioned above which experienced a very slight increase.

In 2017, 780 homes were sold in just over half a million to almost one million home price group which was just under the 2018 mark. The second-best category was homes priced at just under half a million to just under 560 thousand dollars. This category was about one-third of the highest-priced category. The lowest sales were reported in the category that was priced at just under a quarter of a million dollars.

In 2018, the number of homes that were sold in the highest category was just three more homes compared to the number that was sold in 2017. This is the only price category that rose in the number of homes that were sold. All of the remaining categories experienced a decrease in the number of homes sold. In the active inventory table for 2018, the majority of homes sold were in the residential category, while the least number of homes that were sold were in the mobile category.

Overall, sales were highest in the 560,000 to 999,999 category with higher sales shown for 2017 compared to 201 - 147 -

British Students and Language Ability Table Sample The tables below show the proportions of British students at one university in England who were able to speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010.

Complete Report The two pie charts show the percentages of university-level students, in the UK, who were able to communicate in English and other languages, over a span of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010. The trend suggests that in these two specific years most British students spoke English and only one other language.

In 2000, the highest category was reported for “Spanish only” spoken, at 30%. This is exactly 20% higher than the lowest category which was “two other languages” spoken, at only 10%. All the remaining four languages that were included in this pie chart were reported at between 10 and 20 percent.

In 2010, the “Spanish only” category had risen by 5%, which is exactly the same amount of rise seen in the “two other languages” category. The most significant change over these two years can be seen in the “no other language” spoken category which had decreased by 10%. The figures for “German only” remained the same, while “French only” dropped by 5%, and “another language” rose by 5%.

Overall, in 2000 and 2010, most British students used English and only spoke one other language when they spoke.

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Comparison Diagrams How to Write Reports with Comparison Diagrams Writing a report comparing diagrams is primarily an exercise in recognizing what is the same and what is different between the two diagrams or within one diagram itself.

Therefore, you need to look closely at each diagram. On a notes sheet, then write what you see as the same in one column and what you see as different in another. This will provide you with important information for your report.

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Before you start writing, identify the process, order, or sequence of the information.

You must pay attention to the order of the steps or the stages of the process or flow in the information. This order becomes the key point of your description, without this the examiner will not be impressed.

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For your introduction and trend paragraph, paraphrase the question statement and the trend should compare the two diagrams. You need to explain and compare the information together not separately. Try to write one sentence for the trend idea.

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In your two 'details' paragraphs, try to compare parts of the process, such as the differences between the steps. If you cannot compare steps, discuss each step itself but the examiner will want to see comparisons. Try to organize the information into 2 groups.

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Describe and compare the diagrams and include at least 4 or 5 details discussing the similarities and differences in the information in each of the two paragraphs.

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The use of the present or past tense is the best for a comparison report. Do not use the passive tense because you are not explaining a process rather you are comparing two diagrams.

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Writing Comparison Diagram Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe something that is very different and compare it to another part of the diagram.

2. Describe a part of the information that is similar and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows something that is new and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another part of the diagram and compares it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe something else and compare it to another part of the diagram.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that is different and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another part of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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The Eiffel Tower in Paris Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend it underground.

Complete Report The diagram shows the future planning of the five-level underground project for the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The trend in this diagram is the development of this site and its current location.

As demonstrated, all five underground levels will be constructed with a glass ceiling. The first level will be used as the entrance to the main tower. Ticket offices are also situated on this same level. Next, shops and restaurants can be found on the second level.

Speaking of the third level, it is planned to have a cinema and museums, while the fourth and fifth levels will be for parking.

As stated in the information box, the height of the second platform is slightly more than double the height of the first platform with 115m and 57m accordingly. The overall height of the structure is 324 m, and the tower weighs 10,100 tonnes.

To conclude, this diagram shows a planned project for the Eiffel Tower, along with some further details on the location and structure of the tower.

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Flooding Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show how houses can be protected in areas that are prone to flooding.

Complete Report The diagram illustrates the floodplain management to protect buildings from flooding in flood-prone areas with two protective methods. The trend suggests that two options for flood management are given, one with a stopbank and one without a stopbank.

The first diagram shows the option with a stopbank. This type of flooding occurs when runoff from heavy or widespread rainfall raises the water level and as it continues to rise, the berm angel of the stopbank holds back the rising water. It is constructed above the 100-year high watermark for consistent control at the highest levels ever recorded. A floodgate has also been constructed at the bottom of the stopbank so excess water can be drained from the internal ponding area, with the building being built on stilts to allow for the flow of water under it.

The second diagram shows the option where there is no stopbank. For this diagram, the 100-year water level is considered into the construction level of the building’s stilts, being just a bit higher than this level to protect against flood damage. No berm or floodgate has been constructed. The freeboard is 300mm higher than the 100-year flood level, and the building itself is raised a bit more compared to the diagram with a stopbank.

In conclusion, two floodplain management diagrams have been shown, one with a stopbank, and one where no stopbank has been made.

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Generating Electricity Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power.

Complete Report The two diagrams show how electricity can be generated from the rise and fall of water caused by sea waves. The trend suggests that the process involves a structure which is mounted on the side of the sea wall, consisting of a large chamber with one end opening to the sea, and the other leading into a vertical column. A turbine has been installed inside this column, and it is used to generate the electricity in both stages.

The first diagram, which has been labelled as A, shows that when a wave approaches the device, water is forced into the chamber, applying pressure on the air inside the column. This same air then escapes into the atmosphere through the turbine, which results in the production of electricity.

The second diagram, which has been labelled as B, illustrates the next part of the process when the wave retreats. As the water level falls, the air from outside the column is sucked back in through the turbine. As a result, electricity continues to be generated. The turbine rotates in only one direction, regardless of the direction of the airflow.

Overall, it can be seen that this structure is useful as electricity is generated in both processes, whether or not, the water is entering or retreating.

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Floor Plan Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show the existing first-floor plan of a townhouse and a proposed plan for some remodelling work.

Complete Report The two diagrams compare a townhouse floor plan before and after the construction of a few proposed changes. The trend suggests that some of these changes are being planned for the existing structure of the building. According to the plan, the hallway will be removed, and the position and shape of the staircase will also be changed.

In the first diagram, there are two entrance doors to the building. The one entrance door opens from the south of the house, and it leads into an entrance hall with stairs just to the right side. There is a small storage area under the stairs. At the end of the hallway, there are two internal doors, one on each side of it. The left door opens onto the living room while the side door opens onto the kitchen. On the opposite side of the kitchen's door, there is another door that allows for access from the northwest side of the house.

The second diagram shows that the wall between the hallway and the living room is planned to be knocked down to create a spacious open plan living space. Additionally, the staircase will be moved to the left side of the building, and the access to the kitchen will be accessed by a double door near the front entrance. The new staircase will be an inverted L shape and kitchen countertops will be installed throughout the kitchen area, along with its walls.

Overall, the diagram shows some significant changes that are proposed for this townhouse.

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School Site Comparison Diagram Map Sample The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school site in 2024.

Complete Report The two pictures compare the layout of a school, as it was in the year 2004, with a proposed site design for the year 2024. It is clear that the main change for 2024 involves the addition of a new school building. The school will then be able to accommodate a considerably larger number of students.

In 2004, there are two school buildings with 600 students. These two builds were separated by a path. The parking lot is in the northwestern corner of the campus, with a main entrance to the school building just off from the parking area. A road to the parking area leads from the southwestern part of the campus, passing along a wooded area with many trees. A large sports field is located to the east of the school buildings, and 20 years later it no longer there.

In 2024, the student population has risen by 400 students, to a total of 1000, and the biggest planned difference can be seen with the addition of a third school building. This newly planned building will be situated where the sports field was 20 years prior. School building 3 is now the largest of all three school buildings. School buildings 1 and 2 will be connected and the path will be reduced in size. There will also be a planned road that will lead to a second parking area again where the sports field was 20 years before. This new road cuts in front of school building 2. The sports field is now much smaller, and it will be moved further south to an area beyond the newly constructed car park.

Overall, the changes that will happen to this school site 20 years later mostly involve the construction of a new school building and a second parking lot.

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Skeletal Remains Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams show the skeletal systems of two ancestors of modern human beings.

Complete Report The diagram shows the variations in the skeletal systems of two early types of humans.

The trend suggests that Australopithecus afarensis had a heavier body and much longer arms, while Homo erectus was slimmer and had more developed joints.

To begin with, the upper half of the body on Australopithecus Afarensis had a much broader chest and waist than Homo Erectus, giving it a rounder appearance. The former had much longer arms and larger hands compared to the later skeletal remains which would have been better for tree climbing.

As for the lower half of the body, it can be seen that Homo Erectus had proportionately longer legs and larger hips, knees, and ankle joints. The feet of Homo Erectus were also smaller and more arched, with shorter toes. These differences meant that Homo Erectus was better suited to long-distance running. Significant changes can be seen in the development of early humans from this diagram. Homo Erectus is more similar to contemporary human beings with their long legs and arched feet. The physical variations are clearly related to differences in evolutionary traits.

Overall, there are significant differences in these two skeletal remains.

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El Niño Comparison Diagram Sample El Niño is the name of a warm ocean current the affects weather patterns on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. The diagrams compare normal conditions in the Pacific with El Niño conditions.

Complete Report The diagram shows the weather patterns for normal conditions and El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean. The trend suggests that there are significant differences between these two conditions. In addition, El Niño causes some negative effects, such as climate change and seawater quality, while the normal conditions do not.

Both diagrams have differences in trade winds and the routing of warm water. While the normal conditions have stronger trade winds in East Pacific compared to the West Pacific, the El Niño conditions create the exact opposite conditions. Also, the flow of warm water goes from the East to West Pacific normally, but during El Niño conditions are totally contrary. Additionally, a quantity of rain in usual conditions appears to the West, but it changes going to East when El Niño occurs.

There are at least three effects that are caused by El Niño. In normal conditions, Australia has a rainy season that leads to the cultivation of plants and the source of cool seawater increases. Normal weather conditions create a lot of nutritious water, and more sunshine is brought to sea life in Peru. In contrast, El Niño causes droughts in Australia, declining cool water and rain in Peru, and a lower fish population.

Overall, the conditions of these two weather patterns are quite different, and in many cases, that exact opposite of each other.

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Camera Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show stages in the development of the camera since its invention in 1839.

Complete Report The pictures illustrate how the camera developed since it was invented in 1839 until the year 2000. The trend suggests that four different models are shown over a period of slightly more than 160 years.

The four cameras progressively become smaller with more options, based on the year they are made. The white camera made in 2000 is the smallest and it is the only digital camera. This camera is significantly smaller than the model from 1839. The earlier one is made of wood and is 36 cm long and consisted of three box-shaped sections. The latter camera is almost three times smaller and it is made of plastic. The earlier camera also has fewer features compared to the 2000 model. One of the biggest differences is the lenses. The 1839 camera has one made of brass, while the 2000 camera has a zoom lens.

The 1888 Kodak camera is kind of similar to the 1839 model, but it is almost twice as small, at only 16 cm in length. This model is made of metal, instead of wood, and it has four different control buttons on top of it. The 1925 Leica camera is also made of metal but looks more like a camera compared to the box-like older ones that were designed before. It also has a noticeable lens, and it is only 14 cms long, which is 2 cms shorter than the Kodak model.

Overall, the camera designs became smaller and more complex during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Cell Phone Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show two stages in the development of the mobile phone.

Complete Report The diagram shows how the design and functions of these two mobile phones have dramatically changed from the early models to the contemporary ones, over an unspecified period of time. It can clearly be seen that these two phone models have experienced several significant changes and developments.

To begin with, both the past and modern versions of these mobile phones have keypads to type information on, a screen to display this information, and the earphones to enable speaking and listening. They are both made of plastic, and their colour schemes are also much the same. The older model is longer and wider, and its overall weight is more, too.

The new one is half the weight, 40mm shorter, and 10 mm less in width. This is where the similarities end.

There is a significant amount of difference between these two models. The early cellular phone had a black and white display screen, while the current one has a fully coloured one. The design of the new mobile phone has plenty of extra functions that have been added to the basic functions, like a more advanced selecting button compared to the earlier model. The newer phone has selections for email, internet, a music player, and game functions. The earlier model has none of these options.

Overall, the are many differences between the earlier and later models of these two cell phones that have been shown here.

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Cement Production Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

Complete Report The two diagrams clearly illustrate the various steps and the tools that need to be used in the cement-making process. They also show how this is used to make concrete for building construction. The trend suggests that cement production is based on a dry process, while concrete production is used with water.

In the production of the cement diagram, there are about eight steps. The first part of the process is the mixing of limestone and clay in a crusher that produces a powder. The next step is the mixer followed by the rotating heater. At this step, heat is added to the mixture.

After the heating process, the material goes into the grinder that produces dry cement.

The final step is to put the cement into bags.

The second diagram shows the production of concrete. In step one 15% of cement and 10% of water is poured into a concrete mixer. 25% of this is also sand and 50% is gravel.

All of these materials are mixed together in a clockwise rotating machine. This production process produces a wet mixture of concrete.

Overall, the two diagrams show the methods for dry cement production and wet concrete production.

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Fire Plan Exit Comparison Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the fire exit plan for the second floor of a student dorm building in a university.

Complete Report The diagram shows the fire exit plan for the second floor of a university 7-bedroom dormitory. The trend suggests that there are two main exits from this floor leading to two stairwells, with one in the northeast corner of the building, labelled as “Meeting Point 2”, and the other in the southwest opposite corner of the building, labelled as “Meeting Point 1”.

Bedrooms 1, 2 and 3 are closest to the southwest exit with bedroom 3 being exactly opposite to this fire escape. Bedrooms 1 and 2 are just around the corner from this exit.

Room 1 just exits to the left of the door to access this exit, while room 2 exits to the right for immediate access. These three bedrooms should use “Meeting Point 1” Bedrooms 4, 5, 6 and 7 are nearest to the northeast fire exit. Bedroom 7 is right beside the exit, and room 5 is only a few steps from it. Both of these rooms access this exit to the right. Rooms 4 and 6 are across the hallway, with access coming again to the right of these rooms. These four bedrooms should use “Meeting Point 2.”

Overall, two main fire exits are shown in this floor plan, with one at either end of the building.

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Art Gallery Redevelopment Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below are existing and proposed floor plans for the redevelopment of an art gallery.

Complete Report The first picture shows the layout of an art gallery, and the second shows some proposed changes to the gallery space. It is clear that significant changes will be made in terms of the use of floor space in the gallery. There will be a completely new entrance and more space for exhibitions.

At present, visitors enter the gallery through doors, which lead to a lobby. However, the plan is to move the entrance to the Parkinson Court side of the building, and visitors will walk straight into the exhibition area. In place of the lobby and office areas, which are shown on the existing plan, the new gallery plan shows an education area and a small storage area.

The permanent exhibition space in the redeveloped gallery will be about twice as large as it is now because it will occupy the area that is now used for temporary exhibitions.

There will also be a new room for special exhibitions. This room is shown in red on the existing plan and is not currently part of the gallery.

Overall, it is seen that a lot of changes might be made to the first-floor gallery.

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Island Construction Comparison Diagram Map Sample The two diagrams below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.

Complete Report The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island, which has been developed for tourism. It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism, and six new features can be seen in the second diagram. The main developments are that the island is accessible, and visitors have somewhere to stay.

Looking at the maps in more detail, it can see that small huts have been built to accommodate visitors to the island. The other physical structures that have been added are a reception building, in the middle of the island, and a restaurant to the north of the reception. Before these developments, the island was completely bare, or deserted, apart from a few trees.

As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new facilities on the island include a pier, where boats can dock. There is also a short road linking the pier with the reception and restaurant, and footpaths connect the huts. There is also a designated swimming area for tourists off a beach on the western tip of the island.

Overall, this map shows some changes to an island that experienced growth based on tourism.

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University Sports Centre Comparison Diagram Sample The plans below show the layout of a university's sports centre now, and how it will look after redevelopment.

Complete Report The plans show how the current layout of the sports centre of a university changes to the new layout. The trend suggests a sizable redesign of the sports centre with the elimination of the outdoor courts and the addition of many different areas all around the complex.

Currently, in the middle of the sports centre, there is a 25-meter swimming pool. This pool remains in the future redesign and an additional larger leisure pool will be added. Around the swimming pool area are a gym, one changing area, some seating and a reception area. To the west side and east side of the sports centre are outdoor sports courts and access to the centre is made through the reception area.

After the redevelopment, the two outdoor courts in the current map will be replaced with a sports hall and a leisure pool and two more changing rooms will be added to the southwestern and south-eastern corners of the centre. In the future map, two new dance studios have been added both of which are next to the sporting hall on the eastern side of the hall. The gym area will also double in size and access to the different areas of the complete can be made throughout the centre.

Overall, the future plans for this sports centre involve a total redesign.

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Stages in the Development of Cooking Equipment Comparison Diagram Sample The diagrams below show the stages in the development of simple cooking equipment.

Complete Report The diagrams show how modern cooking equipment evolved through three distinct stages. The trend suggests that each staging in the development of cooking was unique and as it developed cooking became more specialized and advanced.

Originally, as shown in diagram A, cooking used to be done with the help of a pot supported by some stones that were placed underneath the pot. The twigs and grass placed between the stones provided heat to the pot. In diagram B, a protective clay shield was used around the stones, which was used to protect the fire. A cooking pot could be easily placed on top of this clay shield for cooking purposes. Here some limited advances have been made.

The modern cooking device, as shown in diagram C, is totally different in look and function from the other two diagrams as it is much more advanced in design. The fire is completely enclosed in a metal covering and a door has been added for air supply and ash removal.

The top consists of a grate on which charcoal can be placed. It is shielded by a clay-lining to prevent any heat loss. Besides a handle for easy transportation, this diagram also shows three metal supports at the top of the equipment to keep the pot in place.

Overall, the simple cooking device underwent drastic changes before becoming a modern cooking device.

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Process Diagrams How to Write Reports with Process Diagrams Process diagrams show how something a sequence of events that demonstrate how something is made or a natural effect. They always show steps or stages, and the passive tense is most often used in these examples. Process Diagrams are easier to write Reports about because your main task is to describe what is on the paper in front of you. Whereas in charts, graphs, or tables you have to interpret the data.

Here is some advice.

•

Look at the diagram. Consider the process it is describing. Be aware of the sequence and number of steps shown.

•

Before you start writing, identify the process, order, or sequence of the information.

You must pay attention to the order of the steps or the stages of the process or flow in the information. This order becomes the key point of your description, without this the examiner will not be impressed.

•

For your introduction and trend paragraph, paraphrase the question statement and the trend should identify how many steps are involved in the process. You should write exactly how many steps there are in the question information. Just write one sentence for the trend idea.

•

In your two 'details' paragraphs, try to compare parts of the process, such as the differences between the steps. If you cannot compare steps, discuss each step itself but the examiner will want to see comparisons. Try to organize the information into 2 groups - one for the first half of the process or flowchart and the second paragraph will describe the rest of the information. If there are six steps then the first paragraph would discuss steps 1 to 3 and the second details paragraph would highlight steps 4 to 6.

•

Describe the order of the steps or the process you have identified -include at least 4 or 5 details discussing the process in each of the two paragraphs.

•

The use of the passive tense will be the best choice for these process diagrams.

If you do this, your band score will be higher and in fact, the examiner will be looking for the use of the passive voice in your Report answer.

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Writing Procress Diagram Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe step one and compare it to another part of the diagram.

2. Describe the next few steps and compare it to something else.

3. Describe another step that shows something new and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1.

2.

3.

4.

Describe the next step and compare it to another part of the diagram.

Describe a step that is the same and compare it to something else.

Describe a step that is different and compare it to something else.

Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Coffee Bean Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how coffee beans are produced.

Complete Report The diagram shows how coffee beans are produced and prepared for retail sales in supermarkets and other shops. It is clear that there are 11 stages in the production of coffee. The process begins with the picking of coffee beans and ends at the packing stage.

Looking at the coffee production process in detail, coffee beans must first be picked in the fields. These beans are then dried, roasted, and cooled before being put in a grinding machine, which turns the beans into coffee granules.

At the sixth stage in the process, the ground coffee is mixed with hot water, and the resulting mixture is strained. Next, the mixture is frozen and then passed once again through the grinder. After that, the ground, the frozen liquid is dried in a vacuum so that the water evaporates, leaving the coffee granules. Finally, these granules are packed into coffee jars for delivery to supermarkets and shops.

To conclude, the illustration shows the eleven stages involved with coffee production from the picking stage all the way to the packing stage.

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Cool and Warm Climates Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the effects of cool and warm climates on different building designs during the day and night.

Complete Report The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate. The trend suggests that the shape of the roof determines the differences between houses designed for cool and warm climates. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the use of insulation.

It can be seen that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight to enter through the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a peak in the middle and roof overhangs to shade the windows. Insulation and thermal building materials are used in cool climates to reduce heat loss, whereas insulation and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm climates.

The cool climate house has one window, which faces the direction of the sun, while the warm climate house has windows on two sides, which are shaded from the sun. By opening the two windows at night, the house designed for warm climates can be ventilated.

Overall, building houses use different processes depending on the climate where the house is located.

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Water Cycle Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

Complete Report The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during the natural process known as the water cycle. The trend is the three main stages that are shown in the diagram which are ocean water evaporating, falling as rain, and eventually running back into the ocean again.

Beginning at the evaporation stage, it can be seen that 80% of water vapour in the air comes from the ocean. The heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on the diagram, waterfalls as rain or snow.

At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall into lakes or return to the ocean via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt-water intrusion is shown to take place just before groundwater passes into the ocean to complete the cycle.

To conclude, this process diagram shows the natural movement of water in the earth’s environment.

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Making Bricks Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process of brick-making at a large industrial complex.

Complete Report The process of making bricks starts with digging up clay and ends with bricks being delivered to stores in trucks. The trend suggests that in-between the above stages there are five other steps used to turn clay into bricks At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground. The clay is put through a metal grid, and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and water. After that, the clay can be shaped into bricks in two ways, either it is put in a mould, or a wire cutter is used.

At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one to two days. Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature, between 200 900 degrees Celsius, and then at a high temperature of up to 1300 degrees, before spending two to three days in a cooling chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are packaged and delivered.

To conclude, the process of making bricks takes seven steps from digging the clay to delivering to stores for people who are wanting to buy them.

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Australian Bureau of Meteorology Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-theminute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.

Complete Report The diagram shows the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather. The trend suggests that there are four technological stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather. This information is then analyzed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public.

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather data and three ways of analyzing it. Firstly, incoming information can be received by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite photo. The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected directly by radar and analyzed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data, which can be shown on a synoptic chart.

At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, at the last stage, the forecast is delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement.

Overall, technology plays a major role in weather forecasting in Australia.

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Heat Topic Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the effects of heat on land and in the atmosphere.

Complete Report This picture describes how heat affects the land and the atmosphere. The trend suggests that the heat produced by the sun either remains on land or enters the atmosphere of the Earth.

As can be seen, part of the heat will remain after it falls to land. Greenhouse gases play an important role in keeping this heat. Greenhouses gases are referred to as carbon dioxide, which will increase by the falling of trees that absorb it. The extra carbon dioxide comes from the burning of fossil fuels that are yielded by vehicles like cars and trucks, and factories.

As for the other part, heat energy cannot stay on land as it will be radiated into space directly by the reflection of the land, or it will be reflected off the atmosphere because of thick cloud layer in the sky, and thus has little effect on the earth. On the other hand, the heat reflected off the atmosphere may protect the temperature of the whole earth from losing warmth.

In brief, the sun generates heat, and this heat affects the temperature of the Earth.

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Central Heating System Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how a central heating system in a house works.

Complete Report This diagram provides an explanation of the process for how the domestic central heating system works in a home. The trend suggests how the tank, boiler and pipes ensure a constant flow of hot water to both the radiators and the taps.

The cold water enters the house through a pipe and then is kept in a cold-water storage tank. If there is too much water in this tank, the overflow pipe directs the excess water to the water storage tank in the roof. From there the water flows down to the boiler, located on the ground floor of the house.

The boiler, which is fueled by gas or oil, heats up the water as it passes through it. The hot water is then pumped around the house through a system of pipes and flows into the radiators, located in different rooms. The water circulates through the radiators, which have small tubes inside them to help distribute the heat, warming each of the rooms.

Some of the water is directed to the taps to provide hot water for the house.

Once the water has gone through the pipes and radiators, it is returned to the boiler to be reheated and re-circulated throughout the house.

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Drinkable Water Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process of turning dirty and muddy water into clean drinkable water.

Complete Report The diagram illustrates the six-step process for converting dirty and muddy water into clean and pure water. It is similar to a homemade filter system, with the use of two cups, and a half-cut bottle-shaped container. It can be clearly seen that there are six steps in this process of filtering dirty and muddy water into clean and clear water, most likely for the purposes of drinking water. There are four steps in the removal of dirt and mud from the water before it is fully filtered.

At the first step, a cup full of muddy water is added to the filtering container. The water is full of debris and is not fit for drinking. At this stage, the water passes through a paper filter for filtration. By step three, small rocks and gravel have been removed from the water solution, reducing the muddy concentration making the water cleaner for consumption.

At step four, another filtration paper removes sand debris from the water allowing for another cleaning process taking the debris out of the solution. At the last step, near the mouth of the container, a cotton wool filter has removed the remaining mud and dirt from the water, finally producing the clean drinkable water.

In conclusion, if the six steps in this process are followed as shown in the diagram, dirty water can be filtered into clean water.

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Household Drinking Water Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how water is used, treated, and recycled for household usage.

Complete Report The diagram shows how water is used, treated, and recycled for household usage through a complex system of pipes and treatment plants. The trend suggests that there are numerous steps and processes that must take place concerning how water is used in various ways in and around the home.

First of all, rainwater is collected at a dam. It is then treated at the water treatment plant and piped to the home as drinking water. In another process, household wastewater is sent to the wastewater treatment plant so that recycled water can be sent back to the home for usage again. Also, at this plant, excess treated water is released into the river as effluent.

Rainwater is also collected in a tank near the home. This water is used for the garden and the lawn and is an effective way to control rainfall. Excess water from the household is treated as stormwater at the treatment plant before it is released back into the river.

In conclusion, this diagram shows the processes of how water is used, treated, and recycled in a complex system.

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Hydroelectric Dam Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how a hydroelectric dam uses water to produce power.

Complete Report The diagram shows how a hydroelectric dam uses water to produce electric power from a major water source, like a lake. The trend suggests that there are several steps in which the water must flow through to produce electric power, beginning at the reservoir, continuing into the turbine, and then moving through the power lines.

The process in this hydroelectric dam begins with lake water from the reservoir that is fed into the intake valve. From the wide intake area, the water flows down the narrower penstock on a slight downward slope. Once the water has reached the end of the penstock it enters the turbine area. Here the water rotates the turbine to generate electricity.

From the turbine, the power is transferred to the generator where the current is stored in the powerhouse. The turbine and the generator are connected, and they both have a cylindrical shape allowing for a continued rotation in the production of hydroelectricity.

Water that passes through the turbine continues into the river as normal flow. The electricity that is generated in the powerhouse then moves to the power lines for use on the larger electrical grid.

Overall, the diagram shows that there are several steps in which water must flow to produce electric power.

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Newspaper Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process of pulp and paper production from a tree plantation to the printing of newspapers.

Complete Report The diagram shows the process of pulp and paper production from a tree plantation used for the printing of newspapers. The trend suggests that there are two main procedures in this process, one on the pulp and plantation side, and the other on the printing side.

On the plantation side, four stages are shown to prepare the pulp for printing. The first step begins with the pine tree thinnings. From here the trimmings go to the de-barking drum, where the bark is removed. After this, the pulp goes to the chipper and then onto the refiner. The final step is the papermaking machine, where the pulp is produced into paper for the printing process.

On the printing side, there are five steps that lead to the production and recycling of newsprint. From the papermaking machine, the newsprint is produced and then it continues onto a two-step collection process. After this, the recycling part of the process begins with de-inking, fine cleaning and the recycled mix being combined with water. The last step shows the recycled material being reintroduced in the papermaking machine.

Overall, there are two main processes shown in the diagram to produce and recycle newsprint.

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Groundwater Contamination Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how groundwater contamination is created from a waste disposal site.

Complete Report This diagram shows how groundwater is contaminated when waste from a disposal site leaches into different water sources. The trend suggests that there are three main sources that can be contaminated. They are water that comes from the water table and the supply wells, water from the river and the ground, and rainfall.

The water from the water table and the supply wells can become contaminated when dirty water is saturated deep into the ground. The water table goes quite a way down into the ground, and so do both of the water supply wells. All these sources of water are used in the home.

Water from the river, the ground and rainfall are contaminated when these water sources come into direct contact with the dirty water. When the rainfall reaches the ground, it becomes contaminated once it gets to the disposal site, and then the same contaminated water continues into the river, and eventually, it is absorbed deep into the ground.

Overall, the waste disposal site that is shown in this diagram contaminates different water sources on the surface and deep into the ground.

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Potatoe Chip Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process of making potato chips.

Complete Report The diagram shows the seven steps that are involved in the process of making potato chips. The trend suggests that all of these stages must take place, in this order, to successfully produce quality potato chips for human consumption.

The potatoes begin at step one on a conveyor belt where they enter a wash and peel machine. Here cold water enters the machine, and the potatoes are peeled and cleaned for processing. The peeling process removes the potato skins. The potatoes then enter a slicing machine. Here the potatoes are cut up into slices, which are thinly sliced pieces of potato.

From here the slices move up the belt and are blasted with hot air to dry them. They then drop into a temperature cooker, which cooks the slices. The slices then exit the cooker and are salted before they enter the bag packer. Once the chips are bagged, they are sealed and ready for sale.

Overall, the process for the manufacturing of potato chips has seven steps.

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Water Cycle Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how the water cycle works.

Complete Report The diagram shows the way in which the water cycle works. The trend suggests that this process is quite complex, with nine main steps to complete it, before it repeats itself once again.

The process begins when water clouds cool, allowing for rain to fall to the ground. Under the porous rock, groundwater flows into lakes, rivers, and seas, while the rain that falls onto the ground level flows into the same sources of water. Once the water reaches these sources it evaporates back into the atmosphere. The water is then carried by rivers and lakes into the sea. No water enters the non-porous rock layer below the porous one.

From the sea, more evaporation occurs, and it is formed into invisible water vapour. This vapour is carried by the wind, and due to the heat from the sun, more evaporation causes the continued formation of clouds, which can cool and produce more rain. Also, during this stage, transpiration from plants and trees occurs, leading to more moisture in the air that falls as rain in the final stage, after which the process beings again.

Overall, this is a complex system of stages that allow for the production of water.

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Stone Wool Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how slag and basalt are used in the production of stone wool as insulation.

Complete Report The diagram shows how slag and basalt are used in the production of stone wool insulation. The trend suggests that there are three main points in this production, the melting, curing, and cutting stages, with each step happening in the correct order for the final product to be made.

The production begins when sand, limestone, and soda ash are combined together and melted in the initial step. This mix then moves onto the step where the fiberizing occurs, and binders are injected. From here, the product resembles “white” glass, and it is moved into a curing oven. Upon exit from this heating process, the binder has changed to a yellow colour.

The insulation that exits the oven is then cut in three places longitudinally. The material is cut once in the middle of the stone wool, and also on both outside edges. This edge waste material is recycled and as the insulation reaches the end of the conveyor, it is cut transversely once more, and then it is stacked one piece on top of another piece.

Overall, this multi-stage process shows how stone wool insulation is made.

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Solar Power Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how solar panels can be used to provide electricity for domestic use.

Complete Report The diagram shows the process of producing electricity in a home using solar panels. It is clear that there are five distinct stages in this process, beginning with the capture of energy from sunlight. The final two steps show how domestic electricity is connected to the external power supply.

At the first stage in the process, solar panels on the roof of a normal house take energy from the sun and convert it into DC current. Next, this current is passed to an inverter, which changes it to AC current and regulates the supply of electricity. At stage three, electricity is supplied to the home from an electrical panel.

At the fourth step shown on the diagram, a utility meter in the home is responsible for sending any extra electric power outside the house into the grid. Finally, if the solar panels do not provide enough energy for the household, electricity will flow from the utility grid into the home through the meter.

To sum up, there are five different steps in this process, starting with the capture of energy with solar panels and how household power is used.

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Energy Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram shows how energy is produced from coal.

Complete Report The diagram shows the different stages required to produce clean energy from coal. It is quite clear the there are many complex steps in the process of how coal is produced into a product for use in the energy sector.

Initially, coal is placed onto a conveyor belt, and as this coal continues through the process, it is then placed in a furnace together with oxygen from another source, where it is mixed. The mixture is burnt in a furnace and from this step raw syngas is produced.

Two substances are removed from the raw syngas, purified syngas, and mercury sulphur.

Other impurities, like slag, are also extracted from the furnace at this stage.

The purified syngas is used to drive a gas turbine, as well as, a generator, and in this way, electricity is produced. Alternatively, the gas turbine produces hot exhaust gases which are taken to a heat recovery generator. The steam that is produced at this stage is used to power a steam turbine, and with the help of a generator, once again makes electricity.

To conclude, the electricity that is produced from coal undergoes a complex purification stage to clean the harmful substances, and the energy is produced on-site with the help of a gas or steam turbine.

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A Water Filtration System Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process in which water is filtrated from the source reservoir to the point of distribution.

Complete Report The diagram shows the eight-step process in the filtration of water from the reservoir to the tap. The trend suggests that at the sludge collector stage there is a diversion in the process for either landfill or household water use.

At the first step, the water that comes from the reservoir is taken to the flocculation tanks just before the coagulant is added. Also, at this step, the water is rotated in a circular motion. From these tanks, the water is then moved to the sludge collector where dirt and other particles are removed and put into the sedimentation basin. There is a main split in the process here. The water is either diverted for tap use or landfill use.

For tap use, the water is filtrated or cleaned, then it is disinfected, and the process of fluoridation begins. Following this step, the water is filtered again and is kept in another storage tank before it can be used at the tap. For landfill use, the water leaves the main sludge collector and moves to the sludge thickener where the material is loaded onto a truck and transported to the horticultural landfill.

Overall, this water filtration process has eight stages, with a primary split at the sludge collector stage.

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Uranium Conversion and Enrichment Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how uranium oxide is converted and enriched for the production of nuclear energy.

Complete Report The diagram shows how uranium oxide is converted and enriched for the production of nuclear energy. The trend suggests that this is a complex process with many stages from the mining stage to the fuel fabrication stage. There are six main steps, with three alternative steps, to complete this process.

The process begins with the mining of uranium ore from the mountains. From here, the milling process begins using the uranium oxide (or yellowcake) as it is known. Next, is the conversion of the yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride. After this, the enrichment process begins using low enriched uranium. At this stage, the depleted uranium product can also be sent for storage or it can be re-enriched back into the process.

After the enrichment process, the low enriched uranium is sent for fuel fabrication producing uranium dioxide. The fuel then moves onto the nuclear reactors for commercial energy production. At the stage, tritium is also produced, and the spent fuel is sent off for storage in large cylindrical containers. This final storage step completes the process.

Overall, the diagram shows how uranium is produced for nuclear energy production based on six complex stages of events.

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Sludge Plant Treatment Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process of how sludge is treated in a pant.

Complete Report The diagram shows how sludge is taken care of in a sludge treatment plant. The trend suggests that there are four main steps in the treatment of sludge at this plant, with a few sub-steps in the second stage.

At the first stage, which is called the preliminary treatment step, the sludge enters the plant where it is separated into liquids and solids. From here the sludge moves by pipe to the primary treatment stage where the solids are removed for digestion and the liquids continue down the pipe for further treatment.

At the secondary stage, the advanced treatment of the sludge begins, and chemicals are fed into the sludge. Also, at this stage, the air is mixed into the sludge in the main treatment chamber, and as the sludge moves through the plant, it is separated into the digestion containment or it is recycled back to the primary treatment stage. From the digestion point, the sludge is dewatered and then it is sent for land application. At the final treatment point, the effluent is released into a stream.

To conclude, there are four main steps in the treatment of sludge at this plant.

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Geothermal Power Plant Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce electricity.

Complete Report The diagram shows information about the stages of producing electricity using geothermal production. The trend suggests that there are five main stages in the production of electricity when geothermal energy is used, beginning with the pumping of cold water to the generation of energy.

First of all, a vast amount of cold water is pumped down into the ground to a depth of 4.5km. When necessary, a quantity of cold water is gathered, and it then proceeds to the injection well. From here the water then passes through hot rocks which are otherwise known as the Geothermal Zone. Following this stage, that cold water becomes hot and it moves onto the production well. From here heated water is pumped up to the condenser.

The next steps are focused on transforming pumped hot water into steam by a condenser.

As soon as the steam has gone into the turbine, a special machine inside the turbine begins rotating, and it is powered by the same steam that has entered it. This power is then transferred to the generator where electricity is produced. Finally, this geothermally generated electricity flows to the power towers and is distributed by power lines throughout the city.

To conclude, there are five main steps in the production of electricity by geothermal means.

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Milk Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how milk is produced.

Complete Report The diagram shows the process of milk production, from the first stage where cows graze to the final stage where the milk is delivered to customers. The trend suggests that this is a complex process, involving pasteurization, with five main stages in the process of producing milk.

The first step of the process involves cows which are raised on farms in grass fields. After the grazing stage, cows produce milk twice a day with the use of special milking machines. Raw milk from cows is then stored in refrigeration facilities to ensure that its best quality is maintained. A milk tanker truck is then used to deliver the stored milk to the dairy, on a daily basis.

The dairy is where industrial and manufacturing techniques are required to create the finished product. After this step, the finished milk is delivered in two ways. It can be processed once more to produce cheese, cream, and butter. Otherwise, the processed milk from the dairy is automatically pasteurized and packaged on an assembly line. This stage is followed by the delivery of packaged milk to supermarkets and shops where customers normally purchase their milk.

To conclude, the production of milk follows five main stages.

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Beer Production Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how beer is produced.

Complete Report The diagram shows the many tasks that are involved in the production of beer. It is clearly seen that this process is quite complex with many stages in its production from the milling of barley to the packaging of beer in barrels and bottles.

At the first step in beer production, malted barley is added to a milling machine. Here the barley is milled by large rollers. From the miller, water is added, and the milled barley is then mashed and lautered where the grain is separated out of the mixture to be used as animal feed. At the next step, the mixture is boiled, and sugar and hops are added.

The beer is then whirlpooled and cooled before it enters the fermentation process. At the fermenting stage, yeast and CO2 are added with the yeast being removed before the product goes onto the maturing stage. Following this, the beer is filtered and then packaged for shipment to local retailers.

Overall, there a quite a few steps in the production of beer using barley, sugar, hops, yeast, and CO2 in the creation of the final product which is beer.

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Hydroelectric Power Station Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.

Complete Report The diagram shows the production of electricity in a hydroelectric power station. The trend suggests that the process begins with water flowing from a river into a high-level reservoir and ends with the transmission of electricity from a generator to the national electrical grid.

It can be clearly seen that the first step collects water from a river and stores it up behind a dam in a reservoir. From here the river water flows thought and intake which is only open during the day and not at night. The daytime water flows to generate electricity, while the nighttime flow is pumped back into the reservoir.

From the flow pipe, the water goes into reversible turbines. These turbines are connected by a pipe to a generator in a power station. During the day, the generator permits water to flow down into a low-level reservoir, while during the night the reversible turbines pump water into a high-level reservoir. Finally, the generator in the power station is linked to power lines which are used to transport electricity to the national grid.

Overall, there are several steps in the process of creating electricity from a hydroelectric dam.

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Frozen Fish Pies Process Diagram Sample The diagrams below give information about the manufacture of frozen fish pies.

Complete Report The first diagram shows the ingredients that are put into a fish pie and the second diagram shows the two production lines that eventually merge in the production of these pies. The trend suggests that there are four main components in a fish pie and that there are many stages in the two fish pie production lines.

The fish pie consists of peas. These are listed as the first ingredient. The next ingredient is fish. It is noted in the production line that the fish that is used in this pie recipe is salmon.

The third ingredient is the sauce, with no specific information as to what it is made of. The last ingredient is potatoes, and all these ingredients are put into a microwaveable container.

The first line shows how the potatoes are taken care of. First, they are delivered by a truck for up to one month. The potatoes are then cleaned, peeled, and sliced. From here, the potatoes are then boiled, chilled, and stored until they enter the fish line. The second line shows the delivery of the fish for up to 12 hours. In the first step, lemon juice and salt are applied to the salmon. Then it is steamed in an oven. Next, workers remove the skin and bones, and an inspection is done. Any waste is disposed of here, too. Then peas, sauce, and the potatoes from the other line are added. Lastly, the fish pies are wrapped, frozen and stored for dispatch to retail markets.

Overall, fish pies are made with not too many ingredients and their production involves two main lines.

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Sand Dunes Process Diagram Sample The diagrams below show how sand dunes are formed.

Complete Report The diagrams show the formation of a sand dune from sand particles. The trend suggests that there are three stages in their formation, and it also shows that sand particles are driven by the wind over dry ground gathering on wet ground where they eventually collect and create sand dunes.

The first diagram shows how sand particles are blown by the wind over the dry sandy ground and two areas of wet ground. This is then followed by a second diagram in which where particles of sand are carried by the wind along the ground and some of these sand particles start to adhere to the first patch of wet ground in separate piles.

The sand particles which have been transported by the wind, as seen in the third diagram, eventually gather in mass over the area of wet ground, piling one on top of the other until they form a sand dune. The accumulation of so many sand particles is large enough to deflect the oncoming wind, forcing it up one side of the dune and down the other. As this happens, particles of sand start gathering and piling up in the next area of wet ground.

Overall, sand particles being to collect in wet areas of the dune combined with a noticeable change in wind direction.

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The Making of Chocolate Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process for the making of chocolate.

Complete Report Cocoa comes from the cacao tree, and it is grown in South America, Africa, and Indonesia. There are a total of ten stages in the process, beginning with the growing of the bean pods on the cacao trees and culminating in the production of the chocolate.

Once the pods are ripe and red, they are harvested, and the white cocoa beans are removed. Following a period of fermentation, the cacao pods are laid out on a large tray where they can dry under the heat of the sun.

Next, the beans are placed by hand into large sacks and delivered to the factory either by rail or truck transport. They are then roasted at a high temperature of 350 degrees Celsius, after which the beans are crushed and separated from their outer shell. In the final stage, this inner part that is left over is pressed and dark liquid chocolate is produced.

Overall, the process in which chocolate is made from the cacao bean is a complex process with ten steps.

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Instant Noodles Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows how instant noodles are manufactured.

Complete Report The diagram shows the manufacturing process of instant noodles. The trend suggests that there are eight main stages in this process, beginning at the storage silos where flour trucks unload their flour culminating at the labelling and sealing station where the product leaves the manufacturing floor for storewide distribution.

From the silos, the flour heads to the mixer where it is combined with water and oil, and rollers press it into a large flat sheet of dough. From the mixer, the sheets of dough are cut into strips and then the noodles are coiled into discs after which cooking oil is added to these coils and the drying process begins.

Once the instant noodles have been dried, they are put into Styrofoam cups and vegetables and spices are added. At step eight, the final one, the cups of noodles are labelled and sealed ready for their pick up to destinations on supermarket shelves.

Overall, there are eight steps in the making of instant cups of noodles.

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Ocean Thermal Energy Production of Electricity Process Diagram The diagram below shows the production of electricity using a system called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).

Complete Report The diagram shows how electricity is produced using a system called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or (OTEC) for short. The trend suggests that this is a complex system that converts heat energy into electric power using the temperature difference between surface seawater, which can be up to 29 degrees Celsius, and deep seawater, which is only 5 degrees Celsius.

The main components of the system are an evacuated evaporation chamber, a turbine, and a condensing chamber. The solar energy of the sun heats up the surface water and this warm water is introduced into the evacuated evaporation chamber, where it boils. As the water boils, salt is deposited, and water vapour is generated. This vapour then drives a turbine to generate electricity.

After it powers the turbine, the water vapour enters the condensing chamber, which is cooled by the water from the depths of the ocean. This water vapour is condensed into a chamber, producing perfectly drinkable water. Lastly, waste saltwater is discharged into the ocean and the process is repeated.

Overall, this complex process shows how thermal energy is created from ocean water.

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Recycling Process of Aluminium Cans Process Diagram The diagram below shows the recycling process of aluminium cans.

Complete Report The diagram shows how aluminium cans are recycled. The trend suggests that there are six main steps in this cycle with the used cans being thrown into their bin and then eventually being used again as beverage containers.

First, the cans need to be taken to special collection centres instead of being thrown away and mixed with normal garbage. The cans are collected at curbside picked by a garage truck with an extendable arm and taken to a factory where they are first sorted and cleaned. Next, the cans are shredded and crushed in a special machine.

The metal is then heated to a high enough temperature to allow the aluminium to melt. It is then rolled out flat to a thickness of between 2.5mm and 6 mm, depending on what it is going to be used for. The aluminium is now ready to be recycled into new packagings, such as pop cans. Finally, the new cans are delivered to soft drink factories where they are filled with new product. The cans can now be sold to the public and reused, and in the United Kingdom, 74% of all aluminium cans that are sold are recycled.

Overall, the first step shows the cans being tossed away, while the final step shows the can being sold and used again.

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Home Energy Production Process Diagram The diagram below shows a possible future means of at home energy production.

Complete Report The diagram shows a process for producing electricity for home use. The trend suggests that there are six main steps and the equipment in this small-scale production process consists of a large tank, boxes, and pipes that would be able to fit into a garage-sized room.

Electricity is produced using methane gas and is generated from a mix of compost and water in a large steel tank. The tank is about the same height as a person and about twice as wide. The methane rises to the top of the tank and is collected and stored in a gas storage system. The stored gas becomes the fuel source used in the conversion to energy.

Once compressed in a gas compressor, the methane fuels a combustion engine, which in turn produces mechanical energy. Having been transferred to a generator, the mechanical energy is then transformed into electrical energy, which is then stored in a battery. At this stage, the electricity is ready for home use.

Overall, there are six main stages in this scaled production process consisting of quite a bit of equipment that could be put into a medium-sized space.

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Plastic Bottle Recycling Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.

Complete Report The diagram shows how plastic bottles are recycled. The trend suggests that this process has nine numbered steps from the initial collection and sorting, followed by processing and cleaning, and finally to its reconstitution into something new for further usage.

The recycling process starts when an individual places their garage in a designated recycling bin, just prior to being loaded into specialized garbage trucks whose purpose is the picking up of recycled materials. After transportation to the recycling center, the plastic bottles are sorted by hand, compressed tightly to form blocks, and then crushed into small pieces and washed.

The next stages involve transformation into a reusable material. The pieces of plastic are first poured into a machine that turns them into pellets. These pellets are then heated in order to create a raw material that can be used in the manufacture of products ranging from clothes and bottles to containers and pencils. These items are themselves recyclable and the process begins again.

Overall, the diagram shows nine complicated steps in this process of recycling.

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The Making of Sugar from Sugar Cane Process Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the manufacturing process for making sugar from sugar cane.

Complete Report The process shows how sugar is made from the sugar cane plant. The trend suggests that this natural and man-made process involves three main stages beginning with initial harvesting, followed by a chemical transformation, and finally the separation into the end product which is sugar.

The first stage is natural and begins with sugar cane being grown over a 12 to18-month period. The mature plant is then harvested either by hand or by large, industrial farming machinery. From that point, the stalks are crushed in a grinder which results in raw sugar cane juice.

The juice is then run through a limestone filter and poured into an evaporator during which time it is heated, reduced, and turned into a syrup. The syrup is then separated from the sugar crystals using a centrifuge before being dried and cooled into its final form as sugar.

Overall, this diagram shows how sugar is made from stalks of sugar cane.

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Life Cycle Diagrams How to Write Reports with Life Cycle Diagrams Life cycle diagrams seem difficult when they contain a lot of information. Here is some advice.

• Write 4 paragraphs – an introduction with the trend of the main points, 2 detail paragraphs and a conclusion.

• Before you start writing, identify the process, order, or sequence of the information. You must pay attention to the order of the steps or the stages of the process or flow in the information. This order becomes the key point of your description, without this the examiner will not be impressed.

• For your introduction and trend paragraph, paraphrase the question statement and the trend should identify how many steps are involved in the process. You should write exactly how many steps there are in the question information. Just write one sentence for the trend idea.

• In your two 'details' paragraphs, try to compare parts of the process, such as the differences between the steps. If you cannot compare steps, discuss each step itself but the examiner will want to see comparisons. Try to organize the information into 2 groups - one for the first half of the process or flowchart and the second paragraph will describe the rest of the information If there are six steps then the first paragraph would discuss steps 1 to 3 and the second details paragraph would highlight steps 4 to 6.

• Describe the order of the steps or the process you have identified -include at least 4 or 5 details discussing the process in each of the two paragraphs.

• The use of the passive tense will be the best choice for these process diagrams.

If you do this, your band score will be higher and in fact, the examiner will be looking for the use of the passive voice in your report answer.

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Writing Life Cycle Diagram Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe step one and compare it to another part of the diagram.

2. Describe the next few steps and compare it to something else.

3. Describe another step that shows something new and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1.

2.

3.

4.

Describe the next step and compare it to another part of the diagram.

Describe a step that is the same and compare it to something else.

Describe a step that is different and compare it to something else.

Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Honeybee Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the honeybee. Two things to consider are.

Complete Report The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honeybee. It can be seen that the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. The trend suggests that there are five main stages in the development of the honeybee, from egg to mature adult insect.

The life cycle of the honeybee begins when the female adult lays an egg and the female typically lays one or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches and the immature insect, or nymph, appears.

During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin three times. This moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young adult honeybee emerges from its final moulting stage, and in the space of only 4 days, it reaches full maturity.

To conclude, there are five main stages in the development of the honeybee, from egg to mature adult insect.

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Silkworm Life Cycle Sample The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth.

Complete Report The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. The trend suggests that the life cycle is based on a multiple-week period, after which the silk thread is produced into silk cloth.

First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons, and the life cycle begins again.

The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of the silk cloth. Once they have been selected, they are boiled in water and the threads are separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 meters long, and they can be twisted together, dyed, and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.

Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.

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Frog Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the frog from the egg stage to an adult frog.

Complete Report The diagram shows the life cycle of the frog from the egg stage to a fully grown frog. It is clear that there are six stages in the life cycle of a frog based on the information that is shown in this diagram.

The first three stages show the frog in the early period of its life. The life of the frog begins at the egg stage. From the eggs, the frog then moves onto the embryo stage. The embryo stage shows the very early development of the frog from egg form to tadpole form. The embryos emerge from the eggs, with eyes, at a size that is a little bit larger than as it continues to develop. At the third stage, which is labelled as the tadpole stage, the tadpoles become longer and slenderer than right after the egg stage. In the last part of the tadpole stage, its legs breakthrough and are formed on the tadpole.

In the next three stages, the frog emerges in a more familiar shape. In stage four the tadpole characteristics are now more frog-like, with the tail of the tadpole still remaining.

At this stage, the frog is also now able to start pulmonary breathing on its own. At the final two stages, those being stage five and stage six, the frog develops into a tadpole frog, and then finally into a fully grown adult frog, thus completing the life cycle of this amphibian.

To sum up, this diagram shows each of the six stages in the development of the life cycle of a frog.

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Fly Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the different stages in the life cycle of the fly.

Complete Report The diagram shows the various stages in the life cycle of the mature female fly, from the egg stage to the full adult stage. It is clearly shown in this diagram that there are seven stages in the 2 to 4-week life cycle of a fully developed adult fly.

At the first stage, the mature female fly lays eggs. These eggs last for only a relatively short period of time from 8 to 24 hours. These eggs then turn into larvae. There are 3 parts to the larval stages. At the first stage, the larva is short and plump. At the second stage, the larvae become longer and slenderer, and finally, at the third stage, the larvae are even longer and thinner. These three larval stages take about 4 to 7 days to develop.

At the fourth stage, the larvae develop into the pupa. The pupa is much larger than the larvae, and this stage can last for the longest period of time from 10 to 20 days. At the end of the pupa stage, the young adult fly emerges. The diagram clearly shows that the young adult is much smaller than the fully formed adult. This transition from young adult to the fully formed adult occurs after the 20-day period of development has been completed.

To sum up, the 2 to 4-week life cycle of the female fly has seven stages until its development has been completed.

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Butterfly Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the butterfly.

Complete Report The diagram shows the 12-month life cycle of the butterfly. The trend suggests that there are 5 stages of the life cycle of this insect, from an egg, leading to the development of a fully-grown adult butterfly.

At the first stage of this life cycle, an egg is laid on a milkwood leaf. 5 to 10 days later the egg is transformed into a larva. This is also called the caterpillar stage. The diagram shows significant changes in the development of the butterfly during this period of time.

At the 3-week mark, the larva is changed into the pupa. The larva moults about 5 or 6 times during these weeks. The pupa can also be referred to as a cocoon.

After stage three, the adult emerges from the pupa shedding it since it is no longer needed. For 2 to 3 weeks, the adult butterfly matures, and its life cycle will end after a period of 12 months. The butterfly increases in size quite a bit during these weeks, as is demonstrated in the diagram between stages 4 and 5.

Overall, the life cycle of the butterfly lasts for a period of 12 months and has five stages of development as seen in the diagram above.

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Salmon Life Cycle Sample The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish call the salmon.

Complete Report The diagram shows the complex nine-year life cycle of the salmon fish. The trend suggests that this life cycle has three main periods of approximated time, with salmon length measured in centimetres, from their birth to the end of their lives.

The life of the salmon begins in the upper river with its slow-moving water. The salmon eggs are laid amongst reeds and small stones, and this cycle takes approximately five to six months. The eggs then transform into salmon fry with a length of 3 to 8 cms.

These fry then go to the lower river with its fast-moving water. Here, at the second stage, the fry remains for approximately four years. From here the smolt, or slightly larger salmon, which are now 12 to 15 cms in length continues onto the open sea.

In the open sea, the immature salmon remain for approximately five years. During these five years, the salmon fish grow to a length of between 70 and 76 cms. After this, the salmon then return to where they were hatched in the upper river, with its slow-moving water, and the life cycle repeats itself again.

Overall, the diagram shows the nine-year life cycle of a salmon, from eggs to adult fish.

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Sea Turtle Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the sea turtle.

Complete Report The diagram shows the steps involved in the life cycle of the sea turtle. The trend suggests that there are several stages in this life cycle. It is quite a complex life cycle, with adults living for up to 50 years, showing a long nesting period, and an even longer incubation and hatching period.

The incubation and hatching period is shown in the first few steps. This process lasts for about 8 to 10 weeks. From here, the hatchlings forage the open ocean surface for food.

This period of maturation lasts for 5 to 20 years. After this, the developmental migration period occurs when the sea turtles are between the ages of 30 to 50 years old. Before the mating begins, the immature and adult sea turtles forage along the shallow waters of the coastal region. The males continue to forage and migrate to and from the mating areas, while the females remain in the mating area.

Once mating begins, the male and female turtles remain in the shallow water. When the mating has finished, the females then create a nesting area, and over a 2-week interval, the males migrate back and forth from the foraging area and the nesting area. The females also return to the foraging area during the nesting process, since the turtle's eggs must be incubated for many weeks by the female. After this, the hatchlings are born.

Overall, the life cycle of the sea turtles involves many steps, over a long lifespan, with different roles being done by the males and the females.

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Female Mosquito Life Cycle Sample The diagram below explains the life cycle of the female mosquito.

Complete Report The diagram shows the life cycle of the female mosquito. The trend suggests that the mosquito’s lifespan is 6 to 8 weeks and that each larval stage is bigger than the last, with moulting occurring between each stage all of which happen in water.

At week one, the eggs are produced. By the second week, the first larval stage has occurred, and the eggs have now formed into a bigger larval shape. During week three, the larval have reached the third stage, once again doubling in size, with increased development on the larvae’s tip and tail. The same size increase and development of the larvae can be seen in the fourth and fifth stages.

After week five, the larvae change into a pupa form with significant changes occurring to the mosquito’s development. By week six, the head and tail of the insect have formed, and once again the pupa is twice as large when compared to the previous stage. Weeks seven and eight show a fully formed female mosquito, after which the cycle repeats itself all over again.

Overall, the female mosquito has a lifetime of six to eight weeks, with seven stages in its life cycle.

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Fruit Fly Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the adult fruit fly.

Complete Report The diagram shows the life cycle of the adult fruit fly. The trend suggests that there are four main stages in the life of the fruit fly, with three periods of instar larval development, and the total life span of this fly is somewhere between 40 and 50 days.

The first step shows the embryo stage on day one of the fruit fly’s life cycle. The embryonic stage shows the larva at its smallest and toward the end of the first day the instar larva begins to develop more. Instar is the phase between the period of molting of the fruit fly and it occurs within three stages of larval development. After three days, the second larval stage has been completed and the third begins.

From two and a half to three days after the embryo stage, the third larval stage is complete, and the larva has now developed into a pupa with a noticeable eye, wing, and antennae development. Three and a half to four and a half days later the fruit fly has fully developed into an adult fly. The adult fly will live for up to 40 to 50 days.

Overall, the fruit fly has four main parts to its life cycle with three stages of instar development lasting for a life span of 40 to 50 days.

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Cicada Life Cycle Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the insect known as the cicada.

Complete Report The diagram shows the complex life cycle of an insect known as the cicada. The trend suggests that there are above ground and underground stages to the life of the cicada with the underground stage being more complex and much lengthier based on the stated time frame that is given in the diagram.

24 hours after emerging from the underground, the cicada will begin mating and oviposition which is the laying of eggs. The female lays the eggs in a groove on the tree and after a period of two months, the eggs will fall to the ground. After falling to the ground, the eggs then burrow themselves into it into the roots of the tree. During the nymphal stage, the cicadas feed on the tree roots for a period of four years. There are four instar stages while the cicadas are underground with two distinct cells, one being backfilled and the other being fed. This time underground can take as long as 17 years.

During the fifth instar, the cicada emerges from underground and begins a period of ecdysis which lasts for two months, from May to June. During this emergence, the cicadas shed their skin and after the mating and the laying of the eggs have been done 24 hours later the adult cicada with only live from five to six weeks.

Overall, there are two main parts to the life cycle of the cicada one that is aboveground and one that is underground.

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Ladybug Life Cycle Sample The diagrams below show the life cycle of a ladybug and its anatomy.

Complete Report The diagram illustrates the life cycle and anatomy of a ladybug. It is clearly seen that its life cycle consists of four main stages starting life as an egg and finally becoming an adult, while its anatomy has eight main parts.

The life cycle of a ladybug starts with an adult ladybug laying eggs on leaves. The egg stage is for two to five days, and the egg develops into a larva and remains in the larval stage for 21 days. From the larva, the pupa is formed, and this stage lasts for seven days.

This pupa then develops and matures into an adult ladybug.

As for the anatomy, a ladybug has eight main body parts. Its head has, not one, but two antennas, a pair of eyes and a protonum. The body of the adult ladybug is covered with red elytra and black spots. The wings and the abdomen lie under the red elytra. This adult ladybug has six legs with three of them on each of its sides.

Overall, the life cycle of the ladybug is characterized as having four stages and the anatomy of this insect is reported to have eight parts.

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Flea Life Cycle Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the flea.

Complete Report The diagram shows the life cycle of the flea otherwise known as the Ctenocephalides Felis in Latin. The trend suggests that there are four stages to the flea life cycle adult, egg, larvae, and pupae mad the each one of these stages lasts from 1 to 2 weeks except for the laying of the eggs.

The adult stage is the only visible stage and makes up only 5% of the total population.

The adult flea stays on the pet and a single female can produce thousands of eggs. Flea eggs are laid on a definitive host and then fall off into the environment as the animals move around. The eggs make up 50% of the population and hatch into larvae after 1 to 6 days.

The larvae feed on debris and flea feces in the environment. They develop into pupae after 5 to 11 days. Flea pupae have a sticky cocoon that makes them resistant to insecticides. Also, the larvae and pupae numbers represent about 45% of the population.

The adult flea may emerge in 7 to 14 days or the pupae can stay dormant for months until the conditions are right for hatching. The now-adult flea immediately searches for a new host after hatching.

To conclude, the diagram shows four stages in the life cycle of the flea, from egg to adult.

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Cockroach Life Cycle Diagram Sample The diagram below shows the life cycle of the cockroach.

Complete Report The diagram shows a cockroach’s life cycle. The trend suggests that there are two years to the life cycle of the cockroach, and during this cycle, each cockroach goes through four molts and eight stages from the egg sack to an adult insect.

In the first two stages, it can be seen that the sack produce ootheca which are cockroach eggs, and these eggs are white. From the egg stage, the cockroaches develop into white hatchings and they then molt, losing their outer shell, transforming into newborn nymphs by stage three. By stage four, the hatchings have molted a second time and are now light brown early-stage nymphs.

After a third molting, or loss of their outer shell, the nymphs are now at their mid-stage and soon after their late-stage. Their colour has changed a few times and the roaches have gone from light brown, to brown, to dark brown. Their shells have also thinned out and their legs and antenna have grown significantly. After a final molting process, the end-stage nymphs are adults and are ready for flight.

Overall, during the two-year life span of a cockroach is goes through eight stages and half as many molts.

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Flowcharts How to Write Reports with Flowcharts Flowcharts can seem difficult when they contain a lot of information. Here is some advice.

• Write 4 paragraphs – an introduction with the trend of the main points, 2 detail paragraphs and a conclusion.

• Before you start writing, identify the process, order, or sequence of the information. You must pay attention to the order of the steps or the stages of the process or flow in the information. This order becomes the key point of your description, without this the examiner will not be impressed.

• For your introduction and trend paragraph, paraphrase the question statement and the trend should identify how many steps are involved in the process. You should write exactly how many steps there are in the question information. Just write one sentence for the trend idea.

• In your two 'details' paragraphs, try to compare parts of the process, such as the differences between the steps. If you cannot compare steps, discuss each step itself but the examiner will want to see comparisons. Try to organize the information into 2 groups - one for the first half of the process or flowchart and the second paragraph will describe the rest of the information. If there are six steps then the first paragraph would discuss steps 1 to 3 and the second details paragraph would highlight steps 4 to 6.

• Describe the order of the steps or the process you have identified -include at least 4 or 5 details discussing the process in each of the two paragraphs.

• The use of the passive tense will be the best choice for these flowcharts. If you do this, your band score will be higher and in fact, the examiner will be looking for the use of the passive voice in your report answer.

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Writing Flowchart Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe step one and compare it to another part of the diagram.

2. Describe the next few steps and compare it to something else.

3. Describe another step that shows something new and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1.

2.

3.

4.

Describe the next step and compare it to another part of the diagram.

Describe a step that is the same and compare it to something else.

Describe a step that is different and compare it to something else.

Describe another step of the diagram and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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Gaining Work Experience Prior to Graduation Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows how gaining work experience prior to graduation helps university students to succeed in getting their first job.

Complete Report Gaining work experience prior to graduation helps university students to succeed in getting their first job. For this reason, some universities insist that all students must complete a Work Experience Requirement. The trend suggests that completing the following six stages will result in students gaining work experience before graduation from university.

The process begins with the Application stage. Students review an approved list of workplaces and submit applications to places where they would like to work. Next is the Approval stage. When students receive an acceptance letter, they give it to the professor for approval. The third stage, which is labelled as Schedule, requires a student to arrange their work schedule. The student should work at least 10 hours a week over 20 weeks.

Reports are next. The student must complete a Weekly Report Form and turn it into the professor every Friday.

The fifth stage, Evaluation, takes place during the final workweek. Students participate in an evaluation meeting with their work supervisor, who submits an Evaluation Form. The last stage requires that a student submit a Final Report before the last week of the spring semester.

By following these stages and subsequently submitting the final report, the student receives credit from the university.

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Production of Coloured Plastic Paper Clips Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows the production of coloured plastic paper clips in a small factory.

Complete Report There are four main stages in the production of plastic paper clips from this small factory.

The trend suggests that two of these stages involve actual preparation of the clips, while the other two consist of quality control before the clips are sent out from the factory to the retailers to be sold to the public.

To begin with, molten plastic is poured into three different moulds depending on the colour required. The colours are red, blue, and yellow. Once these clips emerge from the moulds a quality control machine checks them for strength. Unsatisfactory clips are rejected.

In the third stage in the process, the clips are stored by hand into two groups, mixed and single colours. When this stage is complete the groups are checked a second time to ensure that the colour mixtures are divided correctly into single colours and mixed colour batches.

Finally, the clips are packed and dispatched to the markets.

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Waste Paper Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows the process of how waste paper is recycled.

Complete Report The flowchart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct stages in this process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper.

At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks, where members of the public leave their used paper or directly from businesses.

This paper is then sorted by hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill.

Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking stage.

Finally, the pulp can be processed in a papermaking machine, which makes the end product as usable paper.

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Manufacturing Process Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows a manufacturing and feedback process from assembly to sales.

Complete Report The flowchart shows a complex manufacturing and feedback process from assembly to sales. It is clearly shown in this multi-stage flowchart that there are two main “flows” in the processing of these manufactured goods, the Manufacturing Process Line, and the Information Feedback Line.

On the Manufacturing Process Line, the raw materials and their components are identified at the first stage. From here the line continues onto the storage, production, and assembly stages. Next, come the inspection and testing stages. Here the products are examined for flaws or problems. Lastly, the goods are packaged, dispatched, and shipped to outlets for sales.

On the Information Feedback Line, the product flow begins at the product research stage.

From here it moves onto the design stage. At this stage, the two lines converge, and the design line moves to the planning stage. More information feedback comes to the design stage form the testing and sales stages, while the Information Feedback Line continues onto the advertising and packaging stages. Finally, the last stage in this line is market research.

To sum up, this multi-stage flowchart shows that there are two main flows for these manufactured goods.

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Glass Bottle Containers Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows how glass-bottle containers are produced and recycled.

Complete Report The diagram shows two types of processes involving glass. One shows how to produce glass containers, while the other one shows how to recycle glass containers. The trend suggests that both procedures involve multiple steps that must be done in this order to complete each of the tasks.

The first step in the glass production process is to mix the various materials together. The mixed products are sand, soda ash, limestone, and other chemicals. After that, all these mixed materials are melted together under a high temperature of approximately 1500 degrees Celsius. This is done so, in a glass furnace. The third step involves blowing molten glass into a glass container shape. Finally, each glass container is formed.

There are five steps that can be seen in the second process for glass recycling. The first step begins with the collection of used glass. The next step involves the sorting of all this glass according to their differences in colour. After the sorting step, the glass will be washed, and any impurities will be removed in order to purify the glass. Following this, the crushing and melting take place, with the end result being a newly formed glassmoulded product.

Overall, the diagram shows how glass is made and recycled in two different multi-stage processes.

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The Consequences of Deforestation Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows the consequence of deforestation.

Complete Report The flowchart shows what typically occurs as a consequence of deforestation. The trend suggests that when trees are removed, there are four main immediate effects, which eventually result in flooding, topsoil erosion, a loss of biodiversity and increased drought.

One effect of the clear-cutting of forests is soil which can be compacted by heavy equipment. The result hard, ‘baked’ soil contributes to the runoff of rainwater and, eventually, flooding. Another consequence of logging is a reduction in the number of roots holding the soil together. This leads to soil erosion. As a consequence, the quality and variety of vegetation can be compromised.

The third immediate effect is burning, both deliberate and accidental leading to an increased risk of forest fires. The waste that remains after logging is destroyed and the microorganisms that feed on this material are lost. This leads to degraded vegetation and less biodiversity. The final consequence is a reduction in the number of moisture plants returning to the air. Because there is less moisture in the air, there is less precipitation and an increased incidence of drought. This too reduces plant growth and ultimately results in degraded vegetation and a loss of biodiversity.

Overall, there are four main consequences of deforestation that have been shown in the flowchart.

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University Entry Flowchart Sample The flowchart shows the procedure for university entry for high school graduates.

Complete Report The flowchart shows the various steps that a high school student must follow to enter university. The trend suggests that there are three main steps, with several sub-steps, involved in this application process.

Once the students’ high school diploma has been obtained, they need to complete an application for university entrance. This can be downloaded from the university website, and the completed application should then be sent to the administration. Applicants will receive a reply within two weeks, either a provisional acceptance or a rejection acceptance. If a rejection is received, students can either cancel their application altogether or complete an application for an alternative course, sending it back to the administration office once it is complete, again.

A provisional acceptance means that more documentation is required. Applicants in this situation should complete the additional documentation, and then submit the application to the office. When acceptance is received, the applicant should complete the enrollment form and select which subjects they wish to undertake, followed by registering with the dean. When all of this is completed, the applicant may enter the university of their choosing.

Overall, the steps involved to gain access to university are quite straightforward, if they are done successfully in the order that they are given in the chart.

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How to Become a Medical Doctor Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows how to become a medical doctor.

Complete Report The flowchart shows the steps that are needed to become a medical doctor. The trend suggests that there are six steps to become a doctor, while if a candidate wishes to specialize, then there are seven steps.

If a university student wishes to become a doctor the first step is to complete a bachelor’s degree. Then that person would need to go to medical school. Both of these steps would take a minimum of eight years. When the bachelor’s degree and the medical school courses are complete, the candidate would then need to complete an internship program at a hospital that could take anywhere from three to seven years.

If specialization is wanted, then the candidate would need to complete a fellowship in their specific specialization for a period of one to three years, followed by passing the exams and receiving a licence. If no specialization is wanted, then the student needs to pass his or her licensing exams. The final step to becoming a doctor is to receive a medical licence.

The total time to become a doctor would be no less than about twelve years, to a maximum of about nineteen years if specialization is wanted.

Overall, this flowchart shows the steps and time that are needed to become a doctor with or without specialization.

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ACME Recruitment Process Flowchart Sample The flowchart below shows how the ACME Corporation recruits new employees.

Complete Report The flowchart shows the process of how the ACME Corporation hires new workers. The trend suggests that there are numerous steps in the recruitment process at the company based on whether or not the applicant meets, or does not meet, the basic qualifications to be hired and a period of probation.

First, the applicant must submit his or her application followed by their attendance at a qualifying interview. If the applicant meets the basic qualifications established by the Acme Corporation, then the recruit will be asked to take an aptitude test. If these qualifications are not met, then the recruit will not be employed.

Once the recruit has been employed for a six-month period of probation a six-month evaluation process will follow. If the recruit has failed this probation, their employment will end. After this year of probation and evaluation, the recruit is either recommended for a permanent position or rejected with no offer of employment.

Overall, the Acme Corporation has a rigorous recruitment process in place with many stages that need to be followed over the course of at least one year.

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Newspaper Production Flowchart Sample The diagram below shows the newspaper production process.

Complete Report The diagram shows a flowchart explaining the production process for a newspaper. The trend suggests that there are many complicated steps in the production of a newspaper involving advanced machinery, computers, laser-guided vehicles, and robots.

At the first stage, the newspaper is compiled by the journalists at the main headquarters and then the final version of the paper will be transmitted to the printing centre. At the centre, the pages arrive by facsimile and are converted into photographic film negatives.

At the fifth stage in this process, the printing plates are used in the printing presses.

At the next stage, laser-guided vehicles are programmed by a computer, used to collect reels of paper, and they remove any damaged paper from the reels. After the LGV’s have finished their jobs the reel is weighed, and it is then trimmed and prepared by robots.

Finally, the reel is either taken to the press or the storage area.

Overall, the production process of a newspaper involves many steps and is quite a complicated process involving several stages using technology.

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How Laundry is Handled Flowchart Sample The flowchart below explains how laundry is handled.

Complete Report The flowchart shows how a commercial laundry service works. There are eight main steps involved in the handling of laundry, and the number of steps depends on the type of laundry. The trend suggests the entire process is very similar for the two types of laundry.

The only step that is a bit different is the level of dryness of the laundered fabric.

After the laundry is collected from suppliers, it is separated into towels and linen. Each sort of laundry is loaded into laundry bags, which are then transported and loaded into a laundry machine. Following that, the washing cycle begins, and it takes two hours from the start to its finish.

After washing, the water is partially drained from the laundry by pressing all the items, and the next stage is where towels are left to completely dry, and linen is left to only partially dry. The half-wet linen is then ironed, but the towels are not ironed at all. The final step, in this laundry cycle, includes both towels and linen when they are transported to the folding machine for final processing.

Overall, the eight steps show that the laundering and handling of towels and linen are quite similar, except for the drying and ironing parts that are shown at the end of the chart.

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Maps How to Write Reports with Maps Map questions are rare in IELTS exams, but because there is a possibility that one may appear on the exam, you have to know how to answer them.

The key to understanding the map is to look at the legend. The legend shows what kinds of information are on a map: roads, railways, towns, mountains, and other elements.

In IELTS exams, there are two kinds of maps.

1. One that shows an area and requires a description. In this a single map is shown which contains information. You are required to identify different elements of the map in relation to different points on it. In some cases, the map will show development over a time period. The time part is important, and you will need to focus on the changes that have occurred over the period. If the map shows years, look for the biggest changes shown in the map, over the time period given, and describe the changes in your report.

2. One that compares an area, and you are required to identify similarities and differences. In these situations, there may be two maps. You must focus on big differences such as one has mountains, and the other does not. Avoid mentioning any small changes. You want to only mention the noticeable and important changes shown on the map.

Reminder: Only describe, summarise, and compare the features on the map. Do not write opinions. Task 1 reports do not need opinions.

• • •

•

Before you start writing look carefully at the map. Identify what kind of map it is.

Find the legend and look for examples of each of the legend items on the map.

Write 4 paragraphs – an introduction with the trend of main points, 2 detail paragraphs and a conclusion.

For your introduction and trend paragraph, you should notice in the question what is being asked. Is it a development plan? Is it a comparison plan? Try to compare the areas of the map, rather than just one area. Also, notice any of the biggest differences in each area and compare them to the other areas. If a legend is given, make a note of how the items listed in this legend are shown on the map. Try to write two sentences for the trend idea that explain the two sites on the map.

In your two 'details' paragraphs, never describe the changes based on time or something else, like an area separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons. Try to organize the information you noted into two groups, one for each paragraph, such as the biggest changes, the time differences or the differences in the areas shown. You can also write about the fewest changes noticed in the question in the second paragraph.

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• •

Describe and compare the information in the map noting changes based on time or other things and try to include at least 4 or 5 numbers in each of the two paragraphs.

Use the past simple for past years, and 'will' or 'is expected/predicted to' for future years. If no time is shown, use the present simple.

Writing Map Reports Introduction 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases the question statement.

2. Write a trend sentence with TWO parts.

Paragraph Two This paragraph must describe and compare the information in the FIRST part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the first main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe something that is very different and compare it to another part of the map.

2. Describe a part of the information that is similar and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that shows something that is new and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another part of the map and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Paragraph Three This paragraph must describe the information in the SECOND part of your trend. Write sentences that describe, compare, and summarise the information connected to the second main part of the trend sentence in the introduction. Do not write any opinions!

1. Describe something else and compare it to another part of the map.

2. Describe a part of the information that is the same and compare it to something else.

3. Describe a part of the information that is different and compare it to something else.

4. Describe another part of the map and compare it to something else and try to write about 6 or 7 sentences.

Conclusion 1. Write one sentence that paraphrases your ideas in the trend sentence from the introduction.

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New Supermarket Map Sample The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket is planned for the town.

The map shows two possible sites (S1 and S2) for the supermarket.

Complete Report The map shows two potential locations, labelled as S1 and S2, for a new supermarket in a town called Garlsdon. The trend suggests the main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relative to three smaller towns.

Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the northwest of Garlsdon, but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which surrounds the town centre.

There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a no-traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon.

Overall, the trend suggests that they are some main differences between the two sites mainly that S1 is not near the town and S2 is near downtown.

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Describing Changes Over Time Map Sample The map below shows the development of the Village of Chorleywood over a period of time. Describe the changes that have taken place in the village.

Complete Report The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994. It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway, or the motorway.

From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads.

Chorleywood Park and the Golf Course are now located next to this original village area.

The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.

The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.

Overall, it is clearly shown that this village grew, as its infrastructure improved.

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Hawaiian Island Chain Map Sample The diagram below gives information about the Hawaiian island chain in the centre of the Pacific Ocean.

Complete Report The Hawaiian island chain, in the centre of the Pacific Ocean, is approximately 2,700 km in length. The trend suggests that Hawaii is formed of volcanoes and the active ones are at the southeast tip of the archipelago, where the island of Hawaii itself is located.

It is believed that the chain began to form nearly 80 million years ago. Each island started to evolve after an eruption on the seafloor. First, a `hot spot' existed on the ocean bed, which let out a plume of material called magma. This magma may have originated as deep as 2,883km below the ocean bed. Next, further eruptions took place, which built up the volcano. Eventually, it emerged above the surface of the ocean.

Since that time, the spume of magma has remained static as the Pacific tectonic plate moves in a northwest direction across it at a speed of 7 to 9cm per year. As it moves, a volcano forms, as it passes over the hot spot and then becomes inactive when the hot spot has passed.

Overall, the diagram highlights the volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands and the position of each volcanic island.

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New Supermarket Map Sample The map below shows three proposed sites for a new supermarket (A, B and C) in the city of Pellington.

Complete Report There are three proposed sites in Pellington shown on the map where a new hypermarket may be built. The trend highlights the differences between these three areas.

Site A seems to have the largest residential area in the region with a traffic-free zone and a medium-sized park situated in the middle. Moreover, the industrial area in site A is the second largest, compared to the same areas in site B and C. Site A is not too far away from the airport. Site A may have an advantage over the other sites for a supermarket construction due to its close proximity to residential areas.

Next, is site B, which is on the east side of site A. Around 80% of site B is the countryside and the rest is for industries. There is a long and straight motorway, dividing sites A and B from the north to the south. Cite C has the second largest residential area in Pellington and there is an airport on its west side. Site A and C are separated by a long railway which is close to the traffic-free zone of site A. Overall, there are three proposed sites for the development of a new supermarket in Pellington.

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Characteristics of Districts Map Sample The map below shows different districts in the capital city of Cardiff, Wales. Based on the map provided identify the key characteristics in the three zones, A, B and C.

Complete Report The map of Cardiff, Wales shows three zones of this northern UK city. It is clear that the characteristics of all three zones are quite similar, with each one having their own major highways, green spaces, districts, stoplights, and local landmarks.

Zone A has two major highways. One of them is the A4119 near the district of Llandaff.

The A4119 turns into the A4054 in the north of Cardiff. The second, larger one, is the A48. In this zone, there is a small portion of the Llandaff Fields green space near Western Avenue, and there are a total of 4 stoplights. The major local landmarks in zone A are St. Michael’s College, the Llandaff Cathedral, and the supermarket Tesco in the Gabalfa district.

In Zone B there are three highways. The largest ones are the A48 and the A470, both of which connect to the Gabalfa Interchange on the borders of zone A and B. Compared to zones A and C, B has the smallest amount of green space with only a “sliver” of it near the Humanities Building. Near this building, there is also a stoplight. There is no district name in zone B, and only one major building being the University Hospital. Zone C has just one highway, the A4119. It also has the greenest space, two stoplights and the district of Pontcanna. It has the least number of landmarks.

Overall, all three zones on this map each have similar characteristics and features.

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Okanagan Lake Map Sample The maps below show the changes that have taken place in an area near Okanagan Lake in Kelowna, BC between 2000 and 2015.

Complete Report The two maps illustrate an area near Okanagan Lake in Kelowna, BC for a 15-year period of time between the years 2000 and 2015. The trend suggests that several changes have occurred in this area over the period of time that is shown, with more commercial and industrial buildings being built.

In 2000, there were several green spaces along the lakefront with very little industry and no train construction. The trees and the small building located in the park, near the pond in the north-west area of town, have been replaced by large apartments in the 2015 map.

The housing area in 2000 had only one apartment building, while 15 years later, three larger apartment buildings have been constructed showing the removal of a large green space, and in the southwest area, a supermarket has been added.

The most significant developments are among the northeast areas. Here there has been the addition of an airport, next to the school and the hospital, that both remain in their same locations 15 years later. The train station remains the same place as well; however, the rail track has been extended in 2015, and it now runs along the waterfront locations beside Okanagan Lake. Finally, in 2015, a car ferry has also been constructed just in front of the train station.

Overall, the 2015 map shows a significant amount of new construction compared to the one from 15 years before.

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Kamloops City Map Sample The map below shows the proposed development of a large chain supermarket in Kamloops BC. Of the three sites shown, please write a report as to which area would be best suited for such a development.

Complete Report The map shows three potential sites for the development of a supermarket, in Kamloops BC. The trend suggests that of the three sites shown, one site has a clear advantage over the other two sites, based on a number of categories.

Site A is located on the north side of the city, in the areas of the North Shore, North Kamloops, and Brocklehurst. Fortune Drive and 8th Street are the primary roads in these areas and based on the network of the road layout in these areas, it seems to be a largely populated site. Being true, Site A would be the best potential place for a planned supermarket development.

Site B and C would not be good sites for such a project. Site B, is in the city centre of Kamloops, on the south shore of the city, and as such, the possibility of an adequate location for a large-scale development may not be available. Site C seems to be in a less populated area with fewer residences, and in fact, is too far from the main populated areas. It is a suburb of Kamloops, as such an area for a supermarket development would be a bad plan.

Overall, Site A has the best potential for the planned proposal of a supermarket development.

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Canadian Town Map Sample The maps below show the changes in a Canadian town between 1948 and 2010.

Complete Report The maps depict the urban development in a Canadian town over a span of 62 years, between 1948 and 2010. The trend suggests that during this 62-year period of time there was a significant amount of redevelopment in the town, with the addition of several largescale commercial and public buildings.

In 1948, there was a petrol station and several factories located in the northeast corner of the map. 62 years later the petrol station was still there, but the factories had been replaced by a large complex of commercial buildings. To the southwest, there was a supermarket and a church, with a canal flowing between them. In 2010, the supermarket had been relocated into the middle of commercial buildings and the old supermarket site had more commercial buildings added. On the eastern side of the map, there were residential houses, which remain in the same location in 2010.

In 2010, two significant public building locations had been added. They were an airport in the north and a sports stadium in the south. The latter had replaced the location of the church which is no longer on the 2010 map. The canal remains in the same place 62 years later, with several residential houses having been removed from northeast of the supermarket in 1948. These homes no longer exist in the 2010 map. Interestingly, all roads remain in the same position on both maps.

Overall, there was a significant amount of redevelopment in the town over the 62-year period that is shown.

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Stokeford Map Sample The maps below show the village of Stokeford in 1930 and in 2010.

Complete Report The two maps show what happened in the village of Stokeford, over an 80-year period between of time between 1930 and 2010. The trend suggests that there were a lot of changes, 80 years later, compared to 1930, mostly with the extensive addition of housing in 2010.

In 1930, the map showed large areas for farming. These farmlands are no longer there 80 years later. Also, in 1930 there was a school, with some shops and a post office, nearby. The map also showed an area for housing and a large mansion with gardens all around it. In the northern part of the map, a bridge can be seen crossing over the Stoke River.

In 2010, the bridge still remains in the northeast corner of the map, but the residential areas have increased dramatically, with most of the area now supporting housing. The school has also increased in size, while the shops have now been replaced by housing.

The post office is still in the same location, and the large mansion has now been converted into a retirement home. All farmland has been taken over by housing developments.

Overall, the two maps show dramatic changes to the village of Stokeford over the 80 years that are shown.

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Village Changes Map Sample The map below shows the changes that have been made to this village from 1985 to 2015.

Complete Report The three maps show the changes that have been made to this village over a period of 30 years. The trend suggests that Westside Village has increased in size and has now in fact merged with the area known as the North Shore since the once Westside Island area has now become attached to the mainland.

In 1985, the first map shows the Island of Westside to the west, and the area known as the North Shore is to the east of this island. There is a single train track that routes through the North Shore area. No development is shown compared to 20 years later.

In 2005, a significant amount of developmental changes has occurred. Two bridges have been added, with the Westside Bridge to the north, and the Overlander Bridge to the south that connects to the North Shore. The island has increased in size and has been renamed Westside Village. A large road now cuts across the island connecting to either the Westside or Overlander Bridges. And a leisure complex, some housing, and a superstore have also been constructed.

In 2015, Westside Island and the North Shore are now connected by land. The inlet can no longer be seen. A new train line has been added, and a station, as well. Compared to 10 years before, the map shows even more development with the addition of a hotel, a business complex and apartment buildings. Westside Village is now called the Westside Suburbs.

Overall, the three maps show an increase in the original village size to a larger suburb with many new developments.

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Eastbrooke Map Sample The map below is of the town of Eastbrooke. A new school (S) is planned for the area.

The map shows two possible sites for the school.

Complete Report The map shows two proposed sites for a new school for the town of Eastbrooke and the surrounding area. The trend suggests that either place could be a potential school site.

The first site, which has been labelled as S1, is situated in the countryside, to the northeast of the town centre. It is just outside the main housing area of the town, and it is not far from the main road that links Barriere with Eastbrooke. It can be seen that this site would probably be in an ideal location for students coming from Barriere, which is only 5 kilometres away, and those who live on the east side of Eastbrooke. If there are students coming from Chase, which is 7 kilometres to the southwest, they would be able to reach the school by taking the main road that runs southwest of Eastbrooke.

The second site, which has been labelled as S2, is located in the town centre itself. There are advantages to this. First of all, Site 2 is practically halfway between for students coming from either Barriere or Chase. Moreover, it would presumably be relatively easy for students who live in the housing area around the town centre to reach the school.

However, because of the no-traffic zone in the town centre, no parent would be able to drive their child all the way to school. This may make travel arrangements difficult for some parents.

Overall, two sites are presented for the location of a school in Eastbrooke.

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Islip Map Sample The maps below show the centre of a small town called Islip as it is now and plans for its development.

Complete Report The maps show the current downtown area and future plans in a small town called Islip.

The trend suggests that the city centre will undergo quite a bit of change in development which requires a complete change to the layout of this town, from the countryside to the downtown area.

According to the current map of the town, the main area of the city is along the main downtown road, which is surrounded by shops, the countryside and to the south two main housing neighbourhoods. It can also be seen that there is a large park to the east of the housing areas, and a school in the southwest of the town which remains in the same location on both maps.

The layout of the planned development shows that a two-way ring road will be planned that surrounds the town, freeing up the downtown area for pedestrian use only, with the old main road being eliminated. The shops to the north of the old main road will be replaced by the development of a bus station, a shopping centre, and a car park. The countryside area will now have the northern section of the ring road passing through it.

To the south, a new housing area will be constructed, and the park will be reduced in size.

Two other housing neighbourhoods remain one to the near west, and one to the far south.

To conclude, the maps show the current town of Islip and some future developments that are planned.

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Development of a Small Fishing Village Map Sample The diagrams below show the development of a small fishing village and its surrounding area into a large European tourist resort.

Complete Report The two plans show how a small coastal village in Europe grew into a large tourist centre between 1974 and 2004. The trend suggests that over these thirty years the local population had increased dramatically from only 12,000 to 80,000 residents, swelling to a possible 130,000 people during the tourist season.

During this period, large numbers of high-rise hotels were built along the coastline on both sides of the original village. The harbour and coastal woodlands were replaced by a sandy beach and a golf course for the tourists. Similarly, the inland olive groves were replaced with fruit and vegetable farms for the tourist market.

The original village and those villages that are further inland on the hillsides were developed with more homes for locals and more shops for the tourist trade. Also, the main road leading from the hills to the coast has been built to cope with the increased traffic to the village.

In conclusion, not only the original village but also the whole surrounding area had been transformed into a well-populated tourist resort by 2004.

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Community Changes Map Sample The map below shows a community in 1995 and the changes that happened in 2018.

Complete Report The maps show the changes that happened to a local community from 1995 to 2018. It is clear that quite a few changes happened to this community over the twenty-three years that are shown.

In 1995, there was a large farmland area in the northwest corner of the map and 23 years later this area is now a golf course with tennis courts. The earlier map had no tennis courts. Instead, there was a forest park. There was a large neighbour to the west of the farmland with the main road running straight through this area. To the south, there was a hotel and shops near the beach with a large fish market and a small café. There was also a fishing port while was no longer there in 2018.

In 2018, the housing area in the north has increased in size with many new homes having been added. There is also a new road connecting the neighbourhood that is south of the larger housing area. The shops near the beach are now restaurants, and the hotel has doubled in size, and a car part has been added. The fish market is no longer there. It is now apartments. The café remains in the same location 23 years later, but the fishing port has been removed and can no longer be seen on the map.

Overall, the maps show that many changes have happened to this community over the past 23 years.

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Access to a City Hospital Map Sample The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

Complete Report The two maps show the way to get in and out of a city hospital for two different years, those being 2007 and 2010. The trend suggests that in the 2007 map there was a bus station to the north of City Road, while in the 2010 map the bus and parking areas have been relocated and two major roundabouts have been added.

In 2007, access to the hospital was made from the south on City Road then heading down Hospital Road through the bus station and onto the Ring Road that went around the hospital itself. The bus station had six stops and there was a car park located to the east of this with parking for staff and the public.

Three years later, in 2010, access to the hospital is still made from the south on City Road, but now a major roundabout has been added to this road and it connecting to the new bus station in the west. Hospital Road remains in the same location for access to the hospital on Ring Road, and another roundabout has been added to this road as well. The staff parking remains in the same location to the east of Hospital Road, but the bus station is no longer in the same position. Public parking has also been relocated to the east of Ring Road.

Overall, the two maps show some changes to the access of this hospital with the addition of two roundabouts and the relocation of the bus and parking areas.

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Grange Park Map Sample The plans show a public park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.

Complete Report The two maps show information about Grange Park in 1920 and its change over time up until the present day. The trend suggests that the park has drastically changed over the past 99 years and has started to offer people more options than they were used to having almost a century ago with the addition of a cafe and parking.

One change shows the transformation of the stage for musicians into an amphitheatre for concerts with the addition of much more seating. In 1920, four separate seating areas are shown with a few other places to sit placed around the park. The pond for water has been removed from the top right corner of the 1920 map and it has been turned into a children’s park with the addition of a new water feature in the bottom right corner of the current map.

The central fountain is not on the current map as it has been replaced by a larger more centralized rose garden with some seating. The number of rose gardens has now been reduced to only two instead of three which was seen in the 1920 map. A cafe has also been constructed and an underground parking area has been built. It is situated in the southeast area of the park. As for things that have remained unchanged during the time, it is noteworthy to mention that the two entrances are still situated at the north and south locations of both maps.

Overall, much change has occurred in this park over the hundred-year period of time that is shown.

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University Campus Map Sample The maps show improvements that have been made to a university campus between 2010 and the present day.

Complete Report The two maps show the development of a university campus over a span of 11 years, from 2010 to the present day. The trend suggests that the campus has been improved and extended, with much more student accommodation and facilities than previously shown.

On the current map, the number of student accommodation buildings has increased in size and number, and a dead-end access road has been added to the new building in the southeast. A previous accommodation block located to the south of the lake has been destroyed and is now replaced by a new building for students, which includes some shops and offices. In addition, the teaching facilities have been extended and the restaurant is longer on the map.

Also on the current map, the previous single teaching block has been changed into a block only for arts subjects and there is a new building for the sciences to the north of the campus, replacing the old university offices. The lawn and outside seating areas which were next to the lake have now been removed. The lake, however, has remained and is still in the middle of the campus, but with a less grassy area.

Overall, quite a few changes can be seen between the two campus maps.

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Town of Thompson Map Sample The maps below show the changes that have been made in the town of Thompson from 1950 to 2010.

Complete Report The two maps show the many changes that have happened in the town of Thompson over the past sixty years, starting in 1950, and ending in 2010. The trend suggests that the town has been completely redesigned with the addition of many different kinds of places to live and the complete removal of the train tracks and its housing accommodation for the train workers.

In 1950, the housing consisted mainly of row housing which was on Johnson Avenue and there were just under 30 homes on this street. In the north, there was a mill and an empty sand field. To the east of Johnson Ave, there was more housing with just under 20 homes along Lucas Street and two main grassy areas. At the southern end of the same street, there was a shop, a cafeteria, and a coffee house. And in the south, there was a train line with workers’ accommodation and some unusable land like the sand field in the north.

In 2010, the train and the row housing are gone and has been replaced by three large apartment buildings with several units and the mill has also been replaced by three very large mansions referred to as the Lucas Mansions just like the road that still remains to the south. All of the housing along Lucas Street is gone and so is the train line it the housing for workers. All of this has been replaced by a large new park called Thompson Park. There is a children’s playground and a pond with fish in the park, too. And three shops are now along a newly created street called New Connect Alley and the cafeteria, and the coffee shop have taken over the former sandpit area.

Overall, the maps clearly show a lot of the changes that have been undertaken in this town.

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Airport Current and Future Look Map Sample The plans below show the site of an airport now and how it will look after redevelopment next year.

Complete Report The map shows the plans for the renovation in the next year of Southwest Airport. The trend suggests that the number of gates is planned to be greatly expanded and there will be a variety of customer-facing facilities added including shops, a car rental office, and an ATM banking machine.

The location of the departure and arrival entrances will remain the same but there are plans to install additional doors. There is currently a single check-in and cafe when entering the airport, and the future plan is to move the check-in from the left to the right side of the departure space in order to make room for a bag drop area and a relocation of the café. The arrival section will then have a café, ATM, and car hire that will require an expansion of the size of the building.

Security, passport control, and customs will be unchanged, however, the future floor plan shows shops immediately upon exiting the security section for departures. The largest proposed changes are taking place by replacing the existing walkway with a long sky train track and the construction of a Y-shaped corridor that will enable air travellers to reach more than twice the number of gates that are there now. The number of gates will be increased to 18 after the renovations are completed.

Overall, extensive changes have been proposed for the footprint of this airport.

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