Nov | Dec 2014 International Aquafeed magazine by Perendale Publishers Ltd

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma – as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets

Hydrolyzed yeast – as a source of nucleotides and digestible nutrients in shrimp nutrition

Biomin’s World Nutrition Forum – "Meeting the needs of the present while improving the ability for future generations to meet their own needs"

Securing the future – Aquaculture growth and role in global food production Fish Farming Technology supplement - Seal defense, Temperature stress

Volume 17 Issue 6 2014 - NOVEMBER | DECEMBER

AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Aqua News 4 5 7 8 9

EAS Awards Honorary Life Membership and Distinguished Life Membership Awards Steward of the sea Young Tasmanians lead by example Can Asian Freshwater aqua feeds rise to the challenge? Global Salmon Initiative Launches its First Progress Report at AquaSur

Features 10 12 14 18 20 28 32 32

Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets The Power of Algae: The second annual Breizh Algae Tour 2014 commences in Nantes Algae in ornamental fish feeding Hydrolyzed yeast as a source of nucleotides and digestible nutrients in shrimp nutrition Industry profiles 2014/15 Biomin’s World Nutrition Forum Aquaculture growth and role in global food production TRENDS in global compound aquafeed production - Part 2 Aquaculture growth and role in global food production

Regular items 4 THE AQUACULTURISTS 26 PHOTOSHOOT 36 EXPERT TOPIC - CATFISH 44 INDUSTRY EVENTS ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview Aquaculture Europe 2014 EuroTier 2014 Aquatic China and VIV Beijing 2014 50 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 54 INDUSTRY FACES

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Also in t Our Fis his issue:

Technolo h Farming gy cen supplem tre section ent: The deterr MAG seal ent sys tem Tempe rature stress

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) Email: mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial executive Olivia Holden Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk Editor - Asia Pacific Roy Palmer Email: royp@perendale.com Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design Manager James Taylor Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk International marketing team (UK) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Tilly Geoghegan Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk Latin America Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.com India Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com Africa Nathan Nwosu Email: nathann@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Creoso - welcome

reetings from Cascais in Portugal in bright sunshine and a mini heatwave for this coastal region of the country. I am attending the annual Biomarine Business forum where several hundred delegates are descending from many countries to discuss commercial opportunities and technologies pertaining to the marine environment. Although the emphasis is strongly on marine biotechnology, there is a session on aquafeeds with topics concerning novel feed ingredients from vegetable sources and industrial by-products. Of course marine macroalgae and seaweeds will feature mainly with invited speakers and experts in the field. This meeting will be graced by the presence of the President of the State of Portugal, Prime Minister, Secretary of State for the Ocean and His Serene Highness, Prince Albert II of Monaco, Patron of Monaco Blue, part of his foundation that promotes marine conservation and sound environmental stewardship. In the next issue, I will be reporting on the meeting and its general findings and conclusions. In the current issue, I report on our highly successful Aquatic China symposium in September and the associated VIV event that attracted so much interest and wide support across the aquaculture feed sector Professor Simon Davies in Asia as well as in China. This was partly organised by Perendale and heralds more such fruitful meetings for the future. The quest for good alternative protein concentrate feed ingredients is paramount and we are always casting our eye on tropical varieties for application. We report on: Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma – as an alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets by Eric De Muylder, Diana Pablos, Milivoj Rubcic and Leon Claessens. Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility. Algae is so contemporary in its potential for use in aquafeeds that we have often articles to review. Hence a report on: Algae in ornamental fish feeding by Dr Aleksandra Kwasniak-Placheta, Tropical, Chorzow, Poland and Prof. Dr Leszek Moscicki, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Doswiadczalna Lublin, Poland. The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae may then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allow for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish in excellent condition. Aquaculture production has greatly increased over the last 20 years. In intensive production methods, decrease of water quality, increase of stress, decrease of food quality, and increased bacterial, viral or parasite infections can suppress the shrimp growth. The high susceptibility to stress and the rapid spread of diseases in water have forced fish farmers to concentrate on maintaining their fish in good health in order to achieve economic performance in shrimp under intensive rearing conditions. In our concerns for fish welfare and production efficiency it is important to examine physiological processes that can impact on growth and feed utilisation efficiency in aquaculture scenarios so temperature tolerance is of concern in many species. We feature a scientific appraisal of Temperature stress. This article provides a review on the nutritional physiology of aquatic animals affected by temperature fluctuations with some recently published data. Albert Tacon is back with an article: securing the future - Aquaculture growth and role in global food production by Albert G.J. Tacon of Aquatic Farms Ltd, Kaneohe, HI, USA and Marc Metian of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco. Aquaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 We also feature catfish in this issue controversial due to the many various unrelated species’ termed generically catfish and causing some concern due to mis-labelling and fish being 'passed off' as other more highly valued fish caught wild such as cod. Our expert topic is feed and feeding practices for Catfish in India by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, India. Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario. Together with our regular contributors and topical news reports and interviews, I am sure that our latest issue will give you much to read in these autumn months. I look forward to greeting you next in our January/February edition.

With thanks ...

To GM or not to GM?

The team at International Aquafeed, would like to thank all of our contributors, advertisers, event organisers and most importantly, you, our readers for all your support in what has been another great year for the magazine.

Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, university of Athens, Greece

Special thanks go to the team at VNU for thier cooperation with us in running the very successful Aquatic China Conference this year. We are very excited about what a new year will bring, and we hope to meet even more of you at industry events around the globe! We would like to wish you all a very happy, healthy and properous 2015!

Our supporters

his is the question William Shakespeare would ponder today if he was alive and he had attended the recent talk of BioMar's Executive Vice President of Sourcing, Niels Alsted who focused on the quest for finding alternative sources of EPA and DHA in his introduction during the round table discussion at the recent Aquaculture Europe 2014 Conference that took place in San Sebastian, Spain. According to the reports, Niels Alsted said that the recent jump in the price of marine raw materials underlines the necessity of finding alternative sources of EPA and DHA fatty acids in fish feed. He pointed at four of the possible sources of EPA and DHA, but also underlined that at present, none of these sources are available in sufficient quantities to really make a difference in the market. As one of the options, he mentioned a better utilisation of by-products from the fishing industry and the implementation of more efficient production processes for fishmeal and fish oil. The question that arises here is this: do research-funding bodies around the globe have at present relative calls for grant applications? According to Mr Alsted, one of the most promising technological solutions in the short run is the use of fermentation techniques where heterotrophic microorganisms produce EPA and DHA based on sugar. Technically possible but not affordable at the moment as fish oil is cheaper. As the last of the four alternatives, Mr Alsted mentioned the inclusion of the algae gene producing EPA and DHA into plants like rape, soy, or camelina as the most cost efficient and easily scalable solution. Besides, that Mr Alsted was well aware that it is controversial for some to use an algae gene in plants, he pointed towards the large regional differences in acceptance and perception of genetically modified organisms. "While there is resistance in some European countries against using genetically modified crops as feed ingredients in aquaculture, the use of genetically modified organisms like soy in aquaculture feed is already the standard in both Asia and America – and also in the production of feed for land animals in Europe – so this last alternative will probably within five to seven years become one of the ways to produce more of the healthy fatty acids – if not in Europe then at least outside Europe," he concluded. However, in Europe, we are still a GMO free region and this should be viewed not only commercially, but from the educationalist point of view. As European Academics, we do work and travel all around the world and whenever and wherever possible we advocate our views against the GM use in the production of food. Food is a sensitive issue for all people. GM companies should seek applications of their (questionable sometimes!) methods and techniques outside the food chain. So, my answer to William would be “definitely, Not to GM, dear William”. http://environmentfood.blogspot.gr izabet@chem.uoa.gr @yanzabet

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Aqua News

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The Aquaculturists

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry Ross salmon farm hit by 'challenging' sea lice problem A salmon farming company has pledged to take further action over "challenging" levels of sea lice at one of its Ross-shire locations, reports the Ross-Shire Journal. http://bit.ly/1yQZ8hs

New protein ingredient save farmers millions in feed costs A new high protein feed could save Australian abalone farmers up to Aus$2.5 million a year and local growers are following the product with interest, reports the West Coast Sentinel. http://bit.ly/13zVdeM

Oldendorff becomes a member of the World Ocean Council Oldendorff Carriers, headquartered in Lübeck, Germany, has become a member of the World Ocean Council (WOC), expanding the geographic scope and diversity of this unprecedented global ocean industry alliance. http://bit.ly/1ujyNtz

Woolworths commits to sourcing ASC certified seafood Leading South African retailer, Woolworths, has pledged to source their farmed seafood from sustainable and responsible operations by 2020. http://bit.ly/1EdmnFq

Algae found in human DNA Researchers, whose paper appeared in 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Science', have found DNA resembling that of an algae-native chlorovirus while taking throat swabs from healthy human subjects during a study on cognitive functioning, reports Phys Org. http://bit.ly/1Edmq3R

www.theaquaculturists .blogspot.com

in many countries throughout the world. He held positions in FAO and UNDP as a staunch promoter of aquaculture. As a convinced European, and recognising the impor tance of Asian aquaculture development, he initiated projects involving EU knowledge and technology transfer through programmes s u c h a s t h e E U - A A D C P, creating links between Europe and Asia through the organisation of training courses, helping to create experimental facilities and making the representatives of developing countries aware of European research and technology in aquaculture. Having

Michael New was awarded the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II for services to aquaculture in developing countries. The outgoing EAS President Kjell Maroni then took the floor for a second award. E A S h a s a n aw a r d f o r Distinguished Ser vices that is destined for individuals that have devoted ver y significant effor t and time to the development of EAS and its objectives. The Award for Distinguished Ser vices has only been presented twice in the history of EAS. The first time was to Prof. Guido Persoone, who was one of the “founding fathers” of EAS, its President from 1980 to 1982 and its Treasurer for 6 years. The second awardee was Prof. Niels de Pauw, EAS secretary for 4 years. Both were eminent scientists, but they also believed

been the president of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) from 1997 to 1998, he was awarded the Honorary Life Membership of WAS in 2002 and subsequently (in 2009) he received the WAS Exemplar y Ser vice Gold Medal. He is a member also of the Asian Fisheries Society and an Honorary International Life Member of the China Society of Fisheries. A major action showing his commitment to the cause of aquaculture was by his founding of the NGO Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) in 2003 and recognised globally for its commitment to help and support small farmers and improve their livelihoods. Some 15 years ago,

so strongly in the need for a European network for aquaculture that they worked long and hard to make it happen. The EAS Board decided to give this award for the third time to the eminent scientist, Yves Harache, who experienced and made significant contributions to the development of aquaculture over the last 40 years throughout the globe and from salmon to shrimp. Yves Harache played a major role in the governance of EAS with a total of 16 years on its Board of Directors. Firstly, from 1994 to 2002 and again from 2006 until 2014 when he stood down at the EAS annual General Assembly, held at AE2014 on October 15.

EAS Awards Honorary Life Membership and Distinguished Life Membership Awards

t the opening session of its Aquaculture Europe 2014 event in DonostiaSan Sebastián in Spain on October 14th, the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) gave its Honorary Life Membership Award to Michael New and its Distinguished Service Award to Yves Harache, for their long-term contributions to the development of aquaculture and the activities of the Society. Honorar y Life Membership is the highest EAS award and is given to those persons that have had a marked impact on the development of European aquaculture. Since 1981, EAS has bestowed this award on only 10 persons, including such names as Eric Edwards, Bernard Chevassus-auLouis, Peter Hjul, Colin Nash and m o r e r e c e n t l y, Cour tney Hough, Pascal Divanach and Patrick Sorgeloos. The award was presented by incoming President Sachi Kaushik who expressed his own personal pleasure towards the nominations that had been approved by the EAS Board of Directors in 2013. Sachi introduced the awardee by his contribution towards making everyone aware of the well-recognised role of aquaculture in feeding the masses and his deep involvement in breaking frontiers. Michael New has been involved with EAS for many years, as a member of the Board and as President of the society. He is also a member of the Editorial board of the EAS jour nal, Aquaculture International. He has been involved in aquaculture for almost 45 years in both private and public sectors and

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Aqua News

Steward of the sea

ith oppor tunities come responsibilities, especially for those working in the Antarctic’s fragile ecosystem. Companies that har vest krill there are entrusted to care for and handle responsibly this bountiful – but not unlimited – resource. This responsibility makes Antarctic fisheries, like Aker BioMarine, stewards of the sea.

Conventions limit the catch

When exploratory krill fishing began in the 1960s, catch levels were low compared with the 1980s when commercial fisheries caught more than half a million tonnes of krill. This raised concerns that fisheries would deplete local krill stock and threaten predators, such as fish and whales. To protect the ecosystem, the Convention of the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) was signed. This international treaty continues to oversee krill fishing with 25 members, including six countries that fish for krill. In advance of each season, CCAMLR requires vessels to annually notify their fishing area and potential catches. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), an international nonprofit organisation with an independent cer tifying body and a public assessment process, has developed sustainable fishing and seafood traceability standards. To be certified, MSC assesses the fisher y management, its impact on the stock and

on species dependent on the krill, while monitoring the wider ecosystem. In 2010, MSC cer tified Aker BioMarine’s krill fishery as sustainable and 100% traceable, allowing the fishery to carry the distinct blue eco-label on its products. There are hundreds of million tonnes of Antarctic krill around Antarctica in the Southern Ocean. All of Aker BioMarine’s catch takes place in Area 48, where the majority of the krill industr y primarily operates. In Area 48, the industry is allowed to harvest 1 per cent of the estimated 60 million tonnes of krill. Today, the catch level is around one third of this allowable level. In the spirit of fisheries’ stewardship, Aker BioMarine and Olympic Fisheries survey its fishing areas annually and update stock size for management organizations. Aker BioMarine’s fishery is currently undergoing the MSC re-certification process.

Commitment to research

Stewardship is a collective responsibility. There are few scientific research vessels operating around Antarctica, and they are only present in the region for shor t periods each y e a r.

The Association of Responsible Krill (ARK) Fishing Companies, an organization developed to promote research for the sustainable harvest of Antarctic krill, encourages krill fishing vessels to collect scientific data. This provides information on krill stocks, and more impor tantly expands the knowledge of stock dynamics. With this knowledge, all parties will have a better understanding of the Antarctic’s ecosystem. To reach this goal, Aker BioMarine has established procedures for monthly and haul-byhaul data from the fishery, and carries scientific international observers. Acting responsibly means going beyond general operating requirements and taking extra voluntar y steps to responsibly use the valuable marine resources harvested. Collaboration extends beyond companies’ individual networks, to include environmental NGOs and contact with scientists. Aker BioMarine cooperates actively with NGO’s and leading scientist involved in Antarctic conser vation and resarch.

A state of the art steward

Aker BioMarine's vessels, Antarctic Sea and Saga Sea, use Pelagic trawls with its Eco-Har vesting system, which har vests live krill on demand.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

The system’s hose (between the trawl and the vessel) allows the fishing net to stay underwater during the entire operation. This minimises interactions between the net and krill surface predators (especially seals and birds) as the net is not hauled and shot. At the opening of the net, a finemesh screen excludes unwanted by-catch (non-krill). This novel har vesting method, combined with independent obser ver s catch repor ts and underwater cameras assure that that only 0.2 per cent of the catch composition is species other than krill. Aker BioMarine takes its certification as seriously as its technology, not just fulfilling its current obligations but looking towards its future responsibility. The current assessment process does not include seasonal changes in stock size, natural fluctuations in krill abundance and the effect of climate change (e.g. warmer and more acidic oceans) on krill. Looking towards the future, the main challenge is a synoptic survey of Antarctic krill. The last survey conducted was CCAMLR’s multi-ship acoustic survey of Area 48 in 2000. The Institute of Marine Research is together with its partners, developing a new methodology in order to survey Antarctic krill. The OG Sars research vessel will be bringing this new technology to survey the krill population in 2016. An honest steward of the sea has sustainability at the heart of its operations and continues to care for the krill at large.

GMP+ Feed Responsibility Policy Johan den Hartog, managing director of GMP+ International, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

here is an increasing interest for sustainability regarding food production inter nationally. Sustainability is not a hype, because more and more people realise that our globe has limited resources and also human activities have an impact on climate too due to the use of fossil energy sources. It is also clear that phosphate sources reach their bottom.

and Aquaculture Stewardships Council, but also national G.A.P. systems are defining sustainability requirements, including for the input of animal feed. Sustainability or responsibility is not a well-defined term with uniform requirements. We prefer the use of the term “responsibility’ instead of ‘sustainability’, to express that responsibility requirements are

mixture and compound feed production. A couple of years ago, GMP+ FSA cer tified companies asked GMP+ International also to suppor t the companies with the possibility of cer tification regarding feed responsibility aspects. The main reason was to obtain combined certification of feed safety assurance and feed responsibility assurance and in order to be able to cope with expected mar ket demands. For that reason, GMP+ International has defined its Feed Responsibility Policy in close collabor ation with its par tners about a one-stop shop – multiple certification solution in a dynamic and varying market.

Figure 1

Additionally, the increase of the world population and the increase of purchase power will also result in an increase of the production volume of food of animal origin next decades. Therefore sustainability is a must for life on ear th on the long run. In the production of animal products, like milk, meat, eggs and aquatic produces, feed products are a substantial input factor with sustainability related aspects.

Market demands

In cer tain regions and markets, feed companies are confronted with questions about the sustainability or responsibility of the production of feed ingredients and mixed feeds. The retail, and animal processing industr y are developing sustainability policies, which results in increasing attention for the feed supply chain. Therefore international holders of Good Agricultural Practices systems like GLOBALG.A.P.

a movement in the direction of a higher degree of sustainability. We notice differences in the market about the definition of responsibility, depending on the market segment, region of countr y. In some cases, also non-genetically modified products are considered more sustainable that modified one. For that reason, the feed companies have to cope with different demands, especially international operating companies. The core business of GMP+ International is managing a Feed Safety Assurance (GMP+ FSA) certification scheme. Over 13,100 feed companies in the whole feed chain in over 65 countries are GMP+ FSA cer tified. It is about companies in the whole feed chain (see figure 1) and active regarding collection of arable products, processing arable products, feed ingredient production, trade, storage & transshipment, transpor t, pre-

Approach of GMP+ Feed Responsibility Policy

The baseline of the flexible approach regarding feed responsibility assurance is providing suppor t to companies who are are operating in different mar kets with var ying responsibility requirements. Another impor tant baseline is that the downstream market par tners are leading in defining responsibility requirements and demanding for feed products complying with these requirements. Ultimately, they are the demanding par ties. For that reason, GMP+ Inter national seeks for (non-exclusive) collaboration with scheme holder s active a) in the primar y production (ar able production, marine sourcing, and mining) upstream and b) in livestock farming and aquaculture downstream in the food chain. In this way, will embed the feed chain in a longer chain

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

of custody of food production (see figure 1). Therefore, GMP+ International looks for collaboration with market initiatives, which have or will define responsibility requirements for the feed supply chain. GMP+ International chooses a so-called plug-in model (see figure 2). A certification system consists roughly of three components: normative requirements, quality management system requirements and cer tification rules. GMP+ International aims to link the feed responsibility requirements of a market initiative with a recently developed GMP+ B100 Feed Responsibility Management System standard containing the other two components mentioned before. That together will be offered to interested feed companies to obtain a certificate that complies with demands of the market initiative. The GMP+ B100 standard will be determined before end 2014. At this moment, we have deliberations with the first market initiatives for collaborations as mentioned before. I n t h i s w a y, G M P + International intends to offer a one-stop shop - multiple cer tification solution. It is a multiple cer tification, when a company wants to provide products complying with requirements of different market initiatives. It is also a multiple cer tification solution for combining certification of feed safety assurance and feed responsibility assurance. The quality management requirements for assuring compliance with the normative requirements in the daily operations for both aspects are more or less the same. The certification procedure can also be combined easily to save costs. Never theless, we do not intend to force companies to combine par ticipation in the GMP+ Feed Responsibility Assurance cer tification with the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance cer tification. Cer tification against the GMP+ B100 Feed Responsibility Management standard is possible stand-alone, also for companies cer tified against another feed safety assurance system.

Aqua News Updating to the new world

Young Tasmanians lead by example

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

he evening of the 22 October will go down in Aquaculture without Frontier’s (AwF) history as the starting point of its Australian organisation thanks heavily to the students and staff at the Huon Valley Trade Training Centre (HVTTC), especially Steve Harrison. A full complement of fifty people attended the event were treated to a fabulous range of Tasmanian seafood and beverages all donated generously by an array of companies – the who’s who of Tasmanian food and drink. We thank them all most sincerely. From the outset this was going to be all about the students and they left no stone unturned in their efforts to ensure that the catering was top notch (under the watchful eye of first class local chefs) and that the main event of making people aware of AwF and its activities ran like clockwork. Shannon Phillips and Stacey Tomkinson (Cert 1 Aqua students) spoke about AwF, its mission, projects and the significance of the most important period in anyone’s life, the 1000 days from time of conception until the time of their 2nd year birthday. AwF Australia Director, DOS O’Sullivan, was representing the organisation at the event but he ensured that Jennifer Cobcroft (IMAS) did the majority of presenting on AwF as she had only just recently returned from working for AwF in Myanmar. Jennifer congratulated HVTTC Year 9 Cer t 1 girls on being able to use equipment like photometers to test water quality and highlighted that university students in Myanmar had very limited opportunity to do that due to lack of resources. AwF are close to finishing a much needed aquaculture library at the Myanmar Fisheries Federation in Yangon, Myanmar hopefully opening this early in the New Year. Steve, who had started plotting the event some months before, was excited to see that all the three major Salmon companies (Tassal, Huon and Petuna) not only contributed to the food but also united at the event to support the dinner, along with representatives of the feed company Skretting. He, like AwF, was grateful to other seafood sponsors Dover Bay Mussels, Van Dieman Oysters, and Abtas and organisations Willie Smith’s Cider, Frank’s Cider, Pagan Cider, St Imre Vineyard, Home Hill Winery, Kermandie Hotel who had supported the event with beverages. The attendees were an array of people from aquaculture and hospitality, educators and members of the community. The stars though were the students of the HVTTC who are enjoying the opportunity of starting off their careers in the aquaculture industry. Based on their efforts on behalf of AwF a bright future lies ahead of them and Tasmanian aquaculture. They proudly raised $2900 for the cause and feedback indicated that many people were interested in finding out more about AwF. More

information:

Roy D Palmer, Executive Director, Aquaculture without Frontiers Skype: seafoodhealth Tel: +61419528733 Email: palmerroyd@gmail.com www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org

i ke a ny o r g a n i s a t i o n g o i n g through what might be called ‘growing pains’ Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) knows that it has to change if it is to succeed in achieving its strategies and goals. Change is never easy and for organisations like AwF, which rely strongly on volunteers, it is very difficult. But change we must! As par t of the new broom we have revisited the website (www.aquaculturewithoutfrontier s.or g) and re-organised many of the headings and created new areas of activities and news. We have now posted our Strategic Plan 2014-17, added more volunteer information and completely revamped the ‘Giving & Funding’ area and created a new Education area. Please have a view of the website and give us your comments and importantly your ideas to value add to what we have done. An impor tant new development in the ‘Giving & Funding’ section is the involvement of Cor por ate Social Responsibility (CSR) into our program. A new element of leader ship is making a profound difference in gauging business performance: corporate social responsibility. In the past companies were judged on high performance by measuring against key business imperatives including competitive differentiation, sales, attracting and retaining talent, operational efficiency, return on investment and profitability. But today that is no longer enough. According to Edelman’s Good Purpose Study, 67 per cent of consumers say they are more likely to buy products and services from a company if they know it suppor ts good causes, up more than 11 per cent from the year before. This has seen CSR surge passed its tipping point. “A plethora of research points to a majority of stakeholders agreeing that CSR is a ‘must do’,” Kristian Darigan Merenda, Edelman’s senior vice president of brand and corporate citizenship was repor ted to say.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

AwF also learned about research conducted earlier this year by Impakt Corp. which revealed that corporations that are considered leader s in terms of business performance take a common approach to CSR. According to the research, there are five interrelated criteria which form a new blueprint for the way corporations can maximise their investments in CSR: business-based social pur pose; clear theor y of change; quality and depth of information; concentrated effor t; and par tnering with exper ts. As a result of being born from a world association of seafood exper ts and academics and engaged heavily in aquaculture AwF believes that its key corporate social leaders are within the very same industry. As a key ingredient in business strategy and execution, the AwF CSR program can play a central role in helping corporations to be seen as leaders. In the world of business astute corporations are allocating increasing internal resources to CSR investments that feature clear objectives and deliver measurable social outcomes. AwF is keen to par tner organisations offering the oppor tunity for companies to put back into developing countries through aquaculture (the world’s fastest growing primar y industr y producing a renewable sustainable highly nutritious protein/ food). By working together we can find ways where we can help develop capacity and build capability in aquaculture. Of course, any company can get involved. Many of the impor ters would likely be keen to do something but maybe have been lacking the experience that AwF can bring to the table. Hence a par tner ship collaboration could achieve so much for all. If you believe that involvement in AwF’s CSR program would be beneficial to your organisation, please complete the CSR Registration form (https://www.sur veymonkey.com/s/ CSRRegistration) and we will contact you to discuss possibilities.

Aqua News

Can Asian Freshwater aqua feeds rise to the challenge? By Pedro EncarnaĂ§ĂŁo, Biomin

he Asian region is responsible for more than 91 percent of total global aquaculture production, most of it in freshwater, with China alone contributing to about 60 of global aqua production. Freshwater fish production is dominated by the production of carps (Cyprinidae) 71.1 percent. Other important fresh water fish species are Tilapia and recently the dramatic growth in the production of Tra catfish in Viet Nam has made this a very important species. China is by far the biggest fresh water fish producer (mainly carps) with a production of around 23 million tons a year (FAO 2012). India is the second biggest fish producer with 3.8 millions tons of fish produced every year with major focus on Rohu. The fast development of the pangasius industry in Vietnam made this country the third biggest producer of fresh water fish in the world with a production close to 2 million tonnes. This growth in fresh water fish production was triggered by the intensification of the farming process, successful farming of new species, but most of all, by the improvements in feed technology and the rapid increase on the use of extruded feeds. These improved floating feeds, with better water stability, nutrient availability and control of feed intake, allowed the farmers to move to higher production densities and resulted in improved fish performance and better revenues, prompting rapid growth in the sector. However, frequently the development of these commercial

feeds has been done without major knowledge on nutritional requirements and nutrient utilisation of the different target fish species. In many cases, the feed formulations do not reflect the nutrient requirement of the fish, but are mainly based on assumptions from other species, or follow ingredient availability and cost constraints. In addition, this fast growth in feed production leads to more pressure on raw material availability. Which in turn makes access to quality feed ingredients a major constrain for the development of the industry. Feed formulations, feed quality and feeding practices used for the production of fresh water species around Asia, reflects the use low cost ingredients (rice bran, rice polish, cassava flour, ground nut meal, etc) with poor nutrient profiles which result in under optimal performance by the fish. It is important for the industry to realise that growth performance and biomass gain by a fish depends firstly on the composition of the feed used. Feed must provide all required nutrients in a balanced way to maximise biomass gain. The role of feed manufacturers is to select a combination of ingredients to produce a formula that will contain sufficient levels of essential nutrients needed for the targeted animal species. This selection is done on the basis of chemical composition, nutritional value and cost of the different feed ingredients. At the end a compromise between the cost of the feed and its nutritional value for the animal must be achieved. Variable quality, inconsistent nutritional content

Table 1: Recommended crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds according to fish size (NRC, 2011). Species

<20 g

20200 g

200 -600 g

600 -1500 g

Channel catfish

Common carp

Nile tilapia

Table 2: Current observed crude protein (CP) levels in commercial feeds according to fish size. Species

<20 g

20-200 g

200-600 g

600-1500 g

Pangasius

38-32

32-28

28-26

26-20

Nile tilapia

36-32

30-26

26-22

22-18

and possible contamination or adulteration of the raw material is a huge challenge for the development of consistent nutritional feeds in Asia. Strong efforts must go on understanding characteristics and limitations of feed ingredients. Digestibility of protein and amino acids is variable and can dictate the level that each ingredient can be used. Maximum levels of inclusion of certain ingredients in the formulation should be defined to prevent harmful levels of anti-nutritional factors that can affect fish performance (mycotoxins, phytate, glucosinolates, etc). With the increase in reliance on less costly protein sources and low nutrient dense diets, we are most likely increasing the levels of raw materials with lower protein digestibility and higher amino acid imbalance, higher carbohydrate and fibre content. This will lead to an inefficient utilisation of the nutrients in the feed resulting in an increase feed usage and poor animal performance and increase costs to produce one kg of lean fish. This way we will not only be feeding the fish but also feeding the pond, which can be beneficial in terms of increasing natural food production in the pond, but still resulting in a less efficient process. A closer look at nutritional composition of fresh water feeds across Asia and the repor ted nutrient requirements published in the latest NRC book on requirements of fish and shrimp (NRC 2011), often shows a gap between available information on fish requirements and the levels present in the feeds (Table 1 and 2).

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

It is true that there is still a need to better establish the nutrient requirements for some of the more relevant species farmed in the Asia region, and to fully characterise and evaluate available feed ingredients for application in aqua feeds. A better under standing of nutrient and energy utilisation may allow fish nutritionists, feed manufacturers to produce more cost effective feeds. Priority should be given to the establishment of fundamental nutritional information such as energy, protein and essential amino acids requirements, protein: energy ratio for major farmed species. In addition, studies on nutritional profiles and digestibility values for most feed ingredients will make it possible to do more accurate feed formulations. Focus should be given to the complete characterisation of available local feed ingredients for optimising their utilisation and make full use of local resources. When presented with more accurate nutrient and energy utilisation data, the aquaculture industry in Asia may reconsider, for example, the use of low nutrient and energy density feeds (low cost feeds but not necessarily cost-effective feed) for the rearing of warm water omnivorous fish (catfish, tilapia, carp). Ultimately, the development of nutritional models will allow the adjustment of feed formulas to different production conditions and different production stages in fresh water species, following practices and processes well established in the salmon industry. Based on current knowledge

Aqua News on nutrient requirement and nutrient utilisation, it appears that the use of deficient diets with low nutrient and energy density feeds are the main reason for the very poor feed conversion ratio (feed/ gain, between 1.5 and 3) seen in most aquaculture operations. Production cost with such feeds may not be advantageous as often perceived, when we finally take into account cost for manufacturing (e.g. extrusion), transport costs and a poor FCR often observed. The potential negative impact on the productive capacity of the rearing environment related to the high organic

Global Salmon Initiative Launches its First Progress Report at AquaSur

epor t showcases key activities and achievements of initiative in improving far med salmon industry sustainability one year after launch Puerto Montt, Chile – October 23, 2014 05:00 CLST:The Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) today launched its inaugural progress report ‘Building the Foundation for a Sustainable Future’. This is the first report to come from the industry-led collective, and highlights its approach and progress towards advancing significant improvements in the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the salmon farming industry. The release of the repor t comes just over a year since GSI was formally launched in August 2013, and the day before GSI member CEOs will speak at the AquaSur 2014 Pathways to Sustainability seminar in Puerto Montt, Chile. “As we reflect on our successful first year, we are very proud to release this progress report, which shares what we have been working on. We now prepare for tomorrow’s session where we will be taking the stage with major industry

stand the benefits of using feed targeting performance and not costs. The use of suitable diets in aquaculture oper ations can significantly increase profitability by reducing feed costs, improving animal performance, maintaining water quality, and minimising nutrient loads to the environment. The manufacture and use of feeds based on high quality and digestible feedstuffs, is highly recommended for the aquaculture industry as long as the use of such feeds is profitable and compatible with the environment.

waste output associated with feeding low digestible nutrient density feed, should also be considered. Farmer education regarding feed and feeding practices is also a major point for the success of established improved feed formulas in the industry. Farmers need to understand that there are many ways to produce one kg of fish, and that the amount of feed required by a fish to achieve one kg weight depends primarily on the composition of the feed used. In general, a greater amount of a lower nutrient density feed will be required when compared

to a higher nutrient density feed to achieve the same performance level, assuming that the two feeds are similarly balanced. The cost of the feed ($/kg feed) will definitely be lower with lower digestible nutrients compared to higher nutrient density feeds because grains and other carbohydraterich feedstuffs are often cheaper than higher protein and fat feedstuffs. However, total feed cost ($/ kg fish produced) may be greater with the cheaper feed since a greater amount of that feed will be needed to achieve the same level of performance. Thus, it is impor tant that farmers under-

players and our partners WWF, FAO and Rabobank to discuss the biggest challenges the industry faces looking ahead to 2020. We will also discuss the pathways in which we can collectively improve industry sustainability, while continuing to keep in mind the critical challenge of providing the highest quality protein to the world’s consumers”, said Ricardo Garcia GSI Co-Chair and CEO of Camanchaca. The report provides an overview of the initiative’s current activities, and highlights progress in improving biosecurity, sourcing sustainable feed, achieving the ASC standard, building par tner ships and enhancing transparency in reporting and communications. In addition to the growth of its membership, and expansion into three new farming regions, key 2013–2014 highlights reflected in the report include: • 13 GSI salmon farms have achieved the rigorous ASC standard certification • All GSI member companies are actively working to raise industry standards and plan for future certification • New biosecurity protocols have been developed and

implemented, as a result of knowledge and best-practice sharing across companies and regions. Such action has resulted in a reduced sea lice count for this period in Chile • Effor ts to source and evaluate sustainable feed through alternative EPA+DHA-rich resources have been initiated

to accompany the report. The film shares the stor y behind the creation of GSI, the importance of its mandate, and its key achievements to date. “We want those in our industry and beyond to understand the impor tance and impact GSI’s efforts are having on improving the sustainability of salmon farming. The ability to create a prosperous future for our

• G S I i s d e ve l o p i n g a repor ting dashboard that will track progress towards key environmental and social indicators, as well as repor t progress towards the ASC standard GSI, now comprising 18 salmon producers across 9 countries, has also released a shor t film

industry depends on our success in continuing to cultivate change and improve the way things have been done. Over the past year, GSI has proven that we can come together and do just that, but despite significant progress we still have a way to go,” said Jon Hindar, GSI Co-Chair and CEO of Cermaq.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

FEATURE

Utilisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp diets by Eric De Muylder1, Diana Pablos2, Milivoj Rubcic2 and Leon Claessens3

oasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility. The product is obtained without added

soybean meal and 50 per cent Chilean Fish meal to obtain the same protein levels in all feeds.

observe that the feed with 10 RG has a little less growth, and this difference is statistically different.

Shrimp trial

The shrimp trial was conducted at the CreveTec-AFT Research station in Venray. The trial started with shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Shrimp Improvement Systems) of +2,5 g and lasted for 4 weeks. There are 4 replicates for each diet, so 12

Table 1: Composition of Roasted Guar Korma Crude Protein

55%

Crude Fat

Moisture

Crude Fiber

Ash content

Amino acids (as % of crude Protein) Methionine

1,105%

Cysteine

1,278%

Lysine

4,208%

Threonine

2,817%

Arginine

12,744%

Isoleucine

2,915%

Leucine

5,367%

Valine

3,357%

Histidine

2,450%

Phenylalanine

3,734%

Table 2: Composition of test diets REF

RG5

RG10

Chilean fish meal

22,5

Squid liver powder

Hemoglobin powder

34,8

17,5

Raw Material :

chemicals or preservatives and is completely GMO free, which can be an important factor to replace soybean meal. Roasted Guar Korma is thus a competitive alternative for soybean meal, but there is little information about its use in Aquafeeds.

Experiment:

3 experimental diets were produced: one reference diet, a diet with 5 per cent Roasted Guar Korma and a diet wiht 10 per cent Roasted Guar Korma. Feeds are produced with a pellet mill on a 2 mm die, using preconditioning with steam (>90째C) and postconditioning (>90째C) during 20 minutes. Roasted Gur Korma replaced 50 per cent

tanks of 150 l in total. Each tank received 30 shrimp. All tanks are connected to a bigger tank. This way, all tanks have the same water quality. Water quality in the big tanks is maintained with bioflocs. Feed gift is adapted daily according to the average weight of shrimp, biomass and expected growth. Each week, shrimp were counted and weighed together to have average weight and total biomass.

Results:

Initially, growth of feeds with RG were showing better growth, but this did not continue during the whole 4 weeks. We can

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Wheat flour Soybean meal

Soyalecithin

Rice bran

1,2

Fish oil

0,9

Wheat Gluten

Premix

100

Crude Protein

38,26

Lipids

7,08

Roasted Guar Korma Total

FEATURE The FCR was statistically higher for the feed with 10 per cent RG, but differences are very small and all FCR observed are very good.

Conclusions

Table 3. Average weight Day

Ref

2,523 a

3,423

4,690

6,900

8,908 b

RG5

2,591 a

3,516

4,774

6,933

8,938 b

RG10

2,498 a

3,522

4,665

6,599

8,484 a

total

Ref

0,899 a

1,267

2,210

2,007

6,385 a

RG5

0,925 a

1,258

2,160

2,005

6,347 a

RG10

1,024 a

1,143

1,933

1,885

5,985 b

Table 4. Growth Week

We can safely conclude that 5 per cent Roasted Guar Korma can replace 2,5 per cent soybean meal and 2,5 per cent fish meal in feeds for Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), which is an important result, because it will be an important cost saving for the shrimp feed producer. Also 10 per cent inclusion rate is possible, but then there might be a very low effect on growth and FCR. Roasted Guar Korma is also a valuable alternative for soybean meal in case the producer wants to guarantee GMO free production.

About the authors:

by Eric De Muylder1, Diana Pablos2, Milivoj Rubcic2 and Leon Claessens3 1CreveTec, Heirbaan 56, 1740 Ternat, Belgium, eric@crevetec.be 2 Pacta Srl, Via Lametta, 146- 41010 Limidi di Soliera, Italy, info@pactasrl. com

Table 5. FCR Week

total

Ref

1,106

1,040

0,711

1,081

0,943 a

RG5

1,211

1,154

0,762

1,135

1,011 ab

RG10

0,980

1,159

0,835

1,101

1,004 b

3AFT,

Poststraat 8, 5801 BC Venray, Netherlands, info@aquaculture-ft.com

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FEATURE

THE POWER OF ALGAE: The second annual Breizh Algae Tour 2014 commences in Nantes by Olivia Holden, editorial executive, International Aquafeed

he relationship between Brittany and algae is a historical one dating back 2,500 years when the Armorican Celts used seaweed in food, in fodder for animals, as fertilisers for the land and to make soap. Drawing upon this rich Breton association with algae, since its inception in 1995, a desire to provide natural alternatives to agricultural additives has seen the Breton based company Olmix become one of the major global specialists in marine biotechnology. On the 15th of September, over 500 participants from 43 countries gathered to participate in the second annual Breizh Algae Tour 2014 in France, held by Olmix. The tour commenced in Nantes at La Cite Nantes Events Centre. Nantes, historically known as ‘the little Venice of Brittany’ is now one of the world’s richest bio-diversity zones along the west coast of France. The city played host to the forefront of pioneering algae exploration presented by Olmix and a number of renowned researchers. The tour demonstrated through a multitude of workshops and talks how algae offers, as Olmix CEO Herve Balusson confirms, ‘exceptional untapped potential’ throughout plant, animal and human care sectors.

Algae and Nutrition

This year, the focus of the tour was ‘Algae and Nutrition: a new approach to health’. It has been discovered by Professor Bernard Kloareg from Station Biologique de Roscoff that algae offers a new way to communicate with the gut. Extracts can have a favourable influence on our digestive ecosystem, act on the microbiota, stimulates our enteric nervous system and the myriad of receptors of the immune system lining the stomach wall. “This new knowledge opens up a very encouraging prospects which make algae a new avenue for approaching health through nutrition,” said Professor Kloareg. Olmix brought together five renowned researchers including Professor Kloareg in order to present their latest findings on the gut and its

wide-ranging functions critical to health and wellbeing of both humans and animals. Professor Herve Blottiere, director of research UMR INSERM U19 in Nantes, gave the first talk of the morning. He addressed delegates on the importance of the gut as an ecosystem and that it should be fed properly as ‘we are what we eat’. Secondly, Professor Neunlist, Director of research UMR INSERM U913 in Nantes, revealed new research showing that the gut is a second brain that contains 200 million independent neurons. “Our small intestine is a concentrate of intelligence, the equivalent of that of a small pet. A significant part of our neuronal activity occurs in the gut. “Nutrition will help to regulate the balance of the enteric nervous system and even the central nervous system. Therefore, we can influence our nervous system by what we eat, by changing our enteric ecosystem in direct connection with our brain,” he said Professor John B Furness, Research scientist in digestive physiology at the University of Melbourne, Australia, then addressed how the gut is the main organ of immune system that provides the largest area of contact with the outside environment. These areas of contact, which in men or pigs can be as large as a tennis court, must ensure the proper supply of nutrients and, at the same time, manage the reaction to pathogens, toxins and parasites. Algae offers further innovative potential as set out by Mustapha Berri research engineer UMR INRA 1282, Tours. By replacing additives, pesticides and antibiotics used in the food processing industry with natural elements extracted from algae along the entire food chain, it would be beneficial to nutrition and health considerably. In all, these talks demonstrated the vast potential and scope that algae have to offer with regards to human and animal health. As well as innovative and pioneering research that was presented regarding algae and nutrition, scientists and doctors from research groups in the Brest and Nantes teaching hospitals were present at the talks. In Brest, professors Eric Deslands and Christian Berthou are attempt-

ing to develop a medicine for leukemia using a molecule from red algae. In Nantes, Effimune is conducting research to treat autoimmune diseases with green algae. As well as being an abundant and sustainable natural resource (over 700 different types of algae are found on the Atlantic coast out of the total 10,000 species found worldwide), It was clear from the talks given in the morning that scientists and doctors are turning their attention to algae as a revolutionary resource that could transform modern medicine.

12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE Mortality Syndrome (EMS) explained different strategies in fighting against this pathogen and how algae can be part of the solution.

Algae and the potential to boost profitability in animal production

Also unveiled by Olmix as part of the tour was a new product based on seaweed extracts called MFeed+. With a unique association of clay particles and different seaweed extracts, the product boosts the use of feed by animals. It was set out during a workshop held by Marie Gallissot how the product MFeed+ acts as a matrix for enzymatic reactions to occur. So, it is the meeting point of enzymes and feed in the intestine. MFeed+ also provides many diverse metallic ions, sometimes absent in the feed. These metallic ions are cofactors required for the activation of several enzymes. “By optimizing the efficacy of enzymes in the intestine, MFeed+ increases the use of the feed”, said Marie Gallissot, Technical Supervisor at Olmix. “Since more nutrients are used for growth, less undigested feed reaches the large intestine, contributing to the maintenance of the gut microflora balance and the integrity of the gut wall,” she said.

Green Gold and the Blue Economy

Algae for Aquaculture

After the morning’s talks, delegates then had the chance to attend a number of workshops that were specific the uses of algae in plant, animal and human care. Of particular interest for those attending from the aquaculture industry was the workshop ‘algae for aquaculture’. Faced with the challenge of feeding 9 billion people sustainably by 2050, as one of the most important sources of protein for humans, aquaculture is undergoing considerable growth across the world, notably in Asia. However, as the fastest growing sector in agriculture with an annual growth of 5 per cent during the last decade, this relatively new industry is not without challenges. One of the main challenges in aquaculture will be feed, in particular, the sourcing of raw materials. This session addressed how algae can be a solution in substitution of fishmeal to a more sustainable vegetable meal as a protein source in aquaculture feed. First to present their findings were Philippe Serene, former director of Proconco, a leading feed

manufacturer specialising in aquaculture feed in Vietnam and Dr Philippe Cacot. At present, the aquaculture industry produces approximately 1 billion tonnes a year for the world market. Current predictions estimate that by 2030, we will require 1.5 billion tonnes. Therefore, the sourcing of raw materials in order to sustain such demand for feed is a current and pressing one. Dr Cacot’s research focuses upon the use of macro-algae in fish feed instead of corn or soybean as a protein source in feed. The solution he affirms ‘lies in the sea’. The use of ulva or algae in this context has already been trialed in Norway with positive effect. One of the other crucial challenges facing aquaculture production is the health and disease management issue – specifically EMS. The disease, originally occurring in China spread as far and wide as Vietnam and Malaysia, with cases first reported in Mexico in 2013. So devastating was the effect that people called upon the Vietnamese government when the disease first occurred. Dr Loc Tran, one of the very first scientists who discovered the pathogen responsible for Early

In all, the tour demonstrated that Olmix are at the forefront of cutting edge modern processes and raw materials. Algae are remarkable ancient plants; furthermore, algae are an endlessly renewable natural resource covering 70 per cent of the world’s surface. The sea is now the world’s largest farming area with the molecules found in algae offering a natural alternative to classical chemistry. We are now at the very beginning of a new conquest and a new phase regarding algae – the wealth of innovation that is offered by this natural resource also means that understanding and respecting the ocean is key. In the final closing address which brought together Mr Herve Balusson and members of France Biotec, a poignant and timely reference was made to the French poet Charles Baudelaire and his poem ‘l’homme et la mer’. The poet declared, ‘homme libre, toujours tu chériras la mer!’ (free man, you will always cherish the sea). It was notably evident throughout the tour that this vision of the sea is enshrined in Breton culture. As much as man turned to the sea as a constant and harmonious presence in 1857 when Baudelaire sought to capture the very essence of man’s fascination with it - today, in the heart of Brittany, it is clear the spirit of the sea still resonates throughout, cherished as source of life and sustainability. With over 2, 700 kilometres of rigid coastline along with the fourth largest algae field in the world, Brittany is truly ‘the land of the sea’.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 13

FEATURE

Algae

in ornamental fish feeding

by Dr Aleksandra Kwasniak-Placheta, Tropical, Opolska str 25, 41-507 Chorzow, Poland and Prof. Dr Leszek Moscicki, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Doswiadczalna str. 44, 20-280 Lublin, Poland

he development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.

Algae used in the production of aquafeed for ornamental fish

It is virtually impossible to provide ornamental fish with algae from their natural environment so aquafeed manufacturers use cultivated algae or algae taken from the wild on an industrial scale. The most popular microalga used for aquafeed production is spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). Its content in aquafeed usually ranges from several to even tens of percent. Its properties are well known among aquarium fish keepers when compared with other species such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Laminaria, Ascophyllum, Undaria, Ulva etc. “Super Spirulina Forte”, Tropical’s food with 36 per cent share of Arthrospira platensis, has been one of the best-selling fish foods on the market for many years. The changing ornamental fish market and new emerging species of fish and invertebrates made it necessary for us to develop and introduce new foods. Thus the offer of products for herbivorous and algae-eating fish has been enriched with a new food based on three species of algae: Chlorella vulgaris, Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria digitata, the last two referred to as kelp algae. It is available as flakes, granules (Fig. 1), adhesive and sinking tablets. It is

intended for everyday feeding of herbivorous freshwater and marine fish, for which algae is a valuable dietary component, and as a supplementary food for omnivorous species.

Algae as a source of protein

In farm fish feeding algae are mostly used as an alternative source of protein. In case of aquarium fish they are so much more than the source of protein. They provide other valuable ingredients such as unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids and dietary fibre, which offer benefits such as health, good overall condition, resistance to diseases and colouration improvement. Algae share in aquafeed can be high as a great number of freshwater and marine fish kept in popular aquaria eat algae in the wild. Alga is a difficult dietary Table 1: Average content of protein in algae used for the production of feeds for ornamental fish Species

Average protein content [% d.m.]

Arthrospira platensis

65.0

Chlorella vulgaris

53.0

Laminaria digitata

8.5

Ascophyllum nodosum

9.0

Table 2: Chemical analysis of popular species of kelp algae used for ornamental fish feeding Components

Protein

Ascophyllum nodosum [% d.m.]

Laminaria digitata

5.0

5.0 – 12.0

Fats

3.0

0.5 – 2.0

Carbohydrates

30.0

50.0 – 65.0

Dietary fibre

25.0

Algin acid

22.0 – 30.6

Fucoidin

11.4 – 11.8

Laminarin iodine

32.0

2.3 – 5.9

14.0

0.065

0.5

component to be substituted without risk to fish’s health. Despite the fact that various species of algae differ in the content of protein and its composition, it seems that they generally contain all amino acids necessary for fish (Dawczyński et al., 2007). This makes algae an even more valuable component of fish foods compared with other plant materials used as the source of protein. The nutritional value of protein is determined by two main factors: the quantity of essential amino acids in a given protein together with their relative proportions, and digestibility of the protein ‒ the extent to which amino acids are released and absorbed during digestive processes taking place in the gastrointestinal tract. It is the content of digestive protein that informs us about the quality of a given raw material. Why is the nutritional value of protein so important? To fully exploit the genetic potential of fish of all ages, especially farm-raised. Only an adequate content of highly nutritional protein can ensure proper growth in fish and enables their reproduction. Using poor quality animal protein or replacing animal protein with plant protein such as soya makes it necessary to enrich the feeds with synthetic amino acids, first of all with cysteine, methionine and lysine. It should be noted, however, that our knowledge on the ornamental fish’s demand for essential amino acids is really poor. Dietary research carried out on farm-raised fish proved that the demand for essential amino acids can vary from one species to another. Hence, for the purpose of ornamental fish feeding it seems important to use high quality protein which provides all essential amino acids. This way one can fulfil dietary needs of a large number of species kept in aquaria (see tab. 1).

Arthrospira platensis

14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Organisms belonging to Arthrospira genus

FEATURE can be found in numerous environments. They have been identified in fresh, salty and brackish waters as well as in soil, sand and even in hot springs. Due to the specific conditions of water bodies from which spirulina are collected, it has also become a dietary component of people living in the vicinity of Lake Chad and Texcoco. Green mats collected and then dried contained almost exclusively cells of Arthrospira platensis or Arthrospira maxima. The formation of these monocultures has been strictly correlated with chemical parameters of water (high salinity and pH level ‒ about 10 pH). These are perfect conditions for the development of spirulina and inhibition of other bluegreen algae, which can be dangerous to health and life of humans and animals. In the beginning the main reason why spirulina gained such interest was its exceptionally high content of protein, which ranged from 62 to 68 per cent. This is an impressive value when compared to meat (15-25 per cent) or soya (35 per cent). Moreover, protein from spirulina turned out to be more valuable than protein from plants, even legumes and only slightly worse than milk or egg protein. Further tests conducted on spirulina continued to reveal an even greater number of outstanding qualities. It turned out that these tiny, twisted cells are rich in assimilation pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and

phycobiliproteins. Spirulina is a leading source of chlorophyll (1.7 per cent DW) (Chronakis et al., 2000). The bacteriostatic properties of this green pigment and its favourable effects on the human body have been used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Spirulina contains about 0.5 per cent of carotenoids (DW), mostly beta-carotene and xanthophylls. The carotenoids are an essential component of fish food, not only for their colour-enhancing properties. Carotenoids play a number of other important roles in fish’s bodies. They stimulate immune system, protect valuable cell components (such as nucleic and fatty acids) from the harmful activity of free radicals, some are the source of Vitamin A, which is beneficial for fish’s growth, they promote maturation and reproduction, and finally protect skin and eggs from UV radiation. Spirulina also contains other beneficial pigments such as phycobilins. These include blue phycocyanobilin, allophycocyanobilin, and red phycoerythrin. Similar to carotenoids, they are antioxidants. They effectively protect fatty acids and other valuable substances against free radicals. Apart from these pigments, spirulina contains other active substances such as aminoacids, nucleic acids and linoleic acid Its content of iron, magnesium, calcium, copper, phosphorus, and selenium is also significantly high.

Chlorella vulgaris

Unicellular algae belonging to green algae (Chlorophyta). The most popular species is Chlorella vulgaris, which can be found in fresh waters and moist habitats. Similar to spirulina, Chlorella firstly owed its popularity to the high content of protein, which could be used for human and livestock consumption. Chlorella may contain from 45 to 57 per cent of protein rich in essential amino acids (DW). Moreover, chlorella contains large amounts of provitamin A (just like spirulina), folic acid and iron (Tang and Suter, 2011). Chlorella is also said to have health-promoting properties owed to natural immune stimulator ‒ beta-1.3-glucan and high concentration of chlorophyll present in its cells. Adding beta-1.3-glucan (responsible for the activation of macrophages) to fish foods increases fish’s natural specific and non-specific immune response (Yaakob et al., 2014). The concentration of chlorophyll in chlorella cells reaches in average about 2 per cent of dry weight, however one may achieve higher concentration of this green pigment by adjusting growing conditions. Chlorophyll facilitates digestion, reduces the number of decay bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, acts as an antioxidant, helps to detoxicate and when used externally as a bath it supports treating injuries and skin infections (as aquarists claim). Apart from that, it facilitates the regeneration of cells and

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November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 15

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FEATURE organs caused by overfeeding or poorly balanced feeds for ornamental fish.

Kelp algae

increases the concentration level of haemoglobin in the blood (Yaakob et al., 2014). Chlorella vulgaris, similarly to spirulina, is a very rich source of carotenoids. In its dry weight one will find about 0.4 per cent of these pigments, 80 per cent of them in red shades (Gupta et al., 2007). The concentration of carotenoids in chlorella cells can be increased by a strict control of growing conditions. Chlorella is effectively used for the coloration enhancement in koi and goldfish (Gouveia et al., 2003; Gouveia and Rema, 2005). The role of carotenoids in fish’s bodies is complex and the demand for these pigments is ongoing. Fish cannot synthesise carotenoids de novo, hence one must provide them in food. Colourful species of ornamental fish are particularly demanding. The minimum carotenoid level in fish’s diet ranges from species to species. Coloration improvement in tetras, cichlids, gourami, goldfish and danio has been observed when 30 mg of astaxanthin has been added to one kilo of formulated feed In clownfish (Amphriprion ocellaris, Premnas biaculeatus) coloration enhancement has been visible after a week of providing food with 100 mg/kg astaxanthin. At the same time growth acceleration has been noted (Lorenz and Cysewski, 2000). Chlorella added to feed for Plecoglossus altivelis reduced the excessive accumulation of fat in tissues. The fats were better utilised, which is probably the result of chlorella affecting the hormone system (lipolytic hormones stimulation) (Gholam et al., 1987). Similar conclusions were reached by Tartiel et al. (2008), who fed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with chlorella. The content of chlorella (not exceeding 50 per cent) accelerated the growth in tilapia, reduced fat in tissues and increased the concentration of protein. These properties of chlorella seem particularly important in case of aquarium fish, who often suffer from fatty degeneration of internal

Kelp algae are a mixture of seaweed belonging to greenblue algae, which are rich in minerals, including easily assimilable organic iodine compounds, vitamins, dietary fibre and pigments such as fucoxanthin and chlorophyll. Their addition to the food facilitates digestion and enhances overall condition of fish. Dietary fibre in seaweed may even reach 33 up to 50 per cent of dry weight. It’s far more than in higher plants. Table 2 presents chemical analysis of popular kelp algae used for aquafeed. There are two types of dietary fibre in the seaweed: insoluble (cellulose, mannan, xylan) and soluble such as alginic acid, fucoidin and laminarin. Dietary fibre performs many physiological functions, for instance it increases intestinal transit time, facilitates the development of valuable intestinal microbial flora, binds bacterial toxins and heavy metal ions. This group of polysaccharides added to aquafeed allows for better food utilization and growth. It also supports detoxication. Even a small addition of Ascophyllum nodosum (5 per cent) improves nutritional value of the food (Yone et al., 1986). However, it should be noted that too high polysaccharide concentration in the diet can deteriorate assimilability of the nutrients. Numerous research proved anti-bacterial and antiviral properties of algin acid, fucoidin and laminarin and their positive effect on immunity (Kraan, 2012). Macroalgae contain an average of 1-3 per cent of fat, which is relatively small in comparison to microalgae, which can contain even up to 40 per cent. Despite its small amount, the fat from macroalgae is very valuable thanks to Omega-3 acids. The demand for Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids is partly fulfilled by the fish themselves, as they can produce it from HUFAs provided in the food. However, the ability of carnivorous and marine fish to transform HUFAs into Omega-3 and Omega-6 is relatively small, hence one must supplement them additionally with formulated fatty acids. Seaweed is rich in vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B9, C and E, macronutrients and trace elements (iodine, iron, potassium, magnesium, calcium, selenium and phosphorus), most of which is in the form of easily assimilable organic compounds. Laminaria digitata contains on average about 4 g of iodine per kg

DW. This form of iodine is highly stable. A small L. digitata addition of 0,8 per cent (providing 32 mg iodine/kg of food) into the fish food is enough for the concentration of iodine in fish’s tissues to increase 4 times (Schmid et al., 2003). Similarly to chlorella, Laminaria digitata facilitated using fat as a source of energy, when added to the diet of Spondyliosoma cantharus and Seriola quinqueradiata, which indicates that one of the seaweed components affects fat metabolism (Nakagawa et al., 1997).

Conclusive remarks

In feeding of ornamental fish microalgae are first of all the sources of easily digestible protein, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids and natural pigments. Numerous research indicate that the best results are reached when microalgae are added to food, rather than used separately (Sommer et al., 1990). Macroalgae provide primarily macronutrients, trace elements and dietary fibre. The beneficial effect on the ornamental fish is the result of the combined action of all the ingredients. Alga is not just another interesting and eagerly eaten by the fish ingredient of formulated feeds. Most of all, it is an effective agent to improve fish’s condition. Regular using of feeds with algae ensures intense and bright colours and protects delicate, herbivorous species against digestive disorders.

References

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Available on request

FEATURE

Hydrolyzed yeast

as a source of nucleotides and digestible nutrients in shrimp nutrition by Melina Bonato, PhD Research and Development Coordinator, ICC Brazil

quaculture production has greatly increased over the last 20 years. In intensive production methods, decrease of water quality, increase of stress, decrease of food quality, and increased bacterial, viral or parasite infections can suppress the shrimp growth (Yousefian and Amiri, 2009). The high susceptibility to stress and the rapid spread of diseases in water have forced fish farmers to concentrate on maintaining their fish in good health in order to achieve economic performance (Hoffmann, 2008). For a long time, the most common method for dealing with the occurrence of bacterial infections in aquaculture was the administration of antibiotics. However, aquaculture faces serious problems due to various adverse effects of these drugs such as accumulation in the tissue, environmental microbial flora. On the other hand, to use antibiotic or vaccines for fish is expensive and in many farms unavailable (Yousefian and Amiri, 2009). However, the use of substances or nutrients incorporated into the feed to improve the survival rate, disease resistance and growth

of shrimp has been used more and more and successfully. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used in the fermentation of sugarcane to obtain ethanol could be an alternative. After fermentation the yeast may undergo a process of separation and washing, and then is stimulated to make an autolysis of its cell membrane, pouring their intracellular contents into the medium. Also its RNA can be â&#x20AC;&#x153;brokenâ&#x20AC;? into smaller fractions, for some specific enzymes, resulting in free nucleotides and nucleosides. This product is highly digestible and with free amino acids in its composition. The cell wall of yeast has a high Î˛-glucans amount, which is an immuno-stimulant to activate the T cells present in the intestine, triggering an activation of the innate immune system. Shrimp are apparently entirely dependent on a non-specific immune mechanism to resist infections (Hertrampf and Mishra, 2006). This stimulation of the immune system can leave it better prepared to face possible infections by pathogens. The cell wall also contains mannanoligosacharides (MOS) that agglutinate pathogenic bacteria. Another benefit of this hydrolyzed yeast, is that the intracellular content is fully avail-

able, ie, offers high amounts of small chain polypeptides and free amino acids together fully functional yeast cell walls. These nutrients are readily available for absorption on the gut and metabolism utilisation. Among these amino acids, there are high levels of glutamic acid (glutamine and glutamate), which gives a large support to gut (as amino acid and energy source), and also has excellent palatability, leading to an increase in feed intake. The nucleosides guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) also contribute in improving the palatability. Stimulating the feed intake, there is consequently a better resistance to the challenges and also a higher growth rate. The free nucleotides from yeast can be used by the salvage pathway in cells (by this metabolic pathway the body can synthesise nucleotides with less energy cost as a result of the recycling of free bases and nucleotides from metabolic degradation of nucleic acid from dead cells and / or from the diet), especially in tissues with high cell turnover and limited capacity for synthesis of purine and pyrimidine by via de novo (such as intestinal epithelial cells, hepatopancreas cells, hemolymph cells and immune system), where

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE the requirement of these bases is high. When endogenous supply is insufficient for normal function, nucleotides become semi-essential nutrients or “conditionally essential” (Carver and Walker, 1995). This is especially the case in certain disease states, periods of limited nutrient intake or rapid growth (juvenile stages). Also dietary nucleotides appear to be important to support optimal growth and metabolically functions, such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Some studies have been made in recent years to study the effect of the addition of nucleotides in the diet of shrimp, among these, Hertrampf and Mishra (2006) studied the addition of 0.2 per cent nucleotides in the diets of Penaeusmonodon, which resulted in a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio and decrease in mortality rate (38 per cent). The same authors studied shrimp larvae directly fed with nucleotides and then compared with the feeding value of Artemianauplii. In a two-rearing-cycle experiment in Penaeusmonodon larvae, artemiawas completely replaced nucleotides. In comparison to the artemia group, the nucleotide group has an improved survival rate of 7.4 per cent in the first cycle and 18.4 per cent in the second cycle, respectively. These results show the importance of nucleotide supplementation in shrimp diets, especially in the larval and juvenile stages. Nucleotides can combine nutritional as well as sanitary benefits when added to feeds. The quality of the product, the proper mixture and administration will determinate the results. The use of hydrolyzed yeast as a source of free nucleotides and nucleosides besides providing a considerable concentration of these also possess other digestible nutrients to be readily used by the metabolism, and the presence of cell wall with their structural indigestible carbohydrates such as beta-glucans (immunostimulation) and MOS (agglutination of pathogens). This set of functional nutrients is a powerful ally in improving productivity in shrimp farming.

EVENTS Our Events register contains all the information that you need about all of the up-coming industry events, and forms an essential part of our app for all industry professionals

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Feed Ingredients Nutrition Additives

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Specialist conferences: The FIAAP Conference 2015 Petfood Forum Europe 2015 Aquafeed Horizons International 2015 The FEFAC Public AGM The IFF Feed Conference 2015 The GRAPAS Conference 2015 AEBIOM Biomass & Biomass Pelleting 2015

Flour Milling Technology Storage & Handling Systems Quality Control

For further information please contact: Victam International BV PO Box 197, 3860 AD Nijkerk, The Netherlands T: ++31 (0)33 246 4404 F: ++31 (0)33 246 4706 E: expo@victam.com Free online visitor registration is available from 1st February 2015 at:

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References Available on request

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 19

INDUSTRY PROFILES

DL-Methionine for aquaculture from Evonik Evonik produces and markets the essential amino acids for advanced animal nutrition: DL-Methionine for AquacultureTM, MetAMINO® (DL-methionine), Biolys® (L-lysine), AQUAVI® Lys (L-lysine for aquaculture), ThreAMINO® (L-threonine) and TrypAMINO® (L-tryptophan). In addition to extensive experience in animal nutrition in over 100 countries worldwide, Evonik provides a wide range of comprehensive AMINO services to the feed, livestock and aquaculture industry. From analysis to process optimization, these tools foster all aspects of livestock and aquaculture nutrition management. These services contribute significantly to customers’ profitability and competitiveness while enabling healthy and environmentally friendly animal nutrition.

www.evonik.com/feed-additives 20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

INDUSTRY PROFILES

Extru-Tech has established the industry standards for performance and value Extru-Tech entered the extrusion industry through supply of remanufactured extrusion equipment. From humble beginnings, the company has grown at a steady rate becoming an industry leader supplying new and remanufactured extrusion solutions. Extru-Tech takes great effort to understand where the market is headed, assisting our clients through the process. For example, stricter food safety guidelines have redefined the market, affecting manufacturers and consumers. Even before the new US Food Safety legislation, Extru-Tech was aware of retailer initiatives and programs requiring improved food safety. The company has pro-actively taken a leading role as the first original equipment manufacturer to build a dedicated Biosafety Level 2 extrusion lab and further to scientifically validate the extruder “Kill Step” for salmonella and other pathogens. The company has made this Biosafety Level 2 extrusion lab and extrusion equipment available for confidential client formula and process validation as required within their food safety programmes. The overriding goal of the Extru-Tech engineering staff has always been to design an extrusion cooking solution that will yield high production levels of premium quality products that are fully compliant with food safety standards. Extru-Tech offers an exclusive line of single screw cooking extruders with capacity rates from 300-33 000 lbs per hour. The ExtruTech designed and manufactured AirFlow II Dual and Triple Pass Dryer/Cooler Systems enables customers to improve finished product quality while improving drying efficiency. Other major components supplied by Extru-Tech include vertical and horizontal coolers, batch and continuous enrobing systems; multi-colour/multi-shape die systems; pneumatic conveying systems; product densification units; sphere-izer agglomeration systems; meat inclusion systems; waste recovery systems; dust control equipment, and remanufactured extruders. Extru-Tech professionals promptly and effectively serve a valued customer base throughout the world and commit themselves to providing clients unequalled service in system engineering, on-site supervision for training and equipment, and post-start up maintenance assistance. So, no matter where you’re located - in any corner of the globe - experienced personnel and support are never more than a phone call away.

www.extru-techinc.com Aquafeed – complete solutions from a single source. Whether for fish or crustaceans, whether sinking or floating feeds – for every aqua feed product offers theavailable anywhere: from raw Turn to Bühler for one of the most comprehensive linesBühler of aquafeed process technology material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying and coating of finished products. With an extensive know-how andProcess a passion for quality we ensure not only product uniformity andwith production efficiency, but also maximum perfect solution from raw material processing, mixing and extruding to drying. expertise combined cutting sanitation and safety. Bühler – gentle processing at its best. www.buhlergroup.com/aquafeed edge technology solutions guarantees a cost- and energy-efficient process solution from stand-alone machines to complete plants. Innovation - Our innovation is based on the art of engineering. Yet innovation can occur in every job, everywhere around the world. In this connection, the issue of job rotation is very important to Bühler. Exchanging ideas and experiences among different cultures and work styles is a must today. Global reach - Bühler has been a global player for many decades, with a multicultural team and a local presence extending across all the major markets of the world. Our service organizations have more than 2,000 people on the road everyday in the different markets. Bühler reacted early to the need of offering local adapted solutions, especially for the emerging countries. We have built new plants and expertise in China, in India, in South America and in South Africa to engineer and produce solutions adapted to local needs and requirements. Quality leadership - This attribute is manifested in quantifiable and transparent quality targets which are defined in an Innovations for a better world. open dialogue with our customers so that promised performance is achieved and the edge in confidence can be further increased. Aquafeed_Aeroglide_en_es_cn.indd 1

www.buhlergroup.com November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 21

12.03.2014 13:30:59

INDUSTRY PROFILES

As an animal nutrition company, BIOMIN develops and produces feed additives, premixes and services for healthy and profitable animals. Products cover solutions for mycotoxin risk management, holistic approaches towards promoting growth naturally as well as specific solutions that address dietary requirements for farmed fish and shrimp. BIOMIN Research is the heart of where all the innovations take place. BIOMIN scientists develop new methods that lay the foundation for the design of novel and efficacious feed ingredients. Through joint projects with universities and research institutes, BIOMIN is constantly in touch with the latest scientific knowhow, from which novel feed additives are developed and produced. BIOMIN currently collaborates with over 150 institutions worldwide. Established product range:

AquaStar

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Fast growth in improved environment!

• Acidifiers (e.g. Biotronic® Top3) • Probiotics (AquaStar®)

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Lipidos Toledo SA (LIPTOSA) Lipidos Toledo SA (LIPTOSA) is a Spanish company specializing in the production of nutraceuticals, phytobiotics and other solutions for aquaculture. Liptosa offers a wide range of additives: growth promoters, hepatic protectors, antiparasite, attractants, chelated minerals, antioxidants and binders – all of them designed specifically for aquaculture with the aim of improving the health status and productivity of fish and shrimp farms. In 2014, Liptosa has introduced additives in new countries. The company have started sales in China for aquaculture where indeed there are good opportunities for us. For 2015, Liptosa trust to get good results in the growth promoters field and continue advancing in new aquaculture fish production. Being closer to aquaculture in China will be one of the main aims for Liptosa. Vietnam and Thailand were other interesting countries where Liptosa did significant efforts to discover commercial opportunities and introduce additives for new kinds of production systems. South American aquaculture is another interesting market for Liptosa. Salmon, tilapia and shrimp are all species that can take advantage of our additives, namely phytobiotics with antiparasite functions, growth promoters and hepatic protectors. The growth promoter Liptofry has shown excellent performance in salmonids during 2014 and today is an excellent tool for fish farmers in order to improve productive results and health status. Thoughts for 2015 - Currently Liptosa additives are marketed in all countries with significant aquaculture production and technology. Next year our aim is to continue with the promotion of natural solutions as the best way to make aquaculture healthier and more productive. Growth promoters, anti parasites and attractants will be our main focus for 2015. Our company firmly believes in a future where it will be possible to have sustainable aquaculture for the whole world. Our products intend to give efficient and profitable solutions. Indeed to face problems before they appear is ‘the best tool, applied in the right way’. In aquaculture there is still room for improvement. Liptosa has an expert team of professionals in fish nutrition and production in order to provide effective solutions to its clients.

www.liptosa.com 22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

INDUSTRY PROFILES

Reed Mariculture is the world’s largest producer of marine microalgae concentrates for larval fish, bivalves, crustaceans, and other filter feeders. Our Instant Algae® larviculture feeds are used by over 500 hatcheries, universities, and marine ornamental operations in more than 80 countries around the world. We also produce and distribute pathogen and ciliate free rotifers and Parvocalanus crassirostris copepods; Otohime and TDO weaning feeds; and related supplies. Markets Served - Commercial aquaculture, public aquariums, public and private researchers, breeders, and marine aquarium retailers and hobbyists Cutting Edge Products - Instant Algae® products are clean, effective and closer to nature than other feeds on the market. We produce whole-cell, whole-food microalgae feeds and enrichments using proprietary processes. Our products provide fish, bivalve and shrimp hatcheries with clean, convenient, long shelf-life feeds that can replace in-house microalgae. Our feeds ensure stable and rapidly-reproducing populations with excellent nutrition. Extraordinary Customer Service - We pride ourselves on our customer service and technical support, and are also experts in worldwide shipping logistics. History of Innovation - Since their founding in 1995, the “scientist farmers” of Reed Mariculture have used rigorous scientific analysis to develop single species and blended microalgae with specific nutritional profiles for a diversity of aquacultured species, tailored for each stage of the life cycle.

Aquaculture Feeds Reimagined In 1995, Tim Reed invented a method for growing laboratory-pure microalgae on a commercial scale, and a concentrate process that ensures intact cell structure thereby providing the complete nutritional value of live algae. ®

RMI’s Instant Algae: Revolutionary Aquaculture. The Instant Algae® product

line offers a wide-range of pure, nutritionally optimized, easy-to-use marine algae concentrates that ensure safer, highly effective, and more profitable hatchery production of larval fish, bivalve, and shrimp.

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California, USA

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Always leading to meet evolving customer needs As the world’s leading supplier of aquatic feed and pet food processing systems, Wenger supports customers in new product development, lowering energy costs and expanding viable recipe options. In the last few years, Wenger introduced more than 30 new innovations and was issued numerous patents in response to rapidly changing needs in the industry. Innovative designs - Available in both single and twin screw technologies, Wenger extruders boast capacities up to 22 tons/hour in multiple configurations. In addition, Wenger designs and manufactures dryers, coating equipment, and ancillary hardware, which can be computerized, integrated and automated for complete process management. Wenger’s C2 TX Shrimp Feed Extruder features their oblique die technology and high shear conditioning for uniform, high density aquatic feeds down to 0.8 mm in size at capacities up to 5,000 ton/hour. The Wenger TX-3000 High Capacity Aquafeed Extruder can produce the same products as the C2TX – but at capacities up to 12,000 ton/hour. Additionally, many other types, sizes, and densities of aquatic feeds may be processed. Knowledge, research, training and support - Every Wenger product comes with exceptional personal service. Customers have access to the 27,000-square-foot Wenger Technical Center and laboratory to test ideas and formulas. Technical support includes pre- and post-installation engineering assistance, operator training and on-site attention to quality control and operational needs. An extensive replacement parts inventory keeps customer downtime to a minimum. Operating around the globe - Wenger engineering, manufacturing, research and administrative facilities are based at their headquarters in Sabetha, Kansas, USA, with additional research sites, sales and service locations around the world. In fact, Wenger serves producers of hundreds of different agri-food products in more than 90 countries.

wenger.com November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23

INDUSTRY PROFILES

Zhengchang is the feed machinery manufacturer and complete project contractor in China. Established in 1918, it owns 16 subsidiary companies and over 30 offices overseas. It has obtained the European CE and Russian GOST-R certificates, as well as being designated a “Chinese well-known brand”, and one of China’s “national key high-tech enterprises”. SZLH1068: China’s largest capacity pellet mill: Developed and manufacturerd by Zhengchang, the SZLH1068 pellet mill is one of China’s key science and technology support projects of its eleventh five-year plan. Its 44-55 tonne per hour capacity is the largest of any in China, and it will be put to use in the 160 ton per hour feed factory for the Hewei company. The successful manufacture of the SZLH1068 has laid a solid technological foundation for the massive and intensive development of the Chinese feed industry. The adoption of the SZLH1068 pellet mill will greatly reduce the cost of investment, production and management for feed factories, and add value to their products. Advantages: Variable-frequency feeder: a variable-pitch double screw ensures even feeding of the product. The main motor works at a stable current, and the round screw barrel protects against upcoming steam. Extended and lengthened conditioner ensures longer conditioning time and better performance Multiple inlets ensure even addition of steam • External pneumatic discharger releases feed automatically in case of blockage, and magnets at chute inlet removes impurities • High quality bearings in drive system and adoptin of thin-oil cooling and lubrication ensure long-term reliability • Greater capacity and better pellet quality due to increased die speed • Hydraulic lifting carrier makes it easy to disassemble the die and roller • Optimized design, advanced heat-treatment technology and high quality steel fabrication give the gear and shaft a longer life and more reliable drive

www.zhengchang.com

GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG is a group company of PHW, one of the largest producers of poultry products in Europe. As a member of PHW, GePro is part of a completely integrated poultry production. GePro headquarter is in Diepholz (Germany) with global sales offices located in Bangkok (Kingdom of Thailand) and Moscow (Russian Federation). GePro transforms poultry by-products from the slaughterhouse into valuable ingredients for animal nutrition and biofuel (SP-Power) With the state of the art production systems, our products are of extremely high quality and are regarded as benchmarks in the industry. The entire process is under strict veterinarian control leading to consistent flawless quality and great value proposition for our customers.

www.ge-pro.de 24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

INDUSTRY PROFILES

With more than 30 years experience on the feed additives market, Lesaffre Feed Additives (LFA) is one of the leading companies in probiotics and yeast based product application for animal feed. LFA is the Animal Nutrition & Health division of Lesaffre Group, the world leader in yeast and yeast extract production. Widely recognized as a key player in the animal feed market, LFA designs, develops and markets a range of products, all derived from fermentation processes. These natural yeast-based additives contribute to the animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health, helping you to get the most from feed and promoting optimal performance. In addition, LFA has the Fami-QS approval guarantering high levels of hygiene and safety.

www.yeast-science.com

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25

PHOTOSHOOT

Nong Lam University Shrimp Pathology Lab Loc H Tran, PhD is a young scientist who has been working with aquaculture and aquaculture pathology in Vietnam since 2006. He is now Assistant Professor at Nong Lam University at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and working closely with the shrimp industry in his home country to control the AHPND. He is also a senior consultant for Minh Phu Seafood Corp.,Vietnam, the largest shrimp company in Vietnam and founder/director of the Minh Phu AquaMekong Shrimp Vet Laboratory, the very first shrimp research centre in Vietnam. Recently, Loc developed technologies that allow to produce EMS/AHPND free post larvae and methods to control the disease in shrimp farms. More information: Email: thuuloc@email.arizona.edu

26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING

The MAG seal deterrent system The MAG seal deterrent is the most effective and cetacean-friendly device on the market

Temperature stress Water temperature and stress control

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Sound technology The MAG seal deterrent is the most effective and cetacean-friendly device on the market

or the last 20 or so years the Airmar DBII+ has been considered the best Seal Deterrent on the market. And whilst this system is as good as ever, Mohn Aqua felt that as the Control System uses 1980s technology, it could do with modernising. So, with the help, advice and blessing of Airmar, Mohn Aqua developed a new, stateof-the-ar t Control Box – the MAG Seal Deterrent – which, amongst other things, increased the system from a four projector

power, duration and firing pattern. Plus, it is 50 per cent more efficient than the DBII+, which means half the batteries need to be used, or existing batteries last twice as long during power outages.' The MAG Seal deterrent was also developed after discussions with both the Seal Mammal Research Unit and the Salmon Aquaculture and Seals Working Group, where two concerns with current ADDs were identified. The first was that operators could not immediately tell that a system had a fault until, for example, there was a sudden increase in

is firing at the time flashing Green. This lets the operators know from a huge distance away that all is good. Any faults on a Projector or Cable are instantly recognised by an internal Processor, and the channel is automatically shut down, preventing damage to the Control Circuits. The LED for that Channel instantly turns red and the operators know which channel and which projector has a problem. This is particularly useful for audits, which are now are carried out in monitoring Seal problems. The next Generation of projectors, which will be available as soon as Airmar have finished trials and start manufacture, have an inbuilt Sensor that will give even more fault information to the new control box.

Cetacean-friendly

system to one that offered the choice of two, four or six projectors. As such, it can be set up as a standard four-Projector System and, if a site is experiencing problems, another two Projectors can be added. 'Another important advantage of the new system', says Mal Scott, General Manager of Mohn Aqua, 'is that the Pulses can be varied, in

mor ts. Secondly, there is a growing feeling that systems need to become more Cetacean Friendly. As such, the MAG Seal Deterrent has Fault Indicators for each Projector. After a 'soft start' Switch – designed to not instantly frighten Cetacean, the super bright LEDs turn from Amber to Green, with the Projector that

Mohn Aqua also believe that the MAG Seal Deterrent is the most Cetaceanfriendly system available. It can be put into a 'Standby' mode, where the output can be toned down to very low levels when there is not a current threat to the site. This way, Cetacean, always know the system is there, keep a distance away, but are not frightened by it. When a threat does occur, the system can be switched back to normal operation through the 'soft start' sequence. This is far better than a 'detection' system that will lay dormant, almost asking Cetacean to come close, then fire unexpectedly, causing fear and panic. This system is also fully compatible with customers' existing DBII+ Projectors, meaning that to upgrade sites only have to replace the Control Box and not the full installation. The MAG Seal Deterrent system has been installed at a number of Scottish Seafarms

002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

(SSF), Marine Harvest and Scottish Salmon Company sites, as well as three large Salmones Magallanes sites in Chile, where they have proved to be extremely effective. For example, as Ewan Gibb, site manager at SSF Summer Isles, explains: 'Early on in the year we had a severe seal issue at one cage in particular. Once the new system was installed, overnight the seal problem stopped at that cage; and progressed to another cage. 'What I like about them is that they can be programmed on site, they don't need to be taken away, and you can also vary frequencies, pulse rates, the gaps between the pulses – everything is adjustable on it. It's really doing the job well.' This is echoed by Colin MacDonald, site manager at SSF Scallastle: 'It's a very good system and the display panel is very clear and easy to read', he explains. 'Since we've had it installed we've had no problems with seals; we have no complaints with it at all.' Mohn Aqua is also beginning an agreement with Scottish Seafarms in Shetland, which will see the company carrying out an audit of all SSF Shetland’s existing Airmar/Mohn Aqua Seal Deterrent equipment. This will lead to SSF Shetland receiving the optimum efficiency from its existing equipment and recommendations for modification and upgrades to ensure that they continue to have the very best possible protection in the future.

We think this is the best Seal Deterrent on the market (so does Airmar, which is why they tested and approved it) • 50% more efficient than the Airmar DB11 • Varies pattern, length and breaks of pulses preventing seal attacks • Works perfectly with existing projectors, just upgrade the control box • Fault protection, upgraded cover, cetacean friendly

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www.mohnaqua.com Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Temperature stress Planning water temperature and stress control through aquatic feeds

by Ruijian Sun, Haifeng Mi, Lu Zhang, Wugang Wang,Yuanhong,wen, Chuny Xueďź&#x2C6;Technology center of tongwei Co., LTD Chengdu, 610041

ost aquatic animals are poikilothermic whose metabolism and growth are closely related to the environmental temperature. All farmed fish and shrimps have their optimum range of temperatures for growth. At temperatures outside this range, metabolism and growth are severely affected and may eventually cause death if the water temperature drifted too far away from the optimum range. This article provides a review on the nutritional physiology of aquatic animals affected by temperature fluctuations with some recently published data. In recent years, the erratic changes in global temperatures have caused huge losses to aquaculture in China and elsewhere. Guangxi Aquatic animal husbandry and veterinary AssociationÂ reported that in 2011 alone, fishery economic loss affected by temperature was more than 100 million Yuan. China-Fishery net reported that in 2013 Jiangxi aquaculture economic loss affected by low temperature was more than 80 million yuan; Anhui fishery economic loss affected by high temperature was as high as 100 million yuan.

The influence of water temperature on fish behavior and physiology Water temperature and fish feeding

The change of environmental temperature directly affects the fish feeding and growth. When temperature increases within the range of optimum temperatures, corresponding metabolism, food intake, growth also increases. Both feed intake and feed efficiency will decrease at temperatures higher or lower than the optimum temperature. It is important for aquaculture industry to understand the growing temperature to optimize feeding management and minimise the feed cost.

The influence of water temperature on fish immunity

The change in environmental temperature also affects fish immune and metabolism. Qin Chuanjie reported that water temperature mainly affects the antibody secretion and the activity of immune active cells and quantity, lysozyme activity and complement activation pathways and activity. When the environmental temperature is higher than physiological adaptation range, specific and nonspecific immune activity of fish are subdued. However, within the optimum temperature range, if one of the immune system (one of the specific or non-specific immunity) is weakened by a small temperature change, some other immune systems are usually improved.

is mainly the amount of energy required to maintain homeostasis when inactive. Within the appropriate temperature range, respiration and oxygen consumption increases with the increase of environmental temperature [12].In this case, with the temperature increasing, metabolism, enzyme activity, basic metabolism of fish will increase causing higher energy requirement for basal metabolism. On the other hand, as the water temperature exceeds the optimum range, oxygen consumption rate will drop down decreases with the rise of temperature. It happens because of decreasing metabolic requirement because of reduced enzyme activity, degeneration or

Water temperature and energy metabolism

Study on fish energy metabolism analyses the quantitative relationship between energy balance components and the effect of various ecological factors. Cui and Wootton first put forward the idea of restricted feeding during abnormal temperature to keep the balance of each energy component in sunfish. Then Xie & Sun and Cui et al. reached a similar conclusion in a study with southern catfish and grass carp. But Sun Yao found that the temperature significantly affects energy balance model in black bream, red porgy and black Jun. Within the appropriate temperature range, feed intake, growth, metabolism and excretion rate showed a trend of slow growth with increasing temperature. That is to say, under the condition of ad libitum feeding, fish energy distribution pattern is still affected by temperature. Because of differences in adaptive mechanisms among various groups of fish species it is important to establish the energy budget for individual species to be able to determine the energy required for basal metabolism and for other metabolic activities at various temperatures. Temperature is an important factor of affecting basal or resting metabolism, which

004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY inactivation of various enzymes and may be because of altered physiological state.

The influence of water temperature on fish digestive enzyme activity

Growth rate of fish is closely related to the environmental temperature, which is again, closely related to all digestive enzymatic activities. Chen found that activity of protease, amylase and lipase in juvenile red sea bream increases with the increase of temperature within limits, and then decreases when the temperature exceeds the optimum level. A similar result was reported in grass carp, common carp, silver carp and bighead carp, all showing significant effects of water temperature on digestive enzyme activities. However, the effects of a specific water temperature on digestive enzymes activities vary from species to species and affected by their diets, feed composition and quality and habitat quality. For example, Hong et al., in a study with juvenile amur sturgeon, reported much higher temperature (between 28oC and 21oC) for optimum protease activities compare to those for optimum lipase activity (14oC).

Water temperature on gene expression

In modern ichthyology research, a growing phenomenon is to study the effects

of temperature on various gene expressions. The recent studies mostly focused on genes affected by temperature, such as heat-stress or heat-shock proteins (HSP), warm temperature adaptation proteins, cytochrome oxidases, and antifreeze proteins. Heat stress proteins such as HSP70 could improve the stress resistance ability to temperature. Warm temperature acclimation protein, affected by temperature, is a serum glycoprotein produced by fish in warm temperature, and affects physiological functions of fish. Cytochrome oxidase is a electron chain transport enzyme, gene expression of which is usually significantly affected by temperature. Antifreeze proteins area class proteins enabling fish to withstand freezing temperature were originally found in the serum of marine fish in Antarctic and Arctic regions. Understanding the effects of temperature on these sensitive proteins would help to explain the effect of temperature

on metabolism of cold-water fish and their ability to withstand temperature stress on molecular level.

Effect of fish nutrition on temperature stress

Temperature stress is a major cause of productivity loss in aquaculture. It not only affects fish metabolism and growth performance by damaging the enzymes, but also causes self-protection to withstand the stress of temperature variation. Spending too much energy for self-protection during high-temperature periods affects growth and immunity, and the animals become more susceptible to secondary infections. Therefore, decreasing the effect of heat-stress using nutritional

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY means would be highly beneficial to the farming industry. Hence, nutritional regulations with appropriate dietary supplements such as energy-yielding or anti-stress substances can improve fish immunity and anti-stress activity, and may well result in reduction of the loss of productivity due to heat stress.

Nutrition regulation under high water temperature condition

Many published studies have discussed fish physiological responses under high temperature but few researches elucidated nutritional regulation to reduce the effect. Fish shows lower growth and higher protein turnover rate during heat stress. An increase in dietary protein to energy ratio might meet the increased need of proteins. Glencross et al. (2010) reported that increased dietary protein to energy ratio of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) provided significant benefits in terms of reducing the impact of growth retardation under heat stress. However, it was not observed in Atlantic salmon that can be related to the narrow range of dietary protein to energy ratio. In Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Caroline et al. (2012) reported decreased synthetic rate and concentration of blood cell, reduced the activity to transport oxygen, under heat stress affecting fish health. The authors showed that dietary supplementation of vitamin B6 could enhance blood cell synthesis resulting in better growth performance.

resistance capacity of fish by improving the biosynthesis of catecholamine. On the other hand, tryptophan, a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) that regulates secretion of some hormones, can improve fish’s cold stress resistance capacity by regulating feed intake. Methionine, as the methyl donor, is involved in the methylation process of hormones, nucleic acids and neurotransmitters. Cheng et al. [32] showed that the lack of methionine may lower fish’s cold resistance capacity. The supplementation of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C under cold stress has also shown to eradicate the peroxide and the over all concentration of free radicals, which can improve immunity and maintain physiological homeostasis. Pitaksong et al. reported that the supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C in diet improves growth performance of catfish under cold stress and enhance its physiological and immunity conditions. The supplementation of dietary minerals is also good for fish to resist the cold stress. Minerals such as Zn and Fe in combination with the antioxidants, can erase the peroxide in fish. The supplementation of dietary Zn can increase cold resistance by keeping the mitochondrial membrane balance in fish under cold-stress [34]. Where as, supplementation of Fe may improve respiratory enzyme activity and prevent anemia. However, higher supplementation of minerals in fish feed than the safe amount may become toxic and do more harm than good. Recently, researches indicated the capacity of some Chinese herbs to improve immune response in fish. The natural components of Chinese herbs, such as flavonoids and curcumin, can serve as antioxidants enhancing the antioxidative activities in fish. Thus, the supplementation of Chinese herbal can

increase the immune function and cold resistance capacity of fish. Moreover, high dietary protein or energy may help fish to resist the cold stress. Kevin reported showed higher growth performance and feed efficiency under cold stress in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fed high energy diets compared to those fed the low energy diets. On the other hand, Qiang et al found that tilapia fed with high protein feed showed high glucose, cholesterol, total protein and triglyceride levels in their serum, which can supply energy during cold stress.

Commercial Tilapia feed adjustment program in Guangdong

Tilapia is a popular food fish cultured mainly in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. They are omnivores and well adapted to hypoxia, while they are intolerant to low or high temperature. The optimal temperature for tilapia growth varied between 22 and 32 ℃. Their feed intake halts at temperature below 15 ℃, and usually dies at temperature below 10℃. Based on the research findings, we made a feed adjustment program for tilapia according to annual water temperature profile in Guangdong. The performance of tilapia fed following the program seems encouraging (Table 1).

Conclusion

Climatic condition is complex and temperature change is acute in china, inducing huge losses to the aquaculture industry. Nutritional regulation at In order to get better value for money in low temperature stress aquaculture, enhanced resistance to the The membrane fluidity is decided by the stress from temperature fluctuation beyond fatty acid composition in membrane lipid and the optimum range becomes very imporusually decreased during low temperature. tant. Therefore, in addition to improving Earlier studies showed that the unsaturated the quality of fish fry, the strengthenfatty acid concentration in cell membrane ing of research to enhance the resistance is positively correlated to the cold stress to temperature stress resistance capacity in fishregulated by nutritional -. Thus, increasing the Table 1: Tilapia feed adjustment program in Guangdong means is necessary. dietary poly-unsaturated Temperature Months Affects Feed adjustment plans We reviewed the fatty acids, especially the conditions effects of temperature on n-3 unsaturated fatty fish, nutritional regulation acids, can improve the Increase the proportion of protein to of temperature stress and cold stress resistance maintain the growth and health; keep Low developed a successful capacity in fish. Feed intake is the lipid level to prevent shedding temperature, feed-management soluAn increase in dietary low and growth weight and resistant to low temperature Dec - Feb some days is slow stress; energy feed was not effective tion for tilapia under such tryptophan, methiobelow 15℃ in this period, phosphorus can be set stresses. We hope the nine and tyrosine can lower. study can provide referalso improve cold-stress Water ence for improving the resistance during winter. Increased feed Keep the protein stable, increase temperature accuracy of dietary nutriTyrosine is the precursor intake &fish lipid level and add vitamin and Mar - May increased and recovered immunopotentiator ents, developing costof catecholamine, which can reach 25℃ effective functional feed, is the precursor of norMuch high feed Increase the proportion of protein Water thereby reducing damage epinephrine (NA) and intake, active and lipid, supply enough vitamin and temperature Jun - Sep to the farming industry adrenaline (Adr). Both NA metabolism and mineral and ensure the health of liver reached 30℃ rapid growth and intestine caused by temperature and Adr can regulate the stress. metabolic balance helping Water Increase the proportion of protein fish to adapt to the stress. temperature Feed intake and lipid, reduce additives for health, Oct - Nov decreased to was large add additives for lipid absorption like The supplementation of References choline. 25℃ tyrosine increases the cold Available on request 006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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Profitable aquafeed moisture control

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– as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

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Controlling mycotoxins with binders

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AquaNor event review

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Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

– in compound feeds for aquaculture

– an update

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Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with microalgae

The potential of microalgae meals

– a source of key molecules in aquaculture feeds

Prevalence of mycotoxins in aquafeed ingredients:

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November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 27

FEATURE

Biomin’s

World Nutrition Forum

"Meeting the needs of the present while improving the ability for future generations to meet their own needs" - Prof Marty Matlock, University of Arkansas, USA

ou have in front of you a depressed man with a smiling face," Professor Jorgen Randers of BI Norwegian Business School told the 800-plus delegates attending this year's Biomin World Nutrition Conference in Munich, Germany this morning in his keynote address. Dr Randers as professor of climate strategy addressed the question of '2052 - A global forecast for the next 40 years' went on to say, "I have spent the last 40 years working for sustainable development, working for a sustainable world and I have failed. "The world is less sustainable today than I started my hard labours on sustainable development 40 years ago. The simplest way of indicating this is by the climate situation. "The simplest way to demonstrate this is that every year humanity is producing twice as much CO2 as is being absorbed by the earth.

The remainder stays in the atmosphere with a half-life of more than 100 years and as this concentration goes up the temperature goes up. This will continue until we stop emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. "A highly unsustainable situation where dramatic change is needed if we want to move in the direction of sustainability. With a projected world population of eight billion by 2040, he pointed to three factors that will impact the development of the world as it progresses over the next 40 years would see world populations increases being to decline as the trend by women to have less children continue below the 1.8 in both the developed and developing world. The second major impact on countries will be the overall decline in GDP which will slow down as populations progressively move from the land to factories and then into health care - or caring for the elderly.

"Economic development is shifting towards health care as clearly shown in the USA, Switzerland and other developed countries." He said 17 percent of the USA's working population is already in the health care sector and probably more were needed. "Productively increases based on output per person is lower in these areas." Over 800 top minds from academia, business and the NGO sectors gathered in Munich to discuss the future of animal production and ‘sustain:ability’ at the Biomin-sponsored World Nutrition Forum 2014 in Munich.

Professor Randers says that the GDP growth rate in these countries will probably be zero percent over the next 40 years while poorer countries will see growth in primary and secondary employment as they continue

28 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE All the speakers who presented at 6th World Nutrition Forum in Munich, Germany in mid-October 2014

enough to satisfy demand up to 2050 but significant starvation will remain as is currently the case and was in 1970; food will not be in short supply but rather people will not have sufficient income to pay for it. "Starvation will not be caused by physical limitations, but by income constraints. Food production will flow as demand grows and not as the need for food grows."

Mycofix

X I N RI

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"We will have to spend labour and capital to combat these things." Other observations included solar and wind power squeezing out fossil fuel use long before reserves of these energy sources are depleted; CO2 emissions will peak in 2030; temperatures will increase by two degrees by 2050 but will not bring about catastrophic climate collapse before 2050; world food is

MYCO

to go through the steps from farm to factory to health care eventually. He sees China following the path both Japan and Korea have taken. He also sees developed countries spending resources not only on health care but also overcoming new problems associated with pollution, climate change, etc.

NAG EM

速

Proven protection. Mycotoxins decrease performance and interfere with the health status of your animals.

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FEATURE

Intensifying agriculture

Jorgen Randers, is author of the famed “Limits to Growth” model in 1972, opened the Forum on October 16, 2014 with his latest views on the state of world affairs as detailed in his 2012 publication “2052-A global forecast for the next forty years”.

Will poultry or fish win the battle for supremacy in the hearts and diets of consumers? That was the question posed in during the opening day of the 6th World Nutrition Forum in Munich, Germany in Octoer 2014. It was a questions that returned to the debate following an afternoon f species’ breakout sessions that included swine, poultry, ruminants and aquaculture. The answer was a ‘draw’: Both groups firmly believed their sector is delivering a more valuable food product at the lowest cost of production. However, while the poultry industry could rest on it laurels of past achievements in terms of genetics, feed efficiency and value for month, aquaculture offered superior feed conversion, showed rapid grow both in market share and species farmed and was out-performing ruminants and more recently swine.

"How can you be sure I'm right?" he asked his audience. "We know from past experience that people will continue to choose the cheapest solutions - the cheapest and most profitable. This is a fundamental driver with most people not wanting to make a sacrifice today for an advantage in the future." He said moving just two percent of the world's workforce from 'dirty' jobs to 'clean' jobs in environmental terms and moving just two percent of the world's capital into clean energies will solve the problems we face. "But that's more expensive than doing nothing. So it won't happen."

Optimists believe the market will solve the problem. This will not work either, given the short-termism of capitalism and the need to be profitable, he explained. He believes the suggested strategy of businesses aligning itself with social requirements to help solve these problems will not work either, given that carbon taxes have not worked. He concluded by saying that companies need to work politically to bring about long term change, especially if we are to improve world hunger and that we as private individuals need to do our fair share "to help turn the ship in time," he concluded.

To circumvent this outcome, Professor Marty Matlock of the University of Akansas in the USA stressed: "If we want to preserve biodiversity and other land-based ecosystems, we must freeze the footprint of agriculture.” He added that sustain:ability should be about continuous improvement and building resilience in a system through key performance indicators or KPIs. “We have to freeze the footprint of agriculture if we are to preserve biodiversity and other land-based ecosystem services,” today yet we are challenged with having to increase food production by between 50 or 100 percent to meet the expected population levels by 2050, says Dr Marty Matlock, of the biological and Agricultural Engineering Department at the University of Arkansas in the USA. He was the second key-note speaker on the opening morning of the World Nutrition Forum. Global meat will have to more than double to 465 million tonnes by 2050, milk production to double to 1043 million tonnes.

Harmonisation of feed regulations

Feed additives and speciality feed ingredients are expected to play a key role in the sustainable future of animal production. That’s what Didier Jans of FEFANA, the EU’s association of specialty feed and mixtures producers, told delegates attending the Forum. He pointed out that while the feed industry operates at a local level it has become highly dependent on a complex range of international suppliers for its feed additives and speciality feed ingredients. He suggested that these speciality mixtures were more international than commodities. “The value of feed additives and speciality feed ingredients allow them to travel,” more so than other components of the feed industry, he says. It is the regulatory environment that determines whether or not a production unit can take its place in a particular country, he adds. Regulation can either foster or hinder the development of these production facilities. Proximity to the market is not the only factor that determines where facilities are established. In fact no region can claim selfsufficiency in feed additives or speciality feed ingredients and “this need for exchange is probably going to further increase as animal production is developed further in more countries. “The access to feed additives and speciality feed ingredients is becoming a key element of the livestock production sustainability both in intensive production and extensive farming practices,” he adds. He says the access to these types of ingre-

30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE dients is as important as access to macro feed materials such as soybean and coarse grains. Projections of population growth and related animal production “legitimately gladdens the industry,” but it will also create enormous challenges to supply all these economies with the appropriate and desired additives, he went on to say. “One of the cornerstones of this global supply of this global supply is to be able to move and use the product wherever they are needed without cumbersome barriers.” Dr Jans points to the shortcomings of current legislation in terms of its unsynchronised nature at global level and its wide time-scale differences in adoption in an industry that is global in nature. He referred to the Codex Alimentarius process for coordinating international food safety issues and noted the work done on the Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding, the Guidelines on Application of Risk Assessment for Feed, the Guidance for Governments in Prioritising Hazard in Feed, but daid they did little for immediate harmonisation especially for the most developed regulatory environments. “After six years of existence in total the ad hoc Task FGorce on Animal Feed that produced them has now terminated its mandate and feed is back to having no specific home in Codex.” He went on to explain how industry following the EU’s Feed Hygiene Regulation became proactive to adopt a certification system that while based on regulation but is being used by a wide variety of trading partners around the world. “The industry initiative was not only showing a path but is now also supporting the implementation in a fully consistent way at global level.” Dr Jans also says there are several advantages to conceiving something for a global perspective rather than seeking compatibility for items initiated at developed separately.

Bhujel, Peter Bossier, Lisa Elliot and Adel El-Mowafi on topics ranging from Optimisation of the formulation of aquaculture feeds, to Aquaculture: aecuring the future; Recent advances in Asian Aquaculture and sustainability; Host microbial interactions in cultured aquatic larvae; Bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture and NutriEconomics applied to the aquaculture industry

Managing complexity

Managing complexity was the theme of the opening address on October 17, 2014. In a thought-provoking presentation citing varied literature on organisational complexity, Biomin founder Erich Erber shared how organisations could master this trend by fostering a culture of empowerment and trust, leading by KPIs, and creating an environment where honest feedback is encouraged and heeded.

And finally

The 6th World Nutrition Forum ended two full days of stimulating sessions with plenty of food-for-thought on issues of

sustain:ability across a range of topics—from the animal sciences to management, economics and philosophy. Rounding up the theme of sustain:ability was Tim Jones of Future Agenda, UK who pointed to education, especially of females in developing countries, as the key to unlocking the potential of the planet. Echoing the importance of education, Jason Clay of the WWF stressed that “it’s not about what to think but how to think.” Such creative knowledge will be necessary for sustainable initiatives and reclaiming back the carrying capacity resource base of the planet, he stressed. Aquafeed magazine will be reporting on more of the presentations at the 6th World Nutrition Forum in upcoming editions. In the meantime this publications passes on its vote of thanks to Biomin for hosting such a intensive and captivating forum that went a long way for our livestock and protein production industries to understand more clearly the hurdles and opportunities which lie ahead over the next four decades.

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Breakout session on Aquaculture

In the species break-out sessions, speakers from each of the four livestock sectors shared how the use of technology, more efficient feed formulation, healthy profits and environmental issues determined the future sustain:ability of animal production. In the Expert Session Aquaculture saw eight presenters contribute including International Aquafeed writers Dominique Bureau, Albert Tacon (see his feature in this edition) and Pedro Encarnacao of Biomin. Other speakers included Ram

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www.mohnaqua.com November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 31

FEATURE

TRENDS PART 2 SECURING THE FUTURE in global compound aquafeed production

Aquaculture growth and role in global food production by Albert G.J. Tacon of Aquatic Farms Ltd, Kaneohe, HI, USA and Marc Metian of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco

Albert Tacon speaking at the World Nutrition Forum, Munich 2014

percent of the total food supply of animal protein in 2011, with aquatic animal foods providing more than three billion people with almost 20 percentof their average per capita animal protein intake; • Aquatic food products represent the major food source of animal protein supply in more than 14 countries within the Asian region, including the Maldives (73.8 percent of their animal protein supply), Cambodia (64.9 percent), Sri Lanka (57.2 percent), Bangladesh (56.0 percent), Indonesia (53.7 percent), Myanmar (41.2 percent), Philippines (40.8 percent), Malaysia (39.3 percent), Korea Rep. (38.9 percent), Japan (38.4 percent), Lao PDR (37.6 percent), Thailand (34.5 percent), Vietnam (29.8 percent), and Korea DPR (27.0 percent); Figure 1

quaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1, FAO, 2014a). Valued at over US$144 billion, global aquaculture production has been growing at an average annual rate of 8.1 percent per year since 1984, compared with 0.6 percent per year for total capture fisheries landings and 2.6 percent per year for terrestrial meat production over the same period (Figure 2, FAO, 2014b). Moreover, with over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture production being produced within developing countries (FAO, 2014b; Figure 3), aquaculture is viewed as an important weapon in the global fight against hunger and malnutrition as a much needed provider of high quality food and essential dietary nutrients (Tacon and Metian, 2013). Notwithstanding the above, and the fact that over 70 percent of the world’s surface is covered with water, aquatic food production (whether captured or farmed) are still dwarfed by terrestrial agricultural food production systems. Thus, whereas the total food supply of aquatic animal and plant products was estimated at 144 million tonnes in 2011, total food supply from agriculture was over 27-fold greater at 3,982 million tonnes (Table 1); captured and farmed aquatic food products contributing less than 3.6 percent of total global agricultural food supply, 1.2 percent of total calorie supply, 1.5 percent of our total fat supply, and 6.7 percent of total protein supply (FAO, 2014b). Although the current contribution of aquatic food products to global food supply may appear to be small in global terms (Table 1), this is not the case on a regional, country or primary food commodity basis, as follows: • At a global level aquatic animal food products accounted for 16.7

Figure 2

32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE

• Aquatic food products represent the major source of animal protein supply over in 17 countries within subSaharan Africa, including: Sierra Leone (69.7 percent), Comoros (54.4 percent), Ghana (51.2 percent), Sao Tome and Principe (50.9 percent), Gambia (49.3 percent), Equatorial Guinea (48.2 percent), Cameroon (38.5 percent), Congo DPR (38.4 percent), Senegal (43.8 percent), Cote d’Ivoire (39.9 percent), Nigeria (37.9 percent), Mozambique (35.5 percent), Benin (34.8 percent), Uganda (32.1 percent), Guinea (29.5 percent), Congo Republic (28.1 percent) and Malawi (27.0 percent); • Over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture production was produced within developing countries in 2012 (85.66 million tonnes in 2012), with the Asian region accounting for 91.2 percent of total global production, and China alone accounting for 53.9 million tonnes or 59.6 percent of total global aquaculture production in 2012 (Figure 2); • Aquatic meat production from aquaculture has been the fastest growing meat producing sector since 1970, with global production increasing at an average rate of 8.4 percent per year compared with 2.6 percentper year for terrestrial livestock meat production (for the period 1970 to 2012), with farmed aquatic meat production in China ariculture, Inc. | 2014 Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme: representing the second most produced meat after pork Ad-2 RotiGrow OneStep in 2012 (pork at 50.0 million tonnes, farmed aquatic meat nt: International Aquafeed | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm 24.7 million tonnes, and chicken meat at 13.2 million tonnes in 2012, respectively; FAO, 2014a, 2014b); • Whereas per capita supply of aquatic meat from capture fisheries has been steadily decreasing after reaching

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a high of 9.0 kg in 1986, per capita aquatic meat supply from aquaculture has been increasing at an average annual rate of 6.8 percent since 1970, and global production is expected to equal capture fisheries production by 2015 (Tacon and Metian, 2013).

Figure 3

Rapid growth of compound feeddependent fish and crustacean species

In contrast to aquatic plants and molluscs (43 percent of total aquaculture production in 2012; Figure 2), where production is largely based upon the absorption and utilization of dissolved nutrients and/ or plankton naturally present within the culture environment (often referred to as extractive aquaculture), the production of farmed fish and crustaceans (56 percent of total aquaculture production in 2012) is dependent upon the external provision and supply of feed inputs. Feed inputs vary depending upon the feeding habit and market value of the cultured species, with the bulk of farmed fish and crustaceans being fed industrially compounded complete feeds (ca. 70 percent of total fish and crustacean production in 2012), followed by farm-made supplementary feeds (ca. 25 percent of total production, fed mainly to lower-value herbivorous filter feeding freshwater fish species within fertilized ponds and reservoirs) and whole/frozen fresh feed items such as lower value fish species (ca. five percent of total finfish and crustacean production, fed mainly to higher-value marine carnivorous fish species). In contrast to industrially compounded aquafeeds, the total global production of farm-made aquaculture feeds and lower value fish species as feed is still largely undocumented, and it has been estimated that global production is between 15 to 30 million tonnes and three to six million tonnes, respectively (Hasan et al., 2007; Hasan and Halwart, 2008; Tacon et al., 2011). In terms of industrially compounded aquafeeds, it is estimated that approximately 35.7 million tonnes of farmed fish and crustaceans (39.5 percent of the total global aquaculture production) was dependent upon the use and supply of industrially compounded aquafeeds in 2012, with the total production of compound aquafeed estimated at approximately 39.6 million tonnes with feed production growing at an average annual rate of 10.3 percent per year. The major industrially fed species, in order of species group production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a). In addition to the above species, it is important to mention that over 11.8 million tonnes of predominantly filter-feeding finfish species (includes Silver carp, Bighead carp, Catla, Rohu, and Mrigal carp) were also produced in 2012; these species representing 26.7 percent of total finfish aquaculture production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a). As mentioned previously, these lower value species (from a marketing perspective) are usually reared together as a polyculture (Silver carp and Bighead carp in China, and Catla, Rohu and Mrigal carp in India and Bangladesh) at low stocking densities within fertilized ponds and freshwater bodies, with little or no external feed inputs being provided other than the use of occasional supplementary feed mixtures in the case of the Indian major carps (for review see Hasan et al., 2007) Whilst the aquaculture sector may have been successful in the past in securing dietary feed inputs (aquaculture representing less than four percent of total global compound animal feed production; estimated at ca.1,000 million tonnes in 2013), this may not be the case in the future as the sector grows and matures into a major consumer of feed ingredients. This is particularly true for those carnivorous fish species with less flexible feeding habits. For example, despite its relatively small size compared with terrestrial animal feed production, the aquaculture sector consumed an estimated 68 percent of the total global fishmeal production and 74 percent of the total

Figure 4

global fish oil production in 2012, with the major consumers including higher value shrimp, salmonid and marine fish species in the case of fishmeal, and salmonids and marine fish in the case of fish oil, respectively (IFFO - International Fishmeal and Fishoil Organisation, Andrew Jackson, personal communication)

Conclusion

Clearly, as in terrestrial animals, those aquatic species feeding lower on the aquatic food chain (includes most herbivorous and omnivorous fish and crustacean species) will be less restricted by ingredient selection and supply than carnivorous species; the latter often having a specific requirement for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids only found in animal feeds. However, as the dependence upon lower-cost plant-based ingredients increases, then so the risk of possible mycotoxin contamination increases. Sadly, there is a paucity of practical information concerning the toxicity and dietary effects of long term exposure of the myriad of different mycotoxins on farmed fish and crustaceans, or concerning the potential health implications of these toxins on human health and food safety (Tacon and Metian, 2008). It is hoped that this paper will help is raising awareness to this important issue and that increased research effort be focused on mycotoxin toxicity within the major farmed fed fish and crustacean species.

34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

FEATURE

Figure 5

Figure 6

References FAO (2004a) FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Department, Policy and Economics Division, Statistics and Information Service, FishstatJ: a tool for fishery statistics analysis, Release 2.0.0. Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Aquaculture production: Quantities 1950–2012; Aquaculture production: Values 1984–2012. FAO (2004b) FAO Statistics Division, FAOSTAT (http://faostat3.fao.org/ faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E). Accessed June 30, 2014 Hasan, M.R., Hecht, T., De Silva, S.S. and Tacon, A.G.J. (eds) (2007) Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 497. Rome, FAO:510. Hasan, M.R. and Halwart, H. (eds) (2008). Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 518. Rome, FAO. 2009:407. Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2008) Aquaculture feed and food safety: the role of FAO and Codex Alimentarius. New York Academy of Sciences 1140:50-59. Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2013) Fish Matters: importance of aquatic foods in human and global food supply. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21(1):1–17. Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R. and Metian, M. (2011). Demand and supply of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 564. FAO, 2011:87.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

CATFISH Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

and adopted by farmers. The commercial industry developed in the southern United States within the original range of the species. At least 90 per cent of the farmed fish are produced in the Mississippi River Valley region.

Global: Channel Catfish

Main producer countries

Channel catfish have been introduced into Europe, Russian Federation, Cuba and portions of Latin America. The primary interest in many countries appears to be recreational fishing.

nterest in channel catfish began when the United States Fish and Fisheries Commission began stocking fish collected from the wild in the 1870s. Channel catfish were native primarily to the Mississippi River Valley but were widely introduced throughout the nation by the Commission. Spawning was first achieved in 1890 in aquaria, at which time it was learned that the male guards the eggs during incubation. Pond spawning was first observed in 1914 at a government hatchery. Spawning nests (nail kegs) were first used in 1916 and the numbers of fingerlings produced per stocked female increased. Indoor hatching of channel catfish eggs in troughs equipped with paddlewheels to move the water in a manner that simulates the fanning of the eggs by the male fish was first accomplished in 1929. Commercial aquaculture was first considered to be economically practical in the late 1950s. Catfish farming developed rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s as improvements in pond management, disease identification and control, and prepared feeds were developed

Production systems

Channel catfish are reared in ponds, cages, and circular tanks or linear raceways in both the United States and China. Monoculture dominates in the U.S., while both monoculture and poly-culture with traditional species such as carp occurs in China. Formulated feeds are employed in both nations. The details presented below refer to channel catfish culture in the United States of America.

Market and trade

The market has been impacted by an influx of unrelated species of catfish from Viet Nam in recent years. This has led to intense competition with domestic channel catfish in the marketplace to the extent that prices paid to many producers do not offset production costs. Predictions are that some producers may be forced out of catfish farming, though legislation to require country of origin branding may provide some relief. Country of origin labelling may aid in moving retail grocery stores and restaurants towards a preference for domestic catfish. There is also a movement by the catfish farmers to encourage legislation that would place a tariff

on imported catfish. Prices in the marketplace are fairly stable.

Status and trends

While the catfish industry is quite mature, research continues on disease control, nutrition, genetic improvement, and other aspects associated with the farming of the species. Research is also being conducted to reduce the level of nutrients in pond effluents by developing diets that are better utilised by the fish. The future of the catfish industry in the United States is unclear. Until the situation with respect to imported exotic catfishes is resolved, it is difficult to determine whether the industry will grow in the future, remain at its current level, or decline. The market for channel catfish in the United States is well developed. Once considered a product of interest only in the southern states, catfish can now be found in restaurants and on menus in grocery stores throughout the nation. Consumers see it as being a healthy choice food. Market expansion may be possible through development of new product forms and value added processing.

Main issues

Since channel catfish are produced almost exclusively on private land there are few environmental issues associated with production of the species. In cases where ponds or intensive culture facility effluents enter public waters, there is an issue of eutrophication that is being addressed, in part, through development of feeds that are better utilised by the fish. The issue of potential eutrophication also exists with respect to cage culture. Source: www.fao.org

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

2 EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

Feed and feeding practices for Catfish in India by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, Mahabubnagar-509001. Telangana, India, e-mail: laxmappaboini@gmail.com

atfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario. Aquaculture in India has become an industry since late eighties with several entrepreneurs taking up aquaculture with carps, catfishes and prawns. Of late, the Government of India has also identified catfish farming as a National Priority and has placed emphasis on diversification of culture practices. The major chunk of catfish, however, comes from capture resources, which includes air-breathing as well as non-airbreathing varieties. Air-breathing catfishes have greater potentiality to utilise shallow, swampy, marshy and derelict water-bodies for aquaculture, whereas non-air-breathing catfishes can be well suited to normal pond environment.

Cultivable catfish species

There are six catfish species are cultured in India (Table 1). Among six, only two catfish species viz. Pangas and African catfish culture is intensified in the country due to its higher production rates by using various local as well as commercial feeding methods.

Table.1: Commercially cultured Catfish species in India. Sl. No.

Family

Common Name

Scientific Name

Clariidae

Magur

Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)

Clariidae

African catfish or Thai magur

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)

Heteropneustidae

Singhi or stinging catfish

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Siluridae

Butter catfish

Ompok bimaculatus

Pangasiidae

Pangas

Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton)

Pangasiidae

Sutchi catfish

Pangasianodon hypophthalmusÂ

Clarias batrachus: Amongst the catfishes, Clarias batrachus, an obligatory air-breathing catfish known as magur is the most preferred indigenous catfish in India. The culture of magur obtained impetus by the standardisation of its breeding and grow-out farming techniques at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), an ICAR fishery research institute, Bhubaneswar. The fish is currently propagated on a large scale along the north-eastern regions, mainly the State of Assam. Heteropneustes fossilis: It is commonly known as singhi or stinging catfish, has a great potentiality as a candidate species for aquaculture. The presence of accessory respiratory organ helps this to thrive well in shallow and derelict waters with poor oxygen. It contributes to about 15 per cent of inland landings,

mostly from eastern regions and some few south Indian states. Ompok species: Ompok bimaculatus, O.pabda

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

EXPERT T●PIC

Table 2: Farm made feed (with locally available ingredients for striped catfish(Pangas) in India Average No. of Feeding body feeding/ % weight(g) day 100-300

3-4

2-3

300-500

3-4

2-3

500-800

2-3

1-2

800-1000

2-3

1-2

>1000

1-2

Name of the feed

Boiled corn dough’s, cooked rice bran, Confectionery waste products etc.

and O. malabaricus are the three medium-size catfishes under family siluridae. They have great importance as food

fish and have good demand among the consumers. Pangasius pangasius: It is the only species of the genus pangasius found in India waterbodies. It is mainly an estuarine habitant, displaying long migration from estuarine to upper stretch of river. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: It is commonly known as pangas in India, sutchi catfish in Thailand or Pla Sawai, Patin in Malaysia, tra or basa catfish in Vietnam. It is one of the swift growing catfishes under pangasiidae family is widely cultured in Asian countries. Vietnam being the largest producer of this fish enjoys its dominance of supplying sutchi catfish and its fillet to European market. This exotic cat-

fish entered to India through West Bengal and seed has been transported to different parts of India. As shrimp-farming activity in Andhra Pradesh was affected due to disease, many farmers of Andhra Pradesh diverted their farming activity towards this catfish culture. Clarias gariepinus: It is commonly known as African catfish or Thai magur and the culture of this species was banned in India under Environment Protection Act. But many fishermen are still cultivating this banned catfish illegally in village ponds to make a quick buck. The banned catfish is reared clandestinely in certain states like Karnataka, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana etc. in India.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39

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The Pangas catfish P. hypophthalmus was first introduced into India in 1997 in the state of West Bengal from Bangladesh. Farmers are overwhelmingly culturing pangas catfish using improved management methods and improvised, supplementary feeds available commercially along with locally available farm made feeds (Table 2). Because of its remarkable growth rate, this fish is being cultured in many states particularly the Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala and Table 3: Generally suggested feeding rates Orissa in the country. for industrial pellets for striped catfish (Bharat Lux Indo Company) Initially its farming was Extruded floating carried in limited area in Sinking pellet (18pellet (28% crude 20% crude protein) the state of West Bengal protein) later on this was cultured % on large scale in the state % body body Fish size weight Fish size of Andhra Pradesh. weight (g) per (g) Andhra Pradesh per day day is the major producing state for pangas <100 3.0 <100 3.0 catfish particularly in 101–300 2.5 101-150 2.5 Krishna and West Godavari districts. The 301–500 1.8 151-200 2.0 farm area is ranging 501–700 1.5 201-250 1.8 from 4 ha to 40 ha. 701–900 1.3 251-500 1.5 It has been found that >900 1.0 501-1000 1.0 there is a shift of culture practice from carps to Pangasianodon catfish in considerable areas in Andhra Pradesh. Due to closure of shrimp ponds on account of disease, farmers had to suffer heavy losses and they also adopted pangas farming alternatively in the same areas. The culture production of P. hypophthalmus is 15 to 20 t/ha/year which is higher than carp production (8-10 t/ha/year) in the same areas. It is estimated that

40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014 10.01.14 10:03

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The new “Advanced Feature” Vertical Cooler maintains cooling technology for pet foods, aquaculture feeds and feed. Advanced Features include: • Easy access sanitary design for quick, complete clean-out • Multiple air inlet cone for 360-degree air inlet – no internal perforated core needed presently over 700,000 tonnes of Pangas catfish is produced in the country per annum. In commercial culture of Pangasianodon farmers are using both pelleted and extruded feeds (Table 3 & 4). The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of these feeds can be improved to a range of 1:1 to 1:2 while common FCRs reported by farmers are in the range from 1:1 to 1:3. The floating feed is the modern way of feeding in contrast with the traditional way using Table 4: Generally recommended farm made feeds comprising feeding table for high protein remains agricultural ingrediextruded floating feed(26% crude ents. The feed composition protein) for striped catfish (Growel ranges from 25 to 28 per Feeds Private Limited) cent crude protein for grow Average Average No. of out pond. Some farmers are body feed(g) feeding/ also using chicken wastes for weight(g) day pangas culture as in the case 0-50 3.3 2-3 of African catfish due to low feeding costs. 50-100 4.8 2-3 Clarias gariepinus is usu100-250 5.8 2-3 ally fed waste intestines and 250-500 8.4 2-3 skin of chickens so it grows 500-750 9.4 1-2 fast (Table 5). The magur 750-1000 10.5 1-2 can grow fast than compared to local carp’s fish with low 1000-1500 11.0 1-2 feeding cost. The fish can be >1500 12.0 1-2 produced cheaply in a short span of time. Catfish ponds were stinking, but a bigger problem is what they do to the immediate environment.

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Conclusion

Efforts should be made to improve Pangasianodon culture through the adoption of Better Management Practices (BMPs) as has been

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ter growth, meat quality and health. In case of polyculture mash feeds of good quality may also be used through bag feeding in addition to floating pellets. Under monoculture, manuring of culture pond may not be required; however, agriculture lime should be applied @ 100 kg ha-1depending on the Table 5: Common feed given for Clarias gariepinus (African pH of pond soil and water. For catfish) in India polyculture ponds, fertilization Average No. of using organic/inorganic manures Feeding body feeding/ Name of the feed could be followed as per the % weight(g) day soil fertility. The slaughterhouse waste 0-10 4-5 2-3 Rice bran they feed the catfish is strewn Spoiled & discarded 10-25 3-4 2-3 all around and shows an cooked eggs extreme disregard for hygiene. Once in 3 Chicken waste raw & The waste strewn all around >30 3-4 days boiled attracts dogs, which graduThere is need for suitable adoptive measures. ally become aggressive and start hunting Wet feeds should be totally discouraged in for meat. They become uncharacteristically ferocious and chase humans. Catfish the culture. Use of floating pellets is desirable for bet- farmer’s heat up the feed using plastic and done in shrimp farming. A number of immediate management measures would be useful at striving to achieve BMPs. Since conventional feeds do not perform significantly, improvement in feed quality is urgently warranted, if current Pangasianodon farming is to sustain.

rubber waste particularly damaged vehicles tyres. The dark, toxic fumes can be smelt from a long distance which is harmful to the environment. Proper feed storage facility should be provided at the farm site with proper ventilation and fumigation. The feed should be stacked on raised wooden platforms without touching the walls to avoid mould. The feed should be used within three months from the date of production. Feeding should be suspended one/two days prior to harvest. It is necessary to have a nationwide campaign to improve sanitation and ensuring quarantine warranty, environmental purity and food safety.

References Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture 2011 – Published by ICAR, New Delhi. Singh AK and Lakra WS. 2012: Culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus into India: Impacts and Present Scenario. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.

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International Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management Latin America & Caribbean Chapter WAS Striped Bass Growers Association US Shrimp Farming Association US Trout Farmers Association World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association

For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org

e arrived in San Sebastian a day early and settled in to our apartment, which was flanked by traditional cafes and fruit shops. Before soaking up the local culture we paid a visit to the home of Aquaculture Europe 2014, the Kursaal Congress Centre to collect our passes and get our bearings. Alistair Lane of EAS and Mario Stael of Mar Event greeted us - both being the organisers of Aquaculture Europe. Alistair kindly walked with us to the old town and recommended a pinxos bar where we could have dinner that evening. He bid us goodbye and we continued our walk through the old town. There we stumbled across the aquarium quite by chance, which was hosting an exhibition entitled ‘Aquaculture? Find out about it’. This travelling exhibition was timed to appear in San Sebastian to coincide with Aquaculture Europe, and was organised by the Spanish Aquaculture Observatory. The government of the Basque Autonomous Community (region) regards aquaculture as a strategic sector with great potential for development. Juan Karlos Izagirre, Mayor of San Sebastian made this sentiment evident as he addressed the 1,200 delegates of Aquaculture Europe 2014 on the evening of Tuesday the 14th October. He delivered his speech in Basque, accompanied by an English translator. He welcomed us all to San Sebastian, which will follow in the footsteps of the UK’s city of Liverpool by becoming the European Capital of Culture in 2016. Kjell Maroni, President of EAS also expressed a welcoming message. The evening was brought to a close with entertainment in the form of traditional Basque stone lifting, which proved to be quite a spectacle. Refreshments were taken in the foyer and could be enjoyed in the fresh air, with a sea view and the Kursaal venue lit up behind us. On Wednesday we gathered again in the chamber hall for the plenar y session, ‘Adding Societal Value: From Aquaculture to Gastronomy’ where we saw Alistair Lane with Mikel Gallo, nanogastronomy head chef at the Kursaal Congress Centre create three dishes from four aquaculture products: algae, mussels, caviar and turbot. When preparing the dishes on stage Gallo explained to us that ‘seaweed is very popular within haute cuisine in Spain. It is used more and more as we have come to realise it is healthy. It can be used in stocks and soups. It is very interesting for vegetarians as it brings the taste of the sea to vegetarian dishes.’ In the world of gastronomy, luxury has been associated with aquaculture products. When Gallo began cooking his creation that included caviar – a poached egg in ham broth garnished with the sturgeon eggs – Alistair explained that there are 50 to 60 caviar farms producing caviar today in Europe. Wild caviar is no longer on the market. 400 to

INDUSTRY EVENTS 500 tonnes of caviar will be produced from farms in the next five years. Along with the insight into Aquaculture and Gastronomy, EAS took the opportunity to present two of their prestigious awards. The EAS life membership award went to Michael New and the lifetime Achievement award went to former EAS president Yves Harache. Wednesday saw all 70 booths at the trade show come to life, the International Aquafeed booth saw a steady flow of visitors who were keen to take away and read the magazine which we had available in Spanish Chinese and English. I caught up with Alistair Lane to ask his opinion on the event so far, ‘We began Aquaculture Europe in an unusual way this morning’ he explained, referring to the cooking demonstration, he also remarked on the networking opportunities this event provided, ‘people have been talking to each other and that’s what it is all about’ he enthused. I attended the Sea Bass and Sea Bream Workshop later on in the day and caught Fishery Biologist Bjorn Myrseth’s presentation on ‘Production and Marketing of Atlantic Salmon and a comparison with Sea Bass and Sea Bream’. He began by explaining that growth mortality and feed efficiency have got worse over the past 50 years and this issue must be addressed and a solution must be found. People who attended the workshop were encouraged to participate in, recommend and propose solutions. In his comparison between salmon and bream, Myrseth explained that although sea bass and sea bream suffer from fewer diseases than salmon, disease prevention for the species needs to be improved and that more money needs to be put into the marketing, promotion and product development of bream. On Thursday I took a look at the project poster exhibition where ever ything from nutrition to climate change and environmental management was covered. I was rather enamored by a poster titled ‘Sea Cucumber: new source of fatty acids for human consumption’ and came away inspired. A record number of abstracts were submitted for Aquaculture Europe 2014 oral slots and it was hard to choose which ones to attend, I manage to catch Emmanuelle Apper-Bossard from Tereos Syrel’s talk ‘Use of Vital Wheat Gluten in Aquacultue Feeds’. The Presidents’ reception on Thursday night gave us all an opportunity to network in a relaxed environment. We were treated to the gastronomic creations of Gallo and traditional Basque dance. I got talking to fish farmers from as far away as America, and Brazil, which shows that this event was attended from people from all over the world and goes to show just how important it is to the industry. The last day of Aquaculture Europe saw everyone in a relaxed mood, I caught up with Mario Stael of Mar Event. ‘What we tried to achieve is to get all the industry from all over Europe together’ He explained, ‘We were going to have 5 conference rooms and ended up with 9’ This is certainly a testimony to the popularity of the event. Aquaculture Europe 2015 will be held in Rotterdam, where there is expected to be more of a turn out from northern Europe. We look forward to next year and hope to see you there!

INDUSTRY EVENTS

EuroTier 2014 presents a Marketplace for Aquaculture!

Fish and more will be swimming in Hall 17

ore than 10,000 Fish Farmers, Technologists and friends of Aquaculture will come to Hannover, to meet the exhibitors to invest, get advice in the Advisory Centre Aquaculture, listen and learn in the Forum Aquaculture, have a look into “the water world” in the new DLG Showcase “Growth in Water” or just to come and party and meet colleagues at the “Fishparty” and the “International Fish Talk”. In the midst of the leading international trade fair for animal husbandry, management and energy management, the place to meet is the Marketplace for Aquaculture with new trends and new markets, covering all aspects of aquaculture, inland fisheries, environmental engineering and water management. Technology & Trends New and proven technologies and products will be shown at the Marketplace for Aquaculture. The leading exhibitors for equipment and fish farms in Germany have stands there. Fish farm providers from Denmark, the Netherlands, and for the first time from China too will be exhibiting their products in Hanover. The market leaders in feeding technology, feed and net production are coming to the fair as well, and water conditioners will also be represented there. The marketplace has been fully booked already since July 2014

List of Exhibitors: • ALLER AQUA A/S • Bundesverband Aquakultur e.V. (German Aquaculture Association) • Daniit A/S • DLG e.V. Beratungscenter Aquakultur (Aquaculture Advisory Centre) • DLG Service GmbH Forum Aquakultur (Forum Aquaculture) • DLG Service GmbH Schaufenster "Wachstum im Wasser" (Showcase “Growth in Water”) • NETZE PETR DOBES • Emsland - Aller Aqua GmbH • Engel Netze GmbH & Co. KG • EURODUNA Rohstoffe GmbH • F & M Anlagenbau GmbH • FischMagazin Fachpresseverlag • Fleuren & Neuen/ Til Aqua • FNR Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. /Federal Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) • Foodsystec e.G. • GICON - Großmann Ingenieur Consult GmbH • Green Aqua Farming GmbH & Co KG • GS Schleiftechnik & Waagen GmbH • Institut für Binnenfischerei e.V (Institute for Inland Fisheries) • Karl von Keitz Nachf. GmbH • Kieler Meeresfarm UG • K N A Q Kompetenznetzwerk

Aquakultur (an der GMA Büsum) (Aquaculture Expertise Network at GMA Büsum) • J o a c h i m Krüger Pflanzenkläranlagen GmbH • LAZBW - Landw. Zentrum, Fischereiforschungsstelle Langenargen (Fisheries Research Centre) • Linn Gerätebau GmbH • neomar GmbH • PAL Anlagenbau GmbH

• PAL Anlagenbau GmbH (Mitaussteller Schaufenster) (Co-exhibitor, Showcase) • AQUACIRCEL • ratz Aquakultur GmbH • RecircInvest Biotech Co., Ltd. • RK Plast A/S • SCHAUER Agrotronic GmbH • Kunststoff SPRANGER GmbH • Uni Göttingen, Abteilung Aquakultur (University of Göttingen, Department of Aquaculture) • VDBA Verband der

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 46

Deutschen Binnenfischerei & Aquakultur (Federation of German Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture) • Water-proved

Knowledge & Discussion

Four days, 60 Experts, 12 Sessions, 3 panels and a lot of topics to discuss: Forum Aquaculture 2014 is committed to practical relevance, new impulses and fruitful discus-

sions with many different voices from the aquaculture sector. The speakers will be talking about subjects from everyday fisheries practice and presenting new, forward-looking concepts and technologies. (The complete program is given under www.eurotier.com/auqaculture) Language is/German or English.

Advice & Support

Ask somebody who knows! This is easier said than done when it comes to aquaculture as a niche sector. Providing visitors with impartial advice and support

INDUSTRY EVENTS has always been the core of the marketplace. Leading Institutions provide answers in the Advisory Centre Aquaculture 2014, namely: • The Fisheries Research Centre Langenargen • The Expert Network Aquaculture from Büsum • The VdBA – (Federation of German Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture with the Trout Marketing Federation) • The Institute for Inland Fisheries, Potsdam Sacrow • DLG (Deutsche LandwirtschaftsGesellschaft – German Agricultural Society) with the DLG Committee for Aquaculture • AQUACIRCLE Denmark • The new international partner is the Danish Institution AQUACIRCLE. Furthermore various special consultants who will be addressing the subject of legal issues (construction law, etc.), farm succession, animal health, animal welfare and hygiene, and ecocertification are invited in the Advisory Center.

PartyTime!! TALK & MEET & EAT

At 18:00 h on Wednesday, 12 November 2014, the Marketplace for Aquaculture will turn into a big party– fish friends will be celebrating the Fischparty directly on the stand of the Forum and advisory center. On Thursday, 13 November 2014, international fish farm operators, RAS Technologist and the trade will be meeting for the International Fish Talk at EuroTier direclty on the market Place. (Language: English - Registration necessary www. eurotier.com/auqaculture) The Fish talk is a meeting place for international fish farmers of all kind of aquaculture systems – from pond, raceway to closed recirculated aquaculture systems with the experts of fish marketing, buying agents of seafood industry, but also

certification agents, fish farming technologists and simply friends of aquaculture take part in this meeting. Opening: Eric Bink – Chairman of Dutch Aquaculture Experts “How can Aquaculture grow in Europe? Obstacles and perspectives for European fish

farmers … and a view to the Netherlands” Open Discussion with Statements of fish farmers (Germany, Denmark, The Netherlands, Poland, Turkey), certifiers (Naturland, Global Gap, ASC), and fish retailers from different areas of Germany

Chairman: Dr. Birgit SchmidtPuckhaber, DLG e.V.

information:

Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber Tel: +49 6924 788307 Email: b.schmidt-puckhaber@dlg.org Website: www.eurotier.com/aquaculture

DLG Showcase “Growth in Water”

t EuroTier 2014, DLG is for the first time arranging a showcase in the Marketplace for Aquaculture addressing the topic “Growth in Water” and with the help of partners is enabling visitors to cast a “look into the water”. The concept is to grow biomass in the water and not “from the land”. This showcase in Hall 17 will be focusing on the diversity, innovation and potential of water as a production medium. Aquaculture covers not only fish production, but also stands for controlled production of aquatic organisms in general, in other words crustaceans, mussels, microalgae and macroalgae. According to FAO, more than 500 different aquatic organisms were farmed and utilised by humans in 2012 (FAO Sofia, 2014). This includes 350 species of fish, approx. 100 species of mussels, 50 species of crustaceans and 40 different algae and aquatic plants. The diversity of aquaculture is enormous, with various organisms in a wide range of farming methods in both fresh water and salt water (sea farming), and presents a genuine challenge for new markets and concepts. While catch yields are stagnating, aquaculture is excelling on an international basis, with constantly rising production figures and reached approx. 66 million tonnes in 2012. This figure does not yet include aquatic plants, which account for a further 23 million tonnes. The Showcase “Growth in Water” is the result of the huge international interest in aquaculture, water conditioning and water treatment experienced at previous exhibitions. As well as arousing curiosity, the showcase displays the diverse options for using water by showing visitors exhibits and highlighting interconnections and synergies with nutrient and energy cycles (feedstuffs, raw materials, heat, etc.). DLG is cooperating with a number of partners in the showcase in order to visualise “Growth in Water” as compactly and informatively as possible and to create useful links to different business sectors. Find out more by looking at our thematic posters and through the exhibits on photobioreactors & microalgae, fish farming and breeding, raw materials for feedstuffs, aquaponics and heat recovery, mussels, macroalgae, crustaceans and plant-based wastewater treatment systems.

The DLG is working with nine partners to organise this special area: • Microalgae production in photobioreactors (GICON) • Manufacture of aquariums and tank concepts (Karl v. Keitz) • Construction of tanks and systems (Kunststoff Spranger) • Fish farms, aquaponics and energy concepts (PAL Anlagenbau) • Macroalgae and bivalves (CRM - Kieler Meeresfarm) • Plant-based wastewater treatment systems for water discharged from fish breeding and agriculture (Krüger Pflanzenkläranlagen) • Raw materials for fish food (Euroduna) • Göttingen University will be displaying African cichlids known as “Tilapia Augusta®” from practice-oriented research, and the Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) will be explore the question of whether it is possible to “fly” with algae.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 47

More Information: Hall 17 Stand B09 Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber www.eurotier.com/aquakultur

INDUSTRY EVENTS Aquatic China and VIV Beijing 2014 by Professor Simon J Davies, Plymouth University, October 2014

INDUSTRY EVENTS

s the editor of International Aquafeed and Professor of Fish Nutrition at Plymouth University, I was delighted to participate fully in the recent VIV exhibition in China and in particular the Aquatic China scientific forum arranged by VIV and International Aquafeed (September 20th-23rd in Beijing). This was a specialised 2-day event attracting a broad range of academics from many universities in China and technical representatives of leading companies both within Europe, the United States as well those with bases in China and independent Chinese companies engaged within the aquaculture feed market. The academic elements and the rigour of the science were strong and highly professional in content and delivery. From my perspective, the developments in the aquatic nutrition and feed domain of course were very much relevant to my research interests and I had an excellent chance to meet several colleagues again from the scientific community across mainland China and Asia. Indeed it was a real pleasure to have the company of my close Korean colleague Dr Sung-Chul (Charles) Bai from the Pukyong National University, past president of the World Aquaculture Society and also International Aquafeed editorial board member. The Aquatic China forum was held in the Kuntai hotel main conference room. Over the course of the 2 days coverage included detailed advances in fish nutrition and feed technology for a variety of farmed species now being actively cultured in China that contribute so much to global sea food production. The speakers were leading experts in their field and I was honoured to be a plenary speaker myself as well as chairing the second day session with our distinguished associate editor for China Dr Yu Yu.

Dr Kangsen Mai from the Ocean University, Quindao, Shangdong is well known internationally and gave a wonderful updated overview of Chinese aquaculture and its potential for expansion. Dr Yi Rong Yue of Evonik gave a detailed presentation on amino acid nutrition in fish with emphasis on methionine requirements in both fish and shrimp. My good friend Zhigang Zhou from the feed research institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences gave an interesting account of the interactions of the gut microflora in fish and associated risks of using lactic acid bacteria with respect to disease resistance to other pathogenic bacteria in the longer term. Other sponsored talks included Liu Wen-Shu of King Technica who spoke on the use of short chain fatty acids in respect of gut health and Dr Shouqi Xie sponsored by the large feed producer Hinter group who gave a presentation on safety and quality of farmed fish produce. From outside China, Brett Glencross (CSIRO) came all the way from Brisbane, Australia on a flying visit to speak about advances in fish nutrition requirements. My own key-note contribution was an assessment of the general technical developments in aquaculture in terms of balancing production efficiency with health and disease resistance using novel feed ingredients and feed additives based on current research strategies. A detailed economic and banking investment appraisal and industry analysis was provided by another sponsor, Gorjan Nikolic of Rabobank based in the Netherlands. The role of the major banks and capital investment organisations and government will be vital if we are to make significant progression to raise the thresholds of the aquaculture industry contribution to world food production. It has already eclipsed beef production and set to make further gains. Overall, I thought that the conference and exhibition was very well organised. It offered an invaluable platform for more collaboration within China, maintaining links with established contacts and forging new opportunities with Chinese academia and business as well as with other regions of SE Asia and internationally. These events are crucial in achieving our desire to meet high standards in delivery of the supply chain in aquaculture as well as in the conventional meat industry. Much emphasis was made of global food security and transparency of the complex chain leading from production, inputs of raw materials and the consumer demand for safe, quality and nutritious sea food. The large exhibition was a unique opportunity to engage with the wider Asian animal feed industry sector. It was very much an international affair although there was a prominent Chinese representation with a large number of private companies producing a plethora of feed additive products, feed ingredients and machinery used in the production of advanced feeds and formulations for mainly terrestrial farm animals such as swine, poultry and ruminants. As I have stated on numerous occasions, aquaculture oriented nutrition and feed specialists must interact with specialists in other fields to foster better dialogue and achieve knowledge transfer capacity. I appreciate the hard work and professionalism of the VIV organisation and the support of Perendale publishers (International aquafeed) especially to Roger Gilbert and our dear Tuti Tan and the main sponsors and exhibitors that made such efforts during the week to host visitors to their stands and provide such useful technical and business information. The endless supply of free coffee, tea and special Chinese cakes proved so attractive too. The evening conference dinner was most appreciated and upheld the delights of the finer Chinese cuisine and hospitality. These events are vitally important in my calendar and with so many aquaculture related conferences and symposia held throughout the year it is impossible to attend them all. However Aquatic China is one I could not afford to have missed and so I look forward again to Aquatic China 2016 and the Aquatic Asia/VIV event in 2015 to be held in Bangkok, Thailand. It would seem that the diary for the next two years is already filling and maybe the air-miles.

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 48

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Global Salmon Initiative International Seminar: Pathways to Sustainability Aquasur 2014 – Puerto Montt, Chile

ast month at AquaSur conference in Puerto Montt, Chile, Editec and the Global Salmon Initiative co-hosted the seminar ‘Pathways to Sustainability’. The seminar focused on the challenges facing the salmon aquaculture industry, and provided insights and perspectives from both the producers and a number of key stakeholders. The session opened with two introductory presentations one by Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson, Minister of Fisheries for Iceland, and the second by Jose Villalon, Corporate Sustainability Director at Nutreco. Jóhannsson’s presentation highlighted the country’s future growth ambitions, and used the country’s philosophy around sustainability as a case study to promote the value of industry and government policy working together to protect natural resources and result in a competitive advantage. Villalon’s presentation showcased the growing role of aquaculture in the changing world economy, and stressed the importance of ensuring the sustainability of the industry if it is to reach its potential in offering a viable solution to global food security. Interestingly, Villalon

compared salmon production to a number of other food sectors (Chicken, Pork and Beef) and highlighted the industries favourable use of raw materials and carbon footprint. It is clear that challenges still remain within the industry, and Villalon applauded the efforts of GSI who have recognised their potential role, and have agreed to work together, precompetitively, to make the changes needed to secure the sustainable future of the industry. The following segment of the seminar, Sustainability Challenges 2020: The Producers, included an interactive panel discussion with four GSI members - Alf-Helge Aarskog (CEO, Marine Harvest), Jon Hindar (CEO, Cermaq), Victor Hugo Puchi (Chairman of the Board for AquaChile), and Grant Rosewarne (CEO, New Zealand King Salmon). Moderated by GSI Principal Consultant, Avrim Lazar, the panel were asked a serious of questions which reflected on their experiences as part of GSI over the past year. Recurrent themes in the panel members’ responses to these question around the impact of their work centered on a renewed sense of ambition towards the industry and a newfound confidence that

it can overcome sustainability challenges to provide a healthy source of protein to the world’s growing population. Another strong theme was the benefits that have been seen from working together to tackle these sustainability issues as a collective and learning from one another along the way. CEOs reiterated that the challenges they are facing are large and complex, and therefore they are not under the impression change and solutions will happen easily or quickly, without significant effort, investment, and constant attention to ensure decisions made are implemented across hundreds of salmon farms. The discussion on challenges also touched upon the key issues within each of GSI’s core areas of focus: • Having all farms achieve the ASC Standard by 2020 • Becoming better and more coordinating at responding to and anticipating biosecurity threats such as sea lice • Finding sustainable sources for feed that are rich in OMEGA-3 The panellists shared that they have learned the critical importance of acting as a community – both as a collective of

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 49

companies and through partnerships with industry organizations like WWF, FAO and Rabobank. Following the GSI panel, the seminar moved into its second module: Sustainability Challenges 2020: The Stakeholders. The focus of this session was to hear from a number of key industry stakeholders on their views on the future challenges of the industry. Speakers included, Bertrand Charron, Editor of Seafood Intelligence; Jose Miguel Burgos, Director of the National Marine Fishing Services for Chile; Ricardo Bosshard Director, WWF Chile; Doris Soto, Senior Aquaculture Officer, FAO and Jeroen Leffelar, Global Co-Head Animal Protein at Rabobank. Focusing on their area of speciality and raising key questions and considerations for the industry, it was clear that there are challenges ahead and that the engagement of all players involved will be critical if they are to be overcome. It is clear that, by working together, real change and progress can be made in moving the industry towards a future which is not only more environmentally and socially sustainable, but that can thrive economically, achieving its potential for growth in light of the growing need for healthy protein.

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)

Additives Chemoforma +41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com Evonik +49 618 1596785

TSC Silos

STIF

+31 543 473979

+33 2 41 72 16 80

www.tsc-silos.com

www.stifnet.com

Westeel

VAV

+1 204 233 7133

+31 71 4023701

www.westeel.com

www.vav.nl

Certification

www.evonik.com Liptosa

Elevator & Conveyor Components 4B Braime

GMP+ International

+34 902 157711

+44 113 246 1800

+31703074120

www.liptosa.com

www.go4b.com

www.gmpplus.org

Sonac

Enzymes

Conveyors

+31 499 364800 www.sonac.biz

Ab Vista

Vigan Enginnering

+44 1672 517 650

+32 67 89 50 41

Analysis

www.abvista.com

www.vigan.com

R-Biopharm

JEFO

Colour sorters

+44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com

+1 450 799 2000

B端hler AG

Romer Labs

+41 71 955 11 11

+43 2272 6153310

www.buhlergroup.com

www.romerlabs.com

www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale ExtruTech Inc

Satake

Amino acids

+1 785 284 2153

+81 82 420 8560

www.extru-techinc.com

www.satake-group.com

Evonik +49 618 1596785

Computer software

www.evonik.com

Event organisers

Adifo NV

Animal Health & Nutrition

Eurasia Trade Fairs

+32 50 303 211

+90 212 3471054

Cenzone

www.adifo.com

www.eurasiafairs.com

+1 760 736 9901

Format International Ltd

www.cenzone.com

+44 1483 726081

Bags

www.formatinternational.com

Colour sorters

Mondi Group

Extruders Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl

+43 1 79013 4917

SEA S.r.l.

www.mondigroup.com

+39 054 2361423

Amandus Kahl

www.seasort.com

+49 40 727 710

Bin dischargers

Coolers & driers

Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11

www.akahl.de

Consergra s.l

Andritz

+34 938 772207

+45 72 160300

www.consergra.com

www.andritz.com

Bentall Rowlands

FrigorTec GmbH

Brabender

+44 1724 282828

+49 7520 91482-0

+49 203 7788 0

www.bentallrowlands.com

www.frigortec.com

www.brabender.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd

Geelen Counterflow

+44 1621 868944

+31 475 592315

www.chief.co.uk

www.geelencounterflow.com

Croston Engineering

Muyang Group

+44 1829 741119

+86 514 87848880

www.croston-engineering.co.uk

www.muyang.com

Silo Construction Engineers

Wenger Manufacturing

+32 51723128

+1 785-284-2133

www.sce.be

www.wenger.com

www.denis.fr

Bulk storage

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com 50 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl Insta-Pro International +1 515 254 1260 www.insta-pro.com Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

Palletisers

Feed Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

+55 11 4873-0300

www.ehcolo.com

www.kepler.com.br Obial

+34 973 21 60 40

Tel.: +351 249 435 145

Wynveen International B.V.

Kepler Weber Group

+45 75 398411 PAYPER, S.A.

SPAROS Website: www.sparos.pt

Silos Ehcolo A/S

+90 382 2662120

www.payper.com

www.obial.com.tr

Pellet binders

MYSILO

Akzo Nobel

+31 26 47 90 699

+90 382 266 2245

+46 303 850 00

www.wynveen.com

www.mysilo.com

www.bredol.com

Hatchery products

Symaga

Borregaard LignoTech

Reed Mariculture

+34 91 726 43 04

+47 69 11 80 00

www.symaga.com

+1 877 732 3276

www.lignotechfeed.com

www.reed-mariculture.com

PellTech

Tornum AB

+47 69 11 80 00

+46 512 29100

www.pelltech.org

www.tornum.com

Laboratory equipment Bastak +90 312 395 67 87

Pest control

www.bastak.com.tr

+1 402 434 9102

Aqualabo

+44 0800 917 1987

Level measurement BinMaster Level Controls

Sensors

Rentokil Pest Control

+33 2 97 89 25 30

www.rentokil.co.uk

www.aqualabo.fr

Pipe systems

Agromatic

Jacob Sohne

www.binmaster.com

+41 55 2562100

+49 571 9580 FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

www.agromatic.com

www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Dol Sensors

Used around all industrial Plants sectors.

+45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Andritz

Vega

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45

+44 1444 870055

72 160300

www.andritz.com

www.vega.com/uk

Moisture analyzers

+31 318 545 754

+41 71 955 11 11

www.dishman-netherlands.com

+33 14 1475045

FAMSUN

www.chopin.fr

+86 514 87848880

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770

Probiotics

www.nir-online.de

Vacines

Recruitment JCB Consulting

www.seedburo.com

+49 6227 732668

CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum

+44 161 427 2402

Wynveen International B.V.

www.jcb-consulting.com

+31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Rolls Leonhard Brietenbach +49 271 3758 0 www.breitenbach.de OJ Hojtryk

Packaging

www.nabim.org.uk

www.biomin.net

+1 312 738 3700

NIR-Online

+44 2074 932521

+43 2782 803 0

Seedburo

NIR systems

nabim

Biomin

Hydronix www.hydronix.com

Training

www.muyang.com

www.doescher.com

+44 1483 468900

Dishman

Buhler AG www.buhlergroup.com

CHOPIN Technologies

Shrimp feed additives

+45 7514 2255 www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Safety equipment

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030

Mondi Group

Rembe

www.leibergmbh.de

+43 1 79013 4917

+49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Lesaffre Feed Additives

www.mondigroup.com Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

+33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 51

The aquafeed interview

icardo García Holtz, CEO of Camanchaca, holds a position as co-chairman of the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI). Ricardo represents the southern hemisphere, leading and guiding the efforts of the initiative, ensuring that GSI is working worldwide. GSI is committed to fully realising a shared goal of providing a highly sustainable source of healthy food to feed a growing global population, whilst minimising our environmental footprint, and continuing to improve social contribution. GSI companies have a presence in Chile, Canada, Norway, the Faroe Islands, Ireland and Scotland, and make significant contributions to the economies of these respective countries.

It has been 12 months since the official launch of the Global Salmon Initiative, what progress has been made? GSI now represents 18 companies, four more than when it began, across 9 countries representing more than 70 per cent of world's production, which speaks about growing awareness within the industry on sustainability improvements. Our priority and greater success have seen us build a strong foundation that can support our members to engage in a lasting change with the aim of genuinely becoming more sustainable. An engagement based on collaboration, information sharing, pooling resources, and transparency, to ultimately make a real difference to the industry’s goal of delivering a sustainable salmon to the World's consumers is our goal.

What are the main focus areas for GSI? GSI have been focusing on three dimensions: the wellness of the fish; the availability of sustainable marine ingredients in salmon feed; and the transparency of progress reporting. Fish wellness is about improving biosecurity, managing diseases and parasites, all of which have large impact on the environment and the cost of production, and on future availability. Sharing best practices, disease and parasite management co-ordination across regions, are key areas that help to generate improvements. As the Chilean case showed in the 2013-2014 period, a very positive example opened to all farmers there, which has also had influence on regulation. The largest fraction of the cost regarding salmon farming is related to its feed and nutrition, and its main components are fishmeal and fish oil, obtained from wild catch, for which much pressure exists globally as people recognise their over exploitation. These marine ingredients are the way salmon gets its Omega 3 richness. With this severe future limitation, GSI decided to proactively review alternative options and technologies to secure Omega 3 availability in the future, when its marine ingredients reach their limits. Promising alternative sourcing of EPA+DHA (Omega 3) are specialised algaes and genetically modified land grown plants containing such valuables fatty acids. GSI are acknowledging the need and value of transparent and rigorous reporting of its members' sustainability progress over time, selected the ASC standard as its reference point, and made a commitment that GSI members' farms will achieve this certification by 2020 – a very ambitious goal. Such certification and the progress underlying, is extremely challenging and it will take considerable time and efforts for our members, but we are committed and have started to see positive progress so far. As of October 2014, 16 GSI-member farms in Chile and Norway have reached the ASC standard. For all three areas of focus, we strive to openly and transparently communicate not just our successes, but also the challenges we’re facing. The progress report we’ve recently released is one modest example of reporting, and we’re also working to launch a public-facing dashboard in 2015. We acknowledge that change won’t certainly happen overnight, and we want to involve our stakeholders in the journey we are making.

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

How are GSI responding to the issue of sustainability in the salmon farming industry? We recognise this fact in the root of GSI's birth, and the key role that aquaculture will play in sustaining healthy feed for the world population. But to match expectation, we the farmers, need to offer sustainable production. We believe that such a challenge is best taken care by continuing to prioritise our key areas of focus and our overall objective to make significant improvements in the salmon farming sustainability supporting global ocean ecosystem maintenance.

What industry collaborations and projects have taken place at GSI? We’re proud to have built strong partnerships with organisations such as WWF, FAO and Rabobank, which all strengthen the initiative in different ways. WWF has helped us on our transparent reporting goals, while FAO played a key role in marine ingredients substitutes. We are discussing with Rabobank possible alliances, which would help further sustainable development of local industry providers, helping local communities. Other partners related with the feed industry are playing a valuable role. Working with these global organisations also helps us gain access to and awareness of other projects and initiatives that align with GSI’s goals.

How is the GSI responding to the sustainability of feed sources as an emerging industry challenge? Along with the above, we’ve begun a study in collaboration with FAO and IFFO (International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation) to map global availability of existing fisheries by-products which could help supply additional sources of EPA/ DHA to the aquaculture sector, by influencing public policy on fisheries. We’re also exploring the development of alternative OMEGA-3 rich resources derived from fermentation, algae and specialised crops. By exploring these options and working with our partners GSI are committed to finding a solution that is both sustainable for the industry, and results in a healthy product for consumers.

What are the next steps for the GSI? Launching the progress report one year after launching GSI has been a milestone; new memberships and enhancing the work with partners are very valuable too. For 2015, we hope to see more farms become ASC certified, and we aim to see a more stable industry situation both environmentally and economically. We will launch the GSI dashboard, which will provide transparent reporting across GSI companies against a number of key sustainability indicators. This is a huge development for the industry, and we think for the whole food sector. This will be the first time stakeholders and the public will have open access to important industry data, and we hope that by sharing this information and by showing what we are working on, and what we are changing we will gain support and encouragement for our actions.

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November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 53

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES Yara International ASA: Torgeir Kvidal appointed acting CEO

orgeir Kvidal is appointed Acting CEO effective 7 October 2014, and Jørgen Ole Haslestad has resigned as Yara CEO."Yara's Board have concluded that Haslestad is not the right person to lead the company going forward, also in light of the on-going talks with CF Industries. Haslestad would not have a role in a potential merged company," says Leif Teksum, Chairman of the Yara Board of Directors. "I would like to take this opportunity to thank Jørgen for his contribution to Yara, first as a Board member and since 2008 as CEO. Yara has made considerable progress under Haslestad's leadership," says Teksum. "The discussions with CF Industries will continue with Kvidal leading the Yara team, with support from the Board and in particular from me as Chairman," says Teksum. Torgeir Kvidal (born 1965) has served as Chief Financial Officer since May 2012 and was Head of Supply & Trade from 2011 to 2012, having joined Norsk Hydro in 1991. Mr. Kvidal holds a Master's degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH).

New Chairman for MSC Developing World Working Group

he Marine Stewardship Council’s Developing World Working Group has appointed Professor Eyiwunmi Augustine Falaye as its new chairperson.Professor Falaye will oversee a group of stakeholders representing 11 countries from across the developing world. The Developing World Working Group provides advice and guidance to the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) on the challenges and solutions to overfishing in the developing world. It was established by the MSC in 2007 in order to help increase accessibility of the MSC program for sustainable fishing. Fisheries in developing world countries face a unique set of funding, environmental, social and political challenges. The MSC is developing tools and mechanisms to support these fisheries to achieve the high standards required for MSC certification. This could open up new markets for MSC certified seafood from the developing world. Professor Falaye has a long academic and professional career researching and advising in fisheries management, aquaculture and sustainable environmental development. Former Head of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management at University of Ibadan in Nigeria, Falaye has published over 100 academic and professional papers on fisheries development. His qualifications include a Ph.D. in fisheries management from the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and a post-doctoral fellowship in Fisheries from Bangor in Wales. He has a B.Sc. in fisheries science from Plymouth University and a M.Sc. in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management from the University of Stirling in Scotland. Professor Falaye has worked with the MSC since 2000 and is an active member of the MSC’s Stakeholder Council, Developing World Fisheries Group and Steering Committee

Aidan Connolly appointed as Chief Innovation Officer at Alltech

lobal animal health and nutrition leader Alltech has appointed vice president Aidan Connolly as Chief Innovation Officer, connected to the company’s global research department. Working closely with Dr Karl Dawson, Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, Connolly will be involved with Alltech’s innovation pipeline and lead the commercialization of the company’s research programs. In his new role, Connolly will put together a team within the company’s research department that will primarily focus on developing innovative, nutrition-based technologies. Their new product development will capitalize on the insights gained through the company’s considerable investment in nutrigenomics, the science of how diet affects gene expression. “Giving a rapid and effective response, backed up by cutting-edge scientific research, to the market’s changing needs, has always been one of Alltech’s biggest strengths. It is all about how these technologies are implemented to the market,” said Connolly. Connolly brings a strong commercial background to Alltech’s research team. He graduated from University College Dublin with a master’s degree in international marketing. He has been with Alltech for nearly 25 years, initially in Ireland, and then in France, Brazil and the United States. From 2002 until 2008, Connolly held the position of vice president of Europe and was most recently based in Washington, D.C., as Vice President of corporate accounts. Today, Connolly is an adjunct professor of marketing at University College Dublin and a professor of agribusiness at the China Agricultural University in Beijing. He is also an executive board member of the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF), the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA), the National Chicken Council, the National Turkey Federation, and a former board member of the European Union Association of Specialty Feed Ingredients and their Mixtures (FEFANA). “As Alltech is moving forward to become a $4 billion company in the next 4-5 years, it is crucial that the company’s research and technical teams work hand-in-hand with sales and marketing. With Aidan joining our group, we will be even more strongly placed to support the industry with science-based nutritional solutions,” said Dr. Karl Dawson, vice president, Chief Scientific Officer at Alltech. Based at Alltech’s Center for Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition at Alltech’s corporate headquarters near Lexington, Kentucky, Connolly will also maintain his current responsibilities as vice president, corporate accounts at Alltech. Connolly is well-known as the architect of Alltech’s annual global feed survey, which assesses global feed tonnage in more than 130 countries.

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