Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Institutul Naţional al Patrimoniului (București) World heritage in Romania / National Institute of Heritage. - București : Patrimonia, 2018 ISBN 978-606-94656-0-8
All photographs, when not otherwise assigned, belong to NIH Archives
Church of St. George, Voroneţ Monastery. Detail of the West Façade. The Last Judgement
008
World Heritage in Romania National Institute of Heritage
Bucharest, 2018
Patrimonia Publishing
Romania
A new approach in the implementation of The World Heritage Convention
2—3 Biertan. The village and the fortified church. Photograph by Martin Rill
Romania accepted the World Heritage Convention in 1990 and adopted specific legislation for its national implementation in 2000. According to this the National Institute of Heritage (NIH) — the national body in the protection of cultural heritage, coordinating activities such as research, restoration, enhancement and management of all categories of cultural heritage — acts as a Focal Point Institution regarding World Heritage in Romania. Redefining the national strategy, followed by an action plan for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, were undertaken as top priorities of the NIH during 2016 and 2017. Consequently, several key dedicated processes have been initiated and will be continued in 2018: →→ the revision of the national methodologies for monitoring, preserving and managing World Heritage in Romania was proposed by NIH to the Ministry of Culture and National Identity, endorsed by the National Commission of Historical Monuments and is expected to be approved by Government Decision in 2018. →→ the creation within NIH of a new World Heritage Coordination Unit, directed by the national Focal Point and dedicated to monitoring and managing World Heritage in Romania. The new unit will be operational by the end of 2018 and will include experts in cultural as well as natural heritage protection in a mixed team that will be able to coordinate the management instruments and monitor the seven World Heritage Sites in Romania: • Danube Delta (1991) • Churches of Moldavia (1993, 2010) • Monastery of Hurezi (1993) • Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (1993, 1999) • Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (1999) • Historic Centre of Sighișoara (1999) • Wooden Churches of Maramureș (1999) • Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (2007, 2011, 2017 — transnational) →→ the preparation of nomination files was resumed: a first cultural landscape nomination — Roșia Montană Mining Landscape — was submitted to the World Heritage Centre in January 2017, and a revised nomination file - Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (withdrawn in 2015) — was submitted in January 2018. →→ the revision of the national Tentative List, comprising 15 positions dating since 1991, was initiated in 2016 through a national call for proposals. Present positions and relevant new proposals were assessed by a scientific board and approved by the National Commission of Historic Monuments and the Ministry of Culture and National Identity in 2017. Therefore a new Tentative List was finalized in 2018, including the Romanian LIMES sections of the transnational nomination Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE). A National LIMES Commission was created in order to provide the scientific Romanian input for the international FRE Thematic Study, approved at the 41st meeting of the World Heritage Committee, as well as for the preparation, together with the NIH, of the two Romanian FRE nomination files which are to be submitted starting with 2021.
Danube Delta 1991 Ref: 588
CriteriA (vii) (x) The Danube Delta is an outstanding example of a dynamic wetland ecosystem on a vast scale, unique both in its European context and internationally. It is also a habitat complex of world value for certain rare and endangered species.
4—5 Danube Delta. Biodiversity
The natural landscape of the Delta – structured mainly by the three river branches of the Danube that flow into the Black Sea in the easternmost region of Romania – is consisting of a mosaic of river branches, channels, lakes of different types and sizes, reed beds, sand dunes, oak forests with Mediterranean vegetation. As the largest continuous marshland in Europe, the Danube Delta is an outstanding example of an important ecosystem and is of great importance for the conservation of diverse fauna and flora. The Delta is a natural gene bank with inestimable value for the world’s natural heritage, with a high density of many species that are rare or extinct in other European areas. Of the 341 species of birds found in the delta, 12 species have been declared monuments of nature because of their endangered status. For two of these (pygmy cormorant, red breasted geese) the Danube Delta supports the majority of the world population. It has been recognized worldwide as nesting place for many other bird populations such as the White pelican and the Dalmatian pelican and hosts also important colonies of spoonbill and several nesting species of white-tailed eagle. The Danube Delta is a major stopover site (during spring and autumn) for millions of birds, especially ducks, white storks and numerous predators and the wintering host for huge groups of swans and geese. Also found in the delta are avocets, black-winged stilts, glossy ibises, reed warblers, mute swans, plovers, grebes, marsh harriers, falcons, egrets and gulls, etc. Delta’s special natural conditions have favored the development of human settlements since ancient times. People have adapted to local conditions and formed many settlements (25 villages) spread throughout the entire delta, cultivating traditions and a rich culture that can still be observed on site. Houses and fisheries, specific to each major ethnic group living in this region (Romanian, Ukrainian, Russian-Lipovan), form an interesting inventory of vernacular reed roofed traditional architecture. Besides being listed as World Heritage, the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve was recognized as a Man and Biosphere (MAB) reserve and also as “wetland of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitat”, according to the Ramsar Convention.
The Danube Delta is one of the largest deltas in Europe, including one of the most unspoiled wetlands on the continent. The Danube Delta is a real natural museum of biodiversity, including 30 types of ecosystems. The mosaic of habitats developed here is the most varied in Romania hosting, under the newest research studies, over 9.400 species of flora and fauna.
6—7
Photographs by Helmut Ignat
Churches of Moldavia 1993, 2010 Ref: 598bis
Criterion (i) The external paintings of the churches of Northern Moldavia cover all the facades. They embody a unique and homogeneous artistic phenomenon, directly inspired by Byzantine art. They are masterpieces of mural painting, and are of outstanding aesthetic value in view of their consummate chromatism and the remarkable elegance of the figures. They present cycles of events taken from the Bible and the Holy Scriptures, in the Orthodox Christian tradition. Criterion (iv) The idea of completely covering the external facades of churches by paintings is an eminent example of a type of church construction and decoration adopted in Moldavia, which illustrates the cultural and religious context of the Balkans from the late 15th century to the late 16th century.
8—9 Church of the Resurrection, Suceviţa Monastery. North façade. The Ladder of St John Climacus
The churches with exterior mural paintings of northern Moldavia, built from the late 15th century to the late 16th century, are masterpieces inspired by Byzantine art. These eight churches — Church of the Holy Rood of Patrăuţi (1487), Church of St George of the Monastery of Voroneţ (1488, 1547), Church of the Beheading of St John the Baptist of Arbore (1503), Church of St George of St John the New Monastery of Suceava (1514–1522), Church of the Assumption of the Virgin of the Monastery of Humor (1530), Church of St Nicholas of the Monastery of Probota (1530), Church of the Annunciation of the Monastery of Moldoviţa (1532) (all inscribed on the List in 1993) and Church of the Resurrection of the Monastery of Suceviţa (1584–1601), added to the List as an extension in 2010 — are unique, authentic and particularly well preserved. Far from being mere wall decorations, the paintings form a systematic covering on all the facades and the entire interior walls and represent complete cycles of religious themes. Their exceptional composition, the elegance of the characters, and the harmony of the colours, together with their architecture, blend perfectly with their monastic ensembles and the surrounding countryside and natural landscape. This coherent group of churches illustrates the “Moldavian Style”, which represents an original synthesis of architecture and art, characterized by Byzantine plans raised with Gothic influences, dating and crystallized during the period of the glorious reign of Stephen the Great (1457–1504) — the great defender of Christianity and his direct descendants: Bogdan the 3rd (1504–1517), Stephen the Young (1517–1527) and Petru Rareș (1527–1538, 1541–1546). It was a period of constant church building efforts, made by princes, boyars and church hierarchs, which would last until the 17th century. This style would come together in architecture but also in the main iconographic programme for interior and external mural paintings. The aesthetic and spiritual programme will contain the complete covering of all the facades of these churches with outstanding cycles of religious themes, during the 16th century. These eight churches have undergone no significant alteration in the course of history. They preserve their original late 15th century to the late 16th century architecture and set of mural paintings. The monasteries and medieval precincts that surrounds them have conserved their historic enclosure. The picturesque surrounding countryside landscape, rural and forested, has undergone only few transformations and changes up to the present day.
Church of the Annunciation, MoldoviĹŁa Monastery Church of St. Nicholas, Probota Monastery
10—11
Church of the Resurrection, Suceviţa Monastery Church of the Holly Cross (Rood), Pătrăuţi Church of St. George, Voroneţ Monastery. West Façade. The Last Judgement
Church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist, Arbore Church of St. George, Voroneţ Monastery
Monastery of Hurezi 1993 Ref: 597
Criterion (ii) The artistic school, especially of mural and icon painting, established at the Monastery of Horezu in the early 18th century, being a synthesis between the oriental Byzantine art and the western art, exhibited by its original iconographic program and artistic expression of exceptional value a profound influence on religious art and architecture in the Balkan region, spreading from Wallachia into the orthodox neighbourhood.
12—13 Hurezi Monastery. Dionsies’ Porch and the chapel on the west side of the enclosure
Founded in 1690, the monastery of Hurezi is the most important edifice built by Cantacuzene Prince Constantin Brânconeanu, the ruler of the Romanian principality of Wallachia between 1688–1714, a ruler educated in western humanistic spirituality and culture but also having a strong relation with Byzantium. Together with his family he was responsible for the creation of many monastic ensembles and churches in Wallachia, with mural paintings, richly adorned with sumptuous iconostases and other decorations. This artistic effort was followed by many other noblemen and church dignitaries, giving rise to the remarkable artistic flowering art, known as Brancovan art, representing a synthesis between the oriental Byzantine art and the western art, especially the Venetian one. This monastic ensemble is the largest and most developed one, its architectural and artistic features make it unique both in Romania, and in South-East Europe. The ensemble of Hurezi displays a complex original programme, designed according to Renaissance structural patterns along an East–West axis, with a rectangular main precinct dominated by the Great Church, the catholicon, and the hermitage small churches placed outside the large precinct, towards the four cardinal points. The layout was planned according to the rules of the Athonite Order, around the catholicon — main church — which is enclosed by a wall, with the infirmary church (Bolniţa) in its neighborhood and surrounded by the Saints Apostles and Saint Stephen smaller hermitage churches. The catholicon of the Monastery of Hurezi, dedicated to Saints Constantine and Helena, was built between 1690–92 and the interior decoration was completed two years later by the work of the Greek artist Constantinos, who founded the school of mural and icon painters of Hurezi. The Great Church, which was meant to house the necropolis of Prince Brâncoveanu’s family, is three-aisled with a very large narthex, following the pattern laid down by the church of the Monastery of Argeș (1512–17). The interior walls are entirely covered with frescoes in the tradition of Byzantine art — in the narthex, the lower tier of the walls is filled with votive pictures of Constantin Brâncoveanu, his wife, and their 11 children. The east wall of the exonarthex is entirely occupied by a large Last Judgment. The carved wooden iconostasis is of an exceptional high quality, combining decorative elements of Eastern and Western art.
Hurezi Monastery. The catholicon church �Sts Constantine and HeIena� Hurezi Monastery. Watercolor, 1850, J. Freiwald
14—15
Hurezi Monastery. The infirmary church (Bolniţa) Hurezi Monastery. Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu and his family. Dedication scene in the catholicon church “Sts Constantine and HeIena”
Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania 1993, 1999 Ref: 596bis
Criterion (iv) The Transylvanian villages with fortified churches provide a vivid picture of the cultural landscape of southern Transylvania. They are characterized by the specific land-use system, settlement pattern, and organization of the family farmstead units preserved since the late Middle Ages, dominated by their fortified churches, which illustrate building periods from the 13th to the 16th centuries.
16—17 Biertan. The village and the fortified church
The seven villages in Transylvania that comprise this serial property are outstanding examples of a specific vernacular tradition in southeastern Europe: Câlnic, Valea Viilor, Biertan, Saschiz, Dârjiu, Viscri, and Prejmer each form a compact unit around a fortified church. Originally settled by Transylvanian Saxons and neighbouring Szeklers, these well-preserved, homogenous villages are representative of a group of about 150 such settlements with fortified churches that is unique in the world. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the Hungarian Crown encouraged a German-speaking population of artisans, farmers, and merchants originating from the lower region of the Rhine and Moseley rivers to colonize its new territories. Known as Transylvanian Saxons, these settlers enjoyed special privileges as “guests on the king’s lands.” In exchange, they had to systematize and defend this vast region in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. The Saxons brought with them the Flemish pattern of land organization, characterized by compactness and regularity, tightly organized groups of farmstead units and households, and community cohesion, all of which contributed to their villages’ distinctive pattern of development. The urban form established during colonization – wherein the church and the community leader’s house stood at or near the centre of the village and houses were closely aligned along one or two streets or clustered around a square – can be easily detected in the present structure of Saxon villages in Transylvania. Being situated in a region constantly under threat of Ottoman and Tartar invasions, the Transylvanian Saxons built fortifications. While their important towns were fully fortified, their smaller communities’ fortifications were focused on the central church, where defensive towers were added to help withstand long sieges and storehouses were included to safeguard the villages’ most valuable goods. The extent of fortification varies from a small enclosure around the church, to a row of fortifications around the church, to a complete fortress with multiple fortification walls centred on the church. The churches themselves have also been adapted to include defensive functions. These buildings often include many additions, ranging in age from the late Middle Ages when the churches were originally built to the 16th century. All of them are either Romanesque basilicas or single-nave churches of the late Gothic period. Many also include baroque elements, as the baroque style was very popular in the region during the late 18th century. Collectively, the villages with fortified churches in Transylvania provide a vivid picture of the cultural landscape of this region.
Saschiz. The village, the fortified churchand the citadel Valea Viilor. The village and the fortified church
18—19
Viscri. The fortified church Dârjiu. The fortified church. Inner view with frescoes from 1419 The late-Gothic vault of the fortified church in Biertan
Prejmer. Fortified precincts with refuge rooms Saschiz. Front street with 18th –19th c. houses
Dacian Fortresses in the OrÄƒČ™tie Mountains 1999 Ref: 906
Criterion (ii) The Dacian fortresses represent the fusion of techniques and concepts of military architecture from inside and outside the classical world to create a unique style. Criterion (iii) The Geto-Dacian kingdoms of the late 1st millennium BC attained an exceptionally high cultural and socio-economic level, and this is symbolized by this group of fortresses. Criterion (iv) The hill-fort and its evolved successor, the oppidum, were characteristic of the Late Iron Age in Europe, and the Dacian fortresses are outstanding examples of this type of defended site.
20—21 Costești-Blidaru fortress. Aerial view
The fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains are a remarkable group of Iron Age fortified sites, developed as religious and political power centres of the Dacian state. The extensive and surprisingly preserved remains are set in a spectacular natural environment, in the central and western sector of the Orăștie Mountains, concentrated around the basin of the Grădiștea River (Apa Oraşului). Built between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, these mountain strongholds show an exceptional and spectacular fusion of military and religious architectural techniques and concepts from the Classical World and the late European Iron Age. The six fortresses, making up the nucleus of the Dacian Kingdom, were conquered by the Romans at the beginning of the 2nd century AD. Their extensive and relatively well-preserved remains stand in spectacular natural surroundings and give a dramatic picture of an outstanding civilisation. The Dacian civilization, reveals its exceptional historical value (as expressed in the concept of fortified mountains) and exceptional aesthetic value (with the remarkable suggestion of the sacred and impenetrable space of the divine) in the fortresses from the Orăștie Mountains: a grandiose, imposing architecture which used refined decorative effects – a monumental stone architecture, combined with wooden and mudbrick elements. The rhythm of the columns of the sanctuaries, the dwelling towers located at the highest places of the fortresses, in perfect resonance with the surrounding natural environment, single out this ancient civilization. Dacia became a Roman Imperial province in 106 AD – this campaign is graphically depicted in sculpted reliefs unfolding around Trajan’s Column in Rome – and its fortresses were slighted. As a result of the fortresses being abandoned after 274 AD and never being reoccupied, the authenticity of the remains is exceptional, in spite of the nature rebound and some dilapidation during history. The overall authenticity of the ensemble of sites is very high, large areas being under investigation for further research.
Costești-Blidaru fortress. Băniţa fortress on Dealul Bolii
22—23
Grădiștea de Munte. Sarmisegetusa Regia, the capital of ancient Dacia. The Great circular sanctuary and the “Andesite Sun”
Historic Centre of Sighișoara 1999 Ref: 902
Criterion (iii) Sighișoara is an outstanding testimony to the culture of the Transylvanian Saxons, a culture that is coming to a close after 850 years and will continue to exist only through its architectural and urban monuments. Criterion (iv) Sighișoara is also an outstanding example of a small fortified city in the border region between the Latin-oriented culture of Central Europe and the Byzantine-Orthodox culture of south-eastern Europe. The apparently unstoppable process of emigration by the Saxons, the social stratum that had formed and upheld the cultural traditions of the region, threatens the survival of their architectural heritage as well.
24—25 Sighișoara, Upper Town. Aerial view. Photograph by Martin Rill
Sighișoara is located in the landscape of unique beauty of the Târnave area, at the junction of the Saeș river with the Târnava Mare river — a geographical position comprised of a triangular plateau. This positioning gives the site a particular urban configuration resulting from adapting the functionality of the site to the landscape. The historic centre of Sighișoara is composed of a fortified site spread over a steeply sloping plateau dominated by the Citadel Hill and the Lower Town lying below. These two sectors always had complementary functions and form an inseparable group corresponding to the historic boundaries of the medieval town. Apart from 19th century settlements, the historic centre of Sighișoara has kept, with some variations depending on the successive development phases of the site, its original medieval urban fabric with its detailed allotment of buildings plots as well as its network of narrow streets lined with closely aligned rows of houses. The organic relationship established between the Citadel — with its culminant point, the Hill Church (initiated in 1325), its main symbol, the Clock Tower (founded in the 14th century and extended in the 17th century), the nine still standing medieval fortification towers as well as other religious and civilian distinctive buildings – and the Lower town and between the human habitat and fortifications and the natural surroundings results in a unique structure and a distinctive and picturesque silhouette which dominates the entire landscape. The settlement is characterized by a great density of buildings that hold individual value as historical monuments and, also due to the diverse topography, form expressive ensembles. The succession of pathways and urban spaces organized according to the topography, but also following interesting compositional principles, create together surprising picturesque effects. The historical centre of Sighișoara continues to be inhabited to this day, being defined as the most representative medieval urban site in all of Transylvania, due to the fact that, in comparison to other historical cities in Romania, the historical centre of Sighișoara kept its fortified urban medieval structure and its fabric of high architectural quality almost unaltered.
View of the Upper Town and Lower Town “Schoolchildren’s” covered wooden staircase, 1656 View of the Lower Town and the Tanners’ Tower
26—27
View of the Lower Town Tower’s Street and the Clock Tower The Rope Makers’ Tower
Wooden Churches of MaramureČ™ 1999 Ref: 904
Criterion (iv) The MaramureČ™ wooden churches are outstanding examples of vernacular religious wooden architecture resulting from the interchange of Orthodox religious traditions with Gothic influences in a specific vernacular interpretation of timber construction, showing a high level of artistic maturity and craft skills.
28—29 The wooden church in Plopiș
These eight wooden churches are located in the Northern mountainous Romanian region of Maramureș, in eight different villages – The Church of the Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple (Bârsana), The Church of Saint Nicholas (Budești), The Church of Holy Paraskeva (Desești), The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (Ieud Deal), The Church of the Holy Archangels (Plopiș), The Church of the Holy Paraskeva (Poienile Izei), The Church of the Holy Archangels (Rogoz), The Church of the Holy Archangels (Șurdești). They are representative for the wooden church architecture of this part of Europe, built in the 18th and 19th centuries. These churches have preserved their traditional plan, composed of a naos and pronaos in the shape of a rectangle, and a pentagonal recessed sanctuary. A portico was added to the western facade of some of them. They are covered by a high, steep, double-pitched roof from which soars a tall bell tower with a gallery similar to stone Gothic churches, giving the churches their characteristic silhouette. The churches stand on a base made of stone blocks and pebble fillings. The wooden beams (in oak or pine) are arranged according to the Blockbau system and assembled by joints in the shape of a V, U, or T, to make the construction stable and flexible. The beams of the upper part of the walls extend beyond the junction points to form supporting consoles for the framework. The outer walls are usually embellished with a torsade motif, while structural components (consoles, door and window frames, balustrade, bell tower gallery, etc) are adorned with sculpted decorations. The three inner areas are covered by ceilings or vaults of different forms. The inner walls were completely covered with paintings during the second half of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century by travelling painters whose names are known. These painters belong to post-Byzantine traditions, but their iconography also reflects the ideas conveyed by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. The canons of Byzantine art are reinterpreted in a graphic and decorative manner to create a more naive and refreshing style of painting. At the beginning of the 19th century, Baroque and Rococo paintings made their appearance in the wooden churches of Maramureș, probably through the influence of neighbouring countries. The selected eight churches are outstanding examples of a range of architectural solutions from different periods and areas. They show the variety of designs and craftsmanship adopted in these narrow, high, timber constructions with their characteristic tall, slim clock towers at the western end of the building, either single- or double-roofed and covered by shingles. As such, they are a particular vernacular expression of the cultural landscape of the area.
The wooden church in Poienile Izei The wooden church in Rogoz
The wooden church in Č˜urdeČ™ti
30—31
The wooden church in Ieud. Mural paintings. Archangel and Patriarchs of the Last Judgement
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe 2007, 2011, 2017 Ref: 1133ter Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine
CRITERION (ix) The serial nomination “Ancient Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe” comprises outstanding examples of the evolutionary and developmental processes of beech forests since the last glacial period, giving rise to a terrestrial ecosystem that has shaped an entire continent in a globally unique manner. In addition to the “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Ancient Beech Forests of Germany”, the newly nominated beech forests in 77 component parts in 12 countries will enhance the existing World Heritage property to give an overall and comprehensive picture of the European postglacial development process of beech forest. With this extension, all glacial refuge areas and genotypes of beech are covered. The basic line of arguments in the nomination of the existing property remains mainly unchanged.
32—33 Beech forests in the Domogled-Cerna Valley National Park. Photograph by Oliver Merce
This transboundary property is indispensable to understand the ongoing history and evolution of the species Fagus sylvatica which, given its wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and its ecological importance, is globally significant. These best-preserved, complex temperate forests exhibit the most complete and comprehensive ecological patterns and processes of pure and mixed stands of European beech across a variety of environmental conditions, such as climatic and geological conditions, throughout all relevant European Beech Forest Regions. They comprise all altitudinal zones from the coast up to the tree line in the mountains and, furthermore, include the best remaining examples of the outer boundaries of the beech forest range in Europe. Beech is one of the most important elements of forests in the Temperate Broadleaf Forest Biome and represents an outstanding example of the re-colonization and development of terrestrial ecosystems and communities since the last Ice Age. The continuing northern and westward expansion of beech from its original glacial refuge areas to the eastern and southern parts of Europe can be tracked along natural corridors spanning the continent. Both past and present patterns of distribution represent natural evolutionary strategies for adapting to the environmental changes. The dominance of beech across extensive areas of Europe is a living testimony of the tree’s genetic adaptability. The „Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and other Regions of Europe“ are a serial transboundary property comprising in total 77 component parts, covering over 92 000 ha, and stretches over 12 countries. Romania includes 12 component parts which together cover one of the largest area of the property, over 23,000 ha, located in eight protected natural areas: Izvoarele Nerei, Cheile Nerei-Beușniţa, Domogled-Valea Cernei (Caraș Severin), Masivul Cozia, Lotrișor (Vâlcea), Codrul secular Șinca (Brașov), Codrul secular Slătioara (Suceava), Groșii Ţibleșului and Strâmbu Băiuţ (Maramureș). Romania has the world’s largest area of European beech forests (Fagus syvatica) and the Carpathians are home of the best-preserved forests from the entire distribution range of the species. These constitute a true living treasure from the scientific, educational, environmental and of the biodiversity point of view.
Beech forests in the Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve Beech forests in the Cozia National Park Photograph by Pavel Prundurel
34—35
Beech forests in the Izvoarele Nerei Nature Reserve Photograph by Matthias Schickhofer Beech forests in the Domogled-Cerna Valley National Park Photograph by Oliver Merce
Ancient Forest Strâmbu-Băiuţ. Photograph by Radu Vlad
Ancient Forest Șinca. Photograph by Radu Vlad
Lady’s-slipper orchid (Cypripendium calceolus) in the Ancient Forest Photograph by Cezar Tomescu
Wood carving at the wooden church in Budești
Wood carving at the wooden church in Č˜urdeČ™ti
Institutul Naţional al Patrimoniului National Institute of Heritage 16 Ienăchiţă Văcărescu, Bucharest +40 21 336 60 73 / +40 21 336 99 04 secretariat@patrimoniu.gov.ro
romanianheritage.world patrimoniu.gov.ro