IMIESA June 2025

www.imesa.org.za

IMESA The official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • SERVICE DELIVERY • ROADS • BUILDING • MAINTENANCE • ENERGY • WASTE

APE PUMPS & MATHER+PLATT

Digital engineering is revolutionising pump performance GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Gabion integrity requires best practice techniques

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Johannesburg’s Rea Vaya rollout gathers momentum

BITUMEN & ASPHALT

SABITA Awards celebrate innovation and excellence

PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

Flood risk identification and hazard mitigation I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 Vo l u m e 5 0 N o . 0 5 • J u n e 2 0 2 5 • R 5 5 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )

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INSIDE

VOLUME 50 NO. 05 JUNE 2025

20 www.imesa.org.za

Regulars

www.imesa.org.za

IMESA The official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • SERVICE DELIVERY • ROADS • BUILDING • MAINTENANCE • ENERGY • WASTE

APE PUMPS & MATHER+PLATT

Digital engineering is revolutionising pump performance GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Gabion integrity requires best practice techniques

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Johannesburg’s Rea Vaya rollout gathers momentum

Roads & Bridges

Editor’s comment President’s comment Index to adver tisers

3 5 48

PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

SABITA Awards celebrate innovation and excellence

Flood risk identification and hazard mitigation I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 Vo l u m e 5 0 N o . 0 5 • J u n e 2 0 2 5 • R 5 5 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )

ON THE COVER Harnessing the benefits of digital technology, APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are refining their value engineered approach in terms of pump designs, fabrication processes and installation techniques. IMIESA speaks to John Montgomery, General Manager at APE Pumps and Mather+Platt, and Thorne Zurfluh, the group’s Engineering Manager, about recent developments and projects. P6

Digital engineering is revolutionising pump per formance

6

WCPDF 12th annual conference recalibrates the development conversation 10 Flood risk identification and hazard mitigation. Perfecting an integrated engineering, geospatial and social response 14 A reliable water supply. The make-or-break in building metros across South Africa 16

Sustainability Green buildings. Greywater reuse stands as a promising method for fostering water conser vation

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Renewable Energy & Electrification Transforming smart grids with AI

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Gabion integrity requires best practice techniques Engineering a better solution with Maccaferri Beach pavilion move enables dune expansion

Early warning systems and contractual tools for climate-resilient infrastructure and energy projects

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Winter-proof your proper ty.

Essential tips for water leak detection, fixing, and maintenance Advanced technologies enable reuse of 18,1 billion cubic metres of water Construction advances on Zandvliet pump station upgrade Africa’s water future. Technical exper tise required to bridge global innovation and local needs Technical skills need to keep pace with climate impacts

Fleet expansion helps Masakhane’s quarr y meet production demands

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35 36 37

38 39

Trenchless Technology

24 26

32

Water & Wastewater

Vehicles & Equipment

Public transport evolution. Johannesburg’s Rea Vaya rollout gathers momentum 28 Making urban mobility convenient 30

28

SABITA Awards celebrate innovation and excellence

20

Transportation Engineering

RENEWABLE ENERGY & ELECTRIFICATION

31

Bitumen & Asphalt

Trenchless applications to consider for stormwater management

Geotechnical & Environmental Engineering

Legal

18

31

Cover Story

Planning & Building SA’s Metros

BITUMEN & ASPHALT

Weather warning sensor improves road safety SANRAL injects over R500 million into Free State projects

40

42

Cement & Concrete Exposed aggregate in the spotlight as demand for sur face retarders rises AfriSam geared up for more mega projects in SA Greener cement and CCUS

44 45 47

Quantity Surveying Measures to counter global tariff impacts on SA construction projects

42

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

48

BIENNIAL PROJECT EXCELLENCE AWARDS

CALL FOR ENTRIES To recognise outstanding achievements in municipal infrastructure, we are calling for entries that showcase projects that demonstrate the best of civil engineering as a science and how engineering enhances the lives of the local communities, through excellence in:

1

ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE IN STRUCTURES & CIVILS E.g. Projects demonstrating engineering science, use of alternate materials, innovative construction processes, etc.

2

Planning and design Construction methods Innovation and originality Meeting social and technical challenges Contributing to the well-being of communities

COMMUNITY UPLIFTMENT & JOB CREATION E.g. Projects demonstrating labour-intensive construction, skills development, community awareness/participation, etc.

3

ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE CHANGE E.g. Environmental rehabilitation, renewable energy, drought solutions, coastal initiatives for rising sea levels, pollution control, educational/ technical initiatives, etc.

CLOSING DATE FOR SUBMISSIONS 03 July 2025

Only projects that have reached practical or substantive completion by 30 June 2025 will be accepted for the Excellence Awards.

Adjudicators reserve the right to reallocate entries in the 3 categories.

ENTRY FORMS AND AWARD CRITERIA Available for download on the website: www.imesa.org.za

IMESA THE INSTITUTE OF MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (IMESA)

QUESTIONS Contact Debbie Anderson on +27 (0)83 326 3050 or email conference@imesa.org.za

EDITOR’S COMMENT EDITOR Alastair Currie Email: alastair@infraprojects.co.za DESIGNER Beren Bauermeister CONTRIBUTORS Alaster Goyns, Geoff Tooley, John Rammutla, Kirsten Wolmarans, Satyajit Dwivedi, Shirleen Ritchie DISTRIBUTION MANAGER Nomsa Masina DISTRIBUTION COORDINATOR Asha Pursotham SUBSCRIPTIONS Email: distribution@infraprojects.co.za ____________________________________________ ADVERTISING SALES KEY ACCOUNT MANAGER Joanne Lawrie Tel: +27 (0)82 346 5338 Email: joanne@infraprojects.co.za ____________________________________________

PUBLISHER IMESA (Pty) Ltd P O Box 2190, Westville, 3630 Tel: +27 (0)31 266 3263 Email: info@infraprojects.co.za

IMESA

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: R805.00 (INCL VAT) ISSN 0257 1978 IMIESA, Inst.MUNIC. ENG. S. AFR. © Copyright 2025. All rights reserved. ____________________________________________ IMESA CONTACTS HEAD OFFICE: Manager: Ingrid Botton P.O. Box 2190, Westville, 3630 Tel: +27 (0)31 266 3263 Email: admin@imesa.org.za Website: www.imesa.org.za BORDER Secretary: Celeste Vosloo Tel: +27 (0)43 705 2433 Email: celestev@buffalocity.gov.za EASTERN CAPE Secretary: Susan Canestra Tel: +27 (0)41 585 4142 ext. 7 Email: imesaec@imesa.org.za KWAZULU-NATAL Secretary: Narisha Sogan Tel: +27 (0)31 266 3263 Email: imesakzn@imesa.org.za NORTHERN PROVINCES Secretary: Zurika Louw Tel: +27 (0)82 322 5208 Email: np@imesa.org.za SOUTHERN CAPE KAROO Secretary: Henrietta Oliver Tel: +27 (0)79 390 7536 Email: imesasck@imesa.org.za WESTERN CAPE Secretary: Michelle Ackerman Tel: +27 (0)21 444 7112 Email: imesawc@imesa.org.za FREE STATE & NORTHERN CAPE Secretary: Wilma Van Der Walt Tel: +27 (0)83 457 4362 Email: imesafsnc@imesa.org.za All material herein IMIESA is copyright protected and may not be reproduced without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views of the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa or the publishers.

Progressive steps that build a better society

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gainst the backdrop of a growing population and intensified urbanisation, investments in existing and new infrastructure are an urgent priority. Within this context, there’s never been a greater need for world-class municipal service delivery in South Africa, backed by coherent support from national government and the provinces.

However, based on the Auditor-General South Africa’s (AGSA’s) 2023-24 report on local government outcomes, delivery results per municipality are still far from consistent.

From the AGSA’s perspective, there’s a pressing need to crack down on irregularities and non-compliance. The ultimate objective is to ensure that living, working, and running a business within a top per forming municipal environment is the norm and not the exception.

Transitioning to clean audit outcomes For the 2023-2024 period, 41 municipalities obtained clean audits, while 99 received an unqualified (unmodified) audit opinion with findings. However, in terms of the latter, 71 failed to submit quality financial statements and, as AuditorGeneral Tsakani Maluleke stated in her report, “relied on the audit process to correct the errors identified by the auditors.”

So, not good enough and a work in progress. However, by correcting compliance gaps, controls, and material irregularities, municipalities with unqualified audits with findings are getting closer to transitioning to benchmarked performance levels. For the balance, either flagged as qualified with findings (92), adverse with findings (7), or disclaimed with findings (14), a far greater emphasis on accountability and consequence management is required.

For the remaining four municipalities that didn’t submit before the deadline, that’s another matter.

Showcasing excellence Showing the way, some 25 municipalities have consistently obtained a clean audit annually since at least 2020/21.

This underscores the benefits of having a professional municipal workforce, managed by committed officials and politically aligned leadership. In this respect, Cape Town was the only metro to obtain a clean audit for 2023/2024.

Overall, the change we need to see is within reach, given further interrogation on effective management structures.

Perhaps it’s also time to consider the amalgamation of smaller municipalities in specific regions to streamline costs and boost efficiencies.

Either way, the next major step change on the road to excellence will be the 2026 local government elections. Those parties with a strong history for success will be in the best position to win electoral support and fulfil service delivery demands.

At a higher level, the influence and direction of the Government of National Unity remains instrumental in terms of oversight, expert guidance, and targeted investments. A prime example is the need for more national funding provision at municipal level for low-cost and affordable housing projects, plus a renewed focus on upgrading rural infrastructure.

Service provision and affordability However, while infrastructure rollouts remain a priority, the issue of affordability for services rendered is also a key consideration as municipalities continue to push up property rates, electricity, water, effluent and refuse collection charges.

Given South Africa’s high rate of unemployment – in addition to the spiralling cost of living – this creates a two-edged sword where lower income households may now enjoy services but struggle to pay for them.

The main goal of municipal tariff increases – aside from keeping pace with inflation – is to fund critical infrastructure maintenance and new build programmes outside the scope of National Treasury funding. Therefore, cost increases incurred due to excessive overheads and wastage need to be rooted out as they’re counterproductive – directly contributing to non-payment for services and increasing municipal debt.

A healthy outlook Ultimately, what South Africa needs right now is healthy GDP growth to improve living standards, create jobs and expand industries – all of which hinges on infrastructure development and municipal excellence.

To date, successive politicians have committed to turning South Africa into a construction site on a similar scale to the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup. Realistically, a great starting point within our current fiscal context is the R1 billion plus committed for public infrastructure works in the MediumTerm Expenditure Framework through to 2027/28.

Spending it effectively will send out the best possible message to the local and international investment community. With renewed confidence and commitment, it will also help to solidify the sustainable public-private partnerships that are essential to grow South Africa.

Alastair

To our avid readers, check out what we are talking about on our website, Facebook page or follow us on Twitter and have your say. www.imesa.org.za

IMESA

IMESA

imesa_za

imesa

www.imesa.org.za

The official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • SERVICE DELIVERY • ROADS • BUILDING • MAINTENANCE • ENERGY • WASTE

APE PUMPS & MATHER+PLATT

Digital engineering is revolutionising pump performance GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Gabion integrity requires best practice techniques

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Johannesburg’s Rea Vaya rollout gathers momentum

The ABC logo is a valued stamp of measurement and trust. IMIESA is ABC audited and certified.

2026 Local Government Elections

BITUMEN & ASPHALT

SABITA Awards celebrate innovation and excellence

Cover opportunity In each issue, IMIESA offers advertisers the opportunity to get to the front of the line by placing a company, product or service on the front cover of the journal. Buying this position will afford the advertiser the cover story and maximum exposure. For more information on cover bookings, contact Joanne Lawrie on +27 (0)82 346 5338.

PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

Flood risk identification and hazard mitigation

I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 Vo l u m e 5 0 N o . 0 5 • J u n e 2 0 2 5 • R 5 5 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )

IMIESA June 2025

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PRESIDENT’S COMMENT

IMESA

Mentorship and technology adoption To enable efficient infrastructure implementation, there are four main ingredients required, namely skills, experience, engineering capacity and a clear mandate for execution. Where these elements all come together effectively, the results translate into high-functioning municipal services driven by technology adoption and innovation.

A

Geoff Tooley, Pr Eng Hon FIMESA, IMESA President: 2024-2026

s a young engineer on the road to professional registration, I had the privilege of being guided by various mentors, who were instrumental in building my career in municipal engineering. That experience progressed post-registration as par t of my continuous professional development (CDP) journey, both within the municipal environment, as well as via my membership of IMESA. Today, however, some smaller municipalities don’t have sufficient in-house engineering capacity, so young engineers can quickly become overwhelmed. That’s why, as IMESA, we place a major emphasis on establishing mentorship programmes so that no one gets left behind.

We also appreciate that – even within our larger metros – capacity gaps have occurred among seasoned engineers, due to factors like retirement, emigration and a switch to the private sector. The result is that those remaining in positions of engineering leadership and management are becoming increasingly overloaded.

For this reason, it is vital that municipal managers prioritise recruitment of both young engineers and seasoned engineers to create an equitable workload balance. That in turn provides more time and opportunity for mentorship development.

Smarter approaches Of course, working smarter is the key, and in this respect embracing digitalisation is essential for transitioning all municipalities to modern-day practices. Examples include Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Ar tificial Intelligence (AI), along with the implementation of cybersecurity tools to protect our increasingly intelligent infrastructure.

As engineers, we’re all at different stages of information technology adoption. Without

making assumptions, it might be true to say that older engineers have a greater resistance to change, perhaps being more comfortable in a 2D versus a 3D environment. However, young engineers – having grown up in the Industry 4.0 age – are natural early adopters.

Recent graduates have also – to a degree – been exposed to the latest software, automation and AI trends during their undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

Two-way knowledge transfer Within the technology mix, this creates an ideal opportunity for a bottom up, top-down mentorship approach, where engineers at all levels can align and embrace digitalisation together via an implementation roadmap.

This is key, because these information technology investments can be costly, so selecting the right tools is crucial. It’s also vital to ensure that engineering skills are complemented by the addition of specialist practitioners in fields like data science and information technology.

When implemented correctly, the benefits are wide ranging, because intelligent infrastructure is empowering, dramatically improving efficiencies and outcomes in terms of design, construction, asset management, plus operations and maintenance. That translates into less heavy-lifting, cost optimisation, more sustainable practices, and when applied within the financial arena, better revenue collection for municipal services rendered.

AI – integrated with BIM platforms – enables the automation of tasks, as well as the analysis of complex data that facilitates faster decision making. This eliminates the potential for costly errors and provides a real-world versus digital model comparison, ideal for simulation and verification. AI is also invaluable for aspects like project and programme management, as well as for monitoring the structural

health of infrastructure assets via elements like sensors.

Climate risk mitigation and environmental management When applied within the geospatial domain, AI is proving to be invaluable as a climate management tool in areas like flood risk identification and hazard mitigation. This approach optimally combines geographic science with civil engineering.

An example is the Forecast Early Warning System (FEWS) employed by eThekwini Municipality’s Coastal, Stormwater and Catchment Management Depar tment since 2014. The latter uses AI to develop flood warnings based on forecast rainfall, hydrological models and terrain mapping.

Instrumentation like rain, stream and ocean gauges constantly transmit data for AI processing and interpretation by the FEWS team.

AI is also proving instrumental in areas like non-revenue water for apparent and real loss management. Other examples include intelligent traf fic management systems (ITMSs), and the evolution of wheeling agreements for domestic and industrial solar PV installations. Overall, it’s a smart evolution.

Applied experience is the foundation However, while AI and allied technologies are the future, we mustn’t ignore the foundational skills required to develop and grow engineers. AI can interrogate a design, but the ultimate infrastructure implementation will always require precise engineering knowledge and mathematical confirmation to verify that virtual concepts work in practice. In this regard, mentoring – combined with succession planning – is the best way to ensure a sustained pipeline of young engineers that are truly future proof on the ground.

IMIESA June 2025

5

COVER STORY

A 3D rendition of a CW pump installation for a power utility

DIGITAL ENGINEERING IS REVOLUTIONISING PUMP PERFORMANCE Harnessing the benefits of digital technology, APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are refining their value engineered approach in terms of pump designs, fabrication processes and installation techniques.

IMIESA speaks to John Montgomer y, General Manager at APE Pumps and Mather+Platt, and Thorne Zur fluh, the group’s Engineering Manager, about recent developments and projects.

H

istorically, pump manufacturers have relied on conventional measurement tools, such as calipers, micrometers and lasers, which all provide precision accuracy in expert hands. However, the data then needs to be manually recorded and transferred into 2D drawings by draftsmen for access by design engineers, pattern makers and machine shop personnel. It’s a time-consuming process and for on-site measurement at a client’s plant any missing data requires a return to site.

“As a market leader in the fluid transfer sector since 1952, our growth to date has

6 IMIESA June 2025

been driven by innovation and we identified the need to move into the 3D realm some three years ago in response to global best practices. The performance improvements have been significant, backed by our investment in cutting-edge software and the latest stateof-the-art 3D printing and 3D laser scanning technology,” explains Montgomery.

“Thanks to the latter – whether on-site or in the factory – our technicians are now able to complete a 100% accurate scan in a fraction of the time compared to traditional measurement techniques. The data recorded is also automatically rendered as a 3D virtual model

for fur ther interrogation by our engineers, including simulation modelling, which we can then share with the client. This has major downstream benefits in terms of decisions on pump retrofits and custom builds, as well as in terms of approved installation procedures.”

Asset management Another key benefit of 3D laser scanning is the collation of comprehensive asset management data. “We are now able to tag all the fluid transfer related elements at a client’s plant to create an accurate asset management register,” Montgomery continues.

“This has become a priority for many longestablished private sector and state-owned entities where they have lost their asset records over time. We go to site and capture aspects like pump nameplate details, speeds, rotations, flange and bolt sizes. Often there are also gaps in pump service history. All the information gathered is then used to create a virtual model of the client’s physical plant to optimise future operations and maintenance. In this respect, we offer Service Level Agreements on our installed systems.”

COVER STORY

Technology centre and AI integration As part of its digitalisation strategy, APE Pumps and Mather+Platt have now established a purpose-designed technology centre at their Wadeville facility. The latter features a R2,5 million state-of-the-art parallel arm 3D scanner.

The centre – which is an extension of the factor y footprint – incorporates a 3,5 tonne overhead crane that enables pump components to be transferred for precise measurement from all angles. This investment also significantly reduces scanning setup times. Allied to this are site-specific 3D scanners employed for tasks like equipment tagging and surveys.

“Another invaluable tool that we’re embracing is Artificial Intelligence (AI) for a wide range of applications,” says Zur fluh.

“As AI technology advances, for example, we see the benefits of intelligent and automated communication with installed SCADA systems to further optimise our fluid transfer systems.

Then there are the benefits of Machine Learning to enhance pump performance and process efficiencies based on set algorithms in real-time linked to telemetr y systems.

This also facilitates proactive maintenance interventions.”

APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are currently conducting a pilot project, entailing the

APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are continually refining their 3D printing capabilities, particularly for the development of prototypes prior to fabrication

development of an AI agent tool, which uses specific software to make decisions based on inputted data.

“From there we can present a Proof of Concept and determine the Most Viable Product based on the process information recorded at the customer site. Verified pump selection is supported by a detailed report.

It’s certainly a revolutionary step, and the virtual model allows the client’s engineers to walk through our business case proposal,” Zurfluh continues.

3D printing In parallel, APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are continually refining their 3D printing capabilities, particularly for the development of prototypes prior to fabrication.

A recent example was the requirement to design a back cover for a mechanical seal, with its dimensions verified by 3D scanning.

Once printed it proved to be a per fect fit, and the design file was sent to the group’s pattern shop for the formulation of the foundry casting.

“In situations where an existing drawing for a component is no longer available, 3D printing also enables us to produce an exact replica based on a scale model. A case in point was the 3D scanning of a worn impeller vane that required replacement. Factoring in the needed A refurbished CW pump together with the 3D print scale model (centre) used to perfect the fabrication design and ultimate foundry casting for the impeller

improvements, we produced a 3D print model which once verified by further 3D scanning was sent for casting. Additionally, we find that 3D printed models are great for technical training purposes both for our personnel and our clients’ personnel,” Zurfluh explains.

Project developments A complex project for a client in Cape Town, completed in 2024, underscores the practical benefits of 3D scanning. The scope required the installation of a largescale vertical pump within an 80 m deep chamber, where the final positioning only allowed for a 6 mm clearance. APE Pumps and Mather+Platt’s engineering team surveyed the site and were then able to simulate the whole installation process via digital twinning, suppor ted by as-built drawings.

Pushing the boundaries of innovation, a current example is a pump station project in KwaZulu-Natal that is some 280 m deep, which transfers water from an aquifer. The shaft has access platforms at 10 m intervals from which progressive scanning can take place. However, an alternative option being considered for this and similar future projects is the development of an elevator-type 3D scanning platform that will speed up the process.

3D scanning also played a key role in the execution of a complex pump refurbishment at Rand Water’s Lethabo raw water abstraction pump station during 2024. This entailed the overhaul of the first of four 650 Mℓ/D Mather+Platt units – each weighing around

IMIESA June 2025

7

COVER STORY

With the exception of the foundry castings, all pumps and components are fabricated in-house to provide a complete turnkey solution

44 tonnes and all originally installed in the 1980s. They are probably the largest bulk water pumps ever installed in South Africa.

“Commissioned and again operational in Q1 2025, our test curve results confirm that this pump is performing better than when it was originally new. This is thanks to advancements

APE Pumps and Mather+Platt’s technicians are now able to complete a 100% accurate scan in a fraction of the time compared to traditional measurement techniques

in component technology. Working within the client’s shutdown schedule, we have now been appointed to work on the next pump in the series,” says Montgomery.

“As for the first pump, we have an eight-hour window to disassemble and ship the second unit to our factory, with a comprehensive method statement drawn up between us and the client to ensure health and safety compliance. Based on the programme, three months has been allocated for the rebuild, and once completed, the first and refurbished second pump will be connected,” explains Montgomery.

Future-proofing “Thinking outside-the-box is what has defined the group for the past 73 years, and underscores our relentless focus on research and development, combined with ongoing training and mentorship on new techniques,” says Montgomery.

“Keeping skills future-proof and creating a pipeline of expert personnel is essential at all levels. In June 2025, for example, we took on 12 new fitter and turner apprentices to cater for business expansion. This group – already A refurbished 650 Mℓ/D Mather+Platt pump, weighing around 44 tonnes, undergoing reinstallation and commissioning at Rand Water’s Lethabo raw water abstraction pump station during 2024

qualified at N6 level – will benefit from practical exposure to our expertise and technology, including cutting-edge fabrication machinery not commonly available today in the South African market. So, it’s a major career opportunity.

Meanwhile, eight of our existing apprentices have now completed their three-year practical training and are preparing for their trade test,” adds Mongomery.

Acquisitions Growth in APE Pumps and Mather+Platt’s technical skills and technology base forms part of the group’s ongoing strategy to acquire other well-established pump OEMs to open-up new markets. This further aligns with the group’s turnkey manufacturing and contracting approach as a CIDB 8ME graded contractor. Through recent acquisitions like Eigenbau – a long established civil and mechanical engineering contractor – APE Pumps and Mather+Platt are now positioned to provide an EPC solution for industrial clients, water utilities and municipalities.

“The key to positive socio-economic development in South Africa is the retention and growth of engineering capacity. In this respect, APE Pumps and Mather+Platt remain at the forefront in our industry, with a dedicated focus on meeting South Africa’s pressing need for upgraded and new water infrastructure,” Montgomery concludes.

www.apepumps.co.za www.matherandplatt.com

8 IMIESA June 2025

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PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

A record-breaking 479 participants recently attended the 12th Annual Conference of the Western Cape Property Development Forum (WCPDF) on 4th and 5th June 2025 at the CTICC in Cape Town.

WCPDF 12TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE RECALIBRATES THE DEVELOPMENT CONVERSATION

U

nder the overall theme of “Recalibrating the Development Conversation”, the conference hosted over 30 speakers from across the countr y involved in fixed capital investment from both the private and public sector.

With close to 20% of delegates attending from outside the Western Cape, one clear message

for WCPDF Chairperson, Deon van Zyl, is that although the WCPDF is a regional body, its work is resonating with what is happening in the property development and construction industry both nationally and beyond South Africa’s borders.

Says Van Zyl: “With our conference, we have created a platform where the private sector, government officials and politicians can speak frankly with each other in the same space.

“For far too long, the private sector nationally has been either silent or crying in its soup, while politicians have been caught in political-speak without engaging on the ground, and officials have had to watch the ping pong game between the two.”

A second prominent message coming out of the conference is that the private sector is in fact far more positive about the future of South Africa than it’s given credit for.

“But the reality – as we heard from the banking and financial sector during the conference – is that property development is still either deemed too risky, or the profits do not justify the risks,” notes Van Zyl.

Red tape frustrations

From left: Western Cape Premier Alan Winde and Deon van Zyl, Chairman of the Western Cape Property Development Forum (WCPDF) field a discussion at the WCPDF’s 12th Annual Conference. In the conference’s opening address Premier Winde’s presentation was entitled “What does the Western Cape Government expect from the property development and construction industry?”

10 IMIESA June 2025

Referring specifically to a session on “Thinking creatively around finance”, Van Zyl notes that although the speakers ranged from across both the traditional banking sector, as well as those engaged in more innovative solutions such as private equity, crowd funding and tokenism, they were unanimous in their frustration. Red tape and the regulatory environment are stifling growth.

This echoed recurringly throughout the two-day event: without clear line-of-sight from national government in Pretoria, neither the private property industry nor either regional or local government can create the stability required to de-risk the industry and grow the economy overall.

Another message throughout the conference was for government to recognise the importance of experimentation, highlighted during the Day

PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

Cape Town’s Executive Mayor Geordin Hill-Lewis, added key insights during Session 6, entitled “Recalibrating Infrastructure, Densification and FutureProofing Cape Town”

One keynote address given by Western Cape Premier Alan Winde.

“The Premier is very serious about his ‘Growth for Jobs’ programme,” says Van Zyl, “and he’s even willing to experiment with structures on his side to facilitate a growth mentality.

“For him, it’s clearly not just about building a road, but building an economic link between communities; it’s not just about building a school but building education; and it’s not just about building a hospital but giving hope. And yet, it is clear even provincial government is constrained by the same factors that constrain our own industry: lack of line-of-sight and clarity

from Pretoria, and all the challenges that come with this.”

This was also seen during a session on “Recalibrating sustainability to sustain development”, in which strong emphasis was placed (and evidence provided), on the need for political role players to understand long-term commitment to projects. As noted by speaker Gerhard Cronje of Maskam Water, it had taken 14 years for his company to gain traction on the technologies they were using, and many conversations with government officials. However, as noted by Kirsten Wilkins of ContestedSpaces, sustainability also went beyond development itself to the need to sustain social structures within communities once the cranes had left.

There was also a clear call for the private sector to step up for itself rather than to be constantly waiting for government to take the lead. During a session on “Taking Product Western Cape to the World”, Harold Spies of Similan gave his

Day Two keynote speaker: Prof Haroon Bhorat, Director: Development Policy Research Unit, School of Economics at UCT and member of the Presidential Economic Advisory Council

company’s own experiences when attending international conferences such as MIPIM, held annually in Cannes – a reference point for the global real estate industry. An insight into the role that AI could play was also presented by Mike Eilertsen of Meta-dology, demonstrating how the same technology used to programme games could now not only be used to market

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THE INSTITUTE OF MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (IMESA)

PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS Professor Haroon Bhorat in his keynote address on Day Two, entitled, “South Africa 30 years after democracy: economic challenges and opportunities”. Bhorat is the Director of the Development Policy Research Unit within the UCT School of Economics, and also sits on the Presidential Economic Advisory Council.

He noted that, were it not for the Zuma years, South Africa would now be growing at an over 5% trajectory, as opposed to the less than 1% under which it currently suffers.

Leadership alignment and teamwork

From left: Buhle Mavundla from TUHF, and Nomfundo Molemohi from uMaStandi

developments, but to ease both the initial planning process and the challenges of red tape.

Culture change needed The need for professionalisation within government departments and a change in public sector corporate culture was also highlighted during the conference. In a session entitled “Understanding who has skin in the game,” Michelle Ellis of the Western Cape Government Red Tape Unit stressed the need for a change in corporate culture within every municipality, if they were serious about optimising their systems for delivery. However, in turn – as highlighted by Geraldine Liebenberg, Manager: Planning and Property Development Facilitation within the City of Cape Town – while political and senior managers were increasingly becoming tuned towards the need for development to flourish, corporate change at ground level within large bureaucracies remains a challenge.

The implications of slow change in corporate culture were perhaps best illustrated by

Africa Melane, MC and conference facilitator

Eddie Andrews, City of Cape Town Executive Deputy Mayor and Mayoral Committee Member for Spatial Planning and Environment presented on the topic “Cape Town’s CIDs and the Mayoral Urban Regeneration Programme”

But the key takeaway of the conference perhaps lies in the final session: political leadership will only ever succeed if it holds in equal esteem the roll of leadership within its bureaucratic structures. During a conversation led by renown broadcaster and MC, Africa Melane, together with Deon van Zyl and Cape Town’s Executive Mayor, Geordin Hill-Lewis, the latter stressed the importance of empowering city managers.

The same principle holds true for all leadership spheres within government.

Concludes Van Zyl: “Traditionally, there appears to be a Berlin Wall between the political and administrative teams in South Africa. It was clear to all in the room that, in Cape Town, we have an Executive Mayor and an Executive City Manager who work as a team.

“We, in the private sector, don’t always understand or appreciate the need for this.

The realisation during this final session of the conference, for all delegates, is that Cape Town’s success lies in the respect that these executive members have for each other. Each understands their role, and while their positions may not always align, there is the utmost recognition for each other. And the result of this is success in leadership. Nationally, we must start looking at those who hold these posts and question: But are they working as a team?

And are they serious about recalibrating the discussions between themselves?”

Session 4: Thinking Creatively About Financing. From left: Session facilitator, Dr Allan Davids (Financial Innovation Hub, UCT), together with presenters Nigel Adriaanse (EDPF), Paul Jackson (TUHF), Friedrich Meisenholl (BusinessPartners) and Gilly Dlamini (BASA)

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PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS | CLIMATE RISK & DISASTER MANAGEMENT

FLOOD RISK IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD MITIGATION

PERFECTING AN INTEGRATED ENGINEERING, GEOSPATIAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE management when infrastructure becomes overwhelmed to risk identification and mitigation when managing and designing new structures.

“Simply put, you cannot wait and then respond to an incident,” he emphasises.

Gauteng hydrological study

Accurate flood line delineation is a vital element in town and city planning, both in terms of protecting infrastructure assets, lives and livelihoods, and combatting environmental degradation. IMIESA speaks to Dr Dawie Jansen van Vuuren, Technical Principal: Integrated Solutions at SMEC South Africa about the evolving science of risk and disaster management in providing sustainable solutions.

I

f you look at disaster management as a discipline, it’s a fairly young science.

Today, it’s globally recognised as a multidisciplinary undertaking that requires an integrated approach combining hard engineering with geospatial technologies that include Geographic Information Technology (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and remote sensing.

Social science disciplines are equally important to evaluate and mitigate socio-economic impacts,” explains Dr Jansen van Vuuren.

“Within this latter context, we talk more about climate change, but less so about population change. Climate change contributes some 17% in terms of flooding. However, urbanisation

and densification are regarded by experts as a far greater risk, given the increasing pressure to occupy previously open spaces, so this must be taken into account in terms of spatial development planning and existing legislation like the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA).”

From a hydrological perspective, Dr Jansen van Vuuren says it’s clear that engineers must now incorporate climate induced risk into their projects when determining a 1:100-year flood line. But the goal posts keep moving. Accurate data analysis and continuous monitoring is therefore essential in shifting the focus from disaster response as the sole aspect of disaster

A severe flooding incident in Gauteng during January 2016 underscores the point, when sections of the Jukskei River burst their banks. This resulted in parts of the N3 – including the Gillooly's Interchange bordering Bedfordview – being submerged underwater. Further exacerbating the situation were stormwater culvert blockages on crossings such as the nearby Linksfield Road Interchange, which virtually became a dam wall, and caused the rise in water levels on the Jukskei river, overtopping the N3 highway.

Following this event, SMEC was subsequently appointed by CoGTA in Februar y 2018 to undertake a hydrological study for Gauteng, which was completed in 2019. The objective was to determine all indicative flood lines in the province.

“This study proved to be a definitive moment.

I was initially brought on board as the GIS practitioner responsible for the mapping component. However, I immediately identified the opportunity to expand this mandate by incorporating a disaster management approach in conjunction with the hydrological engineering team.

In line with international practice, we applied the equation risk = hazard x vulnerability ÷ capacity to determine where infrastructure elements were either adequate or inadequate in terms of flood risk,” Dr Jansen van Vuuren continues.

“Within the hydrological calculations, water velocity was an obvious risk factor. In other words,

Biography Dr Dawie Jansen van Vuuren is a development management specialist with 37 years’ experience in the development planning and management field. He is a registered professional geomatics practitioner focusing on the integration of interrelated disciplines through geospatial information technology.

He has a keen interest in data processing and modelling and has developed various techniques for spatial analysis that could be applied for all aspects of development planning, ranging from disaster risk modelling to multi criteria-based planning and infrastructure management.

He specialises in multi-sector integrations using GIS technology as the integration platform and is currently focusing on climate-induced risk modelling.

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PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS | CLIMATE RISK & DISASTER MANAGEMENT

the point at which hydraulic energy is destructive enough to become a hazard in a known situation.”

Indicative flood lines identified were verified against known flood lines recorded by municipalities. The SMEC project team then took this a step further by identifying hotspots together with recommended mitigation measures. The study took into account communities potentially under threat, as well as economic activities such as farming (both subsistence and commercial).

Data measurement As Dr Jansen van Vuuren points out, delineating flood lines is a challenging task that generates an enormous amount of data, which then needs to be analysed. A core component of this data is derived from local and international weather research agencies.

“Geospatial technologies are increasing at a phenomenal rate. However, within the mix the role of professional land surveyors remains essential in accurately drawing up cadastral maps for use by town and regional planners, and municipalities,” he explains.

“There’s a common perception that GPS tools like Google Earth provide precise location points.

However, this is not always the case. On hilly terrain, for example, vertical inaccuracy increases by factors. However, GPS can be very accurate on the horizontal plain. Either way, the data must be verified by a surveyor,” he explains. “A flood line is a ‘line in the sand’, but the flood risk assessment is a predecessor to that.”

Areas of flooding which occurred when sections of the Juksei River burst its banks during a severe flood event in 2016

Flood risk analysis based on stormwater design Within this context, Dr Jansen van Vuuren says it’s important to make a distinction between indicative flood lines and those certified by a hydrological engineer. In an urban context, for example flood line certification is a legal requirement for a township establishment in accordance with a 1:100-year determination.

“Let’s take the flood lines for the Jukskei River in its entirety. At present there is no continuous flood line running from its origin to where it ends up in the Crocodile River. In the rural sections, flood lines have frequently not been determined because there has not been a development requirement,” he explains. “The same is true across large parts of rural and urban South Africa.”

Even where certified flood lines exist, however, data needs to be continuously updated because rivers – being dynamic – naturally change their course over time. Constant monitoring is therefore required to anticipate evolving flood risks that could undermine structures like roads, bridges and buildings.

Safeguarding assets In response, SMEC’s Integrated Solutions team have developed frameworks for the integration of disaster risk management principles into asset management projects in accordance with ISO 55001. The latter’s purpose is to guide organisations in terms of “cradle to grave” asset management optimisation, which is interdependent on relevant data collection and analysis.

An example is a project carried out by SMEC in conjunction with National Treasury, and with the

A GIS rendition of a flood affected area

support of the World Bank. This entailed updating the National Treasury’s Cities Infrastructure Delivery Management System (CIDMS). SMEC’s involvement included revising various CIDMS modules, as well as incorporating a climate resilient component in accordance with World Bank requirements for South Africa’s eight metros.

During the project, which took place between 2021 and 2023, a pilot study was conducted involving three major South African cities, namely Cape Town, eThekwini and Tshwane. Subsequently, a series of training workshops were conducted nationally – incorporating engineers, environmental practitioners and disaster management specialists.

In future National Treasury plans to rollout CIDMS for adoption by all municipalities.

“Asset management is a lifecycle-based under taking incorporating planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance. Taking this further, CIDMS now incorporates an underlying disaster management planning and intervention component, which forms the basis for proactive risk assessment,” says Dr Jansen van Vuuren.

SMEC is now well advanced on the development of a web-based commercial app, known as “R!SkMapper”, for practical use by engineers, planners and disaster management practitioners.

“We’re committed to closing the data gaps. In South Africa, the three main environmental threats are droughts, bush fires, and floods, which are interrelated in terms of climate change impact. For all areas, intelligent data is crucial for forecasting, planning and inter vention in terms of risk determination and disaster prevention,” concludes Dr Jansen van Vuuren.

IMIESA June 2025

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PLANNING & BUILDING SA’S METROS

South Africa's urban centres, regardless of size, encounter substantial water supply challenges.

Though the larger cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban frequently make news headlines, smaller towns all over experience the same problems, sometimes on a more severe scale.

A RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY

The make-or-break in building metros across South Africa

S

outh Africa is inherently water scarce, receiving an average annual rainfall of 497 mm, which is nearly 50% less than the global average. The eastern regions receive the majority of the rainfall, leaving the western parts arid. Compounding this issue is ageing water infrastructure, which often leads to significant water losses and inefficiencies, resulting in an unstable water supply. And as urban populations grow, the demand for water increases, putting additional stress on already limited resources.

Since late 2023, residents in Johannesburg have frequently faced intermittent water supply.

In March 2024, for example, a lightning strike damaged a key substation leaving a section of the city without water for up to 11 days. Fast forward to 2025 and water consumption has surpassed permitted levels by 61%, causing nearly daily outages, with disruptions affecting residents, critical ser vices and economic activities.

Even smaller towns suffer. Hammanskraal residents, for example, have lacked reliable, clean water for over ten years. The 2023 cholera outbreak, causing over 30 deaths, highlighted the urgent need for a solution. This led to the recent commissioning of a 50 MℓD modular plant at the existing Klipdrift water treatment works as one of the interim solutions.

Not just a “drop in the bucket” Effective water management largely depends on the accurate measurement of water levels and pressure throughout the supply network. Without precise data, municipalities struggle to detect leaks, monitor consumption, and ensure a consistent supply.

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The challenge of maintaining reliable water infrastructure is compounded by the issue of non-revenue water – water that is produced but not billed due to losses – which averages 31% across South African utilities. This significant loss of water not only represents a waste of valuable resources but also affects the financial viability of utility providers.

Reducing non-revenue water requires real-time monitoring and swift response to anomalies, tasks that are unmanageable without reliable instrumentation. Advanced sensor technology can provide continuous data on water levels and pressure, helping utilities to identify leaks quickly and take corrective actions. Accurate measurement can also aid in optimising water distribution, ensuring that the supply meets the varying demands of different areas within a city.

Even more importantly, precise data collection enables better planning and resource allocation.

Municipalities can use the insights gained from monitoring systems to forecast demand, schedule maintenance, and plan infrastructure upgrades.

Joining hands when building metros In response, VEGA provides various technologies tailored to the needs of the water and wastewater industry, with instrumentation able to measure level and pressure accurately in various components of the water supply system. These sensors are designed to withstand harsh conditions and deliver precise readings.

VEGA’s ongoing research and development efforts aim to introduce more efficient, reliable, and userfriendly measurement solutions. This contribution is vital for the health, economic vitality, and resilience of communities, making it a priority for sustainable urban development.

SUSTAINABILITY

GREEN BUILDINGS

GREYWATER REUSE STANDS AS A PROMISING METHOD FOR FOSTERING WATER CONSERVATION Water scarcity is becoming a worldwide issue rather than a remote concern. This is exacerbated by continuous strain on the limited supply of water due to urbanisation, population growth, and the increasing effects of climate change.

A

ccording to the International Water Management Institute, urban water consumption is forecasted to increase from 1995 to 2025 by 62%. With additional increase in population and climate change, water shortage is likely to manifest in 2050.

For these reasons, it has become imperative that we find adaptable solutions in which we can maintain the existing water resource while seeking methods in which we can reduce the demand of potable water. Greywater reuse is receiving more traction as a solution to urban water management as it offers a straightforward on-site but effective option to shift our wateruse patterns.

What is greywater?

Greywater is used water collected from bathtubs, showers, washing machines, even sinks and can be reused/recycled for other purposes. Greywater makes for as much as 70% of all residential buildings’ water use.

Although greywater and blackwater are typically combined, separating the two, greywater on its own provides several reuse opportunities such as toilet flushing, and garden irrigation. This can additionally assist in lowering potable water use in arid areas by up to 30% for households and up to 60% for corporate buildings. Furthermore, saving money on garden irrigation through reuse can boost household savings by 40%.

Greywater can be collected from the source by installing a plumbing system from an outlet of a bathroom/kitchen to a garden or for toilet

flushing. To this, a greywater treatment system such as green walls can be installed to help filter large particles, nutrients and pump treated water through irrigation pipes. Blackwater, on the other hand, is toilet water that contains faecal matter and urine. Faecal matter is a breeding ground for harmful bacteria and pathogens that can cause diseases.

and plants, promoting healthier growth and vibrant blooms.

• Resilience to drought: Water-efficient measures (greywater reuse) make green buildings more resilient to water scarcity and drought conditions, ensuring continued operations during challenging times.

Safe and sustainable use of greywater Advantages of using greywater for green buildings • Water conservation: The use of greywater provides us with an opportunity to use an average of approximately 35 – 234 litres (per person per day, depending on lifestyles) of greywater, which can be repurposed for garden irrigation or toilet flushing where little human contact is achieved.

• Enhancing the EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) standard: The incorporation of a greywater reuse system can play a pivotal role in diminishing the reliance on potable water, consequently elevating the overall EDGE score of the green building.

• Cost-effective: The use of greywater is inexpensive and for this reason water bills can be drastically reduced while investing in a greener future.

• Lush landscapes: Watch your garden flourish!

Greywater provides essential nutrients such as total nitrogen (2.75 to 21.00 mg/ℓ) and total phosphorus (0.062 to 57.00 mg/ℓ) that mainly originate from the kitchen (kitchen residues/waste) and hand basins (soap), respectively. These nutrients nourish our soil

• Greywater has been shown to be a potential hazard to human health. Its handling must be done with care to reduce the risk of infection.

Use gloves when handling greywater.

• Greywater containing potentially infectious pathogens should not be used for overhead irrigation. This includes water used to wash nappies or soiled sheets.

• To reduce odour and bacteria, greywater should be used within 24 hours of collection.

• To avoid waterlogging and prevent root damage, it’s critical to disperse greywater uniformly in your landscape (and not just in one spot).

• When irrigating with greywater, it is not advisable to use spray irrigation. This is primarily due to the increased risk of exposing people to greywater.

Always Be #WaterWise

An underground storage tank designed to collect and store greywater sourced via plumbing connections to bathroom/kitchen outlets

Green walls can be installed to help filter large particles, nutrients and pump treated water through irrigation pipes

Greywater reuse systems play a pivotal role in diminishing reliance on potable water, elevating the overall EDGE score of a green building

IMIESA June 2025

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RENEWABLE ENERGY & ELECTRIFICATION

The global market for artificial intelligence (AI) in the energy and utilities sector was valued at US$10.56 billion in 2023 and is projected to surge to US$45.78 billion by 2030, signalling the critical role AI will play in reshaping the future of power systems. At the same time, African cities are at a pivotal point in their energy transformation journey.

By Satyajit Dwivedi

Transforming smart grids with AI

W

ith nearly 600 million people across the continent still lacking access to electricity, the goal of building inclusive and sustainable smart cities remains out of reach without first modernising the foundational grid infrastructure. As effor ts intensify to upgrade ageing assets and extend electricity access to underserved communities, AI is fast emerging as a catalyst for this transformation.

Africa’s evolving energy landscape – driven by rising demand, the growth of decentralised renewable generation, and rapid digitalisation – highlights the urgent need for smarter, more responsive grid systems. AI will be central to this shift, offering the intelligence, agility, and real-time decision-making capabilities required to manage increasingly complex and dynamic electricity networks.

The urgent need for smarter grids in Africa Traditional power grids were built for a simpler, one-directional world – where electricity flowed from centralised power plants to passive consumers. That linear model, which served the industry for over a century, is no longer sufficient. Today, the power network has become inherently multi-directional.

Urban centres are witnessing a surge in prosumers – consumers who also generate energy, such as households or businesses with rooftop solar panels feeding electricity back into the grid. Simultaneously, rising electrification,

18 IMIESA June 2025

extreme weather events, ageing infrastructure, and the integration of renewable energy sources are making the grid more volatile and complex.

This dynamic environment requires more than just physical upgrades – it demands network intelligence. A modern smart grid is not defined solely by sensors and automation, but by its ability to interpret, adapt, and act on vast streams of real-time data. And that intelligence must be managed intelligently. This is where AI becomes indispensable: enabling predictive analytics, autonomous decision-making, and seamless coordination across a decentralised, digital, and multi-directional energy landscape.

AI: The intelligent engine of modern grids When combined with the Internet of Things (IoT), AI effectively gives the electrical grid a functional brain – empowering it to sense, analyse, and act in real-time. AI algorithms process enormous volumes of data from smart meters, grid sensors, weather feeds, and even social media to detect patterns and generate actionable insights far beyond the reach of manual systems. This evolution enables utilities to shift from reactive operations to predictive and proactive grid management.

For instance, AI-driven forecasting models leverage historical consumption patterns, weather forecasts, and live sensor inputs to accurately anticipate electricity demand.

This foresight allows operators to optimise generation and storage planning, mitigating the

risk of blackouts. In countries like South Africa, where sudden demand spikes or generation shortfalls have historically led to severe load shedding, such predictive capabilities are game-changing – facilitating a shift from crisis response to long-term grid resilience.

Furthermore, smart meter data plays a crucial role in enhancing peak load management and operational efficiency. AI systems can analyse granular consumption data to identify highdemand periods, enabling the implementation of Time-of-Use (ToU) tariffs that incentivise offpeak usage and smooth demand curves.

Integrated Demand Response Management (DRM) strategies can autonomously signal non-critical appliances – like air conditioners or water heaters – to cycle down during peak times, reducing strain on the grid without compromising user comfort. This real-time coordination helps

Satyajit Dwivedi, Regional Director, EMEAP, Energy Utilities, Mining & Metals, Public Sector at SAS

RENEWABLE ENERGY & ELECTRIFICATION

stabilise the grid and reduces the need for costly infrastructure upgrades.

AI also suppor ts outage prediction and planning, using anomaly detection on grid parameters to forecast potential failures before they occur. In case of disruptions, intelligent systems can reroute electricity flows to minimise impact and accelerate restoration.

As African communities expand the use of distributed energy resources – such as rooftop solar, wind, and battery storage – AI plays a vital role in integrating these assets into a cohesive system. Machine learning models can dynamically determine the optimal mix of local and grid-supplied energy, ensuring efficient utilisation of renewables. The result is a self-optimising, multi-directional smart grid that not only balances supply and demand in real-time, but also adapts to an increasingly decentralised, data-rich, and consumer-driven energy landscape.

From reliability to sustainability The promise of AI in smar t grids is not abstract; it translates into ver y tangible benefits for utilities and citizens alike. Key AI-driven interventions for smart grids include several benefits.

Intelligent analytics can detect anomalies in equipment behaviour (like unusual vibrations in a transformer or voltage fluctuations) that often precede a failure. Utilities have begun installing IoT sensors on critical assets such as turbines, transformers, and transmission lines to enable this. AI systems analyse the sensor data in real-time and can alert engineers to impending issues or even trigger automatic preventative actions. This predictive maintenance avoids catastrophic failures and widespread outages.

Power theft and non-payment are persistent challenges in many regions. In fact, utilities worldwide lose an estimated US$89.3 billion ever y year due to customers who bypass meters or do not pay bills. Africa is no exception – electricity theft in Nigeria or illegal connections in South Africa’s townships directly affect utility finances and ser vice quality. AI can help here by analysing consumption patterns to flag suspicious anomalies.

Advanced image recognition and drones equipped with AI can also patrol power lines to spot illegal taps or vandalism.

By pinpointing where losses are occurring, utilities can take

targeted action, improving revenue collection and reducing wastage. This ultimately benefits honest consumers as well, by strengthening the utility’s ability to invest in better infrastructure instead of writing off losses.

Perhaps one of the most significant impacts of AI-driven smart grids is how they enable greater use of clean energy. Renewable sources like solar and wind are abundant across Africa, but they are intermittent by nature. AI comes to the rescue by forecasting renewable energy output (predicting a drop in solar generation when a storm is coming, for example) and balancing it with other sources or stored energy. Intelligent control systems can decide when to charge battery banks, when to draw from them, and how to smoothly blend renewable power with traditional generation to maintain a steady flow.

This means cities can reliably incorporate higher percentages of green energy without jeopardising stability. For a continent heavily impacted by climate change, the ability to build low-carbon, sustainable energy systems that are also reliable is a huge win. Smar t grids with AI are thus not only about keeping the lights on – they are about doing so in a way that supports long-term sustainability and climate goals.

healthcare, education, and economic opportunity through reliable electricity access.

As African nations invest in smar t infrastructure, the electric grid becomes the critical enabler for all other smart city systems.

To fully realise the potential of AI in smart grids, policymakers, regulators, and utility leaders must invest in digital infrastructure, advanced analytics platforms, cybersecurity protocols, and workforce reskilling. Strategic partnerships and regulatory alignment will be crucial to scale these innovations sustainably.

The transformation of African power systems through AI is not just a technological upgrade – it is a foundational step toward energy security, socio-economic development, and climate resilience.

Smar t grids empowered by AI offer a pathway to a future of fewer outages, better-managed resources, expanded energy access, and greener power generation. By embedding intelligence into grid operations today, African nations can leapfrog into a new era of sustainable and inclusive energy systems.

Towards a smarter, brighter future The benefits of AI-driven grid modernisation extend to both urban and rural settings. In cities, a stable, responsive power grid underpins smart mobility, digital services, and industrial growth.

In rural areas, AI-managed microgrids and mini-grids enable decentralised electrification using local renewable resources. These systems optimise ever y watt of available energy, ensuring reliable access in regions previously of f the grid. The broader social impact is profound – improved

IMIESA June 2025

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GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

GABION INTEGRITY REQUIRES

BEST PRACTICE TECHNIQUES Designing and building environmentally engineered structures that stand the test of time is a true testament to professional proficiency and optimum material selection. IMIESA speaks to Louis Cheyne, managing director of Gabion Baskets, about the importance of theoretical and practical training, as well as knowledge sharing for designers and contractors, showcasing excellence and outlining common causes of failure in gabion construction.

T

he fact that water can penetrate and erode the toughest solid rock materials over time underscores the power of hydraulic forces. The same is true of hardy trees and allied plant species that have adapted to withstand seasonal storms, floods, droughts and fires of intense severity.

“Understanding these natural elements is therefore important in designing and building gabion structures that serve to reduce erosion and maintain stability in both land-based, riverine and coastal environments. This requires a holistic approach that frequently combines the elements of gabion construction with bioengineering interventions,” explains Cheyne.

Examples of the latter include the employment of shrubs like willows, which can be designed to grow through specific slots in a gabion wall configuration to strengthen the overall structure, and biodegradable soil blankets and coir logs – together with hydroseeding – used for soil retention on slopes, as well as for landscaping in conjunction with gabion systems.

Cheyne says plants like vetiver grass are also gaining traction locally and internationally as

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a bioengineered response to combat erosion.

This grass species is highly resilient and will flourish in the most challenging soils, with their roots growing to more than 5 m in depth.

Interestingly, their tensile strength is around 75 MPa, while their tufted grass – growing up to a height of 3 m aboveground – can resist high velocity water flows of up to 5 m per second.

This makes vetiver a great soil reinforcement option when strategically planted.

Vegetation also plays a key role in phytoremediation, which can form part of an environmentally engineered solution, such as in a wetland environment where gabions are commonly used to establish weirs and gabion mattress lined channels, as well as to counter general erosion. “Then of course, plants can be used purely for their aesthetic benefit to partially or completely green gabion structures.

However, the hear t of the system are the gabion structures themselves, where walls require expert design and sign-off above 1,5 m in height from an experienced and registered professional engineer to ensure their safety and longevity.”

Mass gravity walls One of the most common applications for gabions within the civil engineering arena is the construction of vertical mass gravity walls. These generally have either a vertical external face, or a stepped external face. Both systems employ hexagonal double-twisted woven mesh steel wire to form the integrated rock filled gabion baskets that build and shape the wall. Applications include roadways, bridge abutments, embankments, and landscaping projects with heights ranging up to 9 m.

A vertical external face mass gravity wall – typically inclined at 6 to 8 degrees – is an effective structural solution for soil retention, leveraging its weight to counteract lateral earth pressures. The slight incline (or batter angle) not only increases stability by reducing horizontal forces but also facilitates drainage, mitigating the risks of failure caused by hydraulic pressure buildup behind the wall. This design is particularly beneficial in situations where aesthetics and space are important, offering a streamlined appearance while still providing substantial loadbearing capabilities.

Stepped walls feature a series of horizontal offsets on their external face, enhancing both aesthetic appeal and structural stability by increasing weight and resistance to sliding forces.

This design efficiently distributes pressures from retained materials and accommodates potential settlement and deformation. Their usage is widespread for riverbank protection, but they can also be employed for land-based structures.

One of the highest river protection measures designed and supplied by Gabion Baskets is a 6 m high mass gravity wall founded on a 60 m long mattress for a property bordering the Orange River in Upington. Constructed in 2011, a recent site

GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Secunda gabion river wall elevation

A cross section of the river wall at a height of 3 m

CASE STUDY: SECUNDA RIVER WALL Showcasing excellence, Gabion Baskets was appointed to provide a design recommendation, material supply, training and project management services for the construction of an intricate gabion river retaining wall system for a residential development in Secunda, Mpumalanga, during 2021. The scope entailed the construction of an approximately 300 m long wall.

Given the presence of bedrock at the river base, Gabion Baskets recommended a river wall on rock solution. This comprised a concrete base beneath the gabions, and starting with a 1 m high retaining wall, increasing to 3 m in stepped intervals of 0,5 m every 20 m. To enhance durability and longevity, a PVC-coated wire specification was selected to counter corrosion.

The river wall at an advanced stage of construction, with residential building works in progress

Sections of the completed walls, which incorporate pedestrian footbridges

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GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

visit confirms that the wall remains structurally sound, a testament to sound engineering.

Soil reinforced walls Mass gravity walls can also be constructed using mechanically stabilised earth techniques.

Here the gabion facing elements are tied back at intervals into the compacted sequential layer works. A key benefit is the lower number of gabions and associated rockfill material required compared to vertical and stepped walls. For this application, which is strictly land-based, Gabion Baskets fields the Gab-Tail. The latter features a gabion unit facing and an extended hexagonal woven mesh tail that integrates into the soil, enhancing a structural stability.

This system is particularly beneficial for gabion structures exceeding 4 m in height and built in backfill situations, as it offers a more economical and quicker installation process. The gabion baskets contribute to internal stability, while the

mesh tails enhance lateral shear resistance and overall structural integrity.

“For optimal performance, a selected backfill, preferably G6 or G7 gravel with no aggregates larger than 100 to 150 mm, is required, and this material should be compacted in layers of no more than 150 mm to achieve a compaction of 93-95% Mod-AASHTO,” Cheyne explains.

Skin revetments Another option is a skin revetment wall. However, here the gabions purely provide a cladding effect.

An example would be to provide an attractive finish for a sheet piled wall, or for buildings and allied architectural projects.

Depending on the geotechnical report, wall height and application, mass gravity walls will either be founded on compacted soil, a gabion mattress or a concrete base. Gabion mattresses are also ideal for slope protection and are mandatory in river environments where they

CASE STUDY: DAM SPILLWAY Designed and executed by Civil Structural & Eco-Engineering, Gabion Baskets’ agent in Limpopo and Mpumalanga, the remediation of a dam spillway underscores the importance of correct techniques.

extend out from the toe of the wall to prevent scouring of the foundation.

As Cheyne stresses, understanding the difference between a mass gravity wall, a skin revetment wall, and a reinforced soil wall is the first crucial step in the design process.

“For example, we recently received an enquiry from a client in Gauteng to remediate an unstable 5 m high skin revetment wall. On inspection, it was clear that this was the wrong approach. The correct method should have been to install a reinforced soil wall. Errors like this are costly, as well as being a major safety hazard,” says Cheyne.

The second step is correct material selection, accurate qualities estimation and installation.

Aside from the rock fill, other key criteria encompass the wire specification, both in terms of diameter and corrosion resistance. Gabion Baskets supplies its wire mesh with a galvanised coating, which can be further enhanced by a PVC coating.

Reinstatement of the gabion system in progress. (Photo credit: Civil Structural & Eco-Engineering)

The dam spillway, featuring nine Armco culverts, suffered a catastrophic failure due to the displacement of its downstream gabion erosion protection structure during intense flooding. This left a 4 m high vertical gravel face unprotected, while the gabion baskets were found 10 m downstream, partially buried.

A detailed inspection revealed that the failure stemmed from the lack of a crucial design element: a gabion mattress which should have been installed beneath and in front of the main structure to prevent underscouring. Instead, a rigid slasto-paved area was used. While initially stabilising, it could not adapt to the hydraulic forces during flooding, leading to erosion and the eventual failure of the entire structure. This incident highlights the necessity of following essential design principles for gabion structures in flood-prone areas to ensure long-term resilience and integrity.

Catastrophic failure of the downstream gabion erosion protection structure occurred during intense flooding. (Photo credit: Civil Structural & Eco-Engineering)

22 IMIESA June 2025

The completed structure. (Photo credit: Civil Structural & Eco-Engineering)

GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Installation techniques “Every gabion structure will be designed as a fit-for-purpose solution as each project has its own set of unique challenges. However, the best design will fail if there’s evidence of poor installation techniques. Here there are three main ways a gabion structure can fail, namely overturning, sliding forward, and overall slip instability. That’s why in addition to design recommendations, we place a major emphasis on providing technical support and in-depth practical training in assembling, positioning and filling gabion baskets, either via labour intensive means and/or mechanised plant,” says Cheyne.

To ensure a standardised approach, Gabion Baskets has teamed up with Tjeka Training to assist with on-site accredited gabion installation product training, typically over a duration of five days. Included is an installation manual covering aspects like wire tensioning procedures, filling techniques, and bracing.

Attending this course is equally important for project managers and site agents so they can verify that the correct procedures are being followed. Trained installation teams achieve faster production rates without compromising on quality.

“One of the major advantages of gabion construction is the opportunity for labour-based methods, providing invaluable employment and skills transfer for local communities and SMEs. This also proves beneficial in remote rural areas where no previous experience exists on gabion installation practices. To achieve the best results, our qualified instructors carry out training on job sites,” Cheyne continues, adding that Gabion Baskets supplies a full suite of tools.

Product development trends Celebrating its 19th anniversar y in 2025, Gabion Baskets has successfully grown its market penetration through diversification, research and development, as well as studying the latest international market trends.

A case in point is the direction being taken by leading gabion manufacturers in Germany, which are challenging conventional woven mesh approaches for civils structures by substituting them with welded mesh systems.

“Traditionally, welded mesh has been predominately specified for architectural and building projects ranging from freestanding walls, to cladding, landscaping and land-based retaining walls. Their use in civil engineering projects has been limited primarily due to their rigid design. This is ideal for perfect flat finishes, but not for applications like riverine environments where they will fail over time. Here woven mesh,

A gabion weir constructed using heavy-duty welded mesh.

(Photo credit: Rothfuss Best Gabion)

which is designed to flex in countering hydraulic forces, has been the recommended approach, but that could be changing due to wire fabrication advances,” Cheyne explains.

Welded mesh systems supplied to date in South Africa typically have a 50 x 50 mm opening formed using 3 mm diameter galvanised wire.

In Germany their opening diameters are similar, however they are now using up to 6 mm diameter wire. This makes the grid very robust, adding to structural support. Additionally, a smaller rock – around 80 mm (as opposed to the 100 to 250 mm diameter specification commonly used in South Africa), is employed.

“This means that packing rates are accelerated, as the smaller rock can be poured into the welded mesh baskets using mechanised plant. With a team of 10 people using exclusively labour-based techniques, we can achieve around 10 to 12 m3 per day with our current welded mesh systems.

However, with the higher wire specification, this rate can be increased to around 100 m3 per day with a smaller labour force. However, welded mesh is more expensive than woven mesh, Welded mesh gabion wall cladding.

(Photo credit: Rothfuss Best Gabion)

so clients need to weigh up the cost versus aesthetic benefits,” says Cheyne.

Gabion Baskets is currently in discussions with a German gabion manufacturer to facilitate a technology transfer aimed at local production of new and more robust welded mesh products.

Cheyne says this development opens up new opportunities in civil engineering locally, particularly for riverine structures, like mass gravity walls and weirs that have traditionally been constructed using woven mesh.

Unlike lighter duty welded mesh – which is unsuitable – the increased wire diameters on heavy-duty welded mesh comfor tably absorb the hydraulic load in rivers and their specification is increasingly common in regions like Europe for this application. The fact that a smaller rock is used also translates into less voids, but without compromising the degree of permeability required for gabions to function optimally in soil retention roles. A higher rock bulk density on weirs further increases the damming effect required.

“Across the world, gabion systems are gaining increasing traction, with recent innovations continuing to push the boundaries of structural designs. Our focus at Gabion Baskets is to support widespread application within the South African and cross-border markets,” adds Cheyne.

“This can best be achieved through knowledge sharing and education so that clients, contractors and built environment professionals understand the benefits and where specific solutions get the best results. In expert hands, gabions are an outstanding green infrastructure solution, especially when combined with bioengineered elements,” Cheyne concludes.

IMIESA June 2025

23

GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING A BETTER SOLUTION WITH MACCAFERRI

Establishment of rockfall netting on Chapman’s Peak

A gabion impact barrier adds additional protection to the half tunnel structure installed on Chapman’s Peak as a rockfall mitigation measure

The original inventors of the wired framed gabion system back in 1893, Maccaferri has progressively expanded its technology portfolio over the years to meet diverse environmental engineering and geotechnical requirements. IMIESA speaks to Devan Govender Pr Eng, Engineered Solutions Manager: Africa about the rollout of a continuous professional development (CPD) programme to update built environment practitioners on Maccaferri’s solutions.

M

accaferri has been trading in South Africa for more than 60 years and has been instr umental in providing design and product application recommendations which have subsequently been specified for landmark projects,” says Govender.

Locally, these include a mechanically stabilised earth wall solution for SANRAL’s Mt Edgecombe Interchange in Durban, and a rockfall mitigation installation for Chapman’s Peak, among many local examples.

“In anticipation of the expected upsurge in public works projects following approval of government’s Medium Term Expenditure framework through to 2027/28, we identified the need to reinforce the Maccaferri offering though our seven-module CPD programme, totalling 1,1 points, which launched at the end of 2024,” Govender continues.

“For young engineering professionals who require experiential knowledge, it represents an excellent opportunity to be introduced to our brand, and for seasoned practitioners who’ve worked with us in the past it’s a great way to keep them updated. Target audiences

24 IMIESA June 2025

range from provincial departments through to municipalities and the private sector for specialist disciplines within the engineering field, as well as architecture and civil engineering contracting. The ultimate goal is to enable informed decisions integrated with fit-forpurpose technologies.”

CPD training is provided either in a classroom environment, or via webinars (with the exception of the introductor y module, which must be attended in-person) and the course modules can be taken in any order.

The modules presented are as follows: • Introductory module: Innovative construction solutions with double-twisted steel wire mesh and geosynthetic products This module provides a comprehensive overview. Solutions covered include mass gravity walls, mechanically stabilised earth walls and slopes, embankments on soft soils, voids or piles, erosion protection, bound and unbound pavement layer reinforcement, and rockfall mitigation.

• Maccaferri’s solutions for hydraulics and erosion control Topics covered include erosion control blankets, transverse structures such as

groynes and weirs, and longitudinal structures such as lining systems, revetments, and walls in land-based and coastal environments.

• I ntroduction to Maccaferri rockfall mitigation systems Applications here incorporate rockfall netting, rockfall barriers, impact barriers, as well as monitoring and maintenance systems.

An example of a mechanically stabilised earth wall solution

GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING • Geosynthetics for soil reinforcement This module drills down into key design and practical considerations when working with mechanically stabilised earth walls, slopes and embankment solutions. The latter include concrete, gabion basket and segmental block wall-faced systems, plus vegetated frontfaced systems.

The design considerations for geosynthetic and steel reinforcement supplied by Maccaferri will also be explored, including reference to relevant design codes and published research. For walls above 4 to 6 m, Maccaferri recommends adopting mechanically stabilised earth walls as a more cost-effective option.

• The use of geosynthetics for civil engineering works Delegates will be trained on the use of geosynthetics for drainage, pavement reinforcement, landfill and dewatering applications.

• Designing with GAWAC Here training focuses on the practical use of Maccaferri's GAWAC proprietary software – specifically developed for the design of mass gravity gabion walls.

• Designing with MacStars This module explores the practical use of Maccaferri's MacStars software for the design of gabion faced mechanically stabilised earth walls.

Product developments Maccaferri’s research and development (R&D) teams continue to explore best practice innovation in all the above areas in terms of product development.

In terms of the latter, examples include RenoMacPlus, designed for challenging underwater installations as well as Articulated concrete block mattresses. RenoMacPlus has A TerraMesh system installation

The Museum of the Future in Dubai sits on an artificially created green hill environmentally engineered by Maccaferri

been tested in partnership with the Deltares Water Institute and is the first and only solution validated specifically for quay protection applications. Other applications include the protection of bridge foundations.

“Maccaferri has also taken gabion corrosion protection to a new level with the development of PoliMac® coating, which significantly extends the life of installed systems,” says Govender.

Other R&D examples include Maccaferri’s advancements in geogrid technology. The latter are mainly used for reinforcement purposes in soil stabilisation applications to improve the bearing capacity. Product examples include MacGrid EG, which has a tensile strength of up to 50 kN/m, and MacGrid WG-S, which is available up to a standard symmetric strength of 300 kN/m but on demand can go up to 1 000 kN/m.

“For landscaping, our biodegradable biomaterials are ideal for establishing vegetation on slopes and engineered structures like Terramesh walls. In turn, other innovations gaining traction include our MacWeb geocell, designed to stabilise unstable slopes, and the GabioDrain system for drainage trenches.

“The above examples are just some of the comprehensive solutions in our arsenal, which include early warning detection devises to alert asset owners on aspects like potential rockfall risks, or flooding,” Govender explains.

a central elliptical void – is clad in stainless steel and accommodates six exhibition and one administration floor above a three-storey podium and a F+B deck, with auditorium, retail, parking and services. One of its distinctive features is that the main building is elevated on an artificially created green hill.

Rather than being a solid earth structure, the design required the intricate cladding of the subsequently vegetated slopes. The threestorey podium is embedded inside the hill and below the main building.

Maccaferri Middle East was chosen as the technology provider for the green cover system.

Key elements entailed a BioMac cover for slopes up to 35-degree inclination; MacWeb geocell for slopes up to 45-degree inclination; and the Green Terramesh reinforced soil system for slopes up to 70-degree inclination.

“Establishing the hill ser ves as a prime example of how multiple Maccaferri products can be combined to execute iconic, environmentally engineered structures,” says Govender.

“The Museum of the Future forms part of a series of case studies that will be featured in the CPD training so that delegates can experience real-world examples and apply them on South African infrastructure projects,” Govender concludes.

For fur ther information and to register for Maccaferri’s CPD programme email d.govender@maccaeferri.com

Case study: Museum of the Future One of Maccaferri’s most innovative projects to date is the Museum of the Future in Dubai, which was completed in 2021. Designed by architects Killa Design, this 78 m high, 17 000 m2 torus-shaped building – incorporating

www.maccaferri.com

IMIESA June 2025

25

GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Beach pavilion move enables dune expansion The successful relocation of the Paal 17 Aan Zee beach pavilion on the island of Texel in Nor th Holland makes room for the expansion of the surrounding sand dunes. Local authorities recognised this as a priority to counteract erosion and rising sea levels.

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his intricate task was executed by Mammoet – a globally renowned heavy lifting and transport specialist – on behalf of JLD Contracting BV. Following weeks of preparation, the wooden pavilion was rolled into its new location in just ten minutes using two of Mammoet’s purposedesigned self-propelled modular transporters (SPMTs).

Launch in progress

26 IMIESA June 2025

Prior to this, JLD Contracting BV installed new piles topped with integrated beams at the building’s new location to support the relocated structure.

Then in preparation for launch, a steel platform was constructed beneath the pavilion to guard against bending of the structure, and the building was disconnected from gas, water, sewerage, and electricity utilities.

Mammoet’s SPMTs stand ready to lift and move the beach pavilion onto its new piled beam platform

The SPMTs were then driven under the building and took the full weight of it, allowing the old piling to be cut. The pavilion was then driven forward

by Mammoet’s SPMT operators, over the newly installed beams, and lowered into its new position.

During this process, the minutely adjustable surface provided by the deck of Mammoet’s SPMTs made sure that the building could be carried in one piece without deformation.

With services now reconnected, the pavilion stands ready to welcome its regulars, and new patrons, providing a renewed focal point for relaxation, while helping to protect the local environment.

Relocation completed

LEGAL

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS AND CONTRACTUAL TOOLS FOR CLIMATE-RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENERGY PROJECTS Among the greatest threats facing infrastructure development today is climate change. To mitigate the associated risks for all sector stakeholders, there is a pressing need to make better use of modern technologies and to establish contractual frameworks that are appropriately structured from the outset.

By Shirleen Ritchie and Kirsten Wolmarans

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waZulu-Natal’s recent history is informative. Heavy rains and flooding in 2024 caused over 40 deaths and significant infrastructure damage. This followed extreme flooding in the province in 2022, which resulted in over 400 deaths in what has reportedly been described as among the worst floods ever recorded in the province’s history. On both occasions, tens of thousands of people were displaced from their homes, with infrastructure damage caused by the 2022 floods alone estimated at over R15 billion.

As the world adjusts to climate change, two notable trends are becoming increasingly apparent in the infrastructure and energy sectors: the greater use of early warning systems and more robust contractual provisions to address extreme climate events.

A contracting party has a positive duty to take steps to mitigate risks and any resulting damages.

This duty is particularly important within the suite of agreements that support major infrastructure and energy projects. In this context, early warning systems, especially to address the devastating effects of climate change, such as flooding, may play a critical role.

These trends are part of wider developments within the regulatory framework, with banks and insurers adjusting to changes in climate-related risks and disclosure obligations to ensure fund stability, and workplaces adapting to promote safety and sustainability.

Early warning systems are a bulwark against climate change risk A case study on the impact of early warning systems can be found in Somalia. Between 2023 and 2024, the Somali government partnered with the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and other stakeholders to establish a multi-hazard early warning system.

Shirleen Ritchie, Partner at Webber Wentzel

In 2023, flooding in Somalia reportedly affected 2.4 million people, displaced over 1.2 million, and caused more than US$193 million (approximately R3.5 billion) in damages. In 2024, although flooding continued, the early warning systems enabled Somalia to significantly reduce the damage and displacement experienced in the previous year. According to the UNDRR, the 2024 floods affected only 160 000 people and displaced 37 000, with financial losses also significantly curtailed.

Closer to home, a study published in early 2025 focused on the Hennops River catchment area in Centurion, near Pretoria. Researchers applied flood hazard monitoring, modelling systems, machine learning, and geospatial tools to enhance climate change risk management in the area.

The study found that flood frequency has increased every two years, primarily due to climate change’s impact on rainfall patterns, intensity, and frequency. It concluded that areas with “low elevations ranging from less than 1 305 m to 1 430 m in the catchment area are at a higher risk of flooding because of their proximity to the Hennops River”.

Insurers may soon require institutional policyholders to implement early warning systems as a condition for coverage. This requirement is likely to extend to the broader infrastructure and energy sectors and should be considered during contract negotiations and risk assessment.

Funders and investors may also mandate such systems to safeguard asset value, reduce project delays, and limit reliance on indemnity claims, which can give rise to costly and protracted litigation. Viewed through a dispute resolution lens, these developments underscore the importance of incorporating appropriate risk mitigation and monitoring obligations in infrastructure and energy project contracts.

Kirsten Wolmarans, Partner at Webber Wentzel

Infrastructure contracts are increasingly focused on risk mitigation As stakeholders adapt to the growing risks posed by climate change, the contracting phase has become a critical point for effective risk management. Clients are increasingly focused on two key areas: more precise allocation of liability and clearly defined conditions for triggering force majeure clauses and obligations that follow. The renewed emphasis on force majeure stems from its heightened relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it was widely invoked to defer contractual performance.

Given the high costs, lengthy approval processes, and extended construction periods typical of infrastructure and energy projects, these ventures are par ticularly vulnerable to unforeseen disruptions – even before accounting for the increasing impact of climate change. This raises key questions that parties should consider from the outset, such as: • What force majeure, indemnity, and damages provisions are appropriate?

• Should environmental risks be proactively monitored using technology to mitigate potential loss of life or project damage?

• If early warning systems detect a flooding risk, does a duty arise to limit ensuing damage?

• W hat are the consequences if such technology fails?

As climate risk becomes increasingly embedded in project planning, lead times may lengthen as parties devote more time to assessing both the risks of entering into a contract and the consequences of potential climate-related events. These risks are likely to become more prevalent, making their proactive consideration during the contracting process a critical priority for all stakeholders.

IMIESA June 2025

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PUBLIC TRANSPORT EVOLUTION

JOHANNESBURG’S REA VAYA ROLL-OUT GATHERS MOMENTUM

south of the city. Phase 1A, launched in 2009, introduced 25 km of dedicated trunk route for 18 m articulated buses and served areas between Thokoza Park in Soweto and Ellis Park in Doornfontein.

This phase included 30 stations, three complementar y and five feeder routes, and deployed 143 Euro IV buses. It created over 6 000 short-term jobs and 830 permanent employment opportunities, setting the stage for a reimagined public mobility experience.

In October 2013, Phase 1B expanded the system with 18 km of dedicated trunk route, 18 more stations, and 134 cleaner Euro V buses. It introduced routes stretching from Thokoza Park through Noordgesig, Westbury, and Auckland Park, eventually reaching Library Gardens in the CBD, and delivered over 9 200 construction jobs.

Fast-tracking Phase 1C: A new era for Joburg commuters

The Soccer City BRT station constructed during Phase 1A ahead of the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup

When the City of Johannesburg launched Rea Vaya in August 2009, it marked a historic moment – not just for the city, but for the entire continent. As the first full Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Africa, Rea Vaya was a bold, visionary step toward transforming public transport into a modern, inclusive, and efficient service for all, with implementation being carried out by the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA) on behalf of the city’s Transport Department.

Dedicated BRT lanes on Grayston Bridge, with the Sandton CBD skyline seen in the distance

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ince then, Rea Vaya has grown from a single trunk route into a vital public transport artery that connects thousands of Joburg commuters to work, school, and commercial opportunities. It has stood as a flagship of the city’s commitment to spatial transformation, economic empowerment, and climate-conscious development.

The road so far When South Africa was awarded the 2010 FIFA World Cup event, it stimulated an intense interest in improving the transport system within Johannesburg, given that the opening and final games would be held at the Soccer City stadium

28 IMIESA June 2025

Currently, the JDA is actively fast-tracking the delivery of Phase 1C (a) – the third trunk route in the Rea Vaya network. This phase promises to bring 141 low-entry buses, 13 new stations, and safe, affordable public transport to more than 40 000 passengers across areas like Hillbrow, Yeoville, Orange Grove, Wynberg, Marlboro, Sandton, and Greenstone.

Work is already visible across the city. The Sandton and Gandhi stations are each 55% complete, while Katherine Street station, a prototype inspired by the low-floor design of the Johannesburg Art Gallery station, showcases the innovation behind this rollout. Road construction is also advancing. Edith Cavell Street (15%), Rivonia Road (5%), and Katherine Street (30%) are all undergoing upgrades to support dedicated BRT lanes.

Two bus depots – one in Alexandra and another in Selby – are being developed to house and maintain the growing fleet. The newly established Alexandra Bus Company will operate services for Phase 1C (a), ushering in a new era of communitydriven transit enterprise.

Technology meets convenience Adopting the latest digitialisation trends, the city is transitioning to an account-based ticketing (ABT) system, replacing the old automated fare collection model. Rolled out through the Metropolitan Trading Company (MTC), this digital leap will simplify how commuters access and pay for services.

Adding to this modernisation is the launch of “Joburg Free WiFi” across Rea Vaya stations, also powered by MTC. With this initiative, introduced on 31st March 2025, commuters can connect, plan trips via the Rea Vaya app, and even load funds onto their ABT travel cards – all while waiting for their next bus.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Construction works in progress on the Sandton Station section

All phases of the Rea Vaya to date have created opportunities for community employment and SMME development

How Rea Vaya adds value At its core, Rea Vaya is about more than buses.

It’s about a vision of an inclusive, connected, and climate-smart city. The system plays a critical role in reducing traffic congestion and vehicle emissions; making public transport accessible, safe, and affordable; as well as supporting economic growth and job creation.

Key features that distinguish BRTs from regular bus services include: • Dedicated lanes: BRT systems often have dedicated lanes that are separate from regular traffic, allowing buses to avoid congestion and maintain consistent speeds.

• Priority at intersections: BRT buses are given priority at traffic signals, reducing delays caused by other vehicles.

• Off-board fare collection: Passengers pay their fares at the station before boarding, which speeds up the boarding process and reduces delays.

• Platform-level boarding: Stations are designed with platforms at the same height as the

bus floor, making it easier and faster for passengers to board and alight, including those with disabilities, • Enhanced stations: BRT stations are often more substantial than regular bus stops, providing amenities such as seating, lighting, and real-time information displays.

Empowering SMMEs, supporting Taxi Associations and communities One of the standout successes of the Rea Vaya project have been the work opportunities created, with contracts for bus stations and other infrastructure awarded to local SMMEs. Additionally, the project has facilitated training and development programmes, equipping entrepreneurs with the skills needed to thrive in a competitive market.

The integration of taxi associations into the Rea Vaya system has been another significant achievement. Initially, there were concerns about how the BRT system would affect the livelihoods of taxi operators. However, through

extensive consultations and negotiations, the City of Johannesburg’s Transport Department ensured that taxi associations were not only included but also benefited from the project.

Taxi operators, for example, were offered shares in the bus operating companies, providing them with a stable income and a stake in the new transport system. This collaboration has helped to reduce competition and foster a more cooperative transport environment in Johannesburg.

Beyond economic empowerment, the Rea Vaya project has also brought numerous benefits to the broader community by improving accessibility to essential services, such as healthcare, education, and employment, par ticularly for residents in previously underserved areas. The reduction in traffic congestion and pollution has also contributed to a cleaner and healthier urban environment.

Overall, the Rea Vaya BRT project is proof that thoughtful urban planning and inclusive development can drive positive change.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Making urban mobility convenient Many African countries lack the infrastructure necessary to provide convenient, safe, reliable and sustainable public transport systems, leaving urban citizens with limited options. In response, there’s a need for the rollout of integrated and smart transportation solutions that harness the benefits of digitalisation. By John Rammutla

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ublic transport integration and digitalisation of transpor tation infrastructure considers elements within transport systems through a digital lens. It focuses on how stakeholders can leverage technology and data-driven approaches to meet policy goals and population needs.

A good example of this is the City of Cape Town’s Integrated Public Transport Network (IPTN) initiative. Some of their digital solutions include the implementation of the MyCiTi app for route planning, ticketing, and tracking real-time vehicle locations.

However, implementing system-wide digitalisation is no small feat in cities where infrastructure deficits and funding are clear barriers. It requires a vision developed with a whole-system perspective, strategic investment decisions and a willingness to embrace continuous change. Collaboration across industries, disciplines, municipalities and even nations is essential to build resilient and

adaptable transport networks for current and future generations.

It also calls upon those who advise, design, engineer and operate road infrastructure to prioritise the provision of inclusive, equitable and accessible digitised systems, making the benefits of digital transformation available to all. Today, the boundaries between vehicles, roads, communication networks and the users themselves have blurred, creating a dynamic, evolving ecosystem.

UK case study A good example is WSP’s work on the Digital Roads initiative for National Highways in the UK. Recognising the challenges of achieving ambitious targets such as Net Zero emissions and Vision Zero for road safety, there was an imperative to transform the strategic road network.

WSP was commissioned to create a vision for digital transformation over the next 30 years,

John Rammutla, Principal Associate: Highways, Transport & Infrastructure, WSP in Africa

setting the strategy that would align the organisation and frame transformational change. The project successfully took Digital Roads from concept development stage to public launch and now forms a flagship programme within National Highways. The benefits of Digital Roads permeate all aspects of design, construction, operation and customer experience and range from enabling safety improvements through to reducing carbon emissions.

To learn from international examples like this one, prioritising the development of skills and knowledge within Africa’s workforce will be key. Developing the necessary skills will allow stakeholders not only to enhance the immediate implementation of digital solutions but also cultivate a foundation for longterm success.

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ROADS & BRIDGES

Weather warning sensor improves road safety Multiple car and truck accidents are increasing due to unexpected severe flooding, hailstorms and misty road conditions that continue to wreak havoc across South Africa.

I

n response, there’s a need for advanced warning systems that provide accurate, near real-time data. Examples include the RWS-20 Road Weather Sensor from Biral, par t of the Senseca Group.

“The RWS-20 operates on the for ward scatter principle and its unique design ensures the output is both accurate and reliable in all weather conditions and is not influenced by local light sources, headlights or even flashing signs and beacons,” explains Jan Grobler, managing director at Senseca South Africa.

“The for ward scatter principle is widely accepted and seen as having significant advantages over more traditional techniques such as the use of transmissometers or backscatter sensors.”

The 10 m to 7,5 km measurement range on the RWS-20 is optimal for use in road applications where fog, mist, heavy rain, sur face spray and snow can cause dangerous driving conditions due to reduced visibility.

In addition to the serial data inter face, the RWS-20 sensor provides analogue voltage output and optional current outputs of visibility (MOR) or extinction coefficient (EXCO). Optional relays provide a direct connection to roadside signage or to a data-logger or other control system, allowing the sensor to intelligently (and independently) operate local warning systems.

“This transmitting of vital data and information straight to emergency and road traffic warning systems can play a huge role in changing driver behaviour. Vehicle operators need accurate and reliable information as much in advance as possible – the RWS-20 delivers this,” Grobler concludes.

SANRAL

INJECTS OVER R500 MILLION INTO FREE STATE PROJECTS

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he South African National Roads Agency SOC Limited’s (SANRAL’s) injection of just over R500 million for road construction and maintenance projects in the Free State will go a long way in bringing much-needed job opportunities for SMMEs and local community members in the towns of Jacobsdal, Koffiefontein, Jagersfontein and Trompsburg.

SANRAL will embark on an emergency routine road maintenance (RRM) project of the national road R48 intersection to Jacobsdal, the R704 national road from Trompsburg to Jagersfontein, the R704 national road from Jagersfontein to Trompsburg, as well as the R705 national road from Jacobsdal to the Free State and Northern Cape provinces border.

These roads were handed over to SANRAL by the Free State Provincial Government in November last year. The Government Gazette, published on 22nd November 2024 (Gazette 51639), reported that a total of 674 km would now be incorporated and fall under SANRAL’s management.

The RRM project started in April this year and is expected to be completed in April 2026. Key works that will be carried out include pavement layer repairs, pothole repairs, crack sealing, edge break repairs, shoulder repairs, surface treatment, slope repair, cleaning of drainage structures, grass cutting and bush clearing, fence and guardrail repairs, and road marking.

In addition to providing job opportunities for local communities, SANRAL’s Project Manager, Sipho Khoza, says the RRM project is crucial because these roads are the lifeblood of the province’s agricultural economy, enabling farmers to safely transport their goods to regional markets.

Over the next two years, SANRAL will also embark on other road maintenance projects in the Free State, such as the maintenance of the N1 national road from Fonteintjie to Wurasoord.

IMIESA June 2025

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BITUMEN & ASPHALT

SABITA AWARDS

CELEBRATE INNOVATION AND EXCELLENCE At the 2024 SABITA Awards event held at the CSIR in Pretoria on 10th April 2025, two key industry leaders were recognised for their outstanding contribution to excellence. John Phalai received the CEO Merit Award for Notable Health & Safety, and Georges Mturi received the award for Outstanding Achievement in the Sustainable use of Bituminous Products.

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oth John and Georges have exemplified the highest standards in their respective fields through years of consistency and leadership. Their recognition continues the SABITA testament to sustained excellence, reinforcing the values of safety, quality, and responsible innovation that define our industr y,” says Phil Hendricks, CEO of the Southern African Bitumen Association (SABITA).

“Their roles as changemakers and mentors – in conjunction with other leading practitioners – are invaluable in developing the next generation of young professionals within SABITA’s member organisations to ensure future growth and industry sustainability.”

the CEO Merit Award for Notable Health & Safety showcases his professionalism, perseverance, and dedication.”

John serves as a Senior SHEQ Officer at Raubex KZN and was nominated for his work on the N11 Elandslaagte project, where he has been involved since the start and has

consistently demonstrated excellence under sometimes very demanding conditions. His ability to maintain high safety standards in a tough environment has not only safeguarded teams and operations but also reinforced the reputation of the Raubex Group as a leader in safety and operational integrity.

John’s nomination, put for ward by his senior, was based on the project’s remarkable achievement of over 600 000 Lost Time Injury (LTI) free hours at the time of submission.

Additionally, the project has consistently recorded a Health & Safety audit score averaging between 94% and 95%, based on SANRAL assessments.

Honouring excellence in Health & Safety Hendricks says that in addition to sustainable construction practices, the impor tance of safety in the bituminous products industr y cannot be overstated. “It’s the unwavering commitment of dedicated individuals that ensures safe working environments across complex and often hazardous operations.

John’s contribution and recognition in receiving

32 IMIESA June 2025

CEO MERIT AWARD FOR NOTABLE HEALTH & SAFETY From left to right: Owen Peringuey, Carlo Oliver, Pieter van Zyl, Bennie Greyling, Deon Pagel, John Phalai and Shaun Collins

BITUMEN & ASPHALT

John demonstrated unwavering commitment, particularly in addressing the complex task of establishing and managing temporary detour roads. These efforts ensured safe and efficient night-time traffic flow through one of the most congested and high-risk sections of the N11.

In his acceptance speech, he highlighted the fact that “health and safety is not just a priority, it’s a responsibility we carry with us every single day, ensuring that every individual from the frontline to the boardroom returns home safely.” He gratefully acknowledged his safety team, colleagues and management who continue to inspire, challenge and support him on this safety journey.

John’s ability to interact with workers on a personal level is what stands him in good stead.

He continues to encourage others to raise the bar, empower themselves and hold each other accountable to the highest standards.

“SABITA is proud to celebrate individuals like John, whose contributions strengthen the industry’s shared vision of a safe, sustainable, and high-per forming future in bituminous pavements,” says Hendricks.

SABITA 2024 Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Sustainable use of Bituminous Products “Product development and best practice application defines our industr y. In this respect Georges is a pioneer and innovator, well deserving of the SABITA 2024 Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Sustainable use of Bituminous Products,” Hendricks continues. “Our hearty congratulations.”

The founder of Road Materials Consulting, Georges plays a pivotal role in advancing

SABITA 2024 AWARD FOR OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT IN THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS From left to right: Andrew Geel, Bennie Greyling, Georges Mturi, Deon Pagel, and Kim Jenkins

sustainable practices. He is widely acknowledged for his deep expertise and innovative approach to optimising the behaviour and performance of bituminous materials. His contributions to the industry’s research efforts are substantial, with over 150 citations of his numerous published journal articles, a testament to the impact and relevance of his work.

A key highlight of Georges’ career has been his research conducted at the CSIR. He led a multidisciplinar y team in several pioneering projects focused on incorporating alternative waste-derived materials into asphalt pavements. These initiatives have centred on promoting a more inclusive and

sustainable road construction model – one that enhances job creation, drives economic benefits, improves pavement performance, and addresses pressing environmental challenges in South Africa.

Over the years, his work has contributed to: • The development of advanced performancebased testing methodologies, replacing outdated empirical tests that favour conventional additives.

• The introduction of cost-effective, locally available additive

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BITUMEN & ASPHALT

reduction targets – a crucial requirement in curtailing and reversing global warming as set out in the Paris Agreement. Therefore, as an industry, we have a responsibility to accelerate the implementation of actionable solutions. Harnessing technology in asphalt pavements will be key to unlocking a world where every kilometre we build brings us closer to decarbonisation and net-zero goals.”

SABITA’s Sustainability Charter

SABITA YOUNG PROFESSIONALS CHAPTER At SABITA’s Annual General Meeting on 10th April 2025, members of the newly launched Young Professionals Chapter presented their implementation strategy.

From left to right are Keabetswe Pholo from ROMH Consulting; Nikisha Sewpersad from Tosas; and Imraan Akhalwaya from WSP Group Africa. Standing with them is SABITA’s CEO, Phil Hendricks

alternatives, reducing dependency on imported materials, and • The sustainable integration of recycled materials, delivering economic benefits while mitigating environmental degradation.

Currently, Georges serves the roads industry as a specialist materials consultant. He also chairs the SABS Sub-Committee on Bituminous and Granular Road Construction Materials. Here he plays a vital role in ensuring that South Africa’s road material specifications align with international standards.

SABITA Young Professionals Chapter “These awards serve as an inspiration for our upcoming young professionals and aligns with our formation of a Young Professionals Chapter (YPC) to facilitate knowledge exchange,” says Hendricks.

“The core focus of the Chapter is to ensure future growth and sustainability in the industry; make SABITA more welcoming to the younger generation; create a platform to bridge the gap between the generations; and communicate the SABITA outcomes and strategies that resonate with their interests and preferences.”

Prior to YPC’s of ficial launch on 4 th December 2024, a request for nominations was sent out to SABITA’s authorised member representatives. In response, 46 names were put for ward.

34 IMIESA June 2025

Subsequently, these YPC members were invited to attend SABITA’s Annual General Meeting (AGM), which coincided with the 2024 SABITA Awards. At the AGM, representatives from the YPC leadership team presented a strategic implementation roadmap, including goals and aspirations that lay the foundation for proactive professional advancement.

CAPSA 2027 “We also plan to include a YPC component in our upcoming CAPSA 2027 conference, a landmark event held every four years and attended by delegates from the local region as well as globally,” says Hendricks.

Spearheading the planning and preparation for CAPSA 2027, SABITA is pleased to announce that it has reappointed Mahendren Manicum, Managing Director of Naidu Consulting, as CAPSA Chairman. The proposed theme for CAPSA 2027 is “From Carbon to Circular: Decarbonising Asphalt Pavements through Smart Technology.”

“I’m honoured and consider it a privilege to lead CAPSA 2027 at a defining moment for our industry. I’m especially excited by the opportunity to advance sustainability within a circular economy, creating infrastructure that ser ves today while safeguarding resources for the future,” says Manicum.

“On a worldwide scale, we have not performed well in meeting carbon emission

During 2024, SABITA launched its Sustainability Charter, which aligns with the Department of Transport’s Green Transport Strategy. The Charter commits to achieving carbon neutrality in the manufacture of road construction materials by 2050.

This encompasses the promotion of environmentally friendly products such as cold laid and warm-mix asphalts, bitumen rubber and high modulus asphalts, as well as nano modified emulsions. A greenhouse gas calculator will also be introduced for manufacturing plants to assist with regulatory compliance and carbon offset initiatives.

“Within the mix, the use of Per formance Grade (PG) specifications for binders is key to ensuring durability and ease of maintenance, as is encouraging designs that mitigate climate change effects. The latter includes greater emphasis on reuse and recycling of materials, such as using crumbed rubber and modified binders in asphalt production,” adds Hendricks.

“Since the formation of SABITA in 1979, our mission has been unwavering. Thanks to the world-class expertise of our members, in partnership with industry research bodies, we have constantly raised the bar. However, adaptation is now needed at a much faster pace, underscored by the speed and severity of climate change. This makes our mandate and contribution even more vital in ensuring the construction of safe and sustainable roads,” Hendricks concludes.

www.sabita.co.za

WATER & WASTEWATER

WINTER-PROOF YOUR PROPERTY

ESSENTIAL TIPS FOR WATER LEAK DETECTION, FIXING, AND MAINTENANCE During winter, proper ty owners must be prepared for the challenges that cold weather brings. One of the most pressing issues is water leaks, which can lead to significant damage if not addressed promptly.

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eaks amongst others are the main factors that exacerbate water scarcity, which results from network failure caused by incorrect installation, lack of maintenance, aging infrastructure, and too high-water pressure.

For instance, a constantly dripping tap or a leaking toilet can result in an average daily water wastage of 30 to 60 litres. Therefore, effective water leak detection, fixing, and maintenance are crucial in ensuring the longevity and safety of any building. Here’s a guide to winter-proofing your property against water leaks.

Early detection: The first line of defence Detecting water leaks early can prevent extensive damage. Modern technology offers innovative solutions for early leak detection: Smart leak detectors: These devices can be installed throughout your property, alerting you to potential leaks through your smartphone. They are particularly useful in bathrooms and kitchens, where leaks are most common.

Regular inspections: Schedule professional inspections at the star t of winter.

Professionals are able to use advanced tools such as thermal imaging cameras

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to spot hidden leaks behind walls and under floors.

Water meter monitoring: Reading your water meter at the beginning and at the end of each week or at least monthly can help you gauge your household/property’s water consumption while allowing you to quickly detect any unusual spikes in usage, which can indicate a hidden leak.

Maintenance: Preventing future leaks Preventive maintenance is key to avoiding leaks during the cold months. Here are some tips:

1 Pipe insulation: Insulate all exposed pipes 2 3

to prevent them from freezing and bursting.

Foam pipe insulation is affordable and easy to install.

Regular maintenance checks: Schedule regular maintenance checks, especially for older properties. Focus on areas prone to leaks, such as roofs, bathrooms, and exterior walls.

Gutter and drain maintenance: Keep gutters and drains clear of debris to ensure proper water flow and prevent ice dams, which can cause leaks in roofs and walls.

Tackling leaks head-on Once a leak is detected, timely repairs are crucial to prevent further damage and water loss. Here are some steps to take: Immediate action: Turn off the water supply to the affected area to prevent fur ther leakage, which in turn also can cause damage to carpets, cupboards and even walls.

Professional repair services: Hire certified plumbers who can accurately diagnose and fix the leak. Avoid DIY fixes, as they may only provide temporary relief and could lead to more significant issues. Again, insurance may not cover leaks that are repaired using the DIY process.

Quality materials: Ensure that any repair work uses high-quality materials designed to withstand cold temperatures. Insulated pipes and frost-resistant materials are essential for winter repairs.

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In conclusion Ef fectively managing water leaks in the built environment during winter requires a combination of proactive detection, timely repairs, and regular maintenance. Utilising modern technology, such as smart sensors and thermal imaging, can significantly enhance leak detection capabilities.

By putting these examples and effor ts into practice, Rand Water believes people and organisations may contribute to the promotion of a more ethical and sustainable use of water in both personal and professional situations.

Always be #WaterWise!

www.randwater.co.za 0860 10 10 60

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WATER & WASTEWATER

Advanced technologies enable reuse of 18,1 billion cubic metres of water Utilities and businesses around the world have reused impact in the communities we all ser ve,” 18,1 billion m3 of water since 2019, enabled by solutions explains Claudia Toussaint, Chief Sustainability Officer. “This report shows how our commitment from global water technology leader Xylem (NYSE: XYL), the to sustainability leadership enhances Xylem’s company revealed in its most recent Sustainability Report. That competitiveness in the marketplace. By volume is enough to meet the annual water needs of more than embedding sustainability in every aspect of 350 million people, based on global use estimates.1 our business and culture, we are empowering

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euse is just one par t of a broader effort to increase global water security – alongside the implementation of advanced treatment and digital technologies. Water managers are using these innovations to protect water sources, remove contaminants, reduce emissions, and make water infrastructure more resilient.

South Africa is a major consumer of water, despite below-average global rainfall that is distributed unequally across its geographical footprint. Currently, South Africans use an average of 235 litres per capita each day, a third higher than the global average of 173 litres. 2 However, water reuse and conservation practices, including rainwater capture and drip irrigation, are spreading among local communities, spearheaded by organisations such as Xylem Watermark and its partners.

“Our customers are tackling the world’s toughest water challenges,” says Matthew Pine, Xylem President and Chief Executive Of ficer. “Their results show the impact of scaling proven technology solutions to strengthen water systems. The work they do empowers businesses and communities to become more water secure.”

2025 Sustainability Goals In 2019, Xylem launched its 2025 Sustainability Goals, including several targeting the positive

36 IMIESA June 2025

impact its technologies can make for its customers. Since then, Xylem solutions have enabled customers to: • Reuse 18,1 billion m3 of water, extending the lifecycle and value of freshwater. In the USA, a global spirits manufacturer identified opportunities to reuse more than 3 785 m3 of water annually.

• Reduce non-revenue water in distribution networks by 3,7 billion m3. In Spain, a provincial water utility avoided two major pipeline failures and prevented leaks, saving 25 000 m3 of water each year with predictive monitoring and analytics.

• Prevent 10,7 billion m3 of polluted water from entering waterways. In the USA, an advanced treatment ser vice is enabling industrial manufacturers to remove heavy metals from wastewater, reduce hazardous waste, and minimise discharge to local waterways.

• R educe water-related CO2e emissions by more than 6,4 million metric tonnes.

In Eastern Europe, a food processor cut energy use by 33% with an upgrade to smart aeration technology.

Xylem achieved all four of its 2025 Customer Sustainability Goals ahead of schedule.

Building on that momentum, the company has set a bold new target: enabling customers to reduce annual water demand by 2 billion m3 by 2030.

“We partner with our customers to advance their sustainability ambitions, creating positive

our customers and communities to achieve the water security essential to health and economic growth."

Xylem’s impact also extends across its value chain. In 2024, 43% of Xylem’s supplier spending supported partners, aligned with WASH4Work, a global initiative focused on expanding access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene.

“Every drop we can reuse is a win for our communities,” adds Chetan Mistry, Strategy and Marketing Manager at Xylem Africa.

“We see success when we work closely with community members. We provide the materials and equipment, and experts who share their knowledge, but it's the community who makes a difference. There are also gains for water recycling among local mining, agriculture, and the public utility sector.”

Going for ward, proactive conser vation practices in South Africa are crucial to counter a potential 17% water deficit by 2030, according to the Development Bank of Southern Africa. 3 Yet, it can make up that shortfall through active water recycling and reuse. With Xylem's help, South Africa is making water more sustainable.

Global per capita domestic water use estimates from the United Nations 2 National Water Month (2024) statistics from the South African government 3 Projected water deficits from the Development Bank of Southern Africa 1

WATER & WASTEWATER

Construction advances on Zandvliet pump station upgrade

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he City of Cape Town’s Water and Sanitation Directorate has commenced construction on the Zandvliet Treated Effluent Re-use (TER) pump station. This key infrastructure project will significantly improve access to treated effluent in Zandvliet and neighbouring areas, supporting the city’s drive to reduce pressure on potable water resources.

Situated at the recently upgraded Zandvliet Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW), construction of the pump station and filtration facility began in February 2025. The majority of the 5,32 km pipeline has been installed, with work on the final 200 m section scheduled to start in September 2025. The total construction cost of the project is estimated at R4,3 million.

In the initial phase, the pump station will be equipped with two low-flow and two high-flow pumps. As demand grows, the low-flow pumps will be replaced with additional high-flow units.

This phased approach will more than double the station’s pumping capacity from 58 to 151 litres per second.

When completed in September 2026 the pump station will be capable of supplying 5 million litres per day of treated effluent to supplement end users in the Macassar network.

“The city is constantly expanding its treated effluent network to provide access to more customers. Currently, the network spans over 249 km and as more investments are made, this will increase considerably in the future,” says the city's Mayoral Committee Member for Water and Sanitation, Councillor Zahid Badroodien.

He adds that over the next 15 years, further expansion covering 52,8 km of pipelines will be done to supply treated effluent to end users in Khayelitsha and surrounding areas.

Currently the city produces treated effluent at nine WWTWs through a network of treated effluent pipes, 20 draw-off points, and nine collection points. This resource serves various industries, including construction and irrigation for sports grounds, parks, schools and golf courses.

Nooitgedacht pipeline replacement In parallel, another city sustainability initiative

The recently upgraded Zandvliet wastewater treatment works

entails a R5,8 million water pipe replacement project in Nooitgedacht, where the high frequency of pipe bursts and leaking valves warranted urgent intervention. Approximately 1,45 km of ageing infrastructure is being upgraded along Barracuda Crescent, Salm, Pike and Tuna Roads.

As part of the city’s commitment to modernising infrastructure with minimal public disruption, the project makes use of trenchless pipe bursting technology. This advanced method allows for the replacement of the existing pipes with new 110 mm HDPE conduits, with minimal disturbance to pavements and existing structures.

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WATER & WASTEWATER

AFRICA’S WATER FUTURE During the upgrade of the Zwelitsha Wastewater Treatment Works, GIBB implemented a robust, mechanical filter screen. This significantly improved screening capture, eliminating the need for costly, reactive interventions

Zwelitsha WWTW

Technical expertise required to bridge global innovation and local needs While cutting-edge technologies from the developed world present promising avenues for advancing Africa’s water infrastructure, success depends not on replication, but on adaptation.

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rue progress occurs when innovation meets local realities through thoughtful partnerships that align technical ambition with regional experience. This philosophy is at the heart of GIBB Engineering & Architecture’s work across Africa.

GIBB Technical Executive, Wiero Vogelzang, says common pitfalls in implementing advanced technologies on the continent include a poor understanding of the local characteristics of water and sanitation management, a lack of financial support for operations and maintenance

38 IMIESA June 2025

(O&M), low levels of operator expertise, and a shortage of readily available parts.

“These factors can undermine infrastructure performance, strain already limited systems and budgets, and ultimately render essential unit processes ineffective,” says Vogelzang.

“To ensure any water solution is practical and sustainable, we begin by assessing institutional capacity, political will, available human and financial capital and the readiness of the O&M team to maintain the infrastructure. Only once these elements are aligned, do we proceed with the adoption of new technology.”

According to the Water Research Commission, annual routine maintenance of infrastructure such as pipelines or pump stations can cost less than 1% of their replacement value. By contrast, poor maintenance can reduce a pump’s lifespan by 30% to 50%. The cost of failure extends far beyond the direct cost of repair and replacement of equipment and includes secondary impacts, such as contamination and service interruptions.

A recent success story in terms of proactive interventions includes the upgrade of the Zwelitsha Wastewater Treatment Works in the Eastern Cape, where GIBB implemented a robust, mechanical filter screen. The new system significantly improves screening capture, preventing clogging and eliminating the need for costly, reactive interventions.

GIBB approaches water and sanitation infrastructure through a community-first, multidisciplinary lens. “We develop technical support systems that engage local tradespeople such as plumbers, electricians and others, who are trained to maintain and repair new water and sanitation systems. It’s about building local capacity,” Vogelzang explains.

With education and local ownership key to ensuring long-term sustainability of projects, Vogelzang says GIBB provides sitespecific training during the construction and implementation phases of new infrastructure.

“In instances where infrastructure meets basic needs – such as the provision of washrooms – education programmes focus on good hygiene practises, generally initiated at schools or community workshops.”

Sustainable and scalable Looking ahead, Vogelzang encourages a practical, needs based approach to technology selection.

“In many parts of Africa, robust equipment that doesn’t rely on consistent grid power, such as solar-powered boreholes or oxidation ponds, are often the best solution. These systems are sustainable, scalable and suited to local conditions,” he explains.

“In large cities, sophisticated technology can be used but must be tempered with the available operator expertise and supply management requirements. This needs to be balanced with other lower technology solutions for other more needy projects. It’s really a matter of dealing with ‘have to have’ first before considering ‘nice to have’,” he adds.

“By embracing a tailored, community-centric approach, Africa’s water and sanitation infrastructure projects can deliver lasting value – transforming not just systems, but lives,” Vogelzang concludes.

WATER & WASTEWATER

South Africa is building for a world that is increasingly infrastructure challenged. Drainage systems can’t handle the influx of rain. Dam storage capacities can’t hold all the water due to sedimentation. Roads and bridges fall apart within years. The country’s infrastructure is collapsing because the skills behind it haven’t changed, says Lesego Gaegane, Senior Project Manager at the Water Research Commission (WRC).

TECHNICAL SKILLS NEED TO KEEP PACE WITH CLIMATE IMPACTS

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e need infrastructure that’s able to adapt, that’s able to mitigate the impact of climate change. Our current urban drainage systems are not adequately able to do that,” Gaegane explains.

Gaegane says many engineers, artisans and planners are trained in systems that don’t match what’s needed on the ground. They need to be reskilled and upskilled on incorporating climate resilience in their work.

“Although the country may have had heavy rainfalls, we’re not able to store as much water as we can because the dams are not at their full capacity due to sedimentation. I’m managing a programme on dam siltation management – sedimentation builds up due to poor land use, among other factors, and reduces how much water dams can store. And as a country, we haven’t had an optimal approach to this.”

Need for systematic planning As Gaegane points out, the problem isn’t just technical. It’s about systematic planning for the long haul. “When we build infrastructure, not enough thought is given to what happens afterwards. That’s why we see new builds falling apart in five years – unfortunately there’s no proper plan to maintain them.”

Sedimentation build up due to poor land use, among other factors, is reducing how much water downstream dams can store

Therefore, the answer is not new policies. It’s practical skills. “If you’re building a dam or a power plant, skills development must be included in these contracts – bring in young engineers. There must be a skills transfer. You can’t just build and walk away.

You have to pass on the knowledge. If we don’t integrate skills development into project delivery, we risk building infrastructure that fails prematurely due to poor maintenance or lack of operational expertise. This leads to higher costs, service disruptions, and even reputational damage.”

Speaking at the recent DEVAC Infrastructure Summit held in Johannesburg, Gaegane called for developments to be planned in tandem, with training requirements integrated directly into infrastructure contracts while driving and championing local innovations.

“TVET colleges must be central to this effort, recognising that Africa’s infrastructure future relies not solely on the expertise of engineers and scientists, but also on the competence of technicians and artisans,” says Gaegane.

Occupational training

Best practice examples

Gaegane says the country needs occupational training that fits the work for each specific subsector, and in this respect water and energy systems are inseparably linked. Water is essential for energy production, particularly in hydropower and cooling systems, while energy is critical for every stage of the water cycle, from abstraction and treatment to distribution and reuse. To ensure sustainability, efficiency, and long-term economic value, she says South Africa must cultivate cross-sector competencies that reflect this interdependence.

For example, energy auditing within water utilities helps reduce operational costs, while understanding water footprints in energy production supports more efficient resource use. These skill sets must be embedded across engineering, planning, and operations curricula. Building expertise at this intersection is not only important – it is urgent.

"That's how you make sure the current workforce is equipped and that the next generation is ready,” Gaegane continues, adding that this isn’t optional.

“Skills development is not a nice-to-have. It’s what stands between us and collapse. You can’t have infrastructure without skills. And you can’t have resilience without both.”

The WRC’s projects modelled on these principles have proven to be a success. “Among these is the Giyani Local Climate Resilience Programme.

By deploying solar powered boreholes in the region, we simultaneously invested in training local communities in the management of both water and energy infrastructure. This dual skilling approach has demonstrably improved operational reliability, reduced costs, and generated sustainable employment opportunities at the local level.”

Under Gaegane’s leadership, the National Siltation Management Programme (NatSilt) has also pioneered the first occupational-based skills programmes in South Africa focusing on dam siltation, ecological restoration and catchment rehabilitation. These training programmes have been developed with a recognition of prior learning frameworks for experienced individuals with no formal qualifications and have secured accreditation from the Quality Council for Trades and Occupations. Furthermore, the WRC has partnered with the University of Johannesburg to mainstream dam siltation management short learning programmes for sector-wide upskilling.

“We must champion local innovation, recognising that African solutions, rooted in local knowledge, will yield the most resilient outcomes. But importantly, we must not overlook the vital role of ecological infrastructure – our natural buffers are essential complements to engineered systems,” Gaegane concludes.

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TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

Trenchless applications to consider for stormwater management Trenchless technology was first introduced into South Africa during the early 1960s. This entailed the employment of pipe jacking for the installation of new concrete pipelines under transpor tation routes. Various techniques for the rehabilitation of sewer lines and water supply networks subsequently followed during the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, up until now, there has been limited application of trenchless techniques for stormwater rehabilitation within urban environments. By Alaster Goyns Pr Eng*

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A natural watercourse (left) versus a man-made stormwater channel. Engineered stormwater systems need to be intelligently designed to work in conjunction with natural flow characteristics

he ideal for any town or city stormwater plan is to maximise the value of natural waterways – essentially the surrounding rivers, flood plains and wetlands. From there, engineered stormwater systems need to be intelligently designed to work in conjunction with the natural flow characteristics.

Minimising upstream flooding and downstream erosion requires using effective inlet and outlet headwalls, wingwalls and bases. Often, however, they’re absent or ineffective, which exacerbates potential flooding and downstream erosion. Additionally, urban designers need to appreciate that man-made channel systems that replace river courses have smoother surfaces, resulting in higher velocities. These channels should therefore have progressively stepped mitigation measures, such as weirs, especially on steep gradients.

Because the flow in these channels is faster than under natural conditions, there is no seepage into the surrounding soil, so the runoff quantity is greater. This increases the risk of overtopping and flooding during extreme events.

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Up until now, most of our existing stormwater conduits – gravity fed, as is the norm worldwide – have been installed using open trench methods.

In the past, many of these were installed as butt jointed precast concrete pipes or culverts without seals, so they are far from watertight. The result is that during extreme storms (in excess of the design values), the ensuing pressure buildup can cause exfiltration at the joints into the surrounding soils.

Following each such event, these soils progressively loosen and reduce the surrounding bedding suppor t. Additionally, subsequent inflows due to infiltration at the joints includes sediment and this build-up on the invert steadily reduces pipeline flow area. Together with the flat bottom formed, pipe capacity is reduced.

Subsidence risks Aside from general flood damage when stormwater systems are inadequate, there are ensuing structural problems caused by underground soil disturbance surrounding conduits. Within the urban context, this form of subsidence is especially common under transportation

infrastructure, as stormwater conduits cross underneath at frequent intervals. Here you often see dips, or even potholes forming, that require urgent remediation. The damage to the road surface is repaired, but the underlying cause seldom seems to be addressed.

While addressing the cause might cost more than a once-off sur face repair, solving the problem will minimise or eliminate the need for repeated surface repairs. In this respect, sealing leaking joints might only be one part of the remediation measures required. For example, there may still be cavities in the material surrounding the conduit. Unless these are filled, further minor surface settlement will occur.

Identifying the underlying cause The starting point for any remediation measures should be an inspection of the stormwater conduit, using either a CCTV push rod or crawler mounted camera unit.

Keep in mind, as previously stated, that stormwater networks are predominately gravity fed. Therefore, inspection protocols must consider both upstream and downstream

TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

scenarios. Within our increasingly challenged environment, debris of all sorts – including domestic solid waste and industrial litter – play a contributing factor in clogged stormwater systems, above and beyond sedimentation issues. A steep gradient upstream will be forced to transport anything the stormwater system can manage, but is the conduit itself able to discharge it at the downstream end?

And if it is, what are the downstream impacts?

Engineers and their maintenance teams must consider the total picture, starting with the main stormwater conduit trenchless inspection from the downstream end and then going upstream on the collector lines. Further inspections from there will look at the reticulation branches feeding into the main collector system. To date this has been applied to sewer systems but would be of long-term value if applied to stormwater systems.

Rehabilitation and new lines Flowing from the inspection reports, decisions need to be made. For newer stormwater conduits not exhibiting leakage, but exhibiting minor sedimentation build-up following minor storms, vacuum cleaning or water jetting can be an effective procedure. However, where lines have extensively deteriorated or become periodically clogged, conduit rehabilitation or replacement might be the only option, especially where their capacity to handle modern-day flows is inadequate.

Additionally, where lines were installed several decades ago, the combination of urban densification, channelising natural watercourses and climate change could now mean that runoff values are as much as five times higher than the original designed values.

In this scenario, the diameter of new pipes required would be about 1,83 greater than the original pipes.

Meeting greater capacity requirements with larger diameters could be a challenge in high density urban areas if an open-cut trench approach is considered. It might not even be possible given subsequent above-sur face

developments. If so, then it’s time to go the trenchless installation route.

For standard trenchless maintenance procedures, older jointed pipes that still have a useful life could have their joints sealed via robotic means using equipment designed to inject specialist fill materials into open joint gaps. In addition to sealing the joints, this can also fill the cavities outside the conduits.

Then there are relining techniques that can be applied – following sediment removal. For example, by relining pipes with a cured-inplace pipe (CIPP) liner, and improving the inlet conditions, the capacity can be improved by 20 to 30%.

Another popular technique is spirally wound pipe (SWP) lining. Internationally, SWP is a common application in large diameter stormwater non-circular conduit rehabilitation.

Among the key benefits is that SWP can fit all shapes, from circular pipes to rectangular culverts. SWP is also optimal where pipes have lost their ovality due to corrosion. Here, SWP provides a new “pipe within a pipe”.

But where a pipe must be replaced, or a new pipe installed, municipal engineers then need to consider the next options. For stormwater reticulation connections predominately using HDPE pipe, horizontal directional drilling is one approach for new and upgraded infrastructure.

Other approaches to consider are pipe ramming for installing new short lengths, and pipe bursting and pipe splitting for the replacement or upgrading of ACP, HDPE, precast concrete – and in some rare occasions – steel stormwater pipe sections.

All these techniques cause minimal if any disruption to aboveground activities. That is why – within specific urban contexts – trenchless technology is the preferred route for installing new conduits within existing developments.

Examples of the latter include congested informal developments transitioning to formal townships on the same location. A distinct advantage of most of these techniques is that they provide a continuous conduit with no joints between access points, such as manholes.

Severe flooding in Fish Hoek, Cape Town

Ongoing surface repairs on this rural road section have not addressed the underlying subsurface causes, which are due to inadequate stormwater management

Conclusion In the past, there were more open spaces to facilitate natural drainage. However, this is often no longer the case. With the increase in hard, almost impervious surface areas, in combination with the other factors mentioned, the result is that today’s stormwater run-off can now be up to five times higher than when town and regional plans were originally approved several decades ago.

Taking cognisance of this, the City of Cape Town metro has developed a manual to specifically address the rehabilitation of stormwater systems, with focus on the use of trenchless techniques.

Across the board, there’s an urgent need to revisit all stormwater networks across South Africa’s municipalities, both to protect existing infrastructure and minimise the impact of urban densification and climate induced flood risks.

This includes taking proactive measures to preserve our natural watercourses. *Alaster Goyns is a qualified civil engineer with over 50 years of experience with various aspects of stormwater and sewer systems. He currently operates as a specialist consultant dealing with the design, installation and rehabilitation of these systems and the products used. He can be contacted at alaster.goyns@mweb.co.za.

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VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

FLEET EXPANSION HELPS MASAKHANE’S QUARRY MEET PRODUCTION DEMANDS A born entrepreneur is normally someone who will look for profitable opportunities from a young age, as has been the case with Ayanda Notshweleka who by age sixteen was seeking out people with new houses in his Eastern Cape village and then offering to dig and build them pit latrines.

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yanda had attended St John’s College in Mthatha for his high school education and his fascination with the building industry stems from there. “While I was at high school, there was electrification in our village for the first time and I moved on from digging pit latrines to buying a generator and an anglegrinder to install wiring into walls of houses,” he says.

“Almost subconsciously, identifying these types of opportunities became second nature to me, which would stand me in good stead later in my working career.”

After matriculating Ayanda studied quantity sur veying at the Mangosuthu University of Technology in Durban and then further studied

Property Development at the University of Cape Town. He worked for WBHO Construction and later for Ugu District Municipality, which covers the area from Scottburgh to Port Edward on the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast. In 2003, Ayanda registered his business, the Masakhane Group, and consulted to businesses and government entities, including local municipalities.

“By then I had grown confident enough to diversify into the construction industry and the fuel retailing business, although we had humble beginnings with the latter as I sold fuel out of 25-litre cans after noticing that there were no service stations locally and many more cars on the road,” he recalls. “I now operate two service stations in this area known as the Winnie Madikizela Mandela Local Municipality.”

Ayanda got involved in different leadership positions in his life from early stages including his role as SRC treasurer at Magosuthu University of Technology, Exco member of

From left: Jody Smith, Bell Equipment Product Support Representative; Ayanda Notshweleka, Managing Director and owner of Masakhane Group; and Fundile Ntsinde, Bell Equipment Sales Representative

42 IMIESA June 2025

Master Builders Association KwaZulu-Natal (MBA-KZN), Chairman of the Wild Coast Business Chamber, and other various positions in different organisations.

Evolving portfolio But it would be the construction industry that would show the Masakhane Group the way for ward, especially after it completed many building projects for the Department of Human Settlements in both the eastern part of the Eastern Cape and the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast. These included schools funded by leading mining companies, office blocks for municipalities, a disaster management centre, communal swimming pools, access roads, and sports fields.

“When doing construction, for which we used a lot of concrete, I noticed that the aggregate stone, an essential ingredient in concrete, had to come from a long way off,” Ayanda says. “I then identified the need for a local source, such as a quarry, but while there were sites available, it wasn’t all plain sailing due to lots of red tape in applying for mining permits.”

Ayanda first applied for mining permits in 2015, which were only valid for 24 months and then had to be renewed every year until the fifth year. With this relatively short timeline of supplying rock, it was too short a time, and therefore too risky for financial institutions to risk financing mining and processing equipment. But through a sharp learning curve, a solution was found.

“I learnt that should we be awarded a mining right, as opposed to a mining permit, that would be valid for 30 years. And, having a large tract of communal land covering 32 hectares leased from the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, we were suddenly in business.”

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT Equipment acquisitions Ayanda bought a mixture of new and used loading, crushing, screening and haulage equipment and started supplying G5 material to a local roads project. The equipment included a used Bell B40D articulated dump truck (ADT) and a used Finlay 683 double deck screen.

“We supplied the stone to a rehabilitation project on the R61, which ran towards the town of Nkantolo, where the late Oliver R Tambo was born,” Ayanda explains. “This opened opportunities for other local suppliers as well, as such projects were previously seen as the exclusive domain of contractors from distant parts of the country.”

“It was around this time, too, that I first met Bruce Ndlela, Director of Business and Public Sector Development for Bell Equipment, and I asked him to prove to me how good Bell Equipment’s product quality was. To his credit, Bruce took up the challenge and with an everincreasing demand for our products, which now also included concrete blocks and bricks for building houses, Bruce and I stayed in contact for when we’d next need equipment to process dolerite rock into building material.”

Upgraded crushing and screening train By 2024, construction and rehabilitation of various major roads throughout the Eastern Cape was in full swing, along with housing and retail projects, and demand for material from the Masakhane Group’s quarry and brickyard was rising sharply. Ayanda took the decision to upgrade his whole crushing train to streamline the business for higher production.

“I reversed the normal way of buying equipment and first sought out a financial institution to back us before finding a supplier who could supply the equipment. Once the finance was in place, I again spoke to Bruce Ndlela who introduced me to Fundile Ntsinde, the Bell Equipment Sales Representative for our area, and we discussed what equipment would be best for our purposes,” says Ayanda.

Their choice fell on a Kobelco SK380XDLC-10 excavator that would load mined rock into a Finlay J1175 jaw crusher that would in turn feed a Finlay C1540 cone crusher. If finer material was

The Kobelco SK380XDLC-10 excavator has an operating weight of 38,7 tonnes and is powered by a Hino J08E engine

needed, a Finlay 694+ incline screen would be used, and all material produced would be loaded using a JCB 455ZX wheeled loader loading into two Bell B18E ADTs for the haul to the stockpiles.

“I felt comfortable putting all our eggs into one basket, so to speak, by choosing one supplier for the entire fleet that we needed as I’m a strong supporter of local enterprise as Bell Equipment is,” he says. “Just as Bell Equipment employs thousands of people, we too believe we play a part in upliftment by training 10 young women from our area who weren’t able to finish school. They now form part of the 54-strong workforce that runs this plant at the quarry.”

This impressive fleet was delivered in October 2024 and started producing aggregate stone immediately. Major roads and construction projects benefitting from the proximity of the Masakhane Group’s quarry include the N2 Wild Coast Toll Road project, the gigantic Msikaba bridge with its tall towers and a section of the N2 highway between that bridge and the other large bridge called Mtentu. A contractor handles the drilling and blasting at the quarry.

“We’ve been impressed with how the whole Finlay crushing and screening train performs with the ancillar y machines loading and hauling, adding value. When there is demand

for 19 mm, 14 mm and crusher dust, we deploy the Finlay 694+ screen at the end of the crushing train and easily manage to produce between 1 200 and 1 500 tonnes per day, but when we’re producing only the coarser G5 material that is so sought after as fill material, we only use the two Finlay crushers and produce upward of 2 500 tonnes per day,” Ayanda explains.

“All these products sourced from Bell Equipment have made a difference, not only to our production, but also to our image, as this is our second mobile crushing train, which our existing clients and potential new clients all see as proof that we’re serious about our sustained existence. Our longterm aim is to eventually set up a permanent crushing circuit, which will mean that our two mobile units will be available to work remotely wherever contracts demand that,” he adds.

“With Bell Equipment’s wide footprint across South Africa, it’s reassuring to know that wherever our equipment may be working, Bell will be close at hand to suppor t us,” Ayanda concludes.

Masakhane Group’s comprehensive Finlay mobile crushing and screening fleet produces a wide range of aggregates for the regional concrete and roads markets

IMIESA June 2025

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CEMENT & CONCRETE

Chryso DecoLav P is a surface retarder applied by spray to precisely reveal the aggregate, delivering a uniform and decorative concrete finish

Exposed aggregate is a durable low maintenance surfacing solution ideal for transportation infrastructure

EXPOSED AGGREGATE IN THE SPOTLIGHT AS DEMAND FOR SURFACE RETARDERS RISES An upward trend in the use of surface retarders in South Africa’s construction and infrastructure sector is shining a spotlight on the increasing popularity of exposed aggregate concrete finishes.

According to Michelle Fick of Chryso Southern Africa, this trend reflects a growing appreciation for both the aesthetic and functional benefits that exposed aggregate offers.

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xposed aggregate is no longer just a decorative finish; it’s being adopted across a wide range of applications from pavements and driveways to architectural facades and public infrastructure,” says Fick. “The textured non-slip surface offers a safer option for high traffic zones, while the natural stone aesthetic enhances the visual appeal of buildings and outdoor spaces.”

The finish is also ideal for preparing concrete surfaces that will receive a subsequent layer.

Whether it is a waterproofing membrane, screed or cladding, the roughened texture created by the exposed aggregate allows for superior bonding, improving the durability and lifespan of the entire system. This makes it a preferred Blending texture and tone, exposed aggregate adds natural beauty and visual interest to architectural surfaces where function meets refined design

44 IMIESA June 2025

solution not only in aesthetic applications but also where structural performance is key.

Chr yso Southern Africa offers sur face retarders designed specifically to meet these evolving needs. The company’s products facilitate reliable consistent exposure of the aggregate to the required depth – up to a maximum of 3 mm – ensuring a uniform and high quality result. This is essential for specialist applicators who rely on precision and repeatability, particularly in large-scale or architecturally sensitive projects.

Application process “The simplicity of the application process is another advantage,” Fick explains. “After the concrete is poured, the surface retarder must Exposed aggregate offers a textured non-slip surface, combining safety and style for high-traffic public spaces

be applied evenly before the concrete begins to set. Following a predetermined curing period the surface is washed with water, removing the top layer of cement paste and revealing the aggregate below. A final sealant is then applied to enhance the surface’s durability and finish.”

Sealants can be selected to suit different environments and project needs including internal and external use, UV resistance and finishes ranging from matte to high gloss. This flexibility allows architects and contractors to customise the final appearance while ensuring long-term performance.

Significantly, Chryso was the first manufacturer to offer a mineral solvent free water-based retarder designed to prevent soil and groundwater pollution during the cleaning of treated concrete.

The product contains no toxic substances, is 85% biodegradable, classified as harmless and complies with EEC Directives 88/379 and 93/18.

Fick notes that Chryso’s surface retarders are developed with the applicator in mind, offering not only technical consistency but also ease of use in site conditions that can often be challenging. “Our retarders provide reliable performance even under variable temperature and humidity conditions, which is critical for projects with tight timelines and complex environmental demands.”

With sustainability and safety continuing to drive specification choices in the built environment, the use of exposed aggregate finishes is expected to grow. “The combination of visual impact, surface durability, slip resistance and improved bonding makes it a smart choice for both new builds and renovations,” Fick concludes. “As the trend gains momentum, we are committed to supporting the market with reliable solutions that ensure consistent highquality results.”

CEMENT & CONCRETE Mega projects are capable of fuelling a quantum leap for the local economy

AfriSam has the capacity to supply from multiple plants without compromising quality

AfriSam geared up for more mega projects in SA

implemented at ever y stage – from predispatch testing of readymix concrete to on-site sampling – ensuring the required strength and performance of the final product.

Batch printouts further guarantee that mixes consistently meet specifications.

To ensure uninterrupted material delivery – a key factor in staying on schedule – AfriSam relies on its extensive footprint of facilities and vehicle fleets, all managed through advanced flexible planning systems. This logistical strength enables the company to suppor t demanding projects across the countr y including landmark developments such as the Leonardo in Sandton, the PwC headquarters in Midrand, and various major road upgrade initiatives.

Mega projects in the construction sector typically demand an intense level of inputs over shor t periods, which can put significant pressure on supply chains that may be underdeveloped or unprepared.

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his makes it essential for South Africa to maintain and strengthen its capacity to deliver the expertise and materials needed for such large-scale projects, according to Amit Dawneerangen, Construction Materials Executive: Sales and Product Technical at AfriSam. He emphasises the strategic role that established companies like AfriSam play in supporting the economy’s recovery and growth through their resilience and long-standing industry presence.

Dawneerangen explains that mega projects, such as roads, dams and energy infrastructure, have the potential to accelerate economic development significantly. However, the extended downturn in the construction sector has raised concerns about its readiness to meet the demands of these massive under takings. AfriSam, he notes, has consistently positioned itself as a reliable partner in these kinds of projects, drawing on nearly 90 years of experience in the industry.

“This longevity is no accident; it is the result of a deliberate effort to retain capabilities and world class expertise throughout various economic cycles,” he says.

AfriSam’s ability to ser vice large-scale projects stems from its network of strategically located cement manufacturing facilities,

quarries, crushing operations and batching plants across the country. These resources allow the company to supply material from multiple sites while maintaining strict quality standards.

Early-stage collaboration Dawneerangen stresses the importance of early-stage collaboration in mega projects – ideally at the bidding or even pre-bidding phase – to ensure that all players in the supply chain are aligned and prepared for the high production volumes and extended shifts such projects often demand.

Changes in project scope, even minor ones, can trigger widespread impacts throughout the supply chain. AfriSam addresses this by working closely with customers during the planning process to anticipate and mitigate risks. With mega projects pushing production volumes to levels beyond what many contractors and suppliers typically handle, Dawneerangen insists that quality must never be compromised. This requires robust quality control systems supported by cutting-edge technology.

For example, AfriSam employs computerised batching systems in its readymix operations to ensure precise adherence to engineerapproved mix designs. Quality checks are

Large roadworks require a stringent specification of aggregate stone

AfriSam’s batching plants use computerised batching systems to ensure compliance with mix designs

IMIESA June 2025

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AECOM siphokuhle.dlamini@aecom.com AFI Consult banie@afri-infra.com ARRB Systems info@arrbsystemssa.com Asla Construction (Pty) Ltd johanv@asla.co.za BMK Group brian@bmkgroup.co.za Bosch Projects (Pty) Ltd mail@boschprojects.co.za BVI Consulting Engineers marketing@bviho.co.za Camjet info.jhb@camjet.co.za CCG puhumudzo@ccgsytems.co.za / info@ccgsystems.co.za Civtech Engineers (Pty) Ltd admin@civtech.biz Corrosion Institute of Southern Africa secretary@corrosioninstitute.org.za Dlamindlovu Consulting Engineers & Project Managers info@dlami-ndlovu.co.za EFG Engineers info@efgeng.co.za Elster Kent Metering Mark.Shamley@Honeywell.com EMS Solutions paul@emssolutions.co.za ENsync Engineers info@ensync.africa ERWAT mail@erwat.co.za Gabion Baskets mail@gabionbaskets.co.za GIBB marketing@gibb.co.za GIGSA secretary@gigsa.org GLS Consulting info@gls.co.za Gorman Rupp Cordeiro@gormanrupp.co.za Gudunkomo Investments & Consulting info@gudunkomo.co.za Hatch Africa (Pty) Ltd info@hatch.co.za HB Glass Filter Media info@hardybulkinglass.com Herrenknecht schiewe.helene@herrenknecht.de HSA Technology (Pty) Ltd cs@hubersa.com Hydro-comp Enterprises info@edams.co.za IMQS Software (Pty) Ltd shemine.adams@imqs.co.za Infrachamps Consulting info@infrachamps.co.za INFRATEC info@infratec.co.za Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa iwmsa@iwmsa.co.za IQHINA Consulting Engineers & Project Managers info@iqhina.co.za iX engineers (Pty) Ltd hans.k@ixengineers.co.za Izinga Holdings info@izingalabezi.co.za JG Afrika DennyC@jgafrika.com KABE Consulting Engineers info@kabe.co.za Kago Consulting Engineers kagocon@kago.co.za Kantey & Templer (K&T) Consulting Engineers ccherry@ct.kanteys.co.za Kitso Botlhale Consulting Engineers info@kitsobce.co.za KSB Pumps and Valves (Pty) Ltd salesza@ksb.com KUREMA Engineering (Pty) Ltd info@kurema.co.za Lektratek Water general@lwt.co.za Loshini Projects muzi@loshini.co.za m4a fagan@m4a.co.za Makhaotse Narasimulu & Associates mmakhaotse@mna-sa.co.za Mariswe (Pty) Ltd neshniec@mariswe.com Martin & East gbyron@martin-east.co.za M & C Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd info@mcconsulting.co.za Mhiduve adminpotch@mhiduve.co.za MPAMOT (Pty) Ltd mpumem@mpamot.com Mvubu Consulting & Project Managers miranda@mvubu.net NOTHI Group info@nothigroup.co.za NTGR Engineering info@ntgr.co.za Nyeleti Consulting naidoot@nyeleti.co.za Prociv Consulting & Projects Management amarunga@prociv.co.za Rainbow Reservoirs quin@rainbowres.com Re-Solve Consulting (Pty) Ltd maura@re-solve.co.za Ribicon Consulting Group (Pty) Ltd info@ribicon.co.za Royal HaskoningDHV francisg@rhdv.com SABITA info@sabita.co.za SAFRIPOL mberry@safripol.com SAGI annette@sagi.co.za SALGA info@salga.org.za SAPPMA admin@sappma.co.za / willem@sappma.co.za SARF administrator@sarf.org.za.co.za marketing@sbstanks.co.za SBS Water Systems Silulumanzi Antoinette.Diphoko@silulumanzi.com Siroccon International (Pty) Ltd admin@siroccon.co.za SiVEST SA info@sivest.co.za Sizabantu Piping Systems (Pty) Ltd proudly@sizabantu.com Siza Water (RF) Pty Ltd PA@sizawater.com Sky High Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd info@shconsultong.co.za SKYV Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd kamesh@skyv.co.za Smartlock jp.alkema@smartlock.net SMEC capetown@smec.com SOUTH AFRICAN VALUE EDUCATION Sabiha@savegroup.co.za Southern African Society for Trenchless Technology director@sasst.org.za SRK Consulting jomar@srk.co.za Structa Group info@structatech.co.za Superior Filtration (Pty) Ltd info@superior-filtration.com TPA Consulting roger@tpa.co.za Ultra Control Valves peter@ultravalves.co.za V3 Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd info@v3consulting.co.za Videx Storage Tanks sales@vidextanks.co.za VIP Consulting Engineers esme@vipconsulting.co.za VNA info@vnac.co.za Water Institute of Southern Africa wisa@wisa.org.za Wam Technology CC support@wamsys.co.za Wilo South Africa marketingsa@wilo.co.za WRCON ben@wrcon.co.za Zimile Consulting Engineers info@zimile.co.za Zutari charmaine.achour@zutari.com

CEMENT & CONCRETE

GREENER CEMENT AND CCUS Concrete is a large contributor to CO2 emissions, with its key ingredient, cement, being responsible for 7% of Ear th's annual carbon footprint, fostering the need for sustainable solutions.

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ithin this context, IDTechEx's report, “Decarbonisation of Cement 2025-2035: Technologies, Market Forecasts, and Players”, benchmarks green cement technologies, including supplementar y cementitious materials, alternative fuels, and emerging production processes that all contribute to a lower carbon footprint.

According to IDTechEx forecasting, increased deployment of cement decarbonisation solutions will avoid a further 422 megatonnes of CO2 emissions each year by 2035.

Difficulties of decarbonisation However, there are barriers that make cement decarbonisation particularly difficult. Cement production, for example, is highly localised, and this variation in availability of resources from region to region influences which green cement solutions are possible.

The amount of voluntary demand (where corporations voluntarily pay a green premium for low-carbon concrete) and government support is also different in each country. In some areas, governments have already started to stimulate green demand via public procurement for infrastructure projects.

However, even when there is a strong driving force for cement decarbonisation, it is very challenging to lower the carbon footprint of the underlying cementmaking process. The high temperatures required are mostly provided by fossil fuel combustion. Additionally, cement is made from limestone (CaCO3), which means CO2 is intrinsically released when producing the calcium oxide (CaO) needed for concrete. Consequently, two-thirds of cement's CO2 emissions remain even when fossil fuels are replaced.

Approaches to producing greener cement Burning fossil fuels is responsible for 32% of cement's overall carbon footprint. Therefore, switching to alternatives such as biofuels or even hydrogen is one approach to decarbonising cement. Renewable-powered electrified kilns and heat from concentrated solar power are also being explored but are at an early development stage and have not yet achieved large-scale commercial deployment.

Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) is another approach to reducing carbon emissions from cement production. By 2050, several cement sector industry roadmaps predict that this will become the most important green cement technology since it can be retrofitted into existing cement plants and capture ~90% of CO2 emissions.

The high cost of this technology means large-scale projects have only started coming online as of 2024/2025, with increased financial support becoming available. For example, the EU Innovation Fund is expected to support several cement sector CCUS projects in Europe over the coming decade.

According to IDTechEx, CCUS, supplementary cementitious materials, petroleum waste-derived fuel, and biomass-derived fuel are expected to be among the most impactful decarbonisation approaches within the next ten years.

IMIESA June 2025

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QUANTITY SURVEYING

Measures to counter global tariff impacts on SA construction projects The saying “When America sneezes, the world catches a cold” is relevant once again. In 2025, it illustrates how sweeping US tariffs are being felt across the globe, even affecting the construction industry at the southern tip of Africa.

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lthough these are taxes on imports into the US, they have a ripple effect on local building costs as Chinese and other suppliers redirect their materials to markets without tariffs and disrupt our supply chains,” says Nolubabalo Tsolo, Executive Director of the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (ASAQS).

Local buyers in South Africa are consequently facing material shortages, steep price increases, and longer lead times for essentials such as steel, aluminium, solar panels, and electrical components, says Tsolo.

She explains that contractors are struggling to manage the rising costs and add risk premiums to tenders. This means that projects – from roads and bridges to schools and affordable housing – risk exceeding their budgets. In addition, currency fluctuations are making dollarpriced imports even more expensive.

All this puts strain on both public and private projects, with affordability and delivery timelines being reassessed.

control,” says Tsolo. “We’re the only profession specialising in the finances of the construction industry – also referred to as ‘building accountants’ (Bou-rekenaare) in Afrikaans.”

The QS’s initial estimate of the project cost – including labour, material, time, and profit – is based on information from the architects, engineers and other industry specialists. “We look at the current market prices in construction, combined with historical data as well as statistical forecasts and construction and material price indices,” says Tsolo. Ideally, the estimate also includes reserves for contingencies and escalations to cover unforeseen risks and costs during the project.

However, National Treasury currently doesn’t accept contingencies (typically 5% to 10% of project value) in the public sector, and QSs have to formally request additional funds for unexpected costs. It’s meant to boost accountability, says Tsolo, but adds onerous bureaucracy, which delays construction and drives costs even higher.

How to build resilience Behind the scenes “Amidst this uncer tainty, quantity surveyors (QSs) play a crucial role in stabilising the construction sector and keeping costs under

The ASAQS suggests the following responses to the tariff-related challenges on SA’s construction sector: • Embrace dynamic pricing strategies: Together with other industry bodies, the ASAQS is engaging with government departments for more flexible public

Nolubabalo Tsolo, Executive Director of the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (ASAQS)

sector procurement frameworks to address price volatility. But this requires regulatory clarity. “The Standard for Infrastructure Procurement and Delivery Management stated that no escalations and contingencies should be included in the contract price (clause 14.5.9),” says Tsolo.

“However, when this regulation was replaced in 2019 with the Framework for Infrastructure Delivery and Procurement Management, it didn’t mention the escalations and contingencies.”

• Focus on strengthening local supply chains: The government has been encouraging local manufacturing, but it should use the US tariffs to actively help local producers of construction materials, for example through tax breaks and other incentives. This would reduce reliance on imports.

• Train QSs on integrating global economic indicators into cost planning: ASAQS members already benefit from evolving continuous professional improvement programmes and webinars that also tackle macro-economic topics. Other industry bodies and partners could add value to this.

“By building resilience, we intend to lessen global economic shocks on the local construction sector.

Quantity surveyors are central to this, ensuring that construction projects remain feasible, efficient, and financially sound, even in uncertain times,” adds Tsolo.

“It shows that while South Africa can’t stop America from sneezing, we can protect ourselves from catching a full-blown cold,” Tsolo concludes.

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS OBC

AfriSam APE Pumps & Mather+Platt IMESA

48 IMIESA June 2025

OFC, 6

2, 9, 11, 31, 46

KSB Maccaferri Rainbow Reservoirs Rand Water

13 4, 24 37 17, 35

Southern African Bitumen Association 32 Sizabantu Piping Systems

IFC

SMEC

29

IMESA The official magazine of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa www.imesa.org.za

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