17 Points of Disagreement: 60 Years of China's Failed Policies in Tibet (TIBETAN)

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1b. Tsering Shakya, ‘Dragon in the Land of Snows’, 1999.

1c. “The Tibetans have every moral right to their independence for which they have fought successfully in the past, and we are committed to support them in maintaining it.” (UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office to

Chongqing, June 1942) 1d. On 30 March 2011, Court No. 2 of Spain’s National High Court, the Audiencia Nacional, acknowledged Tibet is an occupied state under international law.

1e. Radio Lhasa broadcast, 1 October 1960.

1f. Tibet Justice Centre.

3] z®m-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-ÆÛh-hzP.ü M-mG-GÛ-hzP-º²Ûm-q-Èà-TÛm-fô-mÅ-zÁh-hômü D-ƒ¾z¼-ºfz-¯ôh-hP-M¾-Dz-lôG-¯-GTÛG-zOÛ¾-»ôPÅ-fz Å-ÅÞ-P-±ôÅ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-¯ÛG-mÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-GmÅÇ+zÅ-ˆÛ-zhï-ºWGÅ-hï-Mãm-GmÅ-ˆÛ-zhï-ºWGÅ-ÅÞ-GbôP -hGôÅü(3a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü ¾ô- 60 XïÅ-ÅÞ-»P-M-GŸÝPGÛÅ-zôh-mP-iG-qôºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-¾-dïm-mÅ-z®m-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ -ÆÛh-hzP-BôP-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-¼ïhü zôh-mP-xÛ-¾ô2008 mÅ-z¸ÞP-M-Vï-zºÛ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Pô-Lô¾-‚Å-»ôh-¾ü h-¿eºÛ-ºV¼-Í-¤hô-Q-zºÛ-mP-ŸÛ-zºÛ-¾Å-ºGݾ-Çtï¾zŸÛm-»ôh-q-¼ïhü h-¿e-zôh-mP-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-IPÅ824 ®¤-»ôh-q-¼ïhü(3b) M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-M¾-mP-GÛzhï-ºWGÅ-ÆâP-BôzÅ-Vïh-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-xÛºÛ-z hï-ºWGÅ-¾Å-¤P-z-GbôP-zŸÛm-»ôh-q-¤-¸hü(3c) xÛ¾ô-2008 ¾ô¼-zôh-¤Û-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-hP-z;G-Z¼ -‚Å-q-zTÅ-ˆÛ-Ç+ô¼-JÀïP-JÀôP-¯-z-mÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤ïh-q¼ïhü(3d) ±ï-ÆôG-hï-hG-w¾-Vï-z-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-¾G-mÅ-Áô ¼-z-¼ïhü hqï¼-mü xÛ-¾ô-2006 ¾ô¼-z®ßm-¤-Ç+¾z¸P-Gm¤-¤±ô-M-GŸÝP-GÛ-¤fº-ÆâP-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-¤ï-¤hº -zMz-mÅ-GÅh-q-¼ïhü(3e)

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2a. Liu Yandong, China Tibetan Culture Forum, October 2006.

2b. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China 2c. China White Paper 28 September 2009.

2d. Delaney, Cusack and van Walt van Praag, ‘The Case Concerning Tibet’, 1998.

2e. Ibid 2f. International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Jampa, the Story of Racism in Tibet’, 2001, page 24.

3a. Hu Jintao, 9 March 2009.

3b. US State Department Report on Human Rights 2010.

3c. In 2010 public security spending was RMB 549bn ($84bn) and

His Holiness the Dalai Lama

¯çz-hP-VïÅ-¤Þm-mG-GÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-»Ûm-q-hï-M-mG-hP¤Z¤-hÝ-ºƒï¾-hGôÅ-q-zÁh-»ôhü(2f) ºôm-ˆP-hqº-P¼ -hP-„Àô-ÇeôzÅ-¿km-qºÛ-zôh-¤Û-±ôÅ-M-¤Û-hP-¤Z¤-zÆï‚Å-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-M¾-Dz-¯-¤ïh-GbôP-f zÅ-ˆÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-Çtï¾-hP-Çtï¾-¤ÞÅ-¼ïhü

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6] zôh-ˆÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-¯-¤ïh-z¸ô-zü M-mG-GÛ-¯-FÛ¤Å-mP-Gžü ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-DG-±P-¤¼-¼PZÛh-ˆÛ-Ç+h-hP-»Û-Gï-uôh-q-hP-GôP-hÝ-Çtï¾-qºÛ-¼P-hzP-»ô Tibetan students protest for language rights. Radio Free Asia.

1] z®m-º²â¾-»Ûm-q-¾Å-ŸÛ-zºÛ-zTÛPÅ-z=ô¾-¤Ûmü M-mG-GÛ-hzP-º²Ûm-q-Èà-TÛm-fô-mÅ-zÁh-hômü zôh-¾-ŸÛzºÛ-zTÛPÅ-z=ô¾-zbP-z-mÛ-M-mG-GÛ-hïP-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅmP-‚Å-XïÅ-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-hP.ü zôh-mP-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-MãºÛMãh-¼Û¤-mP-¾ô-MãÅ-¿km-qºÛ-D-xôGÅ-ŸÛG-¼ïhü(1a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-Áôh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-ŸÛ-zºÛzTÛPÅ-ºIô¾-ŸïÅ-q-hï-hôm-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-¾-xÛ-1949 mźGô-z®ßGÅ-qºÛ-iG-qôôºÛ-z®m-º²â¾-ŸÛG-¼ïhü xÛ-¾ô1950 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 7 ZÛm-zTÛPÅ-z=ô¾-h¤G-¤Û40000 ®¤-ºƒÛ-±ß-zL¾-mÅ-zôh-hzÞÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀïzÅ-mÅVïÅ-ZÝP-zºÛ-zôh-h¤G-n¤Å-w¤-ZïÅ-ÅÞ-zbP.ü(1b) hïºÛXïÅ-ÅÞ-xÛ-¾ô- 1951 (1c) mÅ-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-qºÛ-M¾Dz-hï-z®m-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-M¾-Dz-ŸÛG-bàà-zNå¼ü(1d) M-h¤G-GÛÅ-z®m-Gmôm-Wï-Vï¼-zbP-mÅ-ü xÛ-¾ô1959 ¾ô¼-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-ż-zôh-¤ÛÅ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-ÇKï¼-¾P‚Å-q-hP.ü hï¼-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-iG-Lô¾-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-‚ÅÇezÅ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-M-G¼-¾-z®m-‚ô¾-¾-¤-wïzÅ-¤fÞ-¤ï h-‚ãP-q-¼ïhü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-zÁh-Gž-¾-¿e¼-mü xÛ-¾ô1959 ŸÛ-zºÛ-ÇKï¼-¾P-Ç+zÅ-zôh-¤Û- 87000 ®¤-h¤ ¼-GÅôh-zbP-z-z;ôh-ºhÝG (1e) xÛ-¾ô-1989 ¾ô¼-MGŸÝP-GÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-ż-iG-qôºÛ-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GÛ-hzP-z Nå¼-‚Å-mÅ-zôh-mP-M-h¤G-IPÅ-- 150000 mÅ500000 ®¤-zŸG-q-¼ïhü

defence spending RMB 533.4bn, Reuters, 5 March 2011.

3d. Human Rights Watch, ‘I Saw it With My Own Eyes’, 2010.

3e. The Guardian, 30 October 2006.

4a. Padma Choling, 28 March 2011.

4b. Xinhua 25 January 2010.

4c. A M Fischer, ‘Perversities of Extreme Dependence and Unequal

Growth in the TAR’, 2007.

5a. Zhang Qingli, 19 March 2008; Jampa Phuntsog, 20 June 2007.

5b. Zhang Qingli, 19 March 2008.

5c. Wen Jiabao, quoted by the BBC, 18 March 2008 5d. The Independent, 20 May 1996.

h-q-hP.ü ±P-¤¼-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-»Þ¾-Æô¾-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-Z¼ºWôG-G¤-zNå¼-zTôÅ-GP-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¼P-hzP-»ôhü(6a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü hGï-Lm-±ï-¼ÛP-lô-Xï-¾GÅ-ˆÛGÅÞPÅ-Gžü M-Ç+h-¤-¢P-mÅ-zôh-»ÛG-Dô-m-¢P-¤Dmn¤Å-¾-¾Å-;ºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-VïÅ-ZÝP-ÁÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-q-¤¸hü DôP-±ô¼-¤fô-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-¾Å-;-»P-¼G-GÛ-¤ïh-q¼ïhü(6b) xÛ-¾ô-2008 mÅ-z¸ÞP-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-mPM-Ç+h-Dô-m-¾Å-zôh-»ÛG-¯-¤ïh-z¸ô-MãºÛ-ÆÛ-WâÅ-Çtï¾-zŸÛm»ôh-q-¼ïhü(6c) xÛ-¾ô-2010 ¹-10 mP-Í-¤hô-DÞ¾-HÛÇÀôz-FâG-FÛ-¿ËG-®¤-HÛÅ-M-GŸÝP-mÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-M-Ç+hfôG-ÇÀôz-FÛh-‚ïh-MãºÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-Çtï¾-z¼-Pô-Lô¾-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm‚Å-q-¼ïhü hï-¿e-zÞºÛ-ÆÛh-‚ãÅ-Çtï¾-mÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç+h-hP-»ÛGï-¤ïh-q-z¸ô-fzÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-ˆP.ü zôh-mP-zôh-¤Û-±ôÅzôh-»ÛG-¾-hô-ÇoP-‚ïh-¤Dm-Wï-¤P-hÝ-ºIô-zŸÛm-»ôh-q-¼ïhü

8] ¤m¼-GTôh-mÛ-zTÛPÅ-ºIô¾-¤-¼ïhü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü zôh-¾-ŸÛ-zºÛ-zTÛPÅ-º-Iô¾-¤zbP-mü zôh-¤Û-h¤PÅ-hP-¤m¼-GTôh-ºôG-»ôh-qºÛ-¤Û-¼Û GÅ-±ôÅ-bP-=âP-h‚P-GÛ-»P-hG-qºÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-hï-ÁïÅ-ˆÛ-¤¼ïhü(8a) hPôÅ-»ôG-GmÅ-ÇePÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-hï-bÑ-ºÛ-¼Þ-±ôGÅhP-ŸÛP-ƒm-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-mÅ-zTÛPÅ-z=ô¾-zbP-z-»Ûm-ŸïÅÁôh-zŸÛm-»ôh-q-¼ïhü(8b) ºôm-ˆP-xÛ-¾ô-2009 ¹3 qºÛ-mP-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-M-mG-hzP-º²Ûm-qÅ-zôh¤Û-n¤Å-¾-ÇkÝG-¢ôP-±h-¤ïh-zbP-Çeï-zôh-hï-¤Û-»Þ¾-hÝ-h¥¾ -z-zŸÛm-z¸ôÅ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-z;º-ÇÀôz-GmPÅ-»ôhü(8c) hômh¤-hÝ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-Áôh-zŸÛm-q-hï-mÛ-M-Bïh-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-qÅÅô-ÅôÅ-z®m-º²â¾-‚Å-q-hï-iP-zhïm-hÝ-¤Pôm-Vïh-ˆÛ-‚uôh-ŸÛG-¼ïhü(8d) M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-z®m-º²â¾-¤-‚Å-GôP-zô h-mP-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-¾ïGÅ-zTôÅ-GmP-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-q¼ïhü xÛ-¾ô-2009 ¾ô¼-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-[ƒm-G»ôG-zTôPźIô¾-HÛ-ZÛm-¤ôü]ŸïÅ-q-im-GÅô-‚ïh-ÇKô-z®ßGÅ-q-hïÅ-Dô-q±ôÅ-zôh-mP-¤-ºôPÅ-ºV¼-GŸÛ-Wô-»ôh-Gž-qô¼-zbôm-q-¼ï hü ºôm-ˆP-z®m-‚ô¾-mP-GÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mÛ-¤P-G®ôºÛ¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-±h-¿km-ŸÛG-bà-Hã¼-»ôh-q-¼ïhü(8e)

Chinese propoganda at Dzong Monastery, Gyantse, Tibet.

(6e)

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7] z®m-º²â¾-ºôG-GÝP-ÅïP-»ôP-¤Û-ÆÛhü

6a. See http://english.people.com.cn/ constitution/constitution.html 6b. Free Tibet, ‘Forked Tongue: Tibetan language under attack’, 21 February 2008 6c. Woeser’s Blog, ‘When Tibetan Students fight for the Tibetan language’, 4 November 2010, translated by Hugh Peaks Pure

10] º²¤-JÀÛP-GÛ-Çoï-GÅÞ¤-q¼-h;º-½‰ôGü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü zôh-D-fôG-ˆÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz‚ïh-Mã-mÛ-¤fº-¤±¤Å-ˆÛ-zhï-ºWGÅ-hP-ü ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-z dm-¿ËïP.hP.ü hq¾-º‚ô¼-»¼-MÅ-Vïh-G¾-Gmh-Vïm-qô»Ûmü(10a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü ¤fô-ÇKP-GÛ-zôh-mP-Vß-hP-EG¼ô¤-¤P-qô-»ôh-ÇezÅ-±m-¼ÛG-qÅ-hï¼-º²¤-JÀÛP-GÛ-Çoï-GÅÞ ¤-q-ŸïÅ-ºzôh-ˆÛm-»ôh-q-¼ïhü ºôm-ˆP-M-GŸÝP-GÛ-‚uôh-¾-dïm-mÅ-EG-¼ô¤-ŸÝ¼-bï-Íï-ÁÛ-»ºÛ-mP-zôh-ˆÛ-MãGÅVß¼-dïm-¤Dm-HÛÛ-¤Û-ºzô¼-fï¼-ºzÞ¤-GTÛG-¿ËG-GÛ-º±ôfzÅ-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-¤ÞÅ-¼ïhü(10b) M-h¤¼HÛÅ-zôh-¾-z®m-º²â¾-‚Å-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-zôh-mP-ÁÛP-mGÅGTôh-iïG-hP.ü ¤Þ-Gïü hï-zŸÛm-±h-¤ïh-qºÛ-Gbï¼-D-QôG -mÅ-uÛºÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-±z-Vïm-zbP-»ôh-q¼ïhü(10c) M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-MãGÅ-Vß-¤P-qô¼-Vß-¼G Å-MG-zŸÛm-q-hïÅ-Å-h¤º-ż-Çkôh-¤Dm-HÛ-¤Û-h¤PÅ-¾Vß-¤ïh-q-z¸ô-zŸÛm-»ôh-m-»P.ü hïºÛ-Mã-Aïm-mÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-ºƒô G-q-n¤Å-¼ïh-TïÅ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¤-ZïÅ-D-G»ôG-‚ïh-ˆÛ»ôhü

11] M-h¤¼-HÛ-¤Û-Åï¼-Çtï¾-»Þ¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü M-Vï-zºÛ-mÝz-xôGÅ-º²âGÅzCæm-¾G-¾ïm-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-»¼-MÅ-hP-¤ÛºÛ-mÝÅ -ÁÝGÅ-GôP-ºwï¾-Wï-Vï¼-ºIô-»Û-¼ïhü(11a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü xÛ-¾ô-1980 ®¤-mÅ-zôh-mP-M¼ÛGÅ-¾Å-¤Û-»ôPÅ-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïhü xÛ-¾ô-2000 ¾ô ºÛ-¤Û-ºzô¼-ŸÛz-GÁï¼-¾-GŸÛGÅ-mü zôh-¤fô-ÇKP-¾-¤Ûºzôh-Å-»-zTß-»ôh-qºÛ-mP-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-Å-»-¿S-®¤-¾Å-¤ïhTÛP-¿ËG-¤-±P-¤-M-¼ÛGÅ-»Ûm-q-¼ïhü(11b) M-¼ÛGźGô-FÛh-q-GTÛG-GÛÅ-xÛ-¾ô-2002 ¾ô¼-Gż-ºGôh-q-ŸÛG¾-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zôh-mP-M-¼ÛGÅ-GP-¤P-ÇÀïzÅ-fzÅ-ˆïhˆÛ-»ôh-q-¼ïh-TïÅ-hP.ü hïºÛ-Mã-¤±m-mÛ-zdm-¿ËÛP-hP-hq ¾-º‚ô¼-»¼-MÅ-»Ûm-±ß¾-zXôh-»ôh-ºhÝG(11c) hï¼dïm-zôh-¤Û-h¤PÅ-¾-h‚ï-º‚ïh-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-‚ïh-zŸÛm-ºhÝG

12] zôh-ˆÛ-ºƒôG-q-n¤Å-ºƒôG-Å-mÅ-xÛ¼-ºzÞhqü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-ŸÛP-¾Å-„Àôm-VïmGŸôm-qÅ-xÛ-¾ô-1998 ¾ô¼-zÁh-hômü zM-yG-ºhÛ-¤-µô GÅ-GôP-¾-ºƒôG-q-±P-¤-¤ïh-q-VGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïhü(12a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-±ß¾ü zôh-ˆÛ-¤fô-ÇKP-¾-ºƒôG-q-Å-»GZÛÅ-¿ËG-®¤-»ôh-¾ü DôP-±ô-mÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-V-ÁÅ -G¾-Vïm-VGÅ-ˆÛ-»ôhü(12b) ºôm-ˆP-M-h¤¼-HÛÅz®m-º²â¾-‚Å-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-¼Þ-DG-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-ŸÛP-¾Å-ˆÛ-ÆÛh -‚ãÅ-ºôG-ºƒôG-q-n¤Å-VïÅ-XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-¿e-zÞ¼-¯ÛÅ-q-

Monks protesting at Labrang Monastery 2008

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¾-»P-M-GŸÝP-GÛ-VôG-ºVm-hGôÅ-qºÛ-z;º-zbP-»ôh-q¼ïhü(9d)

Earth.

6d. BBC report, 20 October 2010.

6e. Tsering Shakya, ‘The Politics of Language’, December 2007.

7a. Padma Choling, 16 January 2011.

7b. Zhang Qingli, 7 March 2011.

7c. The Independent, 3 November 2010.

8a. Interview for “China’s Tibet”, 7

May 2011.

8b. Blog post, James Reynolds BBC, 19 January 2009.

8c. The Times, 10 March 2009.

8d. Lhadon Tethong, ‘China’s favorite propaganda on Tibet...and Why it’s Wrong’.

8e. Tsering Shakya, ‘Tibet and China: the past in the present’, 2009.

9a. Qin Yizhi, Lhasa Party Secretary, 28 March 2011.

9b. Tibetan Government in Exile.

9c. International Campaign for Tibet, 22 April 2011.

9d. Padma Choling, quoted by Reuters, 7 March 2011.

10a. State Council Meeting chaired

by Wen Jiabao, 30 March 2011.

10b. International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Tracking the Steel Dragon’, 2008 pg 231.

10c. Tibetan government-in-exile Environment Report 2008.

11a. Li Dezhu State Ethnic Affairs Commission, in Qiu Shi, 1 June 2000.

11b. See http://chinadataonline.org.

The 2010 census, available soon, is intended to count the floating migrant population.

11c. New York Times, 8 August 2002.

12a. Qin Jingfa, Vice Minister or Agriculture, quoted in Xinhua 18 March 1998.

12b. Gabriel Lafitte, ‘Eight Chinese Myths about Tibetan Nomads’, 2011.

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13] zôh-mP-¤ï-ºDô¼-¿UGÅ-¾¤ü M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü zôh-mP-xÛ-¾ô-2010 ¾ô¼-¤hPÞ¾-fï¼-ºzÞ¤-16 zŸG-»ôh-q-hï-mÛ-ÇS-¾ô-¾Å-zM-V-46 GÛ-¤P-z-»Ûm-¾-hï-mÛ-Gm¤-fP-hP.ü GŸÝP-¾¤-ÅôGňÛ-Vïh-¼Þ-»Ûmü P-±ôÅ-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-G®ô-zô-hï-hq-º‚ô-»¼MÅ-GbôP-Mã-hï-»Ûm-m-»P-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-zdm-¿ËÛP-hï-G¾Vïü(13a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅ.ü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-zôh-mP-GbôP-MãºÛ-¤hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-Vïm-»Ûm-»P.ü hï-hG-mÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-»¼-MÅ-Vï h-¤-»Ûm-¾-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-¾-wm-q-ZÝP-PÞ-¾Å-¤ïhü ¤hPÞ¾-wôm-Vïh-ŸÛG-Gô¼-¤ô-mÅ-¿Ë-Å-z¼-HÛ-¤ï-ºDô¼-¿UGž¤-¾-zbP-mÅ-xÛ-¾ô-2006 ¾ô¼-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-q¼ïhü ºôm-ˆP-hï-Mãh-zôh-mP-¾-M-¼ÛGÅ-wôm-Vïm-ÇÀïzÅ-»ô h-q-¤-¸hü hï-Mãh-zôh-mP-M-h¤G-F¾-hÝ-»ôP-fÞz-q-hPzôh-ˆÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Gbï¼-D-QôG-mÅ-M-mG-bà-hzô¼-ºiïm-‚ïh-q -zTÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-¼ïhü(13b)

14] zôh-ˆÛ-Vß-¤²ôh-¾-zbP-º²Ûm.ü

17] ¤ï-¤hºÛ-D-ºôG-bà-BÛh-qô-»ôP-ÆÛh-h¤ü

12c. Padma Choling, 16 January 2011.

12d. Oliver W Frauenfeld and Tingjun Zhang, ‘Is Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau Driven by Land Use/Cover Change?’ 2005.

12e. Feng Yongfeng, ‘The Tibetan

Plateau: the plight of ecological migrants’, 2008.

13a. Padma Choling, 28 March 2011 and Zhang Qingli, 6 March 2011.

13b. International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Tracking the Steel Dragon’, 2008.

Nomad on the grasslands of Tibet.

M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü uÛ¼-zôh-mP-Vß-¤P-qô-»ôh-ˆP-hïhG-zïh-uôh-ÇeP-GÛÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-»¼-MÅ-¾-wm-mÝ Å-hï-®¤-¤ïh-q-VGÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-¼ïhü =P-VÛ-¾ÛP-GÛÅ-zôhˆÛ-Vß-hï-hG-zïh-uôh-Vïh-¾Å-GŸÛ-PïÅ-zdm-²-iG-PP-Çtï¾hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-»ôhü(14a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü zôh-mP-GÛ-¾Å-GŸÛ-GŸm-¿e¼zôh-ˆÛ-MãGÅ-Vß¼-¼GÅ-MG-MãºÛ-Ç+ô¼-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-¾-zŤ±ß¾-zbôm-MãºÛ-fôz-fP-¤ïhü º²¤-JÀÛP-mP-Vß-¼GÅ-¤ïhqºÛ-MãGÅ-Vß-Vï-ÁôÅ-»¼->ÀâP-G®P-qô-zôh-ˆÛ-mP-»ôh-q-¼ïh ü ºôm-ˆP-xÛ-¾ô-2010 ¾ô¼-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-»¼->ÀâP-G®PqôºÛ-fôG-Vß-¼GÅ-¿S-®¤-MG-ºV¼-zbôm-q-¼ïhü(14b) ¾Å-GŸÛ-hï-hG-GÛ-Aôm-mÛ-Vß-ÁÝGÅ-VßP-hÝ-ºIô-z-hP.ü (14c) Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-Bômü(14d) hï-zŸÛm-hïºÛ-Zﺃ¤-HÛ-¼Û-hÐGÅ-Åï¤Å-Tm-¤ïh-q-VGÅ-MãºÛ-Zïm-D-zTżïhü(14e) 14a. Zhang Qingli, 28 March 2011.

14b. The Guardian, 24 May 2010.

14c. Ibid.

14d. Geologist Yang Yong quoted by South China Morning Post, 1 May 2010.

14e. Conservation International.

15a. Padma Choling, 16 January 2011 and 28 March 2011.

15b. International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Health and Health Care in Tibet’, 2010.

15c. International Campaign for Tibet, 4 April 2011.

M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-zÁh-hômü M-GŸÝP-GÛ-z½‰m-ºyÛm-mPxÛ-¾ô-2010 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å-mÛ-¤Û-Åï¤Å-q-BÛh-ÁôÅ-ˆÛ-IôPEï¼-»Ûm-qºÛ-G¸ïPÅ-dGÅ-fôz-q-»Ûm-Ç+ô¼-zÁh»ôhü(17a) hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅü GôP-hÝ-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-GPzÁh-q-hï¼-zôh-ˆÛ-¯ô¤-q-qô-ºôh-¸ï¼-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-¾m-º hÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-GmP-ºhÝGú Å-V-GP-hÝ-ºIô-z-hP-hÝÅm¤-»Ûm-¼ÞP-¤ï-¤hºÛ-XïÅ-hïh-‚Å-m-BÛh-qô-GP-mÅ-»ô P-ÆÛh-h¤ü ¿Ë-źÛ-¤Û-h¤PÅ-±ôÅ-hÝÅ-»Þm-fÞP-PÞºhÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-¾-xÛ-¾ô-2008 ˆÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-»ôh-±h-zXï h-mÅ-Pô-GhôP-¾-Gh-¤ô-Áô¼-ÆÛh-h¤ü G¾-ÆÛh-DôP±ô-M-mG-GÛ-IôP-Eï¼-GŸm-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-¤Û-¾Å-BÛh-q-»ô h-mü DôP-±ô-Fô¤Å-hˆÛ¾-¾-fôm-mÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-‚ïhÆÛh-h¤üü(17b) üü

16a. China White Paper, 25 September 2008 & Notice on Shigatse High School Website, April 2010.

16b. Bhuchung D Sonam, ‘Banned Lyrics, Reactionary Songs’, 2010.

16c. International Campaign for Tibet,

‘A Raging Storm‘, 2010.

17a. Woeser’s blog ‘Happiness under Gunpoint’ translated by High Peaks Pure Earth, 14 February 2011.

17b. Ibid.

w w w. c h i n a s f a i l e d t i b e t p o l i c i e s . o r g

Sources and Notes 1a. Hu Jintao, Lhasa 19 July 2001. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/16/content_10205324.htm 1b. Tsering Shakya, ‘Dragon in the Land of Snows’, 1999.

1c. "The Tibetans have every moral right to their independence for which they have fought successfully in the past, and we are committed to support them in maintaining it." (UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office to Chongqing, June 1942) http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/sovereignty/independent/a/index.html 1d. On 30 March 2011, Court No. 2 of Spain’s National High Court, the Audiencia Nacional, acknowledged Tibet is an occupied state under international law. http://www.europapress.es/epsocial/noticia-comite-apoyo-tibet-recurrira-cuanto-antes-ts-archivo-causa-represion-china-jjoo20110311131513.html.

1e. Radio Lhasa broadcast, 1 October 1960.

1f. Tibet Justice Center. http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/sovereignty/entitled/c/index.html 2a. Liu Yandong, first China Tibetan Culture Forum October 2006. http://en.tibetmagazine.net/zztj/200803/t20080312_51726.htm 2b. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China 2c. China White Paper 28 September 2009. http://www.globaltimes.cn/www/english/truexinjiang/ethnic/policies/2009-09/472794.html 2d. Delaney, Cusack and van Walt van Praag, ‘The Case Concerning Tibet’, 1998 http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/sovereignty/index.html 2e. Ibid 2f. International Campaign for Tibet, ‘Jampa, the Story of Racism in Tibet’, 2001, page 24, http://www.savetibet.org/documents/reports/jampa-thestory-racism-tibet 3a. Hu Jintao, 9 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7933520.stm 3b. US State Department Report on Human Rights 2010 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154382.htm#tibet 3c. In 2010 public security spending was RMB 549bn ($84bn) and defence spending RMB 533.4bn, Reuters, 5 March 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/05/us-china-unrest-idUKTRE7222RA20110305 3d. Human Rights Watch ‘I Saw it With My Own Eyes’, 2010. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/07/22/i-saw-it-my-own-eyes-0 3e. The Guardian, 30 October 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/30/china.worlddispatch 4a. Padma Choling, 28 March 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/28/c_13800618.htm 4b. Xinhua 25 January 2010. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/25/content_12869502.htm 4c. A M Fischer, ‘Perversities of Extreme Dependence and Unequal Growth in the TAR’, 2007. Available from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/20219/ 5a. Zhang Qingli, 19 March 2008 & Qiangba Puncog (Jampa Phuntsog), 20 June 2007. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3581310.ece & http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/20/content_898642.htm 5b. Zhang Qingli, 19 March 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3581310.ece 5c. Wen Jiabao, quoted by the BBC 18 March 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7302021.stm 5d. The Independent, 20 May 1996. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/tibet-riots-over-ban-on-pictures-of-dalai-lama-1348318.html 6a. See http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html 6b. Free Tibet, ‘Forked Tongue: Tibetan language under attack’, 21 February 2008 www.freetibet.org/files/Forked(3).pdf 6c. Woeser’s Blog, ‘When Tibetan Students fight for the Tibetan language’, 4 November 2010, translated by Hugh Peaks Pure Earth. http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2010/11/when-tibetan-students-fight-for-tibetan.html 6d. BBC report, 20 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11581189 6e. Tsering Shakya, ‘The Politics of Language’, December 2007, http://www.tibetwrites.org/?Language-Literature-and 7a. Padma Choling, 16 January 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-01/16/c_13693159.htm 7b. Zhang Qingli, 7 March 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/07/c_13765783.htm 7c. The Independent, 3 November 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/china-unleashes-tourism-in-latest-invasion-of-tibet2123563.html 8a. Interview for “China’s Tibet”, 7 May 2011. http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/xzjx/t820877.htm 8b. Blog post by James Reynolds, BBC, 19 January 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jamesreynolds/2009/01/serfs_emancipation_day.html 8c. The Times, 10 March 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5879043.ece 8d. Lhadon Tethong, ‘China’s favorite propaganda on Tibet...and Why it’s Wrong’. http://www.studentsforafreetibet.org/article.php?id=422 8e. Tsering Shakya, ‘Tibet and China: the past in the present’, 2009. http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/tibet-and-china-the-past-in-the-present