International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Volume 10, issue 4, Dec. 2021

ISSN: 2252-8814

International Journal of

Advances in Applied Sciences

IJAAS

Editor-in-Chief Qing Wang, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China

Managing Editors Chen-Yuan Chen, National Pingtung University of Education, Taiwan Guangming Yao, Harbin Normal University, China Habibolla Latifizadeh, West Virginia University, United States Md. Shakhaoath Khan, RMIT University, Australia Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran Tole Sutikno, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia

Associate Editors: A. Ozan Bicen, Sabanci University, Turkey Abdalhossein Rezai, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran Abdul Sattar Dogonchi, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran Abdullah Al-Hadi Azremi, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Adam M. Kawalec, Military University of Technology, Poland Agrawal Rajeev, G L Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, India Ahmad Badrul Hisham, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain, Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Malaysia Ali Mohammad Saghiri, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran Amir Khalid, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia Anna Guerra, University of Bologna, Italy Arcangelo Castiglione, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy Arun Sharma, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, India Ayan Mondal, Indian Institute of Technology, India Bakaul Masuduzzaman, Diodar Ltd, Australia Bibhudatta Sahoo, National Institute of Technology, India Brij Bhooshan Gupta, National Institute of Technology, India

Carlos Becker Westphall, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Dakshina Ranjan Kisku, National Institute of Technology, India Ezra Morris, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia Félix J. García Clemente, University of Murcia, Spain Florian Kongoli, Flogen Technologies Inc., Canada Grienggrai Rajchakit, Maejo University, Thailand Haikal El Abed, Technical Trainers College, Saudi Arabia Ibrahim Hamidah D., Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Imran Shafique Ansari, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Inderpreet Kaur, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana, India Ismail Idris, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia Jitendra K. Madaan, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Joao Weyl Costa, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil Kang Song, Qingdao University, China Ke-Lin Du, Concordia University, Canada Larbi Boubchir, University of Paris 8, France Ligang Zhang, Central Queensland University, Australia M. A. Jabbar, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India M. EL-Shimy, Ain Shams University, Egypt (Continued on the next page)

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Associate Editors (cont.)

Mahdi Imani, George Washington University, United States Makram A. Fakhry, University of Technology, Iraq Marco Carratù, University of Salerno, Italy Marco Listanti, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy Mayank Dave, National Intitute of Technology Kurukshetra, India Md. Shohel Sayeed, Multimedia University, Malaysia Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Mohd Khair Hassan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Mojallali Hamed, University of Guilan, Iran N. Ramesh Babu, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, India Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, University of Bradford, United Kingdom Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, University of Salento, Italy Norizam Sulaiman, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Nuno Rodrigues, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal Orhan Ekren, Ege University Solar Energy Institute, Turkey Otávio Noura Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil Panić Stefan, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Serbia Paolo Crippa, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Pascal Lorenz, University of Haute Alsace, France

Pietro Oliva, Niccolò Cusano University, Italy Rajaguru Harikumar, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, India Riza Muhida, University of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Santhanakrishnan Anand, New York Institute of Technology, United States Seifedine Kadry, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Shehzad Chaudhry, International Islamic University, Pakistan Şükrü Mehmet Ertürk, Istanbul University, Turkey Tai-Chen Chen, National Central University, Taiwan Thinagaran Perumal, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Tianhua Xu, University College London, United Kingdom Tomonobu Senjyu, University of the Ryukyus, Japan Tsai Ming-Fong, National United University, Taiwan Vicente Garcia Diaz, University of Oviedo, Spain Wai Lok Woo, Northumbria University, United Kingdom Xiangtao Li, Northeast Normal University, China Y. V. Pavan Kumar, Vellore Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh University, India Yilun Shang, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Yiming Li, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Youssef Errami, Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco Yuen Chau, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore

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IJAAS

International Journal of

Advances in Applied Sciences

Utilizing ultra-wideband with wireless telecommunications applications microstrip Abhay Chaudhary

283

Non-linear creep of polypropylene utilizing multiple integral Mahmoud Fadhel Idan

288

Impact of renewable energy in Indian electric power system V Saravanan, K. M. Venkatachalam, M Arumugam, M.A.K Borelessa, K.T. M.U. Hemapala

297

Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications V. Saravanan, K. M. Venkatachalam, M. Arumugam, M. A. K. Borelessa, K. T. M. U. Hemapala

310

Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui, Destine Mashava

335

Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in India Venkatachalam K M, V Saravanan

343

Trainable generator of educational content Vladimir Rotkin

363

Investigation of temperature effects of a low-level laser source within the muscle phantom Hüseyin Okan Durmuş, Neslişah Gün, Baki Karaböce, MirHasan Yu. Seyidov

373

Overview of microgrid systems V. Saravanan, K. M. Venkatachalam, M. Arumugam, M. A. K. Borelessa, K. T. M. U. Hemapala

378

A comparative study on radio frequency identification system and its various applications Muhammad Baballe Ahmad, Fatima Alkasim Nababa

392

Responsibility of the contents rest upon the authors and not upon the publisher or editor

IJAAS

Vol. 10

No. 4

pp. 283 - 398

December 2021

ISSN 2252-8814

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 283~287 ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp283-287

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283

Utilizing ultra-wideband with wireless telecommunications applications microstrip Abhay Chaudhary Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Amaravati, India

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

The small aspect, as well as low margins of the microstrip chip amplifier (MPA) is being used in a contact system. For the last few times within the last year's research, the majority of work with MPA has been centered towards designing the portable antenna design. Wireless networking systems may be fitted with a new ultrawideband digital monopoly antenna.

Throughout this exponentially changing environment, and dual multistandard antennas play a crucial role in the implementation of cell towers.

This paper presents the nature of an ultra-wideband (UWB)-based antenna array for the shape of a substratum, feeding strategies or openings.

Received Oct 21, 2020 Revised Apr 18, 2021 Accepted May 27, 2021 Keywords: Antenna array Feeding techniques Microstrip chip amplifier Operating frequency Ultra-wideband

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Abhay Chaudhary Department of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology AP, Amaravati, India Email: abhaychaudharydps@gmail.com

1.

INTRODUCTION An amplifier that transmits as well as absorbs documentation is also the integrated component of said contact between the microwaves. It is indeed a huge deal, a system built to emanate as well as absorb the electrostatic highly radioactive wave effectively. The amplifier is a transforming sensor that gravitational force strength or pressure on a row in existence composed of an electrical and magnetic system rectangles of movement [1]-[3] on each other.

Usually, to detect the tumorous tissue, the heat imaging organization is completed by a spherical cylinder-shaped collection projection microwave imaging organizations need little projections with omnidirectional radioactivity designs and massive statistics amount. Therefore, that design between a portable amplifier became many among its most critical obstacles of electromagnetic digital imaging across most of the maximum operating range. The reality which placoid monopoly telescopes, including such simple arrangement, mechanical properties and low value, deliver another very enticing approach is notorious [2]-[4]. This is also a notorious truth. Correspondingly, many design monopolies of absolutely different vector illustrations have also been established utilizing automated techniques of design through tests to achieve the perfect cycloid form [5]. Ultra-wideband (UWB) networks also rapidly increased with bandwidth satellite communications. Its Pulse quartet was named by both the federal communication commission UWB systems 3.1-10.6 GHz. Recent UWB technologies were used in the required to authenticate, position and details. Its household control networks of broadband antennas will be commonly used during transmittals, such as HDTVs, DVDs, also monitors personal machines from UWB distribution chains [6], and they have been integrated within those transmitting products.

Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com

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This horizontal area is by far the most widely encountered area on something like a dielectric substrate. That hexagonal spot antenna is a lengthy portion of the horizontal distribution system through one dimension. Each conductivity amplifier becomes filled because it serves, and since the absolute saturation magnetization including its substratum decreased, a duration including its amplifier reduces. Each way shape or form-stream impedance frequency is around quarter another horizontal ground diameter whereas the air is the substratum for the transmitter. Then right miniature amplifier improves transmittal of propagation.

Slot antenna flux capacitors are separated into two kinds of amplifier duration as well as length.

Flux capacitors from a tiny leader called slot antenna diplexer alluded to each other as dielectric substratepatch, but rectifiers have a comprehensive composer. Resonant frequency arises when the scale, including its monopole or surface, is partially- guided. Its propagation of continuous currents now is identical in form as well as leverage, but additional characteristics (e.g. electronic signal effect including divisiveness) differ.

If that amplitude band would be throughout another responder, a patch antenna radiating mostly on width of the surface of something like the substratum becomes approximately parallel. Another significant portion including its symbol is radiated, and therefore that proposed antenna serves like an amplifier. Even as surface measurements will be as large as both the radiologically regulated distance, their guidance, as just an instance, becomes incredibly small, a half-wavelength particle typically shows the 5-6 dB gain with the full beam of 70 to 90 degrees. The transmitter architecture starts through determining that scale of a surface to be used in the transmitter.

This is an improving living standard connected to something like the shield attributable to both the frequency response on either the transmitter emanating sides. That concerned with improving 's fundamental framework throughout Figure 1 device configuration can be seen.

Figure 1. The assembly of microstrip protuberance

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW Before the scheduled breakthrough in integrated circuits reduction through mass production throughout 1970, a design including its microstrip line with such a carefully identifying on even an antenna array isolated via an evaluate and understand was unveiled, and some fatal produced an exposure of various settings with a very inexpensive plane utilizing the insulating substratum. With the whole transmitter, different approaches of the mathematical theory were established as well as its implementations applied to very many sectors. Currently, your transmitter model collection mechanism is tiny corner telescopes. The dielectric substrate review of the literature is listed within that portion. The hypothetical antenna meets the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2 specifications, varying from 2.95 to 14.27 GHz, with a specific square radiating patch and a smaller scale of 1218 mm [1], [2], [5], [7]-[9] to improve the knowledge measuring range, two pairs of shaped slits and parasites in the ground plane region being used, thus abounding more astronomical electrical anomalies.

Ruiz-Garcia [3] and VidyaSagar [10] have studied the parametric study of the antenna's thickness.

The antennas may be particularly beneficial for smartphone use because they fulfil the specifications of the global system for mobile (GSM) program. Microstrip patch configuration and GSM network antenna are given. The built antenna antennas VSWR are -3.022 dB, 1.0717.

The concept of the rectangular antenna with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) was suggested by Akyildiz [4]. A standard optimizations algorithm for microstrip patch antenna design is used in this PSO. It was provided with the configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) using the soft computing process, PSO. A dielectric substratum of 4.4 and height Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 283 – 287

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1,588 mm has been used to build a microstrip patch antenna. PSO was used to configure parameters including patch duration, width and centre-frequency feed location of 1.95 GHz using Sonnet13.52. PSO saves time compared with patch configuration antennas using an optimization algorithm and even PSO limits centre frequency variance [4], [6]. PSO resonates at exactly 1.95GHz. Rahali [11] studied a dual-band monopole RFID/WLAN lightweight printed monopole antenna (PMA) requirements. The dual-band function is accomplished from the 9-shape folded antenna which is assisted by a non-conductor the electric. Impedance bandwidth is estimated from PMA at 33.13% with 2.43 GHz and 36.43% with 2.43 GHz. The antenna indicated plays broadband impedance communication, reliable Omni-directions and correct characteristics (2.5 dBi) in the frequency regions of RFID and WLAN. The new PMA was developed for the UWB application by Lin [12].

Virone [13] was to build and evaluate the planar monopoly of broadband antennas utilizing robust multipolar multilevel algorithm. Analyzing the size of the impedance and radiation efficiency of monopolies The electrical integrated field equation (EFIE) moment (MoM) is used. In the meantime, power output is low the quick multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is used in both numerical and operational time. Three flat-band monopolies The floor plans are planned, evaluated and assembled, connected to the final sized planes. The tests are both predicted and calculated. that both monopolies should use the AMPS, GSM900, and DCS channels. A bandpass filter via an I-shaped parasite is suggested that could be incorporated in personal computers. The latest UWB band-rated antenna will conveniently change main frequencies and wavelength to withdraw from the passband [14]-[16].

3.

STUDY OF ANTENNA DESIGNING PARAMETERS The architecture of rectangular patch antennas has three basic parameters. The resonant frequency (f0) first of all an appropriate range must be rendered for the antenna. The frequency spectrum is between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz for ultra- broadband applications. This frequency range will enable the system antenna to work. The thickness of the substrates is the second main parameter for the antenna. Dielectric substratum height (h) of the microstrip In S-band frequency frequencies, patch antenna with coaxial feed shall be included. The dielectric layer height is also used. The third significant antenna architecture parameter is the dielectric substratum (also dare) in this configuration is h=1.6 mm. The transmission line methodology [4] as an illustration can be used in the estimation of antenna parameters. Underneath area depth (1): 𝑊=

𝑐 2𝑓𝑗

(𝜀𝑟+1) 2

(1)

Resonant frequency (2): 𝑓0 =

𝑐 2𝐿√𝜀𝑟

(2)

and length Le (Effective Length) is chosen as (3): 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 + 2∆𝐿

(3)

3.1. Ground dimension It is necessary to provide a realistic consideration Finite floor plane if the floor plane height is higher by about six times the thickness of the patch Thickness of the substratum in the periphery. Hence, the Dimensions of the ground plane were given as [17]-[30]. By using these calculations, the central patch size L*W is determined, the ground plane size Lg*Wg is determined. 𝐿𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝐿

(4)

𝑊𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝑊

(5)

In particular wireless networking programs, it is feasible to use a modern MPA system inside UWB ranges [30-50].

4.

CONCLUSION The research paper reveals the UWB Frequency for wireless networking system implementations was used as a test of the Microstrip Patch Antenna. Since reviewing the literature, it has been established that Utilizing ultra-wideband with wireless telecommunications applications microstrip (Abhay Chaudhary)

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multi-resonant characteristics like return loss, VSWR, Radiation pattern, bandwidth impedance can be enhanced by adjusting the parameters, including the frequency of operation, the size of the ground plane, and the feeding techniques.

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Utilizing ultra-wideband with wireless telecommunications applications microstrip (Abhay Chaudhary)

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 288~296 ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp288-296

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Non-linear creep of polypropylene utilizing multiple integral Mahmoud Fadhel Idan Department of Civil Engineering, Ma'arif University College, Ramadi, Iraq

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Multiple integral representation (MIR) has been used to represent studying the effect of temperature on the amount of nonlinear creep on the semicrystalline polypropylene (PP) under the influence of axial elastic stress. To complete this research, the Kernel functions were selected, for the purpose of performing an analogy, and for arranging the conditions for the occurrence of the first, second and third expansion in a temperature range between 20° C-60° C, i.e., between the glass transition and softening temperatures, within the framework of the energy law. It was observed that the independent strain time increased non-linearly with increasing stress, and non-linearly decreased with increase in temperature, although the time parameter increased non-linearly with stress and temperature directly. In general, a very satisfactory agreement between theoretical and practical results on the MIR material was observed.

Received Feb 19, 2021 Revised Jun 4, 2021 Accepted Jun 18, 2021 Keywords: Creep Integral method Multiple integral representation Non-linear Polypropylene

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Mahmoud Fadhel Idan Department of Civil Engineering Ma’arif University College Al-Ramadi Road, Al-Ramadi 31001, Iraq Email: dr.mafa57@gmail.com Nomenclature: e in Strain tensor e (t) Tensile strain eo Time independent strain F ij Non-linear continues functional Fi Kernel functions Foi Time independent component of kernels Fmi Time dependent coefficients of kernels m Time dependent coefficient N Time exponent σ Tensile stress ξ Time parameter (s)

1.

INTRODUCTION After polymers have been widely used in various industrial and commodity fields, polymeric materials are now widely used in structural and construction applications, as its performance meets the necessary maximum mechanical requirements, hence the importance of research and study. Another parameter of paramount importance is that the creep resistance is uniform when under the influence of a long-term load, as it changes from linear to non-linear behavior. Chronological and historical sequences can be linked to reasonably and acceptably determine the non-linear behavior of the polymer material [1]-[4].

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Brinson and Brinson [5], Torrens and Castellano [6] used a one-dimensional equation containing first and third order integrals to describe the mechanical behavior characterized by the second function of kernel and up to the third function, for polypropylene (PP) material [7]-[10]. Touati and Cederbaum [11], Lai and Findley [12] identified nine kernel functions to describe the behavior of PVC under the influence of both tensile and twisting stress. For further work, only the first and second kernel order of pure tension was assumed, and only the first and third order of pure twist [13]-[17]. When studying the properties of polietilena (PE), "the second kernel arrangement suffices to describe the effect of pure shear distortion and the third kernel order to characterize the effect of pure tensile strength" [18]-[24]. Others researches use multiple integral representation (MIR) and power law to describe the large distortion occurring in nylon-6, in which the mechanical behavior changes from one mode to another, and in each mode the mechanical behavior remains subject to the power law and for all kinds of different loads [25]-[36]. The goal of all of this is to think using a combination of MIR and Power law to investigate how temperature affects the mechanical behavior of viscous materials (0.909 g/cm3 at 20o C) under the influence of uniaxial load.

2.

RESEARCH METHOD For the purpose of developing a suitable characterization of nonlinear behavior, it is assumed that the material elongation rate with respect to time (t) depends mainly on the values of the load rate previously placed on the material or sample. In other words, the elongation that occurs in the sample is a function of the rated loads [1]. 𝑑𝜎(𝜉) 𝑡

𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 [

𝑑𝜉

]

(1)

−∞

Where FIJ is represent the continuous nonlinear function. The F function can be represented as indicating the degree of precision within the multiple integration equation [5], [6]. 𝑡

𝑒(𝑡) = ∫−∞(𝑡 − ξ1 ) ξ2 , 𝑡 − ξ3 )

𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝜎 𝑑ξ1 𝑑ξ2 𝑑ξ3

𝑑𝜎 𝑑ξ1

𝑡

𝑡

𝑑ξ1 + ∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑡 − ξ1 . 𝑡 − ξ2 )

𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝜎 𝑑ξ1 𝑑ξ2

𝑡

𝑡

𝑡

𝑑ξ1 𝑑ξ2 + ∫−∞ ∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑡 − ξ1 , 𝑡 −

𝑑ξ1 𝑑ξ2 𝑑ξ3

(2)

According to (2), the time dependent elongation produced by uniaxial tensile loading applied at time ξ1 = ξ2 = ξ3 = 0 is given by the expression: 𝑒(𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑡)𝜎 + 𝐹2 (𝑡)𝜎 2 + 𝐹3 (𝑡)𝜎 3

(3)

By substituting the responses obtained from three tensile tests at different levels of stress, (3) becomes a system of simultaneous algebraic equations with the three unknowns, F1, F2, and F3. These equations have been solved for each step time using "Gaussian elimination" to find these kernels in the form of Findlay’s power [8]: 𝐹1 = 𝐹01 + 𝐹𝑚1 𝑡 𝑁

(4a)

𝐹2 = 𝐹02 + 𝐹𝑚2 𝑡 𝑁

(4b)

𝐹3 = 𝐹03 + 𝐹𝑚3 𝑡 𝑁

(4c)

The equation of tensile strain can be obtained by substituting (4) into (3): 𝑒(𝑡) = (𝐹01 + 𝐹𝑚1 𝑡 𝑁 )𝜎 + (𝐹02 + 𝐹𝑚2 𝑡 𝑁 )𝜎 2 + (𝐹03 + 𝐹𝑚3 𝑡 𝑁 )𝜎 3 = 𝑒0 + 𝑚0 𝑡 𝑁

(5)

Where eo and mo are time independent strain and time dependent coefficient respectively, and both are functions of stress and material constants. N is constant (5) emphasizes that creep reaction of non-linear Viscoelasticity materials can be partitioned into time, stretch, and temperature reliance components.

A "creep test" is performed on a sample using a creep meter (note the device in Figure 1). In simple terms, the sample is heated to a temperature. Once the temperature set point is reached, a constant load is applied to exert a longitudinal force on the material's grain structure. Pregnancy is maintained for the duration of the test or until the sample is ruptured. During testing, data is continuously monitored and recorded to qualify for temperature stability, load, and sample elongation.

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Figure 1 SM1006 creep test device.

3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The deformation behavior available at 20 and 60o C only and linear interpolation between them can be made to obtain the deformation at 30, 40, and 50o C [8]. Kernel functions have been determined at each temperature using three different stress levels (σ =1.378, 4.136, and 6.897 MPA) in the form of power law, in which the value of time exponent is valid for all levels of loading. From Table 1 it can be noted that the time exponent increases as temperature increases. Kernel functions given in Tables 2, 3, and 4 are presented in Figures 2, 3, and 4. These figures show that, first and third kernels increase non-linearly with time, whereas the second kernel decreases non-linearly. This result is emphasized by the presence of negative values of time dependent coefficients in Table 1. This behavior was observed at each temperature. Also, it was found that temperature increasing caused a shift in values of all kernels. It is critical here to specify that non-linear viscoelasticity can be related to the time dependent on terms of these parts, since the time autonomous terms allude to starting reactions.

Table 1. Variation of time exponent with temperature Temp. o C 20 30 40 50 60

Table 3. Second kernel at different temperature Temp. o C 20 30 40 50 60

Table 2. First kernel at different temperature Temp. o C 20 30 40 50 60

N 0.070 0.0765 0.0817 0.086 0.090

F1 (M Pa-1) -0.0141241 + 0.132254 t N -0.01284681 + 0.162771 t N -0.007553014 + 0.1886007t N -0.008763126 + 0.2219725t N -0.1184285 + 0.2514425t N

Table 4. Third kernel at different temperature

F2 X 10-3 (M Pa-2) 2.320227 – 9.034076 t N 1.992685 – 6.130732 t N 1.269982 – 2.563623 t N 2.1936700 – 1.05282 t N 5.290401 – 0.3867674 t N

Temp. o C 20 30 40 50 60

F3 X 10-3 (M Pa-3) -0.5189451 + 1.540565 t N -0.4471407 + 1.608113 t N -0.2774595 + 1.613862 t N -0.3519898 + 1.8840761 t N -0.3637092 + 2.077798 t N

Non-linearity degree can be related to the temperature increase since time subordinate coefficients are shifted with temperature. From Tables 2, 3, and 4, time dependent coefficients of first and third kernels are increased as temperature increases, whereas decreased for second kernel. Thus, the non-linearity degree increases for first and third kernels, and decreases for second kernel shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4.

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Figure 2. First kernel function of PP for axial tensile loading at different temperature

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Figure 3. Second kernel function of PP for uniaxial tensile loading at different temperature

Figure 4. Third kernel function of PP for uniaxial tensile loading at different temperature From these figures, it can be noted that, effects of F1 and F2 are opposite that of F2 up to 40° C. Beyond this temperature, Figure 3 shows that the values of F2 change from negative to positive (i.e., effects of all kernels are gathered). As temperature, the crystalline degree diminishes and causes a decrease in solidness and tensile quality [37], which increases the inclination of materials to deform (strain rate expanding). This change in properties happens due to the holding powers between the atomic chains ending up weaker. As strain rate increasing, the molecular chain is gradually aligned closer together and oriented in the direction of applied stress, thus, the capacity of these adjacent closer chains to bond again increases and causes increasing tensile and stiffness (strain rate decreasing). Crystalline behavior characterized by α and γ relaxation. Local twisting of atomic chains is represented by γ relaxation, which related with non-linear defects occur in the crystal phase inside the crystal and then move in the form of distortions in the amorphous phase associated with F1 and F2, which increases the tensile strength and reduces the strain rate. This deformation is related to alpha relaxation, and can be represented by F1 and F2. The change in the value of the kernel function agrees with the results of Seeker [37]. Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 show the results of this representation. Contributions of F1 and F3 at (σ = 1.378 MPA) to total F2 opposite strain up to 40° C. Beyond this temperature, this behavior does not hold up due to distortion of most of the molecular bonds. It was also found that, over a full timescale, F1 contributed significantly to total stress. With reference to Figures 2, 3 and 4, and based on the equation of temperature and time, the effect of time on the kernel function is similar to that of temperature.

For each temperature, substituting time exponent and kernel functions given in Table 1 and Table 2 in (5), creep strain at different stress levels is shown in Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Comparison of MIR and experimental results shows that agreement between them was very satisfactory. Also, it was found that, for each temperature, the strain increases non-linearly with time (since the time exponent is not equal to 1) and stress increment causes a shift in these curves. Net impacts of these parts are given in Figure 15 and Figure 16 through the behavior of time free strain e o and time subordinate coefficient m. Figure 15 appears that, for each temperature, e o increment non-linearly with stress, and temperature expanding caused a reduction move.

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Figure 5. Contribution of kernel function of PP to total strain at σ =1.3788 MPa and T=20o C

Figure 6. Contribution of kernel function of PP to total strain at σ =1.3788 MPa and T=30o C

Figure 7. Contribution of kernel function of PP to total strain at σ =1.3788 MPA and T=40o C

Figure 8. Contribution of kernel function of PP to total strain at σ =1.3788 MPa and T=50o C

Figure 9. Contribution of kernel function of PP to total strain at σ =1.3788 MPA and T=60o C

Figure 10. Creep curves of PP in different uniaxial tensile loading at 20o C

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Figure 11. Creep curves of PP in different uniaxial tensile loading at 30o C

Figure 12. Creep curves of PP in different axial tensile loading at 40o C

Figure 13. Creep curves of PP in different uniaxial tensile loading at 50o C

Figure 14. Creep curves of PP in different axial tensile loading at 60o C

Figure 16 shows that m increases non-linearly with stress and temperature increasing caused a shift in m vs. stress curves. The great shift occurred between 30 o C and 40o C, which insulates more in Figure 17 and reflects the effect of temperature on molecular structure. The reduction of e o (which represent initial strain) between 30o C and 40o C, is related to decreasing of stiffness due to network deformation. Figure 18 show that m is linearly increments with temperature and its effect with increased stress. These results emphasize that PP exhibits nonlinear viscous-elasticity for any deformation of practical importance [13].

Figure 19 shows that time exponent (N) is increasing non-linearly with temperature.

Figure 15. Tensile component of time independent strain eo % vs. stress at different temperature

Figure 16. Coefficient of time dependent strain mo % vs. stress at different temperature

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Figure 17. Tensile component of time independent strain eo % vs. temperature at different tensile stresses

Figure 18. Coefficient of time dependent strain mo % vs. temperature at different tensile stresses

Figure 19. Time exponent (N) vs. Temperature

4.

CONCLUSION From the above discussion, we can draw: a) the non-linear behavior of PP is adequately described by power law, which the time exponent is valid for all stress levels, b) non-linear creep of PP is enough spoken to by the First, second, and third arrange stretch of MIR, c) time exponent n increase as temperature increases, d) first and third kernels increase non-linearly with time whereas F2 decreases non-linearly, e) all kernels increase non-linearly as temperature increases, f) first and third kernels can represent the deformation of non-crystalline phase, whereas second represent that of crystalline phase, which both occur beyond 40o C, g) Stress increasing caused non-linearly increases in time independent strains and time dependent coefficients, h) temperature increases cause non-linearly decreases in time independent strains and linearly increases in time dependent coefficient, h) the time exponent (N) increases non-linearly with temperature.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS Mahmoud Fadhel Idan. B.Sc. (Mech. Eng.), H.D., M. Sc., PH. D (Mech. Eng. – Design).

The author has conducted many researches in the field's space, Engineering of Materials, Physics, and satellite through his work at the Center for Space and Physics Research (BATANI CENTER), and the Universities. These Researches has been published in various journals.

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International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol.10, No.4, December2021, pp. 297~309 ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp297-309

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Impact of renewable energy in Indian electric power system V. Saravanan1, K. M. Venkatachalam2, M. Arumugam3, M. A. K. Borelessa4, K. T. M. U. Hemapala5 1,2,3Department

of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Srilanka

4,5Department

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

This paper addresses the impact of renewable power generation such as photovoltaic and wind energy in the existing power system operations.

Various modeling approaches and power quality/reliability analysis of these renewable energy sources in the electric power system by researchers and research organisations and utilities are outlined and their impacts are assessed. Challenges and protection schemes of renewable power integration into the existing grid are discussed through a detailed literature review and study of renewable integration into the Indian power system are outlined including potential planning and policy actions to support renewable energy integration in India.

ReceivedAug 19, 2020 Revised Jul 9, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Electric power system Impact studies Photovoltaic Renewable energy Wind system

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: V. Saravanan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Arunai Engineering College Tiruvannamalai 606 603, Tamil Nadu, India Email: vsaranaec@yahoo.co.in

1.

INTRODUCTION India’s clean energy transition is continuing at an accelerated pace, with commitment, vigour, and a clear focus on non-fossil based generation, self reliance, climate action, technology advancement, economic growth, and energy security. The country’s installed renewable energy capacity has crossed 100 gigawatts (GW) (excluding large hydro), showcasing remarkable progress towards India’s goal to deploy 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030.

Electric power infrastructure of a country comprises of thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewables resources based power generation, driven by key principles such as reliability, security, economy, and adequacy. Operating the electric infrastructure based on these principles ensures the end users a high quality/economic power supply. Growth of renewable power generation (RPG) can be achieved especially through solar and wind augment these principles through various attributes like rich natural resources, technical advancements, policies, low carbon emissions, and economic/environmental protection.

Wind and solar photovoltaic power output is influenced by weather and climatic conditions.

Renewable power integration in low/medium voltage distribution network at higher penetration level can cause reverse power flow, energy demand, network congestion, voltage rise/fall, transformer overloading, and other operational issues. A key challenge in integrating RPG is to find various approaches to ensure safety and stability of power grid to provide long term sustainability and economic profit to the power systems. RPG penetration capacity into the grid can be analyzed through studies like demand response characterization, power quality (PQ), and reliability assessment (RA).

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Small scale renewable energy generation at unity power factor incurs additional cost for the utility in providing required reactive power. So large renewable power plants are suggested which have effective real and reactive power flow along with regulated voltage control with better power factor.The level of renewable power penetration in any power system depends upon load type and profile, weather conditions, feeder power handling capacity, network parameter, system topology, and its connection types (three or single phase).

To overcome the problems, various researchers have analysed the impact of RPG on electric power system, which involves many steps. First, obtain an accurate model of power system, including detailed models ofvarious renewable energy systems, load consuming pattern and their characteristics (demand response). Followed by various methods to evaluate the power quality and reliability assessment and suggestion of corrective solutions through experimental study cases.

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is presented in two sections addressing the modeling and performance evaluation of RPG integration into the exiting power system having AC/DC transmission/distribution networks discussing about different methods of modeling and performance indicators, load classification, price calculations, real and reactive power flows, voltage/frequency regulation, power inverters, protection schemes, use of internet of things (IoT) concepts, PQ indices and reliability assessment through case studies and utility experiences in different countries of the world with feasible solutions.

2.1. Based on modeling of renewable energy integration in the power system network Nikolaev et al. [1] had developed Monte Carlo method based probabilistic power flow algorithm to evaluate the performance of renewable energy sources in the electric power network. Wang et al. [2] had employed the usage of decision treeapproach for power system incorporating renewable energy generation with the help of wide area measurement system (WAMS) to ensure stability. Ju et al. [3] had proposed stochastic averaging method to analyze the uncertain variability on power system dynamics due to integrating renewable energy and electric vehicles into power system. Zheng et al. [4] have made stochastic optimization analysis of cost risk for integrated renewable energy system with less computational burden.

Tao et al. [5] have reviewed the evaluation of IoTattributes in power system for providing access to affordable, clean/green energy worldwide through the use of smart devices. Jiang et al. [6] have reviewed the development of distributed photovoltaic (PV) in electricity market and summarized three main trading modes of distributed PV market such as direct participation, aggregation and decentralized transactions and analyzed bidding strategies/corresponding models for different trading modes. Allella et al. [7] have realized a simple dynamic model with inertia stochastic process for RPG’s contribution to the total power generation, tested under different scenarios including contingency/post contingency events for longer time periods.

Hlalele et al. [8] presented a multi objective dynamic economic dispatch model with renewable obligation requirements to maintain the continuity of supply and its performance is tested for IEEE 24 RTS/IEEE 118 bus system through numerical simulations.

2.2. Based on performance evaluation and its implications of renewable energy integration in the power system network Lennerhag et al. [9] had studied performance indicators such as, disturbance levels of slow voltage variations, overloading, harmonics, flicker, rapid voltage changes, losses, or the number of certain power quality events in the network which can be used for evaluating the impact of renewable energy on power systems. Asadinejad et al. [10] had suggested that electricity consumers should be classified and segregated based on demand response and volatility of prices under high renewable penetration which results in minimum technological and economical losses. Vilchez and Stenzel [11] had assessed power quality issues in renewable energy generation such as voltage sag, flicker and harmonics in the existing electrical power systems. Duong et al. [12] had checked the impact of distributed generation penetration into the IEEE 9 bus powersystem through ETAP simulation, having PV and wind power plants. Type, location and selection of RPG with respect to availability play a vital role during its integration into the grid.

Perdue and Gottschalg [13] have observed the failure rates of small grid-connected photovoltaic system. The key findings of the study are average system lifetime yield and reliability get increased, due to close monitoring of the system for various maintenance regimes. Voulis et al. [14] had simulated the performance of renewable energy integration (REI) in three representative urban areas in Amsterdam, which requires locally tailored approaches with coordinated storage and obtained positive results to support REI in future distribution grids with the help of four metrics.

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Sun et al. [15] have described the necessity for renewable energy power fluctuation mitigation due to the events like low frequency oscillation and cascading failure. They also suggested few strategies/algorithms to suppress the output fluctuation of renewable energy through filtering, moving average, discrete Fourier transform, kalman filtering, empirical mode decomposition, wavelet/wavelet packet decomposition, model predictive control, and other algorithms. Wangdee [16] have employed well-being analysis framework for power system reliability during wind energy integration into the existing power system. Some important challenges related to technical/environmental/socio-economic aspects at increased renewable penetration are discussed by Chen et al. [17].

Meyer et al. [18] have surveyed the utilities experiences on various power quality issues resulting from the penetration of solar power in the existing utilities. The survey raised questionnaires dealing with PQ of PV installations and found lack of information among utilities/network operators and they recommended to intensify the monitoring of PV installations for its PQ assessment. Zhao et al. [19] had investigated techno economic aspects of RPG penetration in the existing power system through nodal indices method and suggested that the consumer should choose renewable generation with improved reliability at expected price.

Hu et al. [20] had studied the reactive power requirements needed in distributed energy resources energized power system having the features of voltage and grid stability. They checked the performance of different type of reactive power equipments needed for RPG in the existing power system through simulation and assessed with relative available transmission capacity index with case studies.

Ritik et al. [21] had studied the impact of frequency regulation and deviation aspect in wind power penetration in the existing power system after system events. They observed the wind power penetration in the grid to reduce the system inertia and increase of droop behaviour. Aik and Andersson [22] had proposed a classical analytic model of single and multi-in feed line commutated high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system incorporating renewable resources to realize steady state voltage stability in the weak AC/DC systems. Aziz and Ketjoy [23] have explained the effect of voltage violation happening in the medium voltage grid, when PV penetration exceeds certain threshold level withoperational rules of thumb. Aziz and Ketjoy [24] have tested the impact of PV penetration with five different configurations for multiple voltage rise mitigation techniques through a case study suited for rural area low voltage (LV) network of Thailand.

They had observed that higher amounts of PV generation could be tolerated by LV networks due to many reasons, such as a wider voltage tolerance band, larger conductor diameters, and moderate lengths of feeders in the existing network and suggested the level of PV penetration can be further increased by using On load tap changer, reactive power control and partial network upgrading which are found to be cost effective for voltage control.

Gao et al. [25] haveproposed a zonotope based set theoretic method for quantifying the renewable power fluctuations in hybrid AC/DC distribution network. Ustun et al. [26] had studied the impact of smart inverters of PV system on the distribution networks in terms of voltage rise/drop profiles, reverse power flow, VAR injection with respect to feeder. Matevosyan et al. [27] have discussed about various challenges such as reduced system strength, synchronous inertia, and black start capability associated with renewable energy based inverters in the existing power system.

Kroposki et al. [28] have predicted that by adding more solar and wind power generation into the power systems, soon the future grid will be inverter dominated grid. Sun et al. [29] had identified system challenges and opportunities for the development of future grid in support of China’s national energy policy that emphasizing the use of clean energy. They also discussed the penetration of renewable energy into china’s electric grid and highlighted the importance of HVDC technology for power transmission due to its geographical availability with the help of developments in power electronics having the features like fast control dynamics and sensitivity to fault.

Blaabjerg et al. [30] have investigated the role of RPG in power grid and associated protection issues such asfault current contribution, reduction in reach of impedance relays and auto reclosure. RPG protection is enhanced by quick fault identification and isolation with little human intervention.Different protection schemes such as voltage/over current/differential/distance/adaptive protection and fault current compensation are employed in RPG integrated power system, operating either in the islanded or gridconnected mode.

Cárdenas and Menendez [31] have explained the role and implementation of industrial internet of things in RPG integrated power system, which introduces new challenges and more intelligent asset monitoring. Remon et al. [32] have explained PV penetration and their control in the system is evaluated by studying the stability of the system with DIgSILENT power factory with respect to line, load and generator contingencies. Guo et al. [33] have carried out short term reliability assessment method based on the time varying probability ordered tree screening algorithm for islanded microgrid operation having renewable energy resources to its maintain stability and security. This study is verified through MATLAB simulation for European low voltage microgrid system.

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Johnson et al. [34] have investigated the impact of distributed energy resources (DER) are controlled by an adversary and observed the various anticipated power system risks from adversary control of DER aggregations, assessed for each grid support function and also suggested solutions to minimize common mode vulnerabilities. Acevedo et al. [35] have presented visualization approach for enhancing analyses of renewable integration impact assessment by Midcontinent Independent System Operatorin the U.S. Midcontinent, which uses tools data analytic process for studying renewable integration issues. Feng et al.

[36] have evaluated capacity credit of RPG in smart distribution systems and analyzed its performance on IEEE-38 bus distribution system at different penetration levels of RPG, considering the impacts of demand response.

Fan et al. [37] have analyzed the impact of RES into power system through demand response approach and presented the impact of demand response/comfort loss tolerance on integrated RES. Liang et al. [38] have suggested an aggregated model for distributed energy management through crowd sourcing behaviors and validated the same by numerical studies by analyzing market performance and energy sharing.

Ustun and Aoto [39] have analyzed the behaviour of smart inverter on the distribution network operation having PV based power system under different operating conditions through a novel software namely solar resource application platform for grid simulation (SoRA-Grid) in MATLAB platform.

Westacott and Candelise [40] have assessed the impacts of photovoltaic penetration in the LV distribution network by analyzing through a novel geographical information system framework which is capable of identifying the areas to facilitate further PV deployment.

Lupo et al. [41] have analyzed the effect of increasing renewable capacities in Great Britain, by determining spatial distribution of RPG expansion and demand and electricity wholesale market price effects and determined the cost of the transformation path and its influence on the British electricity prices. Liu et al.

[42] have laid out the prospects for research on key technologies such as structural morphology prediction of AC-DC hybrid systems, exploring AC-DC coupling interaction, uncertainty modeling, operation simulation, improving model solution algorithm, and comprehensive scheme evaluation. Wei et al. [43] had studied the impact of energy storage (ES) on economic dispatch of distribution systems and obtained optimal value function to provide reference for ES sizing to quantify the economic impact of ES unit on distribution system.

Kuwahata et al. [44] have made renewable integration grid study for the 2030 Japanese power system in terms of frequency stability, economically optimized dispatch, demand response, ancillary services and power flows for higher RE penetration into the grid. Jie et al. [45] had studied the impact of renewable energy balancing power in Japanese power system with increase in the use of wind and solar power generation having automatic generation control standard model. Gihan et al. [46] have proposed kernel density estimation for analyzing the impact of increasing wind and solar generation to calculate system reliability indices through case studies.

Huang et al. [47] have studied the reliability and economy assessment of offshore wind farms, considering various topological structures and their investment costs to suggest preferential choice for wind farm construction. Chen [48] had worked out theoretical and quantitative analysis of integration of distributed energy resources (DER) and the corresponding market power effects on utility corporation's profits and market prices. Numerical studies of this approach has demonstrated the impacts of with holding strategies and the integration of DERs. Krpan and Kuzle [49] had studied the impact of frequency response with huge share of wind generators in the power system through simulations with few test cases. Kumar et al.

[50] had investigated the stability impact with high PV penetration in Texas 2000 bus network under transient conditions, and observed the voltage and frequency stability of the system.

Liu et al. [51] analyzed the increased level of RPG integration in power system leads to transient stability and out-of-step tripping protection for a modified two-area test system and Great Britain 29-zone system using DIgSILENT Power Factory. Bajaj et al. [52] presented an analytic hierarchy process for PQ assessment through unified power quality single index (UPQI) within the entire distribution network (DN) having RPG and verified on IEEE-13 bus test distribution system in MATLAB/Simulink environment to assess the overall PQ performance of each of the buses and the entire DN with respect to the threshold level of unity. Bhamu and Bhatti [53] have developed state-space model for their power system model interconnected to the system to ensure stable operation to maintains active and reactive power balance of RES. Hirase [54] have analyzed the grid supportive functions in grid tied inverters with RPG with a detailed guideline based on stabilization/disturbance theory, needed for the system administrator.

Wang et al. [55] have made risk assessment method in power distribution networks to integrate large scale distributed PVs and obtained comprehensive risk indicator for system evaluation through simulation for IEEE 34-bus system for reducing load fluctuations and number/capacity/location of access points for PV sources. Su et al. [56] have assessed the distribution network reliability during the integration of PV power along with the failure of PV power equipment due to aging, degradation rates and time-varying Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 297 – 309

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islanding operation. They also suggested few novel reliability indices which have more sensitivity and accuracy for the reliability assessment of a distribution network topology in China

3.

IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETRATION ON POWER SYSTEM PLANNING The impact of renewable energy integration in the power system planning deals with balance of RPG portfolio with respect to the variability of the load to ensure reliability with high renewable capacity addition through propoer generation, transmission and distribution planning process. The renewable power generation should be amenable to follows its own daily and seasonal patterns, in accordance with the net load. The power system load curves should be associated with the RPG portfolio, which should be dispatched daily to serve the load by understanding the fuel mix of the system to minimize the overall costs with different levels of predicted load. RPG is characterized by its load-following at regular intervals and frequency regulation capabilities supported with design of efficient markets, accurate day-ahead renewable resource forecasting, resource data collection and extraction. In transmission planning model, transmission infrastructure to deliver power from the generators to the loads is carefully examined and time domain simulations are performed for many operational contingencies. Finally, the distribution planning accounts a variety of weather conditions that affect loads operating at widely varying spatial topologies at different voltage levels and diverse system equipment. Peak load calculation and use of automated tools for screening RPG installations will become necessary to the existing distribution systems becomes necessary. Feeder voltage regulation, fault current and protection desensitization should be examined and corrected by using on-load tap-changer in the substation and self-commutated inverters on a case-by-case basis.

4.

HOW HIGH DOES LEVELS OF WIND AND SOLAR IMPACT THE GRID? Wind and solar energy penetration in the grid can be easily doneby assuming the following changes which could be made over a period of time: a) increase balancing area cooperation, b) increased use of subhourly scheduling for generation and interchanges and transmissionexpansionto accommodate RPG, c) coordinated commitment and economic dispatch of generation over wider regions, d) appropriate wind and solar forecasts in unit commitment and grid operationsto provide down reserves, e) increase in the flexibility of RPG and commit additional operating reserves.

Solar photovoltaic generation integrated in the distribution system have the impacts [57], [58] such as reverse power flow, voltage rise and fluctuations, interactions with OLTC, reactive power compensators, power quality, over current and overvoltage protection coordination, and modification of feeder section loading. The scope of this study also includes: a) identification of local and/or system wide impacts of RPG on the power distribution grid, b) guidelines and best practices to meet expected impacts as a function of the penetration level of RPG, c) mitigation measures for any contingencies, d) PV inverter performance tests for different vendor-specific devices. NREL’s technical report on high penetration PV distribution [59] classifies the impact levels interms of overload, voltage, reverse power flow, system protection, and contingency conditions.

4.1. Model based study for assessing PV impacts Two important aspects of model based study for assessing PV impactsare: a) development of system models and necessary data for time series analysis, and b) performing the analysis to understand the impact of adding PV to the electric grid. These models are also based on planned changes in the network topology, faster control equipment, load forecasting, and new distributed energy resources. Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the basic steps of PV model development.

4.2. Development of a base case model for PV impact assessment For effective PV impact assessment, the first step is to develop an accurate model of the distribution circuit integrating the PV system, then adding all other components such as LTC transformers, voltage regulators, capacitors, breakers, reclosers, fuses, sectionalizers, switches, and control parameters, including time delays and dead bands with their characteristics and location. Customer load and PV generation models with respect to selection of PV inverters, priority setting of smart PV inverter operations dealing with low/high voltage ride through, volt-watt/volt-VAR control, including time-varying representation should also be accounted in this model.

Power flow analyses are performed repeatedly to assess the impact of PV equipment in the distribution system in terms of of voltage and thermal loading and loss of PV generation with/without feeder operations. Various mitigation techniques for high penetration PV impacts are influenced by PV inverter operation capabilities such as power factor operation, reactive power compensation, dynamic voltage control, Impact of renewable energy in Indian electric power system (V. Saravanan)

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and priority setting are carried out after assessment. Figure 2 explains various steps of performing a PV impact study.

Figure1. Flowchart for PV model development

Figure 2. Flowchart for performing PV impact studies Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 297 – 309

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Drivers and barriers influencing renewable energy transition: The key drivers are increasing public awareness of climate change and the need for mitigating action, sustained reduction in the cost of renewables, technological progress, new markets and business models and energy security. Significant barriers are changing public regulations creating an unstable investment landscape, rigid requirements leading to costly supply chains, lack of digital mindset and digital technology skills, access to adequate infrastructure and shifting away from the oil, gas and coal industries.

Drivers and barriers influencingthe transition from a power grids perspective: The key drivers are the need for renewables integration, system expansion to deal with load growth, digitalization to enable the management of decentralized resources, data and information energy trading between multiple stakeholders and energy security. Significant barriers are: lack of appropriate utility business models and the fear of stranded investments, lack of collaboration between stakeholders, insufficient interoperability of HVDC systems, massive investment and workforce skills.

The following points should be considered for renewable energy transition are: a) active and proactive power system development and operations, b) hybrid generation for optimization, c) strengthened cyber security governance, cyber security practices, protecting personal data, and build cyber security capability, d) harness and develop the power of digital technology, e) develop and diversify the business portfolio in different business segments and geographies, f) financial discipline and flexibility to grow, maintain and re-invest, and g) develop an agile, digitally adept and sustainable workforce.

5.

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE INDIA POWER SYSTEM India’s total installed generating capacity is around 388.133 GW as on August 2021, which comprises of 234.258 GW of thermal, 46.412 GW of hydro, 100.683 GW of renewable and 6.78 GW of nuclear generation [60]. The country’s electric grid is demarcated into five operating regions as shown in Figure 3, and its peak power demand is expected to increase to 520 GW in 2036–2037. India committed to United Nations Paris Agreement on climate change to meet the power generation capacity with renewable energy sources through various policy mechanisms and operational infrastructure.

Figure 3. Indian electricity grid-five operating regions

6.

PATH WAYS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION IN INDIAN POWER GRID, STUDIES CONDUCTED BY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Government of India (GoI) have set a target of acheiving 175 GW from renewable energy (RE) by 31 December 2022 and 40% of electricity capacity addition through RE (i.e ) 450 GW by 2030 by increased deployment of wind and solar capacity, supported by rapid changes in technology costs and performance factors. Increased deployment of RPG needs a new dimension in power system planning with respect to optimal siting of generation capacity, tradeoffs between generation and transmission infrastructure, and Impact of renewable energy in Indian electric power system (V. Saravanan)

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system flexibility needs. GoI have focused towards clean energy transition to cater future energy demand in more sustainable and responsible manner, while meeting its global commitment towards climate action.

Cost effective action plan is suggested for the operation of Indian power system through various operational strategies like shifting from a thermal power generation to renewablebased power generation, additionalinvestments in PV based RPG and increased use of battery energy storage system (BESS). To achieve least cost pathways for India’s electric power sector, an action plan is suggested for the operation of Indian power system which are based on: a) shifting from a thermal-based system to a renewable-based system, b) by having additional investments in new capacity with respect to VRE and demand, c) use of BESS, d) Increased PV based RPG. To integrate 175 GW of RE into India’s power system by the year 2022, power system planners uses weather/power system modeling (both national and regional) for meeting renewable energy targets and evaluatessuitable actions favorable for grid integration. National model employs production cost model which finds optimal scheduling and dispatch of available power generation to manage the variability and uncertainty associated with integrating of RE.The national model [61] evaluates major energy flows across the country and role of coal-dominant states with less RE potential to facilitate system balancing. The national model is based on day-ahead scheduling with respect to site-specific RE generation forecasts, economic dispatch on 15-minute operational timescale, transmission flows between states, operational/technical/commercial features of each available generating resource and its practices.

Regional model includes intrastate transmission details used to investigate power system operations in each of the states for significant growth in RE capacity. This regional modelincludes all transmission lines and substations within each of the states, to provide robust view of localized operations which can offer more relevant insight to support state-level planning. National model checks a larger number of scenarios and strategies in short run time,whereas high-resolution regional model ensures better computational efficiency and provide thoughtful insights for policy makers to assess the impact of in-state transmission constraints on system flexibility and analyse the impact of RE site selection/state-level transmission planning on RE curtailment through various RE integration strategies which can impact the operations of conventional/ RE generation at the state level. Renewable energy supply curve including wind and solar are used to characterize the potential sites available for RPG deployment and evaluate its fesibility through detailed weather data, geospatial constraints, and economic assumptions which are presented in Figure 4.

NREL grid integration studies [62] have affirmed the technical and economic viability of integrating 175 GW of RE into India's electricity grid by 2022. The two-volume study report titled, “Greening the grid: pathways to integrate 175 gigawatts of renewable energy into India's electric grid vol. 1, national study and vol. 2, regional study gives details, how India's electricity grid can manage the variability and uncertainty of RE target of 175 GW by 2022, which uses advanced weather and power system model to explore its operational impact and identify possible favorable for integration.

This work is conducted by an initiative co-led by Ministry of Power, GoI, and U.S. agency for international development under the U.S India strategic clean energy partnership 2030 and World Bank’s energy sector management assistance program. This team comprised a core group from the power system operation corporation limited, national renewable energy laboratory, and Lawrence Berkeley national laboratory, and central electricity authority, powergrid (the central transmission utility), and various state load dispatch centers. This study addresses two critical challenges such as: a) enabling conventional thermal plants to flexibly generate electricity and b) increasing power grid balancing areas.

The national study of the report (vol. 1) uses a production cost model based on optimal scheduling and dispatch of available generation to minimize the total production costs subject to physical, operational, and market constraints on a 15 minutes interval. To investigate system operations in each of the states with the potential for significant growth in RE capacity in the country, this study also uses a higher-resolution regional model (vol. 2) that includes intrastate transmission details.

Results of the study provides excellent operational performance of these national/regional models to integrate175 GW of RE by the year 2022 through national/regional corordination and scheduling strategies with enhanced power system flexibility with existing coal reserves, year round generation–demand balancing for every 15 minutes period of 2022 with better cost savings.

Power system balancing with 175 GW of RE is achievable with minimal integration challenges, reduced fuel consumption and emissions by meeting regulatory targets, expanding transmission in strategic locations, and planning for future flexibility and reliable operation of the power system. Figure 5 shows the impact of RE integration strategies on production costs and RE curtailment.

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Figure 4. Renewable energy supply curve model

Figure5. Impact of RE integration strategies on production costs and RE curtailment

Greening the grid–renewable integration and sustainable energy (GTG-RISE) identified two approaches to better organize regional power markets to improve power-generation scheduling and dispatching to accelerate RE integration: a) model benefits and provide technical assistance to en large power-grid balancing areas from individual states to a regional or national market for day-a head (DAM) and real-time markets (RTM), b) automate the open-access approval process and reduce the lead time to conclude power exchange tradesin the national open access registry (NOAR). BESS in transmission and economic evaluation and quantification of BESS for ancillary market includes: a) implementation of various use cases of grid-connected BESS through softwareand hardware interventions, b) deployment of new controller unit, meters (at load sub-station & RE plant) and workstations, c) installation of hardware switches/cable connections between new server and controller unit, d) software update of the existing SCADA system e) enabling GPRS communication link between meters located at load point and solar PV, and f) use of software modelling tool for assessing impact of BESS inproviding primary and secondary regulation support.

[63] Potential planning and policy actions to support RE integration includes national/state level planning to ensure sufficient interstate transmission, regulatory/policy guidelines to optimize generation and Impact of renewable energy in Indian electric power system (V. Saravanan)

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transmission buildouts with enhanced coordination of scheduling and dispatch between states and regions, flexible use of coal reserves/hydel resources depending on system requirements with suitable incentive mechanisms, development of time oriented tariff structure ensuring optimized production costs through supporting simulation softwares, flexibilble power purchase agreements for RE to limit financial risks for stakeholders with enough load/generation forecasting tools.

Energy transition in India will be a reality, by ensuring carbon-negative future to protect the environment by reducing CO2 emissions, reducing the import of fossil fuels and by creating climate resilient renewable infrastructure. GoI also made lot of initiatives and reforms related to land issues for RPG projects, imposing basic customs duty on balance of systems cost, developing core competency in semiconductor manufacturing, subsidizing solar manufacturing sector, reducing the cost of capital, providing loans,and financial support to the state governments to boost investor confidence.[64]

7.

CONCLUSION India’s global renewable energy leadership can be achieved through by setting RE target of 450 GW by 2030, building action evidence for reforms, adopting to innovations and market-based approach. This paper explores the impact of high penetration of RE on the system planning methodologies and its effective integration approaches. As the RE penetration level rise, its system performance characteristics similar to those of traditional generators should be evolved after a careful examination of standards, policies, and incentives along with the development of smart inverters and control methodologies. Policy and regulatory frameworks are needed to enable cost-effective investments and system operations for the dedicated renewable energy infrastructure through regulatory peer to peer partnerships among states, system operators, partnerships and private segment engagement. This approach will allow utilities, project developers and financing institutions to mobilize necessary expertise and fundingto resolve issues related to land use, electricity prices, quality of supply, emissions, and creation of domestic jobs in the renewable energy sector.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported by Indo-Sri Lanka Joint Research Program by department of science andtechnology (DST), Government of India and Ministry of Science, technology andresearch (MSTR), Government of Sri Lanka, through grant in aids DST: 14.00.31.14.60.798.60.3425 and MSTR/TR/AGR/3/02/13 respectively.

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Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications V. Saravanan1, K. M. Venkatachalam2, M. Arumugam3, M. A. K. Borelessa4, K. T. M. U. Hemapala5 1,2,3Department

of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Srilanka

4,5Department

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Power electronic converters have been actively researched and developed over the past decades. There is a growing need for new solutions and topography to increase the reliability and efficiency of alternatives with lower cost, size and weight. Resistor source converter is one of the most important power electronic converters that can be used for AC-DC, AC-AC, DC-DC and DC-DC converters which can be used for various applications such as photovoltaic systems, wind power systems, electricity. Vehicles and fuel cell applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of Z-source converters and their implementation with new configurations with advanced features, emerging control strategies and applications.

Received Dec 8, 2020 Revised Jul 24, 2021 Accepted Aug 2, 2021 Keywords: Control strategies Impedance source converter Power converter Topological developments Z-source converter

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: V. Saravanan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Arunai Engineering College Tiruvannamalai 606 603, Tamilnadu, India Email: vsaranaec@yahoo.co.in

1.

INTRODUCTION This paper reviews the developments made in the field of Z source converter from the year 2018 to till date addressing several structures with detailed analysis of operations, its switching patterns, modulation techniques, control methods and different applications.

Impedance (Z) source converter was introduced by Peng in 2002 which allows single stage conversion with buck and boost capability and eliminates the need for dead-time protection. The short circuit of leg switches, named as shoot-through, which can be used for boosting the input voltage. Many derivatives of this basic topology are developed by various researchers throughout the world and adopted to all existing types of power converters, i.e., DC–AC, DC–DC, AC–DC, and AC–AC. These topologies are aimed to increase the conversion system reliability and efficiency with decreased cost, volume, and weight. The topologies are used for various applications such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind energy conversion, fuel cells, uninterruptible power systems, motor drives, energy storage systems, and power factor correction [1], [2].

Abdelhakim et al. has presented classification and review of modulation schemes of the three-phase impedance source inverters. They classified different types of modulation schemes such as three phase leg shoot through based (3P) modulation schemes; and single phase leg ST based (1P) modulation schemes. The existing widely used pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for Z source inverter (ZSI) includes simple constant boost control (SCPWM), maximum boost control (MPWM) and maximum constant boost control (MCPWM) sinusoidal PWM, sinusoidal PWM with 3rd harmonic injection and space vector modulation Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com

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(SVM). The state of the art modulation schemes are simulated using MATLAB/PLECS and experimentally assessed using a 3 kVA three phase ZSI [3], [4].

Li and Cheng have made study on various topologies of improved Z-source inverters and observed its performance through MATLAB simulation and they suggested that diode-assisted extended and embedded ZSI can be used for fuel-cell generation, photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation and other new energy applications [5].

2.

Z SOURCE INVERTER TOPOLOGIES This section deals with design, development and experimental validation of single phase/three phase, modified and special type of ZSI topologies employing either inductors, capacitors and diodes or coupled inductors which have features like high voltage gain, reduced stress on the capacitors and inductors, soft start characteristics, inhibited inrush current, reduced switching losses and having better efficiency and reliability. These inverters will produce three level or higher voltage levels with better waveform quality with low total harmonic distortion. Development of new ZSI topologies by rearranging the passive elements, locating the voltage sources at prominent locations is also discussed. The quantitative and qualitative analysis is done in both the continuous current mode and discontinuous current mode. Operation of these ZSI topologies can be controlled by conventional modulation strategies or any special modulation schemes such as model predictive control or sliding mode control techniques. Simulation of these topologies are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, PSIM, PLECS, PSCAD/EMTDC platforms and experiment validations are done in DSP/FPGA, Opal RT platform with scaled down laboratory prototype [6]-[42].

Surapaneni and Das had worked out Z source derived coupled inductor based high voltage gain micro inverter. Closed-loop control is implemented with TI DSP 28335 (Delfino) control-card. Agilent Technologies E4360A PV simulator is used on the dc side. An auxiliary multi winding fly back converter controlled by LM5160DNT is designed to supply isolated power to the drivers from photovoltaics (PV) simulator. Experimental results are demonstrated for a 250-W prototype at different operating points, which show that the switch voltage spike is limited and the micro inverter have high voltage gain capability for interfacing the low dc voltage output of PV module to single-phase ac grid [6].

Singh et al. presented state space average modeling, design, and operation of a single phase modified ZSI integrated with a split primary isolated battery charger for dc charging of electric vehicle batteries. Simulations and experimental setup are carried out for the operation of a 3.3-kW proposed inverter charger. This topology can be applied to a centralized configuration for charging in semi commercial locations such as a parking lot of a shopping mall. For residential applications, this idea can be extended to string inverters with the charger side of the string inverter configurations connected in series or parallel for current sharing [7].

Bussa et al. have developed two single-phase switched LC (SLC)-ZSIs (Type 1 SLC-ZSI and Type 2 SLC-ZSI) to achieve high-voltage gains at low values of D with lower passive component count as compared to SLZSIs. The proposed inverters can be used in various DC–AC and DC–DC power conversions in renewable energy applications due to their high-voltage gain, better immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise and higher reliability. Scaled down experimentation has been carried out to verify the performance of the proposed inverters [8].

Luong et al. introduced a new single-phase five-level Z-source T-type inverter which allows the power switches in a phase-leg conducting simultaneously without any problems. It can produce the buckboost output voltage with a single-stage power conversion controlled through two shoot-through control strategies. Simulation results using PSIM software are provided along with 400-W prototype to confirm properties of the proposed concepts [9].

Liu et al. have summarized of 2 ω power-decoupling techniques for single-phase ZSIs/qZSIs and explained its advantages and disadvantages, possible potential applications. An implementation example of an APF-based three-to-single-phase qZS-MC is also dealt [10].

Deepankar, et al. presented a three-winding mutually coupled inductor-based LZSI. For the validation of theoretical analysis, a 540-W prototype is designed and implemented [11].

Zhang had investigated unified control strategy employing space vector pulse width modulation for grid-connected PV system which compensate the reactive power and restrain the current harmonics.

Simulation and hardware implementation is carried out based on the digital signal processor (DSP), which can effectively regulate active and reactive power generated by the grid-connected PV system [12].

Ahmad et al. had presented three-phase switched-boost modified ZSI topologies such as switchedboost ZSI, DC-qZSI, and CC-qZSI with improved boost capabilities. In these topologies, the voltage gain is increased significantly by adding one auxiliary switch and one diode without using additional passive components. Operating principle, steady-state analysis, voltage gain, voltage stress, current stress, stored Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications (V. Saravanan)

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energy analysis, power loss, total harmonic distortion, and efficiency analysis are carried out to highlight the advantages of the proposed inverter topologies as compared to the conventional ZSIs [13].

Ahmad et al. have presented two switched ZSI based on capacitor and diode assisted extended type with high voltage conversion ratio having a wide range of duty cycle operation and continuous source current checked with simple boost switching algorithm. Simulation results of capacitor assisted and diode assisted switched capacitor-extended boost are carried for duty cycle at 0.2 and modulation index at 0.8 in PSIM environment and steady state capacitor voltages, AC output voltage, load voltage, load current, voltage across diodes, inductors currents and switch voltages are obtained. The experimental verification is performed using FPGA NEXYS DDR 7 controller [14].

Sajadian and Ahmadi have presented model predictive control of dual mode ZSI with capability to operate in islanded and grid connected mode. The main predictive controller objectives are direct decoupled power control in grid-connected mode and load voltage regulation in islanded mode. The proposed controller offers seamless transition between the two modes of operations without causing significant deviation in voltage and current due to mismatch in phase, frequency, and amplitude of voltages, which was experimentally validated using the PLECS RT Box [15].

Sajadian and Ahmadi have worked out a robust model predictive-based control strategy for grid-tied ZSIs for PV applications with low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. This system has two operation modes: normal grid condition and grid fault condition modes. In normal grid condition mode, the maximum available power from the PV panels is injected into the grid and the system can provide reactive power compensation as a power conditioning unit for ancillary services from DG systems to main ac grid. In case of grid faults, the system changes the behaviour of reactive power injection into the grid for LVRT operation according to the grid requirements to meet both the power quality issues and reactive power injection under abnormal grid conditions. The system operation is verified experimentally in dSPACE 1006 platform, the results demonstrate fast dynamic response to account the change in solar insolation, small tracking error in steady-state, and simple control scheme [16].

Guo et al. have proposed a new modulation strategy named 3D-SVPWM method to reduce the leakage current for Z-source four-leg transformer less PV inverter to achieve the step-up function and constant common mode voltage and suppression of the leakage current. The proposed strategy is digitally implemented and tested on the TMS320F28335 DSP and XC3S400 FPGA controlled hardware platform [17].

Chauhan et al. had studied non zero discontinuous inductor current mode in certain Z-source converters in which constant current phenomenon appears, existence condition and case study along with performance parameters analysis [18].

Chen et al. proposed an equivalent rule of source placement in different positions of the impedance source network. The rule is feasible to find out all the possible sub networks from its parent-network methodically by just changing the positions of the voltage source. Performance differences of the corresponding sub networks caused by the different positions of voltage source are discussed. Simulations and experiments are implemented with dc load to validate the rule of source placement for the Z impedance source network (ZISN) capacitor assisted quasi Z impedance source network (CAZISN) [19].

Zhu et al. have developed a new half-bridge impedance source inverter with high voltage conversion ratio by having small shoot-through duty cycle. The topological configuration, operating principle, power loss analysis, and performance comparison are presented and they suggested that this topology can be applicable for the electrochemical and electroplating applications [20].

Aleem et al. presented a new family of impedance source inverters employing a high frequency electrical isolation between the inverter bridge switches and the load along with voltage clamping across the DC-link voltage. In PV systems, the addition of the high frequency transformer provides safety by avoiding the injection of DC circulating current into the grid, without the need of an external bulky line frequency transformer. The gain of this inverter design can be accurately selected by choosing the turn’s ratio of the HFT or by adjusting the shoot-through duty cycle (STDC) to the inverter, which a greater freedom especially when utilizing a higher modulation index, with the STDC allowing dynamic gain adjusts to be done speedily during operation of the inverter. This technique provides benefits not only in improving the output voltage quality, but also in reducing voltage stress of the active and passive components by minimizing the voltage spikes across the switching devices. PSIM Simulations are provided for the proposed class of isolated inverters to verify their working along with experimental investigation [21].

Chauhan et al. have reported switched inductor-impedance source inverter (L-ZSI) based hybrid converter as a potential candidate for dual output (DC and AC) applications. This converter has two operating modes based on inductor current nature: continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous current mode (DCM). Also a modified hybrid L-ZSI (MHLZSI) was reported to demarcate the CCM and DCM, boundary condition based on the average inductor current. Theoretical analysis is presented by taking Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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into account the effect of inductor current ripple to prove that MHLZSI is capable of achieving higher gain when operated in DCM. Theoretical analysis is validated by experimental analysis [22].

Ho and Chun have presented the topology and maximum boost control based modulation technique for three phase three-level modified Z-source neutral-point-clamped (MZS-NPC) inverter, having twice the value of boost factor and a balanced the dc-link neutral-point voltage. A closed loop control of the ac load voltage in the fuel-cell or photovoltaic applications is realized for the system, in order to supply a desired voltage to the critical load in islanding mode of a microgrid. The boosting ability and operation validity of the proposed topology and modulation technique are demonstrated with PSIM simulation and experimental results with a 32-bit DSP-type TMS320F28335 [23].

Nozadian et al. have studied high step-up switched Z-source inverters (HSZSIs) with two main groups namely types I and II used for renewable power systems which has higher boost factor. A new objective function is defined so that all compared parameters can be investigated with each other simultaneously. The power losses and efficiency analyses for all of the proposed structures are done and compared with the conventional structures. It is shown that for Pout of 200 W, the measured efficiencies for basic HSZSI type I, quasi-HSZSI type I, basic HSZSI type II and quasi-HSZSI type II are 91, 85, 96, and 92%, respectively [24].

Bussa et al. have proposed enhanced high gain switched inductor capacitor Z Source inverter, which has lesser number of elements to achieve high gain inversion ay low duty region. It gives continuous input current at reduced high frequency ripple. The steady state behavior of this inverter is verified through PSIM based simulation and scaled down 250 W laboratory prototype [25].

Kumar et al. have discussed about switched boost inverter for continuous and discontinuous and also for non zero discontinuous current mode (NZ-DCM) of operation. The analytical expression during NZ-DCM is derived and analyzed in terms of peak to peak ripple inductor current. A modified switched boost inverter which consists of an extra active switch antiparallel across the diode is checked through MATLAB simulation and experimental results are presented [26].

Xu proposed five new control methods such as asymmetric a + b method, symmetric a + b method, semi - symmetric a + b method, asymmetric a x b method and symmetric a x b method for single-phase ZSI having optimized closed-loop control scheme with better harmonic elimination performance. Experimental results are obtained from a 1kW un-isolated ZSI prototype have been demonstrated the effectiveness of the control methods which has better performance with reduced harmonics, more flexible voltage gain, and simple algorithm [27].

Yilmaz and Erkmen have analysed an iterative reduction based heuristic algorithm (IRHA) based closed loop control and space vector PWM (SVPWM) control of the ZSI. The third harmonic addition method is used to realize the SVPWM structure in programmable embedded environment. The control parameters are optimally determined by IRHA to overcome the problem of instability. The controllers are implemented in single field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip using hardware description language without help of any IP core units which increases speed, accuracy, compactness and cost efficiency.

Furthermore, power consumption of the controllers is lower than conventional ones which is prominent advantage of employing FPGAs. The effectiveness and accuracy of the control structure are verified by experimental results [28].

Lyu et al. proposed a novel permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driven system based on isolated shoot through Z-source inverter (IST-ZSI) having the features of higher boost factor and modulation but also provide a large regulation range of the output voltage. For the PMSM drive system, a variable damping injection controller is proposed via the passivity-based control and maximum torque per ampere control principle. Then, the load torque observer is designed to improve the stability of the PMSM system with uncertain load torque. The simulation and experimental results show that the variable damping injection control has satisfactory dynamic and static control performance [29].

Chen et al. proposes a sliding mode control method with a multi power approaching law (MPAL) for the DC-link control of inverters. This novel approach can solve the slow convergence rate and serious buffeting of the traditional sliding mode control. The proposed approach makes the system state reach the sliding surface rapidly. The inherent buffeting of the sliding-mode control is simultaneously weakened and even eliminated in a few cases. Matlab simulation and Opal RT based experimental analyses prove that the proposed sliding-mode control with an MPAL features significant advantages unlike the traditional slidingmode control and provides a certain practical value [30].

Asl et al. have proposed a new switching pattern for switched ZSIs which can generate general boost factor with different functions. The proposed modulation technique is a general technique and can be applied for all types of switched boost inverters, switched ZSIs and active ZSIs, which does not use additional passive elements in comparison with the conventional ZSI. Moreover, variable boost factor with ability of changing both switching factor and shoot-through duty cycle makes these inverters more valuable Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications (V. Saravanan)

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than transformer-based ZSI. The extraction of equations and steady-state analyses for a type of switched ZSIs in different operating modes is presented. In addition, the design considerations and calculation of critical inductance in the new switching pattern are given. The logical diagram of the switching pattern is introduced and comparison between different types of switched ZSIs with the proposed switching pattern from different aspects is done. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are given to show the good agreement between the theoretical and measured results [31].

Kojabadi et al. proposed high boost trans-z-source inverter with continuous input current. Because of the high boosting capability of the proposed inverter, the modulation index will be higher with lower shoot-through duty ratio. Higher modulation index will lead to improved total harmonic distortion of the output voltage. The effectiveness and validity of the inverter are provided with experimental and simulation results [32].

Gambhir et al. have worked out current-fed switched inverter (CFSI), a derivative of ZSI) having the advantages of lower component count, single stage conversion, high gain, and inherent shoot-through protection. However, due to the limitation of modulation index, CFSI is forced to operate at higher DC-link voltage, which leads to voltage stress across the switches and capacitors. To mitigate this problem, a new PWM technique is proposed, where CFSI can be operated at a lower DC-link voltage by increasing the modulation index, which increases peak-to-peak ripple in the inductor current and leads to condition of early DCM. So a variable duty cycle (VDC) scheme is implemented, which reduces the peak-to-peak ripple in the input inductor current and increases the CCM operating range of CFSI [33].

Kumar et al. selected a generalized switched inductor cell for Z-source network for integration. The quantitative and qualitative analysis is done for the proposed converter in both the continuous current mode and discontinuous current mode. The analysis shows that a higher voltage gain can be achieved in the discontinuous current mode as compared to the continuous current mode. To control the proposed converter, two new modulation techniques are proposed i.e. full shoot through and upper shoot through/lower shoot through. Finally, the proposed converter is validated experimentally in both the modes and for different modulation techniques [34].

Ding et al. proposed a cockcroft-walton multiplier voltage (CWMV) impedance-source inverter consisting of a modified CWMV circuit and an impedance-source inverter. CWMV qZSI possess continuous input current, small voltage overshoot across the bridge, limited voltage and current stresses on components, higher boost capability. The operating modes of the CWMV qZSI, voltage and current stress of each device are analyzed, the small signal model of the circuit is established, and a PID controller with good control performance is designed. The theoretical analysis was verified by a 1 kW laboratory prototype. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical analysis [35].

Shuai and Qianfan have analyzed current ripple of ZSI the expression of current ripple is derived and the current ripples of ZSI and voltage-source inverter (VSI) are compared. A variable DC-link voltage and switching frequency method was adopted to reduce conduction and switching losses without increasing the predicted peak current ripple. These theoretical findings were further verified by simulations and experiments [36].

Asl et al. proposed double fed and double switch active ZSI having high voltage gain by using improved simple boost modulation technique. Steady state analysis of the inverter in different operating modes such as ST operating mode, adjacent non ST operating mode and non adjacent non ST operating modes are presented. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software and corresponding experiments are presented to verify its effectiveness [37].

Fang et al. investigated a series-type switched-inductor Z-source inverter (SSI-ZSI) topology having better voltage gain, reduced capacitor voltage stress, soft start characteristics, and inhibited inrush current.

The circuit structure and operating principle are analyzed in simple boost control scheme in detail through MATLAB/Simulink simulation model and the experimental platforms to verify it’s the rationality and superiority [38].

Huynh et al. proposed asymmetrical embedded MZS-3LTI (AEMZS-3LTI) and symmetrical embedded MZS-3LTI (SEMZS-3LTI) topologies provide a highly boosted ac output voltage with five voltage levels and ensure a continuous dc source current by adopting the embedded concept. Operating analysis is performed and a comparison of the two proposed topologies with five different topologies combining the impedance network and 3LTI or neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter is provided. A novel modulation technique is proposed for effectively controlling the upper and lower shoot-through states with a simple logic circuit and balancing a neutral-point voltage. The validity of the proposed topologies and the modulation technique is demonstrated through PSIM simulation and experimental results [39].

Dong et al. have developed switched-coupled-inductor Z-source inverter (SCIZSI), based on the switched-and-coupled inductor technology which has higher voltage-boosting capability, sharing a common ground point between the DC source and the inverter bridge, reduced input diode and capacitor voltage Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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stress. The operating principles, impedance-network design, voltage and current stress are presented. The theoretical findings were verified by simulation and experimental results [40].

Asghar et al. presented LC ZSI with minimized capacitor voltage stress with same boost factor with reduced volume as that of conventional Z source inverter. The advantages of the proposed structure are verified by simulation and implementation [41].

Ding et al. proposes extensible Z source inverter architecture (EZSI) which provides high voltage gain at a small shoot through duty ratio, which improves the output waveform quality. EZSI can be constructed with modularity using low voltage components to construct a high power single stage inverter.

Experimental verification are carried out for 1 kW prototype to validate the theoretical analysis [42].

3.

QUASI Z SOURCE INVERTER TOPOLOGIES This section deals with design, development and experimental validation of switched/ enhanced/ extended/ cascaded multilevel boost, battery energy stored, Trans, modified, multi input/ multi output, high frequency sic based quasi ZSI topologies for photovoltaic, microgrid applications. Open circuit/short circuit fault diagnosis of quasi ZSI topologies is also dealt [43]-[81].

Nguyen et al. have developed two switched capacitor quasi switched boost single phase inverters having the features of continuous input current, high voltage gain with single stage conversion having low voltage stress on active switches, capacitors, and diodes. A 500-W prototype is built to verify its operation in both the standalone mode and the grid-connected mode. Simulations are carried out in PSIM environment and experimental results are done in TMS320F28335 DSP control platform with PI and PLL controller to validate the theoretical analysis [43].

Nguyen et al. have introduced high voltage gain quasi-switched boost inverters (HG-qSBIs) controlled through novel PWM control technique, which has characteristics such as: a) continuous input current with low ripple, b) reduced voltage stress on the capacitor, switch and diodes, c) shoot-through immunity, d) achieved high voltage gain with single-stage conversion, and e) improve the output voltage capability with using high modulation index. A 500 W prototype was built in the laboratory to test the proposed HG-qSBI. The PWM control signals of the switches are produced by TMS320F28335 DSP through DE0-Nano FPGA card. Simulation and experimental verifications are shown to prove the accuracy of the theoretical analysis [44].

Zhu et al. dealt with a new single-stage high boost quasi-ZSI based on the active switched Z-impedance network which provides higher voltage boost factor, draws continuous input current, shares the same ground between the input source and the bridge inverter with doubled output voltage.It has lower active switching voltage stress, lower passive component voltage ratings and lower shoot-through current stress with lower input current ripple. A laboratory prototype based on the TMS320F28335 DSP was constructed and tested with 60 V dc input and ac 110 Vrms phase output confirmed that the proposed inverter has high boost voltage inversion capability [45].

Dong and Zhang have presented a novel active-switched-capacitor/inductor quasi-Z-source inverter (ASC-qZSI) with an anti-parallel switch which allows both discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and continuous conduction mode (CCM).Detailed analysis of the voltage regulation capability, inductor current ripples, switching devices stresses, and converter loss are carried on for CCM and DCM, which are verified through simulation and experimental verification [46].

Majeed and Chughtai proposed two new multi-cell schemes for ASC-qZSI and active-switched capacitor/ switched-inductor qZSI (ASC/SL-qZSI) topologies. Detailed theoretical models for the proposed schemes are developed. Appropriate simulations and experimental studies have been carried out which verify the theoretical proposals. The proposed topologies can be useful in practical applications requiring large DC-AC voltage gain for example in renewable systems with low-voltage sources like photo voltaics or fuelcells [47].

Reza et al. have developed quasi switched boost inverter having the features like very low continuous input current, reduced voltage/current stress, shoot through immunity, single stage conversion, and improved voltage quality. The operation, steady state analysis and design guidelines for the proposed converter is explained and demonstrated through 400 W laboratory prototype [48].

Nguyen et al. presented a novel PWM control strategy for the DC link quasi switched boost inverter (DqSBI). The modified PWM control strategy based DqSBI improves the voltage gain and reduces the conduction loss and the inductor current ripple. Circuit analysis and comparison study between the DqSBI, the quasi-Z-source inverters, and the two-stage inverter with a boost DC-DC converter are presented. 1 kVA three phase inverter prototypes were set up to compare and evaluate the performance of the DqSBI with the improved PWM method for voltage gains of 0.85 to 1.6. The measured efficiency and total harmonic distortion (THD) values are also presented [49].

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Abbasi et al. have proposed two topologies namely embedded switched-inductor qZSI (ESL-qZSI) and improved embedded switched-inductor qZSI (iESL-qZSI), find applications in battery-, photovoltaic-, or fuel-cell-powered systems controlled by simple boost PWM control method. Evaluations of these topologies are carried out with PSCAD/EMTDC software which produces extended the voltage gain and reduced ripple content [50].

Gu et al. have developed enhanced boost quasi ZSI with an active switched Z-network which has continuous input current, high boost factor and reduced current stress across switches, reduced conduction loss of switches, and improved efficiency. The proposed topology has been simulated on the open-loop configuration using ideal components in the PSIM program and the laboratory prototype was constructed based on a TMS320F28335 DSP with the same operation conditions as for simulation [51].

Zhu et al. have proposed a new family of high boost qZSIs with combined active switched inductor boost network which provides continuous input current and higher boost voltage inversion capability, shares common ground between the input source and the inverter bridge, which would be applicable for the renewable energy system with low-voltage distributed dc sources. This topology has higher modulation index with improved output voltage waveform quality, and lower switching voltage stress across the power switches. This inverter uses smaller inductance values compared with the conventional topologies, so the size and weight of the passive components can be reduced. A laboratory prototype based on the TMS320F28335 digital signal processor with 60 V dc input and 110 Vrms ac output was constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed inverter [52].

Pan et al. have discussed an enhanced-boost bi-directional qZSI with novel active switched inductor (SL) cells (named as Active-SLs qZSI). The proposed active SL cell replaces three diodes in the conventional SL cell of the qZSI with two capacitors and one active switch, thus allowing bi-directional power flow and achieving higher boost factor. The Z-source network (ZSN) diode is also replaced by an active switch. This active-SLs QZSI has less current stress of ZSN, higher efficiency and higher boost factor. A modified Space Vector Modulation (MSVM) is introduced to reduce the switching frequency of active switches of ZSN. Both simulation and experimental results validate theoretical analysis of the proposed active-SLs QZSI [53].

Ho and Chun had developed single-phase MqZS hybrid three-level inverter which provides higher boost ability and reduces the number of inductors in the source impedance, when compared with single phase three-level neural-point clamped qZSI and single-phase quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter.

Additionally, the developed inverter can be extended to obtain the nine-level output voltage by cascading two three-level pulse width modulation switching cells with a separate MqZS and a dc source. A modified modulation technique based on an alternative phase opposition disposition scheme is suggested to effectively control the shoot-through state for boosting the dc-link voltage and balancing the two series capacitor voltages of the MqZS. The performances of both MqZS-CHI and modulation techniques are verified through PSIM simulation and experimental results controlled by 32-bit DSP type TMS320F28335 [54].

Ge et al. have evaluated state of charge (SOC) balancing control method for a battery energy stored quasi Z source cascaded multilevel inverter based photovoltaic power system(qZS CMI PV). This technique is used to manage all the batteries with identical SOCs during properly compensating fluctuations of PV power. The control method is on the basis of battery SOCs, SOC limits of each module, and the total power injected into the power grid. The control strategy of the battery energy stored qZS-CMI PV power system includes the distributed MPPT control, the grid-injected power control of the system, and the battery energy management of each module. The elaborate battery SOC control ensured all the batteries operating in safe area with the same SOC, even with intermittent PV power. The control also maintained grid-tie power integration with low harmonics for the qZS-CMI PV system. Simulation and experimental results verify the proposed control method that ensures identical SOCs for the battery energy stored qZS CMI PV system [55].

Liang et al. have worked out an analytic model to investigate the 2ω voltage and current ripple of a battery energy-stored single phase quasi-Z-source (BES-qZS)-based photovoltaic (PV) power generation system [56].

Guisso et al. have proposed single DC source quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter (SS qZSCMI) which performs at maximum power point tracking of the PV array with a single inverter module and each of the inverter modules shares an equal amount of the power of the whole system. This inverter has the capacity to equally regulate the peak voltage on each inverter module by means of the dual control loop of the main inverter module and the shoot-trough state of the auxiliary inverter modules, ensuring the symmetry of the cascaded multilevel inverter verified through simulation and experimentation using the TMS320F28335 digital signal processor [57].

Uno and Shinohora proposed a novel module integrated converter based on cascaded qZSIs with differential power processing (DPP) capability. A traditional qZSI and voltage multiplier (VM)-based DPP converter are integrated into a single unit with sharing active switches and magnetic components, achieving system- and circuit-level simplifications. A 150-W prototype for a standard PV panel consisting of three Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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substrings was built, and experimental tests are performed emulating partial shading conditions. The results demonstrated that the proposed integrated qZSI could perform MPPT with satisfactory preventing partial shading issues while generating ac voltage at the inverter output [58].

Singh and Jain presented neutral point clamped quasi-Z-source (NPC-qZS) inverter for renewable energy applications because it yields a continuous input current and voltage boost. A closed loop control of grid-tied three-phase (3-ϕ) NPC-qZS inverter, fed with renewable energy sources, is proposed which has the dynamic model for accurately designed control strategy. The proposed strategy includes the control of gridtied current and the peak dc-link voltage (PDV). The control of grid-tied current is achieved through a damped-second order- generalised integrator. The PDV is estimated indirectly from the voltages of qZS network capacitors and is regulated by an integral-double-lead controller. Two modified modulation techniques based on phase-opposite disposition and in-phase disposition are proposed to yield shoot through by injecting 3rd harmonics for maximum constant boost control. A comparison is drawn between the performance of the proposed controller and sliding-mode controller on the dc side. The controller design and system performance are validated through real-time simulation and experimentation on a practical setup in the laboratory [59].

Liang et al. proposed single-phase energy stored quasi-Z-source cascaded H-bridge (ES-qZS-CHB) inverter PV power system with active and reactive power control which operates both at day and night. The ES-qZS-CHB inverter PV power system usually employs the unity power factor control method to ensure the output current tracking the desired reference in phase with the grid voltage, combining with distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to determine the values of shoot-through duty ratios. These cannot operate at night because there is no PV power input. Meanwhile, as multiple combinations of Dn and modulation ratio Mn could achieve the same voltage gain at night operation. The working approach is: First, a comprehensive control scheme, which addresses the day and night operation, active and reactive power control simultaneously, is proposed; then, an optimization of night operational ES-qZS-CHB inverter to achieve optimal combination of Dn and Mn. Simulation and experimental results validate the day and night operational ES-qZS-CHB inverter and the proposed optimal control technique [60].

Hu et al. have modelled and analyzed an energy stored quasi Z source converter with the battery.

The impact of the network internal resonance on the battery current control loop is explored. An active damping technique is validated experimentally to ensure the extended bandwidth and better dynamic performances under different state of charge occasions, which was verified by the simulations and experiments [61].

Wolski et al. had discussed switching performance and power losses of Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs in a high-frequency qZSI operating at unity power factor. Also a novel modulation method with minimum number of hard switching transitions is developed and illustrated with experimental results of a 100-kHz/6-kW qZSI built with SiC elements having high voltage boost (B= 1.9) and efficiency reaches 97% at nominal conditions [62].

Wolski et al. have compared three inverter topologies such as qZSI, voltage source inverter with a boost converter and a voltage source inverter with an interleaved boost converter. Experimental results obtained from laboratory tests of equivalent 6-kW 100-kHz inverters based on SiC MOSFETs and Schottky diodes are provided. Results of the experiments show that the quasi ZSI topology has input inductor current quality, output voltage quality and also power losses (at high values of input voltage) [63].

Duong et al. proposed an improved PWM scheme for an AqZSI with improved PWM strategy can operate in a wide range of input voltage with higher efficiency. AqZSI can operate with a higher modulation index, a lower inductor current stress, and a reduced shoot-through current. SiC-based three-phase inverter prototypes of rating 1.2 kVA are built to verify the agreement between theory and measurement [64].

Liang et al. explored the double line frequency (DLF) transfer routes in the impedance source network. A comprehensive stress derivation of the passive components and switching devices are obtained for the suppression method enhancement and optimization. For the DLF passive suppression method, the explanation for the passive component volume issue is provided from the stress aspect. The component value solution space and corresponding design guidance are presented. For the DLF active suppression method (ASM), a buck-type dc-side ASM suppression method is employed and its optimization is demonstrated with the assistant circuit stress analysis. The total capacitor and inductor values get reduced by 77% and 25%, respectively. The corresponding pulse width modulation method implementation and the common-mode leakage current demonstration are also presented. The effectiveness of the theoretical analysis and optimization methods is verified by simulations and experiments [65].

Komurcugil et al. have developed a model based current control approach with a compensating of dc-side inductor current ripple, active damping, and virtual time constant for single-phase grid-tied quasi-Zsource inverters with an LCL filter. Experimental results are presented to show the validity and performance of the proposed control approach [66].

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Jain et al. had proposed a predictive power control algorithm that decouples active and reactive power for grid integration of PV systems using a qZSI. The proposed controller uses model predictive control to ensure maximum available power harvested from the PV array and also to control the active and reactive power injection into the grid to compensate reactive power required by local loads to enable stable operation of the grid at the point of common coupling. The proposed controller has the features like simple structure, fast dynamic response under changing sky condition, and negligible tracking error in steady state. Its performance is experimentally verified in dSPACE-DS1007 platform and the grid-side power quality is evaluated which meets the IEEE-519 standard [67].

Bayhan and Komurcugil proposed double-line frequency (2ω) ripple suppression and SMC with time-invariant (fixed) switching frequency methods for single-phase grid-connected three-level neutral-point clamped qZSI. The 2ω ripple suppression method is based on the 1800 phase difference existing between the 2 ω ripple components of the capacitor and inductor voltages in the dc-side. Hence, when these components are added in the closed-loop, a phase cancellation occurs so that the inductor current reference can be generated without 2 ω ripple component. In this case, the actual inductor current, which is forced to track its reference, has no 2 ω ripple component. In addition, the grid current control is achieved via sliding mode control (SMC). Unlike the existing SMC methods, the proposed SMC achieves fixed switching frequency which is made possible by eliminating the discontinuities in the sliding surface function using a boundary layer. The proposed ripple suppression method together with the SMC method offers many advantages such as fast dynamic response, zero grid current error, simple implementation, robustness to parameter variations and fixed switching frequency. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified experimentally under steady-state and transient conditions [68].

Liang et al. have discussed about the working of single-phase, qZSI, PV power system with integrated battery energy storage (BES), abbreviated as BES-qZSI-PV power system in day and night conditions by modifying its power circuit and developed the qZS network parameters’ design to limit the double-line frequency harmonic at the dc side. A control strategy to ensure the high-performance operation of the system at all times, is also proposed. Based on an experimental platform of single-phase BES-qZSI-PV power system, three groups of experimental tests with different qZS network parameters and battery voltages are carried out to verify the model and parameters design method by means of comparing the experimental, circuit-based simulated, and model-based calculated results. The proposed BES-qZSI-PV system performance is experimentally evaluated in steady-state operation and day-to-night transit operation, as well as by the power efficiency curves in day- and night-modes [69].

Xiao et al. proposed a novel variable dc-link voltage control method which can indirectly adjust dclink voltage with an extra PI-regulator. Basic principle of the method is introduced and two design rules of the PI-regulator are illustrated. The proposed method gets rid of the dependence on an extra voltage sensor to measure the input voltage and can reserve fewer margins for the dc-link voltage, which contributes to less cost and higher efficiency of the drive system. Experiments are performed to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method [70].

Vadi et al. have evaluated different control methods for the elimination of ripples that occur at 2ω frequency, both on the perspective of DC control side and AC control side thorough a comparative analysis with existing results. Model of single phase QZS inverter and closed-loop control methods of the inverter are examined and compared with PWM methods. These control methods are used to eliminate the ripples at 2ω frequency in the inverters, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented [71].

Lashab et al. have developed dual input quasi ZSI to harvest more PV power through full utilization of the employed qZ-network in the classical ZSI. This modification offers higher conversion efficiency since the current in the second qZ-network’s inductor is smaller. The voltage of the added PV array is independent of the voltage of the primary array in a wide range, which promotes tracking their maximum power points (MPPs) separately, achieving a higher efficiency even under partial shading. A novel MPPT technique for two PV sources involving four parameters is worked out. The theoretical analysis is validated through realtime hardware-in-the-loop tests using PLECS – RT tool box, and it demonstrates that at least 11% more power can be harvested compared to the conventional qZ-network-based impedance source converters [72].

Bagheri et al. developed a multi-input multi-output (MIMO), SMC methodology with constant switching frequency for single-phase qZSI. The mathematical model of the entire system is derived in statespace form. The proposed SMC is capable of controlling both dc and ac sides of the system concurrently. The proposed control does not require proportional-integral (PI) controller in the dc-side. Furthermore, it offers several advantages such as simple implementation, reduced gain requirement, robustness against system parameters, and zero steady-state error in the load voltage. The fixed switching frequency is attained by altering the sliding manifold behavior inside a boundary layer. The power balance equation is used to generate the dc side inductor current reference. The feasibility of the proposed control method is investigated experimentally when qZSI feeds linear and nonlinear loads [73].

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Shiluveru et al. presented two hybrid multi output buck-boost quasi z-source converters (q-ZSCs) capable of giving two dc and one ac outputs simultaneously from a single dc input. The rationale behind these hybrid multi output q-ZSCs is to have more flexibility on voltage gains as per the load requirements.

All the three outputs of the proposed converters can be independently controlled making them suitable for various applications. These proposed converters are derived from the quasi z-source concept and hence inherit all the properties of q-ZSI which realize buck/boost, single-stage inversion, and power conditioning with improved reliability along with inherent shoot-through protection capability. Detailed steady state operation, loss/efficiency analysis of the proposed converter and discussion on the hybrid pulse width modulation is presented. A detailed comparative analysis among the proposed and other closely related existing multi output converters is carried out. A 310 W prototype is developed to verify the performance of the proposed multi output buck-boost q-ZSC. The proposed converters can be utilized for various modern multi output DC-DC and DC-AC power conversion applications such as renewables and uninterrupted power supplies [74].

Sonkar et al. proposed two 3-φ qZSIs with multiple ac outputs. The proposed topologies are developed from qZSI to obtain parallel mode and series mode 3-φ multi-output inverters. In parallel mode, the topology yields n-number of parallel ac outputs with different voltages and currents for different load conditions. For series mode, topology yields n-number of series ac outputs with same voltages and same load currents. The proposed inverters employ sinusoidal pulse width modulation with constant frequency shootthrough scheme for generating switching signals. The proposed inverters can be used for simultaneous multiple dc/ac power conversion for three-phase microgrid applications and three-phase residential loads.

The proposed topologies with closed-loop control have been implemented for two inverter units, which is capable of supplying two ac outputs simultaneously. The mathematical modelling of the proposed topologies is carried out for performance analysis. The experimental results of 240 W lab prototypes have been presented to validate the proposed three-phase multi-output qZSIs [75].

Fang et al. have presented single-stage boost Tran’s quasi- Z-source inverter topology by describing its basic structure, working principle and its voltage gain is deduced. MATLAB/Simulink simulation is performed to verify the dynamic boost characteristics and experimental results are conducted to verify the feasibility and stability of the circuit [76].

Liang et al. has presented small-signal modeling for the bidirectional qZS by the circuit-averaging technique. It is revealed that the oscillation in the modulation ratio could be triggered by the ac current controller, due to the magnitude margin issue caused by the impedance network, and then instability in the impedance network can be observed, including the system input current, which is validated experimentally [77].

Mahmoudi et al. have presented a torque ripple minimization method for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system that utilizes a modified qZSI. The proposed modified qZS network is designed by adding an extra switching device to the conventional qZS topology and provides a wider range of capabilities for inverter input voltage control e.g. both step-up and step-down operation. It also allows for modification of the traditional switching sequence selection scheme when using the SVM for switching. The provided flexibilities are leveraged to develop a control system that minimizes the torque ripples during PMSM operation while satisfying conventional control objectives such as shaft speed control. The control system is comprised of an input voltage optimization subsystem with the goal of torque ripple minimization which provides the reference for a cascaded modulated model predictive control (MMPC) subsystem for the modified qZS network control, and a motor side predictive control subsystem. The control system employs a new switching sequence selection scheme for SVM modulation to further reduce PMSM torque ripples.

Experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical outcomes [78].

Zhu et al. proposed a new high boost qZSI with combined two quasi-Z-source networks, which has a common ground between the input source and the inverter bridge, having higher boost capability, requires smaller inductance and capacitance values at the impedance network, achieves lower voltage stress across the active switching devices, and has higher modulation index for the inverter bridge to improve the output waveform quality. The topological configuration, operating principles, power loss analysis, and performance comparison with other high boost (q) ZSIs are presented. Simulations and experimental results are made to validate the aforementioned characteristics [79].

Yaghoubi et al. proposed open-circuit fault diagnosis in a three-phase qZSI. This method is more cost-effective since no ultra-fast processor or high-speed measurement is required and it is independent of the load condition. The proposed algorithm includes two consecutive stages: open circuit detection and fault location identification. When both stages of the open circuit fault diagnosis algorithm are done, a redundant leg is activated and utilized instead of the failed leg. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by the experimental results from a low-voltage q-ZSI prototype [80].

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Noroozi et al. proposed cost-effective solution for short-circuit fault diagnosis in a three-phase qZSI. The fault is announced to the processor utilizing a peripheral circuit which covers the fault detection in all switches of the inverter. After the fault detection, a non-maskable interrupt is activated, cutting the central processing unit (CPU) routine, and a fault-diagnosis algorithm is initiated. The exact location of the failed switch is identified through the proposed algorithm. The entire process is accomplished in advance of the critical over-current condition, which typically arises after a short-circuit fault. AqZSI prototype is implemented to verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed method [81].

4.

OPERATION AND CONTROL OF Z SOURCE BASED MATRIX CONVERTER FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS This section deals with operation, control and experimental investigation of Z source-based matrix converter for electrical drive applications [82]-[87]. Srividhya and Venkatesan have described the flow control of dye in the paper mill with qZS indirect matrix converter (QZSIMC) fed induction motor drive. The implementation of space vector modulation operated QZSIMC adjustable speed drive with 4-kW prototype controlled through fuzzy logic, and tested at different voltage sag conditions by simulation in MATLAB, Simulink platform. Experimental setup is executed with the aid of a TMS320F2812 (Texas Instrument) processor, and the results validates that the maintenance of speed of an induction motor at the set condition, thus controlling the perfect flow of dye in paper manufacturing technology [82] Guo et al, proposes an induction motor drive system based on the LC filter integrated quasi-Z source indirect matrix converter (QZS-IMC). The proposed drive system shows the following features: a) variable voltage control of inductor motor is achieved by the rectifier stage and variable frequency control is achieved by the inverter stage, b) automatic low voltage ride through ability enhances capability of the proposed drive against grid voltage sag, c) wide voltage gain range ensures the drive system with high performance in wide speed range, d) there is no additional input filter. The voltage control implementation in the rectifier stage is proposed to benefit low voltage stress and low converter loss. The control method combines motor vector control, minimum shoot-through duty cycle and maximum modulation indexes. As a result, the input power supply voltage and dc-link voltage are maximally utilised and the power loss is reduced. Simulation and experimental results verify the proposed QZS-IMC motor drive system [83].

Liu et al. have worked out qZS three-to-single-phase matrix converter with low-frequency ripple power compensation through model predictive control to eliminate the low-order harmonic components from the three-phase input currents and voltages [84]. Guo et al. had proved abilities of qZS indirect matrix converter (QZS-IMC) such as voltage boost, current filtering, variable voltage, and variable frequency by finding the optimal operation curve of D based on the constrained optimization theory. Simulation and experimental results are validated for the theoretical analysis, the optimal control, and the power loss reduction of the QZS-IMC [85].

Bozorgi and Farasat had investigated cascaded Z-source ultra sparse matrix converter (ZSUSMC) in buck and boost modes of operation controlled by space vector modulation. They also carried out hardwarein-the-loop studies of a ZSUSMC based permanent magnet synchronous motor drive to evaluate its performance. Comparative studies between the proposed modulation schemes are carried out on an HIL setup, which is comprised of an OP4510 real-time simulator from Opal-RT Technologies Inc. and a TI TMS320F28335 DSP [86].

Bozorgi and M. Farasat had evaluated the performance of Z-source ultrasparse matrix converter (ZSUSMC) by implementing through the improved design and controlled through space vector modulation.

Here, HIL tests are carried out to evaluate the performance of the ZSUSMC under the developed modulation schemes and verify the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure in satisfying the current quality requirements of the converter. Input voltage source, input filter, and the ZSUSMC feeding an RL load are modeled on an OP4510 real-time simulator from Opal-RT Technologies, Inc., and the control strategy is executed on a single TI TMS320F28335 DSP. It is verified that by employing the proposed modulation techniques, the converter dynamics can be controlled over a wide range of voltage transfer ratios with highquality input/output currents and unity input power factor [87].

5.

DISCUSSION ON VARIOUS MODULATION SCHEMES IMPLEMENTED FOR THE CONTROL OF Z SOURCE CONVERTERS This section deals with discussion on various modulation schemes implemented for the control of Z source converters such as modified PWM techniques, space vector modulation strategies such as ZSVM1, ZSVM2, ZSVM6, ZSVMD1, ZSVMD6 ZSVM3, model predictive and sliding mode control techniques to improve voltage gain, achieve better controllability and reduction of common mode voltage and leakage Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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current in photovoltaic systems. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, PLECS, PSCAD/EMTDC and experimental results are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy [88]-[122]. Zhang et al. had analysed improved PWM strategy which yields higher operating efficiency for ZSI analyzing voltage gain, inductor current inrush, capacitor voltage stress. Simulations and 2.5 kW laboratory prototype of ZSI is tested with control board based on DSP28335 [88].

Nguyen and Choi had implemented a new pulse width modulation control scheme for the quasiswitched boost inverter (qSBI) operated at large modulation index, to produce regulated output AC voltage at reduced stress across the capacitor, diodes, and switches, reduced inductor current and capacitor voltage ripples, tested through a 400 W prototype based on a TMS320F28335 DSP [89].

Mohammadi et al. have developed novel dual switching frequency modulation (i.e) combination of high-frequency PWM (for input side) and low-frequency SPWM strategies (output side) with different carrier frequencies for Z source and qZSI. This method is especially beneficial for applications in which no output filter is required or at least small filters can be used (e.g., motor drives); however, it may not improve the performance of the inverter for the application in which a bulky output filter is required. A 300-W experimental prototype is designed and tested in the laboratory with gate source pulses were produced by an ARM-based STM32F407VGT6 from STMicroelectronics [90].

Zhou et al. proposed a time-variant shoot-through pulse width modulation strategy for the traditional modulation techniques used in qZSI to reduce the .bus voltage amplitude at the nonpeak areas, so that switching loss can be greatly saved to improve system efficiency with increased output voltage gain.

Theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented to verify the real performance with the help of 1 kVA prototype of qZSI [91].

Liang et al. have developed dc-link voltage balancing control strategy for quasi-Z-source cascaded H-bridge (qZS-CHB) inverter PV power system by using multidimensional pulse-width modulation (MDPWM) technique. The qZS-CHB PV system usually employs proportional-integral (PI) regulators based closed-loop control methods to balance dc-link voltages, combining with distributed maximum power point tracking and grid-tie power control. When compared with the state-of-the-art of voltage balancing control methods, the proposed control strategy has advantages: a) The computation is low because there is no PI controller, while the stability of the whole system is improved, and b) there is a reliable balancing capability with fast regulation of dc-link voltages, owing to no extra controller parameters and handling the voltage balance in each control cycle. Simulation and experimental results of qZS-CHB inverter based grid-tie PV power system verify the proposed dc-link voltage balancing control technique [92] Nguyen et al. proposed a novel family of PWM strategies for single-phase quasi-switched boost inverter (qSBI). By combining shoot-through mode in the inverter’s switches and the turning-on state of an additional switch, qSBI produce a high voltage gain without adding any passive components. A 500-W laboratory prototype is constructed and the effectiveness of the introduced PWM strategy is validated. It is found that qSBI with the proposed PWM strategies is suitable for applications where the required voltage gain lies between 2 and 3 [93].

Nozadian et al. presented modified switched boost inverter tested with various modulation control methods such as simple boost, maximum boost, maximum boost with third harmonic injection, maximum constant boost, maximum constant boost with third harmonic injection. The voltage and current equations of all elements in the proposed structure based on the three switching methods are derived and power loss analysis of SM-SBI is also presented. Simulation results by using PSCAD/EMTDC software are presented as well as the experimental results [94].

Chen et al. have presented a high frequency isolated qZSI suitable for photovoltaic generation system because of its ability for high lift to voltage ratio, transient bridge direct access and electrical isolation. For the optimization of electromagnetic compatibility of high frequency isolation qZSI, using PWM chaotic modulation technology, using Chen multi-scroll chaotic system and traditional PWM are combined, to inhibit EMI from the noise source, effectively reduce the high frequency isolation qZS switch frequency and its harmonics noise power, and optimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output current by analyzing the chaotic modulation coefficient. The correctness of the theory is verified by Saber simulation. They also provided guidelines for the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design of the high frequency isolated quasi Z-source inverter and provide the theoretical basis for the EMI optimization design of the power electronic system [95].

Do et al. proposed a new optimal PWM scheme for a three-level quasi-switched boost T-type inverter (TL qSBT2I) under normal and failure modes. The proposed method reveals its semiconductor fault tolerance capability in open-circuit fault condition situations.The PWM control algorithm for the faulttolerant qSBT2I is implemented by selecting appropriate values for the modulation index, shoot-through (ST) duty cycle and duty cycles of two additional switches. The steady-state analysis and operating principles of

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the fault-tolerant qSBT2I are presented. A 1 kW laboratory prototype was built to verify the operating principles of the qSBT2I with the proposed modulation scheme before and after fault conditions [96].

Zhang et al. have developed a new space vector modulation, named ZSVM3, for three-phase quasiZ-source rectifier (qZSR) in which all switches in the three-phase bridge can be turned on and turned off with zero-current or zero-voltage without any auxiliary circuit. The operation principle of qZSR is analyzed through PLECS simulation, simulated switching and conduction losses distribution of qZSR working with different modulations under full load are obtained and the results are verified by a 2 kW prototype for on board charger in electric vehicle applications [97].

He et al. had tested three space vector modulation strategies such as ZSVM1, ZSVM2, and ZSVM6 and proposed ZSVMD1 and ZSVMD6 to reduce inductor current ripple of Z source inverter by using the principle of volt–second balance through simulation and experimentation using TMS320F28335 digital signal processor, and an intelligent power module, PM50CLA120, as the main power switching device [98].

Abdelhakim et al. have proposed two modified space vector modulation strategies, aimed to reduce the qZSI’s number of switch commutations at high current level for shorter periods during the fundamental cycle, to achieve a single switch commutation at a time. These modulation strategies are analyzed through simulation using MATLAB/PLECS models, where a 1 kVA three phase qZSI is utilized for the experimental validation [99].

Qin et al. have worked out quasi- Z-source three-level T-type inverter with a SVM scheme to reduce the magnitude and slew rate of common-mode voltage (CMV) and high dc-link voltage utilization can be maintained. The proposed scheme has been verified in both simulations and experiments [100].

Sabeur et al. proposed new control method for the Z-source/qZSI, named as one dimension spacevector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) (OD-SVPWM) based on the single phase modulator technique to obtain maximum voltage gain by the carefully selected shoot-through states. Simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and experiment are carried out to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the control algorithm under different modulation index values [101].

Shults et al. presented new space vector pulse-width modulation strategies for a single-phase threelevel buck-boost neutral point clamped inverter coupled with impedance source networks. These strategies can be implemented for systems with any impedance source networks with neutral point. Simulation and experimental results confirms that the theoretical prediction to validate the method has reduced switching number, without output voltage quality distortion [102].

Iijima et al. proposed a new version of space vector switching strategy for the ZSI, which has unequal short-through intervals to reduce the current ripple in the inductor of its impedance source. The proposed method can reduce the inductor current ripple by 27.8% compared with the conventional method that has equal short-through intervals without increasing the number of inverter switching. The proposed operation and ripple reduction were confirmed in experiments with a 3-kW-class laboratory prototype [103].

He et al. have proposed an improved space vector modulation, namely M-ZSVM1, to suppress the dc-link voltage sag under a light load which happens due to diode current interruption. Therefore, an asymmetric shoot-through state distribution method is presented to achieve the minimum current ripple, which can increase the diode current. The qZSI can work properly without the dc-link voltage sag under wide load range, improving the safety and reliability of the qZSI. Simulations and experimentation are carried out to validate the working of the proposed scheme with improved efficiency [104].

Singh and Sonar proposed the use of advanced bus clamping switching sequences to reduce the impedance network inductor current ripple of the three phase ZSI. Here maximum constant boost control method is used for the voltage boosting. The switching sequences are designed in such a way that, it offers around 34 percent reduction in the maximum instantaneous inductor current ripple. The factor of percentage reduction in the inductor current ripple using proposed technique is constant over the entire range of shoot through duty ratio (0 to 0.48). Theoretical findings have been verified using simulation and experimental results. Texas instrument’s digital signal processor, TMS320F28379D has been used for the generation of gating pulses [105].

Duong et al. introduced a novel space vector pulse-width modulation for the modified qSBI to reduce the magnitude of common-mode voltage and push the modulation index up to 1. By properly choosing the shoot-through interval time, shoot-through states are considered to be inserted for boosting voltage and also reducing the THD value of the output voltage. The mathematical analysis and operating principles of the converter are discussed and verified through PSIM simulations. Finally, an experimental prototype is validated based on a TMS320F28335 DSP microcontroller and a DE0-Nano FPGA digital control platform [106].

Liu et al. proposes a generalized SVM strategy for the three-phase qZSI, which can reduce the inductor current ripples by limiting the peaks in different sectors of the vector space. The proposed SVM strategy can minimize the current ripple, while maintaining the same total shoot-through time and it can Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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ensure the inductor current ripples are always smaller than the peak of the inductor discharging current ripple in a switching cycle. The proposed SVM strategy is derived in details and compared with the conventional ZSVM6 strategy. Simulations and experimental tests are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy for inductor ripple current reduction [107].

Lashab et al. have described finite-control-set based model predictive control based techniques for ZSI to ensure maximum power point tracking for PV systems. The dynamic simulation is done by using a developed mathematical model of the PV array and the data sheet of the total energy TE 600 PV module is used to emulate the behavior of a real PV string. For experimental setup, Agilent E4360A PV simulator with two channels, each channel provides up to 600-W power (120-V, 5.1-A), a 400-W prototype dc–dc boost converter, which has been made to extract the local maximum power of a real PV panel, and a resistive load is employed. The static and dynamic performance of the trackers is assessed according to the EN 50530 standard, using detailed simulation models, and validated by experimental tests [108].

Karamanakos et al. presented a variable switching point predictive current control for the qZSI of rating 3 kW(qZSI), which aims to remove the output current error on the ac side, as well as the inductor current and capacitor voltage errors of the quasi Z source network on the dc side of the converter. The threephase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) bridge Powerex IPM PM300CLA060 module and the RURG3060 diode are used as power switches on the ac and dc side of the converter, respectively. This control scheme can directly apply the switching signals not only at the discrete time instants, but at any time instant within the sampling interval. Experimental results based on field programmable gate array, Cyclone III-EP3C40Q240C8 are provided to verify the effectiveness of the approach with RL load which leads to lower inductor current ripples and less output current total harmonic distortion when compared with the conventional direct MPC [109].

Liu et al. have discussed discrete time average model based predictive control for the qZSI. The proposed control method predicts future behaviors of ST duty cycle and modulation signals, based on the established discrete-time average model of the quasi-Z-source inductor current, the quasi-Z-source capacitor voltage, and load currents. The prediction actions are applied to the qZSI modulator in the next sampling instant, without the need of other controller parameters’ design [110].

Mahmoudi et al. presented a modulated model predictive control (MMPC) based control system for the ZSI based PMSM drive system. This approach uses two separate MMPC loops: a) For the Z-source network, a cascaded MMPC control scheme to provide fast and stable response, b) For the PMSM control, an MMPC controller uses the discretized equations of the PMSM to predict the future value of PMSM current vectors, selects specific current vectors that minimize a certain cost function the most, and performs modulation between them during a sampling time. Experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical outcomes [111].

Ramírez et al., presented a predictive control strategy with integral action that compensates for the differences between the estimated model and the inverter with the objective of achieving zero steady-state error without requiring external loops or state observers. This strategy is tested on a single-phase Z-source inverter to evaluate the error in both the ac and dc controlled variables with respect to their references to their co-signs. The experimental results confirm that the proposed strategy achieves zero error in steady state while maintaining the fast dynamic response of the classic predictive control [112].

Noroozi and Zolghadri had employed a novel modulation technique based on odd pulse width modulation and made a minor change in the Z network of the three-phase q-ZSI, the leakage current is blocked. The leakage current is aroused due to CMV fluctuations through the stray capacitance of the PV panels happen in the transformer less grid-connected PV systems. Experimental results for CMV analysis in a 1 kW prototype are presented to verify the theoretical analysis. TMS320F2808 is used as the main controller, providing the switching and the protection commands. The PV input voltage is modeled with a dc supply voltage. The module FSBS15CH60 from FAIRCHILD is used as the power converter, at the bottom of the main board. The voltage variations of CMV are compensated with the inductor connecting to the negative terminal [113].

Qin et al. have proposed a novel modulation for quasi-Z-source three-level T type inverter to realize voltage boosting, to reduce the CMV and also to control the neutral-point voltage balance simultaneously.

The proposed scheme adopts large vector, medium vector, small vector with low CMV magnitude, zero vector, and shoot-through vector to generate the output voltage. Shoot-through states are inserted within zero vector to boost the dc input voltage without affecting the ac output voltage. The CMV magnitude can be restricted within one-sixth of dc link voltage, and neutral-point voltage imbalance can be effectively mitigated and the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experiments are controlled by dSPACE DS1005 and FPGA DS5203 [114].

Bozorgi et al. had discussed about modulation techniques for CMV reduction in Z source ultra sparse matrix converters (ZSUSMC). These modulation schemes are used for avoiding the switching states Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications (V. Saravanan)

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most contributing to the CMV during a switching period. The effectiveness of the modulation strategies in reducing the CMV of ZSUSMCs is verified through the setup consists of an OP4510 real-time simulator from Opal-RT Technologies Inc. and a TI TMS320F28335 DSP [115].

Noroozi et al. have proposed a modified space vector modulation based on the Fourier transform analysis to reduce the leakage current in a three-phase qZSI. The common mode voltage harmonic content in a qZSI contains low and high-frequency harmonics which cause safety and EMI problems can be reduced by this modulation method and suitable filtering respectively, which are validated experimentally [116].

Guo have presented a new modulation strategy for leakage current reduction in the Z-source threelevel four-leg inverter. A new carrier-based modulation strategy is proposed by utilizing the effective large, medium, small, and zero vectors, instead of the invalid vectors, to achieve the constant common mode voltage, as well as the leakage current suppression. The proposed solution is carried out on the texas instruments (TI) TMS320F28335 DSP + Xilinx XC3400 FPGA digital control hardware platform. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution [117].

Xu and Ran have developed a novel multi objective control strategy for the three-phase q-ZSI.A SMC-based controller is used to regulate inductor current through shoot-through ratio, and DC-link voltage reference is considered as an additional control input to keep q-ZS network capacitor voltage at a desired constant level. The load current is regulated by a proportional resonant controller whose output is then divided by DC-link voltage reference to obtain a modulation signal. The SMC-based controller for inductor current has the advantages of easy implementation, strong robustness, fast response, and low current ripple.

The capacitor voltage is kept constant by the proportional integral-based variable DC-link voltage reference theme with negligible steady-state error and load current is pure sinusoidal with low THD. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results are controlled through TMS320F28069 floatingpoint digital signal processor to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy [118].

Qureshi et al. proposed a constant frequency double-integral sliding mode controller (DISMC) for the regulation of a four-quadrant continuous gain DC-DC converter based on quasi-Z-source topology. This circuit uses minimum number of passive devices and active switches to provide bidirectional current and bipolar output voltage, making it preferable to use in renewable energy or motor drive applications that require a four-quadrant operation. The proposed controller eliminates steady-state errors and provides robust control in the face of large input voltage or load variations. It enables the converter to provide a fast dynamical response over a wide operating range. Simulations of the proposed controller have been performed in MATLAB/Simulink, where the results of DISMC have also been compared with those of single integral sliding mode control [119].

Xu et al. proposed and investigated three new modulation schemes for three phase Z source converters, which are capable of having bi-directional operation as rectifiers, thus have great potential for applications in the field of transportation electrification such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) chargers. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been fully validated in MATLAB/Simulink simulations and RTLAB Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) experiments based on the real time simulator OPAL-RT OP4510 [120].

Hang et al. have developed an improved sinusoidal pulse width modulation (ISPWM) technique carried out to obtain pure sine waves for voltage and current signals in qZSIs in the load side. This switching method can be examined to two and multi-phase approaches simply through the addition of the same controller structure to per phase to obtain higher voltage gains at the output ends of this inverter. A positive rectified voltage at the output point of the QZSI and positive and negative rectified voltages at the output terminals of the QZSI is generated in two-phase approaches to improve the quality of the output voltage of the F-bridge inverter (FBI). These rectified voltages are applied to the FBI block and pure sine waves to obtain the load current and voltages and 1.34% of the Total harmonic distortion (THD) for the output voltage has been reported in the one-phase system while 0.88% of THD has been obtained in the two-phase approach. Reliability of the QZSI was tested through the mean time to failure (MTTF) analysis with the values of the proposed components, shows a very good result for the long-life of the converter. All experimental and simulations steps have been obtained for the same values of the components to support and confirm the accuracy and correctness of the proposed IMSPW [121].

Liu presented a detailed analysis of modulation effect on the reliability and harmonic performance of qZSIs. A comparative evaluation of current stresses, power losses, thermal stresses, number of cycles to failure of the power devices, and the output current harmonics is performed for various modulation strategies such as MBSV, SBMSV, MBMSV, ZSVM6, ZSVM4, SBC, MBC, and MCBC. This comparative analysis enables the researchers to select the appropriate modulation strategy for the qZSI for their applications.

Analytical expressions of current stresses and power losses are extracted for selected modulation strategies.

Simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the analysis and comparison [122].

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6.

DISCUSSION ON SOME SPECIAL TYPE OF Z SOURCE CONVERTERS This section deals with some special type of Z source converters such as trans Z source/ Y source/ Γ-Z-source /T source converters which are used for AC–AC, DC-DC conversions for renewable energy applications.[123]-[135].

He et al. had extended the trans-Z-source concept to AC-AC power conversion and fabricated single-phase trans-Z-source AC-AC converter with self commutation strategy in the laboratory and the results are validated [123].

Kojabadi et al. have experimented leakage inductance effect on the boosting ability of the transformer-based Z-source (trans-Z-source) inverters through detailed theoretical and mathematical analysis combined with various PSIM based simulations and experimental evaluations [124].

Nguyen and Tran proposed a new single-phase single-stage switched-boost inverter with four switches having the features as continuous input current, buck/boost voltage with single-stage conversion and shoot-through immunity. A 800 W prototype is built with an 110 V/50 Hz output voltage in stand-alone and grid-connected modes. PSIM simulation and experimental results are carried out and it matches with that of the theoretical analysis [125].

Sahoo and Keerthipati discussed about three level voltage source boost inverter to achieve rated three level AC output voltage in a single power conversion stage and even operate in open circuit failure to give rated balanced AC voltage at load using a unipolar pulse width modulation technique. The proposed inverter is verified by simulation (in MATLAB/Simulink) and experiment with the help of a laboratory prototype [126].

Do and Nguyen have proposed a three-level quasi-switched boost T-type inverter suitable for lowpower and medium-power applications such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, and motor drives with a novel pulse width modulated control method to reduce the inductor current ripple by maintaining shootthrough duty cycle as constant to keep the modulation index as high as possible to have improved voltage gain and shoot through immunity. The steady-state analysis, operating principles, and comparisons with the impedance source-based 3L inverters are presented with PSIM simulation and construction of 1-kW prototype based on the DSP TMS320F28335 microcontroller [127].

Fang et al. presented improved Y-source dc-dc boost converter topology having higher voltage gain, continuous input current and small inrush current and flexibility in designing winding magnetics. The simulation and the experiments based a low-power open-loop test prototype is set up in the laboratory using DSP TMS320F2812 to output a set of complementary PWM pulse signals to control the on and off of the switches [128].

Liu et al. has developed switched Z-source/quasi-Z-source DC-DC converters (SZSC/SQZSCs) for the PV grid-connected power system. The performances of the proposed converters having two switches and passive elements like inductors and capacitors, including their operational principles in continuous and discontinuous current modes, voltage and current parameters of components, and impacts of parasitic parameters, are analyzed. PSIM simulation and experimental results are given to verify the aforementioned characteristics and theoretical analysis [129].

Kafle et al. presented a quasi-Z-source based isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter (qZIBDC) for renewable energy applications. This converter utilizes a dual active bridge circuit with a quasi-Z-source network on both sides, so the converter works as buck/boost converter from either side. It has a wider input/output voltage operating range, soft-switching capabilities without additional devices, and higher boost capability than a traditional dual active bridge circuit. Apart from that, shoot-through states are incorporated in its operating cycle to boost the input voltage resulting in high reliability of the proposed converter. Due to the symmetrical structure of the circuit, there is no defined high voltage or low voltage side as in traditional isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter. The operating principle and control strategy of the proposed converter are presented. Matlab based simulation and experimental results for 300 W prototype are provided for various values of duty cycle to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology and its control strategy [130].

Kumar et al. proposed a coupled inductor network based on the autotransformer concept known as quasi mutually coupled active impedance source converter, which has a continuous input current for reducing the current stress on the source. The operation, steady-state analysis and its comparison with the existing topology are discussed and it is validated to prove its feasibility [131].

Nguyen et al. proposed a single-stage active impedance source three-phase T-type inverter with a reduced component count. Besides the inherent features of the three-level impedance source inverters like shoot-through (ST) immunity, single-stage power conversion, and continuous input current, the proposed inverter has additional advantages such as increased voltage gain, reduced passive element count, low voltage stress on devices and self-balance capacitor voltage capability. The steady-state analysis, operating principles, and parameter selection guidelines are presented in detail. PWM techniques for the proposed Review of impedance source power converter for electrical applications (V. Saravanan)

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inverter including the sinusoidal PWM method and modified space-vector modulation scheme for commonmode voltage reduction are also presented. A comprehensive comparison between the proposed inverter and other three-level impedance-source inverters are shown. The proposed inverter has been validated using the PSIM simulation software and a 1 kVA laboratory prototype, in which DSP TMS320F28335 controller is used to generate the PWM control signals for the switches, has been constructed to verify the performance of the proposed inverter [132].

Reddivari and Jena have presented negative embedded differential mode gamma source inverter (NEDMΓZSI), which can achieve higher voltage gains with reduced switching voltage spikes and low capacitor voltage stresses. It draws continuous input current from the dc mains, having a common ground, and uses the minimum number of component in a circuit. The performance of a NEDMΓZSI is validated with simulation and experimental verification using a single-phase inverter configuration [133].

Torkaman et al. studied a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with bidirectional Γ-Z-source inverter as an interlinking converter (IC). The Γ-Z-source inverter is capable of providing high-voltage gain and it does not have the drawbacks of the conventional inverters. In this hybrid microgrid, DC-type energy sources and loads are connected in DC sub-grid and AC-type energy sources and loads are connected in AC sub-grid to reduce the extra power conversion stages in both AC and DC sub-grids which decreases the system volume and cost and increases the system reliability and efficiency. The individual DC–DC power converter, a MPEI, is used for interconnecting DC distributed generators consisting of photovoltaic system and battery unit. They also presented the control of three operation modes including grid-connected mode, islanded mode and islanded mode with power flow management and the IC and distributed generators and for power sharing management, droop strategy is used. The performance of the proposed IC in all three operation modes is evaluated by time domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink [134].

Zhang et al. proposed a novel electric spring topology with a specifically designed impedance network, which intrinsically has a wide voltage range and immune to the bridge shoot-through. Detailed theoretical derivation, simulation and experimentation are conducted to verify its advantageous features by demonstrating a wide voltage operation range, undistorted waveforms and safe operations [135].

7.

Z SOURCE CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES FOR VARIOUS ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS This section deals with various applications of Z source converter topologies such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cell vehicles, hybrid energy sources, FACTS, custom power applications, on board charger for electric vehicle applications and electric drive /water pumping applications [136]-[148].

Zhang et al. had worked out a quasi Z source boost DC-DC converter which uses a switchedcapacitor for fuel cell vehicles producing a high voltage gain with a wide input-voltage range. A scaled-down 400V/400W prototype is developed to validate the results with the help of PI controller in the voltage loop using DSP platform operated under dynamic conditions [136].

Zhang et al. have developed a common ground switched-quasi-Z-source bidirectional DC–DC converter for electric vehicles with hybrid energy sources having the advantages of a wide voltage-gain range, lower voltage stress across the power switches, and an absolute common ground. A 300 W prototype is fabricated which operates at wide input voltage range and the experimental results are validated in both step up/step down mode. This topology can be applied as the power interface between the low-voltage battery pack/super capacitor bank and the high-voltage dc bus in the hybrid energy sources system for electric vehicles [137].

Law had worked out type 2 based closed loop voltage controller with novel dc link voltage reference algorithm to fulfill the dc link voltage tracking control of a single phase qZSI regardless of any loading conditions, without the need of inner inductor current loop for STATCOM operation. The integrated controller and qZSI topology is then employed in static synchronous compensator application to perform reactive power compensation at the point of common coupling. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through simulation and experimental studies [138].

Na et al. had implemented an active power filter (APF) for single-phase quasi-Z-source rectifier. It eliminates the second harmonic power with small capacitor and inductor, making this topology suitable to integrated electric vehicle (EV) on-board charger, which can save much space and weight. Simulation and experimental results of 750 W are used to verify its effectiveness [139].

Omran and Mosallanejad have proposed bidirectional ZSI to manage the novel hybrid energy storage system composed of battery pack and superconducting magnetic energy storage for electric vehicle to have increased power and energy density. Fuzzy control method and filters are used to distribute power between the SMES and battery which are illustrated through sample simulations [140].

Meraj et al. have developed modified pulse width modulation technique to control the qZSI, to reduce the common mode current. This approach offers an efficient solution for grid integration of solar Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 310 – 334

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photovoltaic systems having the features such as: a) use of phase-leg shoot-through for boosting the DC voltage to the required level which eliminates the additional DC-DC converter, b) elimination of PWM deadtime and providing freewheeling through additionally connected switches, c) minimization of common mode current by modifying the PWM and adding additional switches at the output side of inverter, d) avoids the conduction of body diode of H-bridge which has poor reverse recovery characteristics. Experimental results for a single-phase 500W prototype are presented to validate the proposed PWM scheme for the qZSI topology. The control code is written in system generator and built using FPGA VIRTEX-5 XC5VLX50T [141].

Sajadian et al. have proposed a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for the grid tied Z source inverter that interfaces photovoltaic sources to the grid. This method uses model predictive control (MPC) in conjunction with extremum seeking (ES) optimization algorithm to track the true maximum power point and can operate without priori knowledge of the PV panel parameters or ambient condition. At the grid side, the system injects to the grid maximum harvested energy from the PV panel obtained using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In addition, the ratio of active/reactive power injected to grid is also controlled.

The proposed method has the features like fast dynamic response to change in ambient PV panel condition, true and guaranteed convergence to MPP, negligible oscillation around MPP, and simple control structure without requirement of many cascaded control loops [142].

Shuai et al. discussed about qZSI powered PMSM drive system. A feedback and feed forward compound control strategy is proposed and the dynamic performance of this drive system is analyzed.

Simulation and experimental results indicate that the compound control strategy effectively improves the static and dynamic characteristics of the DC-link voltage and reduces the influence of power variation on the DC-link voltage [143].

Liu et al. have proposed CMV reduction method for the APF integrated single-phase qZSI based PV power system. The APF integrated qZSI completely compensates the dc-side double-line-frequency (2ω) ripple through the APF capacitor, while maintaining low qZS inductance and capacitance. This method reduces the CMV amplitude to half of that using the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).

The switching and conduction power losses are analyzed. MATLAB/Simulation and experimental results are demonstrated in TMS320F28335 digital signal processor to reduce the CMV without comprising performance and efficiency of the APF integrated single-phase qZSI [144].

Na et al. have proposed a soft switched modulation technique for the single-phase quasi-Z-source integrated electric vehicle charger (qZSC) system which can achieve multiple zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-current-switching (ZCS) transitions without any auxiliary circuit. The inductor currents of the quasiZ-source network operate in boundary conduction mode (BCM) or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve all free-wheeling diodes turned off naturally without any additional voltage stress and current stress on all switches in comparison with hard-switching. The details of operation principles of this soft-switching qZSC are analyzed through a PLECS simulation model and a 1.3-kW prototype is established [145].

Dong et al. discusses about finite set model predictive control method used for quasi-Z source inverter-permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system having the characteristics such as quicker response speed and stronger anti – disturbance ability. Here the control variables of quasi Z source network and motor are controlled uniformly, to avoid the conflicts between the shoot through duty cycle and the inverter modulation coefficient during the dynamic adjustment process in the traditional two stage control method. Steady state, dynamic and input voltage dip experiments are performed on the qZSI permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system to verify it’s the effectiveness [146].

Wu et al. proposed a DC link voltage control strategy for high speed permanent magnet motor drive systems powered by ZSI. In this strategy, the DC-link voltage, varies with the inverter output voltage and remains optimal at all times, whether in steady state or transient state. A new sliding mode control system based on indirect control of the capacitor voltage is used to control the DC-link voltage to suppress the system fluctuation caused by the change of the given value or the motor load. Simulations and experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed strategy [147].

Rahman et al. has presented design and implementation of solar powered V/f controlled single phase capacitor start induction motor. Here, multi level quasi impedance source inverter (MLqZSI) is used to ensure reliable and continuous power flow to single phase induction motor from PV array supported with battery storage system to overcome solar PV fluctuations. MATLAB/ Simulink model of the proposed system for 4kW PV array rating is developed and satisfactory operation of single phase motor drive is achieved through experiments [148].

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CONCLUSION In this paper, a detailed literature is carried out on the developments made in the field of Z-source converters and their implementation discussing the new Z source/quasi Z source structures predominantly used for various renewable energy applications. Emerging control strategies developed for the functioning of these converters in various operating platforms are also discussed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported by Indo-Sri Lanka Joint Research Program by Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India and Ministry of Science, Technology & Research (MSTR), Government of Sri Lanka, through grant in aids DST:14.00.31.14.60.798.60.3425 and MSTR/TR/AGR/3/02/13 respectively.

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Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui1, Destine Mashava2 1Department

of Electrical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kenya 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kenya

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Solar trackers are support platforms that keep photovoltaic panels facing the sun by following the sun from dusk to dawn. There exist active solar trackers that make use of motors and gears to orientate the photovoltaic panels towards the sun; and passive solar trackers that operate through the differential heating of the fluid in the tracking rack to follow the sun. Passive solar trackers suffer from the lack of a night return mechanism and a slow wake-up response in the mornings due to the limitations on the surface inclination angle of the rack. This paper seeks to address these issues by proposing an Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers. An energy-saving heating element such as the ultra heating fabric manufactured by WireKinetics Co. is installed on the west-side canister of the tracker. Before dawn, the fabric is automatically heated and this will force the refrigerant in the west-side canister to vaporize and cool in the eastside canister, forcing the tracker to return and face eastward before sunrise.

The night return mechanism is designed and simulated using Proteus profesional. Simulation results show that this system can significantly optimize the function of passive solar trackers.

Received Jan 25, 2021 Revised Jul 5, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Arduino Energy saving Night return mechanism Passive solar trackers Photovoltaic Ultra heating

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui Department of Electrical Engineering Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation P.O. Box 62000-00200, JKUAT Main Campus, Nairobi, Kenya Email: willysytis@gmail.com

1.

INTRODUCTION The sun is a huge source of energy. The amount of solar energy striking the top of the earth’s atmosphere stands at 174 Petawatt, which is 10000 times the amount of energy humans use on this earth obtained from all possible sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, hydro, and nuclear combined [1]. If just 0.16% of the earth were covered by solar systems with an efficiency of 10%, the solar systems will provide 20 Terawatt of energy, which is around twice what the world consumes from fossil sources [2]. Techniques such as the use of solar concentrators to convert solar energy into heat and then to electricity and photovoltaic panels which convert solar energy directly into electricity have been used to harvest energy from the sun [3].

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have significantly increased over the last decades, but their efficiency is still one of the top priorities for many academic and industrial research groups all over the world [4]. Due to the low efficiency of PV panels (still under 45%), it is necessary to maximize the power output from the PV panels [5]. A good number of techniques have been developed to maximize the power output of PV panels among which the most common being solar trackers [6]. To maximize the output of PV panels, the panels Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com

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have to be kept in an optimum position perpendicular to the solar radiation during the day, and this is achieved by using solar trackers.

Sun tracking systems are support platforms that orient photovoltaic module assemblies by keeping track of the sun’s movement from dusk to dawn, thereby maximizing solar energy power generation efficiency [7]. The cosine of the angle between the sunlight and the PV panel is used to calculate the radiation value of sunlight acting on the solar panel’s surface [8]. This, therefore, means that PV panels will produce maximum when sunlight is normal to their surface. This has led to the building of solar tracking systems or sun trackers. Solar tracking systems can boost the yield of solar panels by up to 50% [9]. In fixed systems, the solar panels are placed to be in full direct sunshine at midday facing south in the northern hemisphere or facing north in the southern hemisphere [10]. In such settings, the panels will be hit by the sun at an acute angle, hence reducing the amount of energy generated daily [11]. Solar tracking systems were first introduced in 1962 by Finster and they were completely mechanical [12]. A year later, Saavadra presented a sun-tracking mechanism with automatic electronic control and it made use of orient an Eppley pyrheliometer [13]. According to Awasthi et a [14], solar trackers can be classified based on: - driving system: active trackers and passive trackers - the degree of freedom: single-axis tackers and dual-axis trackers - control: closed-loop trackers and open-loop trackers Passive solar trackers are of interest in this research. The working principle of passive trackers is well elaborated in [15]. Passive trackers are made up of a couple of actuators working against each other. In the case of equal illumination, they are balanced as shown in Figure 1(a) The rotation mechanism of the tracker is a result of the use of low boiling point compressed gas fluid that is moved by the solar heat that converts the liquid to gas, causing the tracker to tilt from one side to the other in the direction of the sun.

When the actuators are exposed to different illuminations, unbalanced forces due to the gasification of the liquid orient the apparatus in the direction where the actuators will regain equal illumination and a balanced force restored. Tracking of the sun is begun by the racks facing westward as illustrated in Figure 1(b) Since the sun rises in the east, an unshielded west side liquid-gas-filled canister is heated by the sun rays, forcing the liquid into the shaded east-side canister. The liquid moves through a copper tube to the east-side canister, thereby rotating the tracker to the east. Aluminum shaded plates are used to control the heating of the liquid.

As one of the canisters gets exposed to the sun more than the other, an increase in its vapor pressure arises thereby forcing the liquid to the cooler, shaded side. The shifting weight of the liquid results in the rack rotating until the canisters are equally shaded.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Passive solar tracker: (a) equal illumination of both canisters, (b) tracker daily operation

Passive solar tracking systems are less complex as compared to active solar trackers, but their efficiency is lower because their performance is affected by various climatic conditions such as temperature fluctuations, and solar clouding, and at low temperatures, they stop working [4]. Nevertheless, they provide better output performance than fixed-angle solar systems [16]. Passive trackers have been advantageous over Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 335 – 342

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active trackers in that. Gravity is responsible for moving the tracker as a result of the differential heating of the liquid, low maintenance cost as a result of no motors and gears. On the other hand, the main problems passive solar trackers are facing are lack of an evening/night return mechanism and slow wake-up response in the mornings due to limitation on the surface inclination angle.

Quite some researches have been done to solve these two major problems. Clifford and Eastwood [17] presented a novel computer-based passive tracking system that incorporated two bimetallic strips made of aluminum and steel to absorb solar radiation. To prevent oscillation and excessive sluggishness of the system, a damper system was linked to the sun tracker. The computer-based passive solar design was implemented and an increased panel efficiency by up to 23% was observed. The solution could only solve the problem of slow wake-up response and at the end of the experiment, a night return mechanism was recommended. Baer [18], it is proposed the installation of mirrors on the eastside canister so that the mirrors will reflect the early morning sun onto the eastside canister. This solution though good can not be effective on all days due to early morning clouds on some days.

This paper seeks to design an Arduino-based night return mechanism solution for passive solar trackers. The proposed solution is the installation of an energy-saving heating element on the westside canister of the tracker which will be automatically heated at night and will force the rotation of the tracker to the east before sunrise. The rest of this paper is organized as follows; the next part is the methodology and this is followed by the simulation results and discussions. The last part is the conclusion and then references.

2.

RESEARCH METHOD It is required to choose an energy-saving heating element to heat the westside canister at night since all the refrigerant will be in that canister at that time. This will cause the refrigerant in that canister to vaporize and move to the east-canister thereby moving the tracker in the desired direction. To achieve this goal, the ultra heating (UH) Fabric manufactured by WireKinetics Co., LTD is proposed. This fabric is a new generation electrical heating system that is specially designed for mobile heating, energy-saving, and safety orientated requirements and it uses DC power [19]. The UH fabric adopts advanced smart textile technology.

It is soft, light, thin, and strong since it is made up of metal-polymer composite conductive yarn which is perfectly integrated within the fabric by textile processes [19]. Figure 2(a) is shown structure of the ultra heating fabric, and Figure 2(b) is shown a roll of the ultra heating fabric [20].

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. Ultra heating fabric by WireKinetics Co., LTD: (a) structure of the ultra heating fabric, (b) a roll of the ultra heating fabric

This UH fabric has the following properties [20]: width of 5 cm, the diameter of the metal-polymer composite conductive yarn is about 0.27 mm, the pitch of the conductive yarn in the fabric is about 5 mm, wide range of operating voltages from 5 V to 12 Vdc For a particular applied voltage, the output temperature of the fabric and the current drawn vary according to the length of the fabric. The longer the length, the lower the output temperature and the lower the current drawn, and vice versa. Tests were conducted by WireKinetics Co., LTD on the fabric using various voltage levels and fabrics of various lengths, and the results are presented in tabular forms shown in Tables 1 to 4.

Table 1. Test results with 5 V Length of the Fabric Current (A) Temperature (oC)

4cm 1.5 130

4.8cm 1.3 95

5.2cm 1.2 88

6.0cm 1.05 80

6.8cm 0.95 68

7.6cm 0.9 60

8.4cm 0.86 52

9.2cm 0.80 46

10.4cm 0.74 40

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7.2cm 1.3 115

8cm 1.12 95

8.8cm 1.07 90

9.6cm 1.05 84

10.4cm 1.0 75

11.2cm 0.95 71

12cm 0.9 65

12.8cm 0.85 63

Table 3. Test results with 9 V Length of the Fabric Current (A) Temperature (oC)

8cm 1.3 110

8.8cm 1.25 108

9.6cm 1.18 100

10.4cm 1.1 91

11.2cm 1.06 86

12cm 1.02 82

12.8cm 1.0 73

Table 4. Test results with 12 V Length of the Fabric Current (A) Temperature (oC)

9.6cm 1.4 123

10.4cm 1.33 110

11.2cm 1.27 106

12cm 1.25 104

12.8cm 1.22 102

20cm 0.9 80

32cm 0.66 55

40cm 0.52 42

From the tables above, Table 4 is of interest in this study since most PV system batteries are 12 Vdc types. From Table 4 above, the fabrics of length 40 cm consume the least energy since it draws the least current. It is primordial that very little energy be consumed from the battery bank of the PV system. So, the fabric of length 40 cm was chosen. A 40 cm fabric will draw a current of 0.52 A to heat up to a temperature of 42° C in just a minute as shown in Figure 3. Passive solar trackers make use of low boiling point compressed gas fluids such as freon [21]. Therefore, this temperature is sufficiently high enough to displace the refrigerant of the tracking rack from the west-side canister to the east-side canister thereby rotating the tracker towards the east. An Arduino pro mini microcontroller is proposed to actuate the heating of the UH fabric at night and force it to return east before sunrise the following morning.

2.1. Proposed system configuration On a track rack, a double 40 cm (80 cm total) UH fabric could be installed on the west-side canister and an end-of-tracking limit switch installed such that it is activated when the tracker completes its daily tracking journey at 6:00 pm as shown in Figure 4. The UH fabrics installed on the west-side canister of the tracker will force the system to operate as follows. a. At the end of the day that is at dusk the passive tracker completes its tracking journey and ends up facing westward, and activates the end-of-tracking limit switch. The closing of the limit switch powers an Arduino pro mini microcontroller which instantly sees this as the end of the daily activity of the tracker and starts an internal timer and goes to sleep to save energy consumption. The microcontroller is only awakened 7 hours later by an internal timer overflow interrupt. This will be at around 1 am. The microcontroller heats the UH fabric on the west-side canister and this liquid-gas-filled canister will have a higher temperature than the east-side canister. This will lead to an increase in the vapor pressure of the refrigerant in the west-side canister thereby forcing the liquid to the cooler side (east-side canister). The liquid moves to the east-side canister through the copper tubes. The shifting weight of the liquid results in the rack rotating eastward (in the direction of sunrise). The returning of the tracker to the east will mean the end-of-tracking limit switch will be opened. Powering the Arduino from the limit switch is done through a timer relay which delays the powering off of the Arduino by 2 minutes when the limit switch is opened. This is sufficient time for the Arduino to have heated the fabric until the tracker is facing east.

The Arduino pro mini microcontroller is then completely powered off. Therefore, the system does not consume the slightest power and is invisible to the passive tracker during normal day tracking operations. b. The actuation of the night return at 1:00 am is to take care of situations of longer daylights which are mostly felt in countries in the north as well as those in the south of the Earth. Countries around the equator are not much affected. Also, it is preferable to wait until 1:00 am before actuating the night return journey of the tracker because should in case the PV panels on the tracker on that day did not produce sufficient power, let the little power produced be used for the purpose for which the panels were installed.

Also, the Arduino pro mini going to sleep after being powered is done for energy saving purposes even though it is a low energy consuming device. It is important to minimize the power consumed by the night return mechanism to the fullest.

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Figure 3. Temperature vs time graph of the UH fabric

Figure 4. The proposed installation of the night return mechanism on the passive solar tracker

2.2. Daily energy consumption of the UH fabrics during night return operation The UH fabric consumes very little energy since it is operated only for just 1 minute every day. The energy demand of the 2 fabrics, 𝐸𝑓 is given by (1). 𝐸𝑓 = 2𝐼𝑉𝑡

(1)

Where V is the battery voltage, I is the fabric current and t is the operating time 1

𝐸𝑓 = 2𝐼𝑉𝑡 = (2)(0.52)(12) ( ) = 0.208𝑊ℎ 60

(2)

This energy is very small compared to what the PV system will produce hence we can say that this night return mechanism is energy saving.

3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The simulation of the night return mechanism was done using Proteus professional. A lightdependent resistor (LDR) with a torch is used to simulate sunlight. When the torch is drawn farther away from the LDR, the system sees it to be night and powers the Arduino Pro Mini microcontroller by the closing of the end-of-tracking limit switch which is simulated using the relay RL1 as shown in Figure 5. For simulation purposes, a 20x4 liquid crystal display (LCD) is used to show the state of the system. At the closing of the relay RL1 (end-of-tracking limit switch), a signal is sent to the Arduino and the Arduino immediately initiates an internal counter and this is displayed on the LCD as shown in Figure 6. For simulation purposes, the counting is done in seconds instead of hours. After 7 seconds, the UH fabric is powered and this is modeled by the actuation of a second relay, RL6, and the rotation of a DC motor as shown in Figure 7. During this moment, the LCD indicates that the tracker is returning to the east position.

Upon successful return to facing east, the limit switch is opened and the LCD indicates that the tracker is now facing east and ready for the next day’s sunrise. At this point, the counter is reset and the Arduino powered Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers (Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui)

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off. This is to avoid unnecessary energy consumption by the Arduino and also making it invisible to the tracker during normal operations.

Figure 5. Simulation of the night return mechanism

Figure 6. Nighttime, limit switch closed, counter initiated

Figure 7. Tracker returns to facing east (sunrise position) Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 335 – 342

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4.

CONCLUSION Solar tracking systems are important mechanisms that enable an increase in the power yield of PV systems compared to fixed PV systems. They have proven their effectiveness in improving the output of PV systems by up to 50%. Various categories of solar trackers exist among which are passive and active solar trackers. Passive solar trackers show to be advantageous to active solar trackers in the sense that they require low maintenance since they do not make use of motors and gears. Nevertheless, this tracking technique suffers from a slow wake-up response in the morning and has no night return mechanism. These problems have been addressed in this research by proposing a novel Arduino-based night return mechanism that heats up the liquid in the westside canister of the passive tracker at night forcing it to rotate eastward and face the sun before the sunrise. Simulation results showed the potentiality of the proposed system in returning a passive solar tracker to sunrise position for the next day’s sunrise. Also, from calculations, it is seen that the night return mechanism consumes a very small amount of energy from the PV system batteries. Based on the obtained simulation results, it can be said that passive solar trackers if equipped with the proposed night return mechanism discussed in this paper will have the night return mechanism and low wake at dawn problems solved.

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D. P. N. Nguyen and J. Lauwaert, “Calculating the energy yield of si-based solar cells for Belgium and Vietnam regions at arbitrary tilt and orientation under actual weather conditions,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 3180, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13123180.

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[20] WireKinetics Co., LTD, “Ultra Heating Fabric.” [Online] Available: https://wirekinetics.com/heating-fabric/.

[21] B. Asiabanpour et al., “Fixed versus sun tracking solar panels: an economic analysis,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1195-1203, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10098-016-1292-y.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS Willy Stephen Tounsi Fokui is a Ph.D. candidate in Electrical Engineering at the Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kenya. He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Master of Engineering in Power Systems in the years 2014 and 2017 respectively. Both degrees were awarded by the University of Buea, Cameroon. His research interests include photovoltaic systems, energy management systems, distributed generation, and electric vehicle integration into the electrical distribution network.

Destine Mashava is an M.Sc. candidate in Mechanical Engineering at the Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kenya. He received his BEng (Hons) in Industrial and Manufacturing from the University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe in 2016. His current research interests include machine learning, deep learning, Artificial Intelligence, condition monitoring, and automation.

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International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 343~362 ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp343-362

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Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in India Venkatachalam K M 1, V Saravanan2 1Research

Scholar, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

The co-ordination of non-conventional energy technologies such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ocean are gaining significance in India due to more energy requirements and high greenhouse gas emission. In this assessment, the sustainability of emerging the gird isolated hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/wind turbine (WT)/diesel generator (DG)/battery system for Arunai Engineering College (India) building is evaluated. The technoeconomic and environmental research was inspected by HOMER Pro software by choosing the optimal combination depends on size of the components, renewable fraction, net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of the hybrid system. From the acquired outcomes and sensitivity investigation, the optimal PV-WT-DGBattery combination has a NPC of $28.944.800 and COE $0.1266/kWh, with an operating cost of $256.761/year. The grid isolated hybrid system is environmentally pleasant with a greenhouse gas emission of 2.692 kg/year with renewable fraction of 99.9%.

Received Dec 10, 2020 Revised Jul 9, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Energy system Hybrid renewable system Optimization Sensitivity analysis Southern India Techno-economic analysis

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Venkatachalam K M Research Scholar Faculty of Electrical Engineering Arunai Engineering College, Anna University Tiruvannamalai 606 603, Tamil Nadu, India Email: kmvpeee@gmail.com

1.

INTRODUCTION Growth of population, globalization and the progression in innovation, builds the utilization in energy and the emission of a significant greenhouse gas (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment. In present days, the electric energy is mostly generated by conventional energy sources, for example, lignite, diesel and nuclear based energy sources. The fossil fuel based electric energy generation system derivatives drives two major issues, their consumption in nature and CO2 level in air prompting an unnatural weather change. Over the nation the non-renewable sources based electricity generation and consumer lines are integrated in a single grid. This structure of action ends up being advantageous for different spots, though, remote spaces suffer from restricted accessibility of electricity or no accessibility by any means, where the energy demand is less and the accessibility of petroleum products is far away from the heap request. The augmentation of grid such places bring about high establishment costs, less energy demand for most of the time. This is the place renewable energy sources (RES) coming to picture given their preferences, for example, accessibility at remote zones, unimportant contamination to the earth and less operating cost.

International energy agency (IEA) forecasts that practically 30% of the electricity will produce from renewable sources by year 2020 [1].

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According to Satsangi et al, [2] India has an average solar radiation (SR) is 4.9 kWh/m2/day with an average sunshine of 7.0 hours in a day. In India the SR is ranges from 3.9 to 5.6 kWh/m2/day depending upon climatic condition and locations [3]-[7], with the north-western borders facing grater solar radiation. It is additionally evaluated that India has average wind speed (WS) of 6.58 m/s and the WS ranges from 3.5 to 9.75 m/s from northern border to southern border, with southern coastal region experienced the highest wind speed of 9.75 m/s [8]-[10]. Different investigations have recommended the arrangement of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, fuel cell and other renewable energy sources for electric energy generation in different places in India [11]-[14]. These renewable energy sources are without contamination sources with zero natural effect. They are unreservedly accessible also, liberated from GHG emission [15]-[17]. While several works utilized the single renewable energy source based power generation system, other thought about the utilization of hybrid electric system by connecting solar PV, wind turbine, fuel cell, biomass and utility grid. Some places the diesel generator (DG) and batteries were utilized as a backup generator and storage device for provide reliable and efficient energy to the load demands [18]-[22]. Whereas the grid supply is not accessible places like villages and remote areas, the diesel generator integrated hybrid system is preferred. The hybrid renewable energy system is chosen for reason that increase the overall reliability, reduce the components of electric system which may reduce the initial investment price of the system [23][26]. There is likewise the impact of climate condition because of variances in wind speed and solar radiation. Wind and solar based renewable system is established in various pieces of the world have required the growth and uses of a few optimization models and simulation tools for techno-economic and environmental feasibility investigation of various hybrid structures [27]-[32]. In India, many of the investigation were done in different pieces of the nation on grid isolated hybrid system for power optimization by using HOMER Pro simulation tool [12], [14]. The vast majority of the examinations concentrated on the utilization of hybrid RES for increase the productivity, while adjusting the impact of instability in the renewable energy sources [33], [34].

A few examinations have been done in different pieces of the world to survey the techno-economic and environmental analysis of different hybrid electric system. Ghenai and Bettayeb [16] examined the various combination of hybrid PV/fuel cell/DG energy system. They show that standalone system is a high renewable fraction, feasible economic with environmental friendly system for university building in Sharjah.

Al-Hamadani [35] analyzed the hybrid diesel/PV/wind/battery systems under Iran climate conditions for nonresidential consumers. The hybrid system was analyzed on the basis of size of the PV panels and wind turbine, cost of energy and renewable fraction under with and without battery connected conditions. Hossain et al [21] identified three rural places in Colombia, estimated the load demands and optimized the off-grid hybrid renewable energy system using HOMER. They demonstration that combination of hybrid photovoltaic/WT/diesel is a capital cost, net present cost (NPC), and cost of energy (COE). In another study, Fodhil et al [36] explored the optimal power and analysis the sensitivity of hybrid PV-DG-battery electric system by applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques and HOMER software for rural electrification in Algeria. In Bangladesh, techno-economic feasibility assessment was proposed to fulfill the 248 kWh/day energy demand for remote community using standalone hybrid photovoltaic/wind turbine/diesel generator/biogas generator/battery system by Das et al [37]. In this standalone hybrid system greenhouse gas emission was compared with diesel based and grid connected system. Duman and Güler [38] developed an off-grid solar photovoltaic system for the application of LED road light. They declared that the proposed model is acceptable decision for both financially and environmentally. Al-Hamadani [35] implemented a comparative feasibility investigation of grid integrated and isolated systems under southern Iran climate conditions. The optimal sizing of photovoltaic module, wind and batteries and also annual load growth by using HOMER simulation tool. Li et al [39]. Estimated the housing estate loads in china and locate the optimal design of hybrid system utilizing HOMER. The results shows cost optimal, emission of pollution for hybrid solar PV/DG/battery system.

The techno-economic and feasibility analysis was completed in Dongola by Elkadeem et al [40] to analyze the techno-economic of a hybrid PV/WT/DG/converter/battery system in providing power for agriculture and irrigation area. The examination uncovered the optimal design and economically reasonable with levelized COE and NPC of 0.387 $/kWh and 24.16 M$ respectively. The greenhouse gas emission is 95% is reduced to equate with only diesel system. A techno-economic examination of grid isolated hybrid photovoltaic-DG-battery system was analyzed in place of household load demand in Urunqi, China by Li and Yu [41]. A numerous models which incorporates fixed axis, one axis and two axis solar tracking systems, were dissected in the investigation. The optimal arrangement as far as cost of energy was the fixed axis solar tracking system ranges between 1.319 $/kWh and 2.847 $/kWh. A technical and relative investigation of grid connected hybrid renewable energy system was carried out by Islam [42] for a large office building in Southeastern in France. The hybrid PV/utility grid system was seen as the 43% energy consumption is reduced from utility grid and also minimized the 90% of greenhouse gas emission. Shahzad et al [43] also Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 343 – 362

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assessed off grid hybrid solar-biomass system for provide electricity for rural areas in Pakistan. In this report the system initial capital cost and NPC are calculated as PKR 2.64 M and PKR4.48 M respectively and also electricity provide at COE 5.51 PKR/kWh for the application of agricultural purposes. The performance of hybrid solar photovoltaic/DG/battery in Sabah, Malaysia by Halabi et al. [44] using HOMER simulation tool.

The outcomes shows the hybrid photovoltaic/DG/battery system configuration is the best optimal design compared to overall configuration. Renewable fraction of the system values varied like 0%, 39.89%, 42.38%, 59.21%, 86.90% and 100% depends upon different configuration of the hybrid system.

The related investigations talked about give a good foundation to the current examination by introducing different techno-economic contextual investigations carried out in many countries. For the examinations reported in India, the gotten cost of energy is more because wrong selection of equipment and components for the feasibility investigation. A large portion of the investigations concentrated on NPC particularly in India contextual analyses. Accordingly, in this examination, HOMER Pro simulation software was used to define the optimal design of hybrid solar photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery in southern region of India, Tiruvannamalai. It is evaluates the techno-economic analysis depends on the minimal NPC and COE with less environmental pollution effects. The various configuration were simulated and the optimal configuration for the investigation place is the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery with a NPC and COE are $28.944.800 and 0.1266 $/kWh in that order.

2.

STUDY AREA AND LOAD PROFILE DESCRIPTION The grid isolated hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery is designed to make available electricity for Arunai Engineering College (Educational Institution) in Velu Nagar village, Tiruvannamalai with latitude 12 011.6’ N and longitude 7905.0’ E. The Institution is located in North-West region of Tamilnadu and located in western mountainous hills, which has huge amount of solar potential and wind potential.

The Arunai Engineering College was established in the year of 1993, total area of around 105.50 sq.m. Spanning area for academic, hostels, playground and amenities purposes. The institution consists of several buildings and each building consists of three to four floors. The most of the buildings are used for the academics purpose and few buildings are used for the hostel and administrative purposes. The electricity is needs for academics, administrative and hostel buildings for various electrical appliances at different time duration. The academics and administrative buildings energy consumption is relatively high due to more number of lights, air conditioner, lifts, computers and electrical motors at time duration between from 8.00 am to 5.30 pm. In hostel buildings mostly light loads, air coolers and water heater are consuming electrical energy at time duration between from 5.00 pm to 9.00 am.

The total load and energy consumption of the administrative building is 19.8794 kW and energy consumption 158.873 kWh/day, while the total load and energy consumption for academic and hostel buildings are 355.8785 kW and 1490.9312 kW, 2649.719 kWh/day and 8527.0108 kWh/day as presented in Table 1. The overall three buildings total energy consumption per day, peak load and average energy consumption are 11335.5128 kW/day, 1,769.87 kW and 472.31 kW/day with a load factor of 0.27, 15% hour-hour and 10% day to day random variable were used to enable the load data to have some degree of variability at different times of the year. The load data is served into the HOMER software for the graphical representation of the hourly and monthly load profiles as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The daily and monthly electric load profile of Arunai Engineering College Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in … (Venkatachalam K M)

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ISSN: 2252-8814 Table 1. The estimated electric load demand profile for Arunai Engineering College

Buildings

Administrat ive building

Academic building

Hostel building

Type of Loads Light (Building inside) Light (Street) Fan Computer Printer Scanner Xerox machine Air conditioner Water purifier Water pump Refrigerator Other socket loads Light (Building inside) Light (Street) Fan Computer Printer Scanner Xerox machine Projector Air conditioner Water purifier Water pump Laboratory Loads Other socket Loads Light Fan Laptop Printer Scanner Xerox machine Air conditioner Water purifier Water pump Water heater Washing Machine Iron box Refrigerator GYM machinery Other socket loads

Rating of loads (W)

No. of Loads

Total Loads Power (kW)

Operati ng time (h/day)

Energy Consumption (kWh/day)

40

35

1.40

9

12.60

40 60 110 250 12

8 24 16 4 4

0.32 1.44 1.76 1.00 0.048

13 9 9 9 9

4.16 1.296 15.84 9.00 0.432

930

1

0.930

6

5.58

1740

6

10.44

8

83.52

700 1491.4 250

1 1 1

0.70 1.4914 0.25

9 1 24

6.30 1.4914 6.00

0.10

9

0.90

40

478

19.12

9

172.08

40 60 110 250 12

108 497 428 43 43

4.32 29.82 47.08 10.75 0.516

13 9 9 9 9

56.16 268.38 423.72 96.75 4.644

930

2

1.86

6

11.16

282

72

20.304

4.5

91.368

1740

36

62.64

9

563.76

700 3728.5

9 1

6.30 3.7285

9 2

56.70 7.457

149.14

6

894.84

0.30

9

2.70

40 60 65 250 12

1940 900 1400 20 20

77.60 54.00 91.00 5.00 0.240

7.5 15 7 2 2

582.00 810.00 637.00 10.00 0.48

930

2

1.860

2

3.72

1740

200

348.00

11

3828.00

700 3728.5 4000

24 2 60

16.80 7.457 240.00

10 2 1.5

168.00 14.914 360.00

1300

10

13.00

13

169.00

700 250

900 4

630.00 1.00

3 24

1890.00 24.00

372.85

12

4.4742

4

17.8968

0.50

24

12.00

Overall total

3.

Total energy consumption (kWh/day)

158.783

2649.719

8527.0108

11335.5128

SOLAR AND WIND POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT To design a solar PV system, the information on the SR and clearness index of the particular site is required. The openness of this solar potential is dictated by the accessibility of enough daylight hours in the zone [45]. For this evaluation, [46] the information utilized for the investigation was acquired from National aeronautics and space administration (NASA) utilizing the latitude and longitude of the area.

The chose area is in Tiruvannamalai arranged at latitude 12 011.6’ N and longitude 7905.0’ E with the forecast daily average SR is 5.14 kW/m2/day. The twenty two years the average value of the solar data was gained from NASA by means of HOMER Pro software, the solar data information comprising of the Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 343 – 362

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clearness index and solar radiation ranges from 0.454 to 0.634 and 3.99 kW/m2/day to 6.43 kW/m2/day respectively as introduced in Figure 2. The long stretch of November has the least SR is 3.99 kW/m 2/day and the period of March has the most elevated SR estimation of 6.43 kW/m2/day. In any case, the month having least SR is still the solar system can be used to generate electricity.

Wind is another renewable resource that can be tackled for power generation. Wind turbines are combined with inbuilt generators which transforms the wind energy into electrical energy [9]. To generate effective electrical energy from the wind system, the evaluation place must have the essential wind speed to be driving the wind turbine. The non-identical wind turbines are exist for electric power generation and can work at different wind speed be decided by manufacturers, the wind speed for wind turbine activity may differ between 2.5 m/s cut-in WS and 25 m/s cut-out WS [10]. In this evaluation, the average wind speed of the AEC campus location 3.29 m/s at 50 m height. The WS changes between 2.65 and 3.95 m/s for the whole year in this location [46]. The information utilized for this investigation was acquired from NASA by means of HOMER Pro software, twenty two years average wind speed information changes between 2.65 and 3.95 m/s as introduced in Figure 3. There is lower WS the month of November having an average WS of 2.65 m/s and higher WS of 3.95 m/s during the period of May. However, the average wind speed of the investigation place falls inside the necessary wind speed that can be utilized to exploit energy to generate electricity.

Figure 2. Monthly average solar radiation and clearness index in Arunai Engineering College

Figure 3. Monthly average wind speed and temperature in Arunai Engineering College

4.

DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION OF HYBRID SYSTEM The grid isolated hybrid electric energy system comprising of photovoltaic arrays, wind generator, diesel generator, battery, a converter, DC bus, AC bus and electric load as appeared in Figure 4. The batteries are used to store the surplus energy that can utilized while the solar photovoltaic and wind generator systems are not capable to encounter the load demand, while the diesel generator fills in as a reinforcement power Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in … (Venkatachalam K M)

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flexibly when the solar, wind and the batteries also not capable to encounter load requirements. Various combination of hybrid frameworks have been proposed in various pieces of the globe dependent on the accessible renewable resources in those regions [47], [48]. In India, a few investigations have likewise been completed utilizing the accessible renewable resources [1], [11], [12], [27]. In this assessment HOMER Pro is utilized to design the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system and analysis the techno-economic feasibilities, optimization of power and sensitivity. It simulates various framework designs utilizing sources of info, for example, climate information for the chose location, component technical specifications, cost of the components and load information. HOMER Pro software simulates the wide range of framework arrangements and chooses optimal design with the less NPC and levelized COE. Figure 5 presents the architecture of the HOMER Pro software for techno-economic assessment.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system

Technical, Economic, Environmental and Sensitivity Analysis of Hybrid Solar PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery System for Arunai Engineering College, Tamilnadu

Availability of Renewable Energy Resources (Solar Radiation, Wind Speed, Temperature) obtain from NASA

Site Location

Electric Load Demand Profile for Arunai Engineering College

Selection of Renewable Energy System Components from Homer Pro Library

Sensitivity Analysis

Vary the Sensitivity Variables (Solar Radiation, Wind Speed, Temperature, Fuel Cost and RE Components Cost)

Renewable Energy System Components and Fuel Cost Details

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid system Using Homer Pro

Technical Performance Analysis Parameters

Economic Performance Analysis Parameters

Environment Performance Analysis Parameters

1. Optimum Configuration 2. Sizing of the System 3. Energy Production from RE 4. Excess Energies 5. Renewable Fractions

1. Capital Cost 2. Replacement Cost 3. Operation and Maintenance Cost 4. Net Present Cost 5. Cost of Energy 6.Fuel Cost

1. Carbon DioxideCarbon 2. MonoxideUnburned 3. HydrocarbonParticulate 4. MatterSulfur Dioxide 5. Nitrogen Oxides

Figure 5. Architecture of the HOMER Pro operation for Arunai Engineering College.

4.1. Output power of the solar photovoltaic array The output power of the solar photovoltaic array is calculated by (1) [12], [35] in HOMER Pro. 𝑃𝑃𝑉 = 𝑌𝑃𝑉 𝑓𝑃𝑉 (

𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑇,𝑆𝑇𝐶

) [1 + 𝛼𝑝 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑆𝑇𝐶 )]

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Where YPV, fPV, GT and GT, STC are the PV array rated capacity, derating factor, actual SR and test condition SR respectively. Tc and Tc, STC, αp, are the actual and standard test condition cell temperature and temperature coefficient respectively.

In this assessment, Tat305TP305LBZ, rating of 0.305 kW p flat plate photovoltaic panel is selected and its capital cost, operation and maintenance cost (O & M), replacement cost (RC) and other technical parameters details are introduced in Table 2. The maximum capacity of the photovoltaic system considered for this assessment is 3500 kW.

Table. 2. Technical and economic parameters details of solar photovoltaic system Parameter Model Manufacturer Panel Type Rated Capacity (kW) Operating Temperature (oC) Temperature Coefficient Efficiency (%) Capital cost ($/kWp) Replacement cost ($/kWp) O&M cost ($/kWp/year) Derating Factor (%) Life time (years)

Specification Tat305TP305LBZ (Tat305) Tata Power Solar Systems Flat Plate 0.305 48.8 -0.438300 13 1,500 1,200 25 85 25

4.2. Output power of the wind generator The WS in wind turbine hub was assessed by HOMER Pro as (2) [12], [35]. 𝑈ℎ𝑢𝑏 = 𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑚

𝑙𝑛(𝑍ℎ𝑢𝑏 /𝑍0 )

(2)

𝑙𝑛(𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑚 /𝑍0 )

Where Uanem is a WS, Zanem is a height of the anemometer, Zhub is a height of the hub and Z0 is a length of the surface. The wind system output power is determined as (3). 𝜌

𝑃𝑊𝑇𝐺 = ( ) 𝑃𝑊𝑇𝐺,𝑆𝑇𝑃

(3)

𝜌0

Where PWTG, STP is a output power of the wind turbine at standard conditions are determined utilizing the wind turbines output power curve, ρ is actual air density and ρ0 is air density at standard conditions.

In this assessment selected a Generic 10 kW wind turbine framework which is chosen dependent on the cut-in and cut-out WS of the wind turbine, Height of WT and cost of the WT. Figure 6 represents the characteristic curve of the WT. The technical parameters of the WT, CC, RC, O&M cost are introduced in Table 3.

Table 3. Technical and economic parameters details of wind turbine Parameter Model Manufacturer Rated Capacity (kW) Capital cost ($) Replacement cost ($) O&M cost ($/year) Hub Height (m) Life time (years)

Specification Generic 10 kW (G10) Generic 10 45.000 45.000 150 24 20

Figure 6. Characteristic curve of the 10 kW generic wind turbine 4.3. Diesel generator The essential back-up power source, diesel generators have been generally utilized in hybrid power generation system so as to improve the reliability of the system. In this assessment, 500 kW diesel generators were chosen to fulfill a peak load demand of 1769.87kW with 10 % of operating reserve capacity. The fuel Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in … (Venkatachalam K M)

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utilization of the DG is identified with the rated power and output powers, which can be determined as (4) [35]. 𝐹𝐷𝐺 = 𝑎𝑃 𝐷𝐺−𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝑏𝑃𝐷𝐺−𝑜𝑢𝑡

(4)

Here, PDG-rated, PDG-out are the generator rated power and generator output power. Efficiency of the diesel generator is determined by utilizing the derived equation [35]. 𝜂𝐷𝐺 =

3.6𝑃𝐷𝐺−𝑜𝑢𝑡

(5)

𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝐹𝐷𝐺 𝐻𝐿 −𝑓𝑢𝑒

Here, ρfue is the density of the fuel (kg/m3) and HL-fue (MJ/kg) is the lower warming of the fuel. The DG efficiency curve as presented in Figure 7 and technical parameters of the diesel generator, CC, RC, O&M cost, fuel consumption and other parameters are introduced in Table 4.

Figure 7. Efficiency curve of 500 kW diesel generator

Table 4. Technical and economic parameters details of diesel generator Parameter Model Capacity (kW) Fuel Fuel curve intercept (L/hr) Fuel curve slop (L/hr/kW) CO (g/L fuel) Unburned HC (g/L fuel) Particulate (g/L fuel) Fuel sulfur converted to PM (%) NOx (g/L fuel) Lower heating value (MJ/kg) Density (kg/m3) Carbon content (%) Sulfur content (%) Capital cost ($) Replacement cost ($) O&M cost ($/op.hour) Minimum load ratio (%) Fuel Price ($/L) Life time (hours)

Specification Generic 500 kW Fixed Capacity Genset 500 Diesel 7 0.244 13.566 0.72 0.116 2.2 2.60 43.2 820 88 0.4 200.000 200.000 5 25 0.86 15.000

4.4. Battery charge and discharge power A battery maximum charge power (P batt, cmax) is measured using HOMER Pro is the base of three distinct limits on the batteries Pbatt, cmax, to be specific [12], [35]. 𝑃

𝑀𝐼𝑁(𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑘𝑏𝑚 ,𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑚𝑐𝑟 ,𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑚𝑐𝑐 ) 𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐

𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥

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Where, 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑘𝑏𝑚 = 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑚𝑐𝑟 = 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑚𝑐𝑐 =

𝑘𝑄1 𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 +𝑄𝑘𝑐(1−𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 )

(7)

1−𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 +𝑐(𝑘𝛥𝑡−1+𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 ) (1−𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 )(𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥

(8)

𝛥𝑡 𝑁𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥

(9)

1000

𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑐 = √𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑟𝑡

(10)

Where, Q1, Q and Qmax are the accessible energy, sum of energy and capacity of the battery bank respectively. c, k and αc are the capacity ratio, constant rate and maximum rate of charge. Additionally, t, Nbatt, Imax, Vnom, gbatt, c, gbatt, rt are step time, battery quantity, battery nominal voltage, battery charge efficiency and round-trip efficiency respectively. The maximum discharge power (P batt, dmax) of the battery banks as calculated as (11), (12) and (13). 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑘𝑏𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

(11)

Where, 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑘𝑏𝑚 =

−𝑘𝛥𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 1−𝑒 +𝑐(𝑘𝛥𝑡−1+𝑒 −𝑘𝛥𝑡 )

−𝑘𝑄1−𝑘𝛥𝑡

(12)

𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑑 = 𝜂𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡,𝑑

(13)

In this assessment, a PowerSafe SBS 3900 lead-acid battery with 12 V, maximum capacity is 4300 Ah and nominal capacity of 51.6 kWh is selected for simulation. The round-trip efficiency of this battery is 97% with minimum state of charge (SOC) value is 30%. The technical and economic parameters details are introduced in Table 5. Figure 8 shows the capital and replacement cost variation curve.

Table. 5. Technical and economic parameters details of battery

Figure 8. Cost curve of the PowerSafe SBS 3900 lead-acid battery

Parameter Nominal voltage (V) Nominal capacity (kWh) Maximum Capacity (Ah) Capacity ratio Rated constant (1/hr) Roundtrip efficiency (%) Maximum charge current (A) Maximum discharge current (A) Maximum charge rate (A/Ah) Capital cost ($) Replacement cost ($) O&M cost ($/year) Throughput (kWh) Minimum SOC (%) Life time (years)

Specification 12 51.6 4.3E+03 0.298 1.95 97 3.9 E+03 4.6 E+03 1 7200 7200 0 55.134.60 30 15

4.5. Converter There are two energy conversion in the electric system such as DC-AC and AC-DC conversion.

Consequently, an inverter and rectifier are fundamental. In this assessment a Del82.764 converter, the rectifier had 100% limit comparative with the inverter and its efficiency was 98.5% and converter lifetime was 15 years. The converter technical and economical parameters are introduced in Table 6.

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ISSN: 2252-8814 Table. 6. Technical and economic parameters details of converter Parameter Model Manufacturer Capital cost ($/kW) Replacement cost ($/kW) O&M cost ($/year) Efficiency (%) Life time (years)

Specification Del82.764 Delta Electronics 220 220 10 98.50 15

4.6. Economic evaluation of the system The NPC includes transformation of every single yearly advantage and costs stream happening at various focuses in the existence time of the project to their current value counterparts and including them to get the overall worth everything being equal and expenses of the project which is mathematically composed as [35] 𝑁𝑃𝑉 = ∑𝑁 𝑡=1

𝑅𝑡 −𝐶𝑡 (1+𝑖)𝑡

− 𝐼0

(14)

Here Rt, Ct, I, I0 and N are the income, expense, rate of interest, initial cost and project life time respectively. The COE is acquired by including up the net costs a yearly premise and partitions it by the yearly provided energy as (15) 𝐶𝑂𝐸 =

𝐴𝐶𝐶+𝐴𝑅𝐶+𝐴𝑀𝐶+𝐴𝐺𝐶 𝐴𝑆𝐸

(15)

Where, 𝐴𝐶𝐶 =

𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑁

𝐼 (1+𝑖)𝑁 −1 0

(16)

It is an annual capital cost and replacement cost. 𝐴𝑅𝐶 =

𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑁

𝐼 (1+𝑖)𝑁 −1 0

∑𝑛 𝑅

𝐶𝑅 (1+𝑖)𝑡𝑅

(17)

Where, CR is a replacement of the components, tR is a time of the replacement and nR is the no.of replacements during the existence time of the project. Likewise AGC and AMC are yearly net grid charge and maintenance cost, independently.

4.7. Environmental evaluation of the system The GHG emission in hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system results from the generation of electric power by the renewable resources and generators. For the diesel generator yearly CO 2 emission is determined by using emission factor and yearly fuel utilization. For the grid integrated system, the emission level is calculated by using purchased net power from grid and its emission factor [35].

5.

OPERATION STRATEGY The grid isolated hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system works in two principle techniques, specifically the cycle charging (CC) and load following (LF). The CC technique, the DG joined is utilized to supply power to the load and charge the battery bank simultaneously. While LF technique, the solar and wind turbines are serving demand simultaneously the battery bank charged by surplus power. In the occasion where the renewable power generation is not capable to encounter or inaccessible, the DG is arranged to attend the load. Fiure. 9 represents the operational flowchart for grid isolated hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system. The flow chart expresses the expresses overall power management of the system that is directs the flow of the energy in the hybrid system. For this assessment, the LF technique is implemented where just the renewable energy sources are utilized in charging the battery bank.

The charged battery storage system attends to serve the load demand in the occasion where the renewable sources can't serve the load requirements. The diesel generator can possibly serve the load demand when both renewable sources and battery storage systems are couldn't meet the loads. This decreases helps in decreasing the surplus power generation and furthermore helps in reduce NPC of the framework. There are circumstances that the load can't be given by the RES because of weather conditions. For instance, when Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 343 – 362

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there is accessible SR, the solar photovoltaic supplies power to the load and surplus power is a charge to the battery bank, similarly goes to the wind system when there is accessible WS to drive the WT. At the point when the photovoltaic and wind generator sources are not capable to encounter the demand, the batteries which fill in as the capacity will flexibly the load demand until battery discharged to 30 % of the minimum SOC. When battery is going to below 30 % of SOC the generator consequently goes on to serve the load demand.

Calculated Pload,PWT and PPV

i=1

i=hour

No

(PWT+PPV)>Pload

Yes

Supply load

Check (SOC)

Yes

30%≤ SOC≤100%

No

Charge battery

No

SOC=100% Yes

Supply load

Start diesel generator to supply load

Dump excess energy

Yes SOC=30% No

i=i+1

Figure 9. Operational flowchart for grid isolated hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system

6.

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this assessment designs a hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery electric system to attend the electric load requirements of Arunai Engineering College in Tiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India. HOMER Pro simulation tool was employed to model the hybrid renewable energy system by determining the optimal system configuration using the Arunai Engineering College electric load profile, weather data and component details.

6.1. Optimization analysis of the hybrid electric system HOMER Pro software categorized all the possible framework arrangements for the Arunai Engineering College. The classified optimal configuration for Arunai Engineering College with an annual average SR of 5.14 kWh/m2/day and a fuel cost of 0.86 $/L are appeared in Table 7 and Figure 10. The optimization configurations are classified four kinds of power system with minimum NPC and COE as PVWT-DG-Battery, PV-DG-battery, PV-WT-battery and PV-battery.

For the optimal PV-WT-DG-battery design contains 3500 kW photovoltaic panels, 1 kW wind turbine, 500 kW DG, 1.222 quantity of batteries with 2.090 kW converters. It has the total NPC of $28.944.800 and COE of $0.1266/kWh. For this design, the solar system has the higher capital expense followed by the batteries and the converter, the diesel generator has the least capital expense. In view of the NPC, the batteries have the higher NPC because of replacement cost followed by the solar photovoltaic and fuel cost of DG, the converter of the system has the minimum NPC. Table 8 presents the overview of the cash flow of the optimal setup investigated by various cost types. Table 8 presents the capital and replacement expenses are main cost of the system which includes for the most part the batteries and the solar system, followed by the diesel cost. The operating and maintenance cost is extremely minimum due to considered the system is mainly supplied by the solar and wind sources, which has the less operating expenses.

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ISSN: 2252-8814 Table 7. Optimal configurations of the hybrid electric system

Configura tion PV-WTDGBattery PV-DGBattery PV-WTBattery PVBattery

PV (kW)

WT (kW )

DG (kW )

Batter y

Convert er (kW)

3.500

1

500

1.222

2.090

500

1.239

1.946

D S LF

3.500 3.500

1

3.500

1.321

1.800

1.325

1.811

LF C C C C

NPC ($)

COE ($/kWh)

Initial cost ($)

Operating cost ($/year)

RF (%)

Total fuel (L/ye ar)

28.944 .800

0.1266

14.753.1 14.69

256.761.50

99.9

1027

256.590.00

99.9

898

278.395.30

100

0

278.866.30

100

0

28.981 .140 30.589 .540 30.601 .110

0.1268 0.1338 0.1338

14.798.9 39.66 15.202.1 23.72 15.187.6 60.64

Table 8. Cash flow summary of PV-WT-DG-battery configuration Component PV WT DG Battery Converter System

Capital ($) 5.250.000 45.000 200.000 8.798.400 459.714.69 14.753.114.69

Replacement ($) 0 135.349.19 0 20.094.909.91 1.049.955.14 21.280.214.23

O & M ($) 4.836.286.48 8.290.78 2.210.87 0 1.154.967.24 6.001.755.38

Fuel ($) 0 0 48.802.59 0 0 48.802.59

Salvage ($) 0 -133.683.47 -781.635.70 -11.616.796.53 -606.975.36 -13.139.091.06

Total ($) 10.086.286.48 54.956.50 530.622.23 17.276.513.37 2.057.661.71 28.944.795.83

Figure 10. Optimal configurations of the hybrid system

6.2. Economic analysis of the hybrid electric system HOMER Pro simulates various economic details. Table 7 introduced a correlation of the financial boundaries for every one of the classified configurations. The financial details are divided into initial cost, NPC, RC, and O & M cost. The grid isolated PV-WT-DG-battery configuration has the minimum initial cost of $14.753.114.69.

The hybrid PV-DG-battery has the second least initial cost of $14.798.939.66. The other two PVWT-battery and PV-battery configurations have the highest initial cost of $15.202.123.72 and $15.187.660.64 respectively. The hybrid PV-DG-battery has the second minimum cost of $14.798.939.66.

Remaining two PV-WT-battery and PV-battery configurations have the maximum initial cost of $15.202.123.72 and $15.187.660.64 respectively. The configuration with the minimum O&M cost is the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system with operating cost of $6.001.755.38. The following is the PV-DG-battery framework with O&M cost of $5.913.860.51 and happens to be the setup with the higher O&M cost. The PV-WT-battery and PV-battery frameworks have the O&M cost of $5.839.278.84 and $5.836.721.84 correspondingly. The hybrid PV-WT-battery arrangement has the higher replacement cost of $22.762.503.97 which is because of more number of batteries and photovoltaic panels utilized in the design. PV-battery setup has the second higher replacement cost, followed by PV-DG-battery and PV-WT-DG-battery configurations with replacement cost of $22.698.865.40, $21.352.302.72 and $21.280.214.23 correspondingly as shown in Table 7 and Figure 10. It is noticed that the design with the more number of batteries has the higher replacement cost because of more battery cost, it is in this way decided the quantity of batteries influences the expense of a framework. Furthermore, the total NPC and COE of all the feasible framework designs examined in Arunai Engineering College are demonstrated in Figure 11.

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Figure 11. NPC and COE of all the feasible system configurations in Arunai Engineering College

6.3. Output energy analysis of the hybrid electric system Various electric energy parameters of the hybrid renewable system were also analyzed. From the outcomes acquired from HOMER Pro, the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery design has the maximum energy generation is 5.103.072 kWh/year with annual utilization of 4.136.751 kWh/year and surplus energy of 847.231 kWh/year. The hybrid PV-DG-battery setup has the second higher energy generation is 5.100.836 kWh/year with annual utilization of 4,136,735 kWh/year and surplus energy of 844,944 kWh/year that is utilized to charge the batteries. The energy of 99% is generated from the photovoltaic system with 1.01% generated from the diesel generator. The PV-WT-battery and PV-battery arrangements have power generation of 5.099.094 kWh/year and 5.096.520 kWh/year surplus energy of 843.106 kWh/year and 840.486 kWh/year correspondingly. These two setups have the minimum energy generation and they fulfill the annual energy utilization of 4.136.728 kWh/year and 4.136.734 kWh/year as introduced in Table 9.

Moreover, Figure 12 and Figure 13 shows the month average energy generation, surplus energy from the optimal hybrid PV-WT-DG-Battery system in Arunai Engineering College.

Table 9. Comparison of output energy in hybrid electric system Configuration PV-WT-DG-battery PV-DG-battery PV-WT-battery PV-battery

Energy Production (kWh/year) 5.103.072 5.100.836 5.099.094 5.096.520

Energy Consumption (kWh/year) 4.136.751 4.136.735 4.136.728 4.136.734

Excess Energy (kWh/year) 847.231 844.944 843.106 840.486

Figure 12. Monthly average electric production in the PV-WT-DG-battery system

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Figure 13. Monthly average excess electric energy in the PV-WT-DG-battery system

6.4. Environmental analysis of the hybrid system From the design simulated by HOMER Pro, the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system has the more carbon dioxide emission of 2.692 kg/year, followed by hybrid PV-DG-Battery setup with CO2 of 2.355 kg/year. The PV-WT-battery and PV-battery arrangements have zero greenhouse gas emission due to the 100% renewable fraction of the system. This shows that the hybrid PV-WT-battery and PV-battery systems are the most environmentally friendly configurations with zero emission, but unfortunately not economically viable because they have the highest NPC and COE compared to the optimum configuration system. It shows the hybrid PV-WT-battery and PV-battery systems are the most environmentally friendly setups with zero emission, but not economically feasible due to higher value of NPC and COE compared to the other optimal design. The hybrid system with the optimal design dependent on the less NPC and COE is still environmentally friendly due to less amount of greenhouse gas emission with 99.9% of energy generated from renewable sources compared other setup. Table 10 represents the greenhouse gas emission of the various configurations simulated by HOMER Pro.

Table 10. Comparison of GHG emission in hybrid electric system Quantity Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Unburned Hydrocarbon Particulate Matter Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides

PV-WT-DG-battery (kg/year) 2.692 13.9 0.739 0.119 6.58 2.67

PV-DG-battery (kg/year) 2.355 12.2 0.647 0.104 5.76 2.33

PV-WT-battery (kg/year) 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-battery (kg/year) 0 0 0 0 0 0

6.5. Sensitivity analysis of the hybrid electric system Certain sensitivity factors were providing into HOMER Pro software to decide the optimal system arrangement and corresponding techno-economic assessments for such system. By performing the sensitivity assessment for this hybrid system, a different value of yearly average solar radiation, average temperature, oscillation in average WS, rise and fall of the fuel price and changing the multiplication value of the capital cost, RC and O&M cost of the photovoltaic and wind system were conducted.

6.5.1. Sensitivity analysis with the variation of average SR When the hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system model in HOMER Pro, the yearly average solar radiation ranges from 4.5 kWh/m2/day to 5.5 kWh/m2/day. As saw in Table 11, with the other design factors of the system are undisturbed, during the system is operating at yearly average SR was 4.5 kWh/m 2/day, optimum size of the photovoltaic and wind turbine required were setup 3500 kW and 406 kW, which are 20 kW photovoltaic and 403 kW wind turbine more than when the system is operating at yearly average SR was 5.5 kWh/m2/day. Therefore, the capital cost, operating cost, NPC and COE was rises by around 62.2%, 38.37%, 53.46% and 53.44% correspondingly as compared with the system is operating at average SR was 5.5 kWh/m2/day appeared in Figure 14.

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Operating Cost RF ($/year) (%)

Total Fuel (L/year)

Table 11. Sensitivity analysis results for hybrid electric system Sensitivity Variables

Configuration

PV (kW)

WT DG Converter Battery NPC ($) (kW) (kW) (kW)

COE ($/kWh)

Initial Cost ($)

Solar radiation variation at Fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Temperature of 27.070C, Wind speed of 3.29 m/s PV-WT3500 406 500 1577 1851 56.051.220 0.2452 35.481.570.27 372.154.20 99.8 1.997 DG-battery PV-WT3497 1 500 1773 1807 36.428.900 0.1593 18.653.257.57 321.603.90 99.9 709 DG-battery PV-WT3480 3 500 1035 1838 26.089.320 0.1141 13.411.010.17 229.381.00 99.9 769 DG-battery Temperature variation at Fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m 2/day, Wind speed of 3.29 m/s PV-WT20 0C 3500 1 500 1068 2069 26.754.730 0.1170 13.639.721.07 237.281.90 99.9 1.156 DG-battery PV-WT0 35 C 3482 5 500 1412 1867 31.594.280 0.1382 16.224.751.56 278.071.60 99.9 1.283 DG-battery PV-WT45 0C 3500 145 500 1359 3528 40.241.830 0.1760 22.535.976.91 320.341.30 99.9 1.489 DG-battery Wind speed variation at Fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Temperature 27.07 0C, Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m2/day PV-WT2.5 m/s 3500 3 500 1.212 1.964 28.797.300 0.1259 14.743.465.43 254.267.60 99.9 1.156 DG-battery PV-WT4 m/s 3500 1 500 1.222 2.090 28.944.800 0.1266 14.753.120.52 256.761.50 99.9 1.026 DG-battery PV-WT5 m/s 3500 43 500 906 1801 26.508.510 0.1159 14.304.391.87 220.801.70 99.9 1.150 DG-battery 2 Fuel cost variation at Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m /day, Temperature of 27.070C, Wind speed of 3.29 m/s PV-WT0.5 $/L 3500 1 500 1.222 2090 28.924.370 0.1265 14.753.114.69 256.391.90 99.9 1027 DG-battery PV-WT1.0 $/L 3500 1 500 1.222 2090 28.952.740 0.1266 14.753.114.69 256.905.20 99.9 1027 DG-battery PV-WT1.5 $/L 3500 1 500 1.222 2.090 28.981.110 0.1268 14.753.114.69 257.418.60 99.9 1027 DG-battery Solar PV capital, Replacement and O&M cost multiplier variations at Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m 2/day, Fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Temperature of 27.070C, Wind speed of 3.29 m/s PV-WT0.6 % 3500 1 500 1.222 2.090 24.910.280 0.1089 12.653.114.69 221.761.50 99.9 1.027 DG-battery PV-WT1.4 % 3500 1 500 1.222 2.090 32.979.310 0.1442 16.853.114.69 291.761.50 99.9 1.027 DG-battery WT capital, Replacement and O&M cost multiplier variations at Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m 2/day, Fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Temperature of 27.070C, Wind speed of 3.29 m/s PV-WT0.6 % 3500 1 500 1.215 2.007 28.750.590 0.1257 14.666.621.74 254.712.80 99.9 1.156 DG-battery PV-WT1.4 % 3500 1 500 1.222 2.090 28.966.780 0.1267 14.771.114.69 256.833.50 99.9 1.027 DG-battery 4.5 kWh/m2/day 4.8 kWh/m2/day 5.5 kWh/m2/day

Figure 14. Cash flow summary of PV-WT-DG-battery system at different solar radiation

6.5.2. Sensitivity analysis with the variation of average temperature By keeping the yearly average solar radiation, wind speed and other design factors are constant for this optimal hybrid system, the yearly average temperature were ranges from 20 0 C to 450 C. When the hybrid Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in … (Venkatachalam K M)

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system is operating at average temperature was 200 C, the quantity of the photovoltaic and wind turbine required were setup 3500 kW and 1 kW, the wind turbine quantity is 403 kW less than when the system is operating at yearly average temperature were 450 C as shown in Table 11. Accordingly, the capital cost, operating cost, NPC and COE was drops by almost 39.48%, 25.93%, 33.51% and 33.52% in that order as related to when the system is operating at temperature was 45 0C as displayed in Figure 15.

6.5.3. Sensitivity analysis with the variation of average wind speed The average WS of the WT changes between 2.5-5 m/s with fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, Temperature 27.070 C, Solar radiation of 5.14 kWh/m2/day. As observed in Table 11 when the system is operate at average WS was 2.5 m/s, the size of PV and WT wanted were found to be 3500 kW and 3 kW, the size of the WT is 40 kW greater than when the system is operates average WS was 5 m/s. Therefore, the capital cost, operating cost, NPC and COE was rises by roughly 2.99%, 13.16%, 7.95% and 7.94% respectively as associated to when the average WS was 5 m/s as presented in Figure 16.

Figure 15. Cash flow summary of PV-WT-DGbattery system at different temperatures

Figure 16. Cash flow summary of PV-WT-DGbattery system at different wind speed

6.5.4. Sensitivity analysis with the variation of fuel price The universal oil and gas area encounters changes in the costs of prepared raw petroleum items, among the few reasons for these value fluctuations are governmental strategies and complexities emerging from the extraction and handling of unrefined petroleum into items, for example, diesel fuel. Therefore, a sensitivity assessment of variation in diesel prices comes to be essential.

Here, when the cost of fuel were differed between $0.5/L, $1.0/L and $1.5/L at SR of 5.14 kWh/m2/day , Temperature of 27.070C, WS of 3.29 m/s, it was seen that costs of diesel impacted the total NPC and COE as found in Table 11. NPC observed at $0.5/L, $1.0/L and $1.5/L expanded in extent by 0.098%, 0.099% and 0.12% in that order. The cost of energy saw at $0.5/L, $1.0/L and $1.5/L expanded by 0.078%, 0.15%, and 0.24% correspondingly.

6.5.5. Sensitivity analysis with variations of PV and WT capital, RC and O&M costs In this assessment, the photovoltaic and wind system initial cost, RC and O&M costs were given for the period of hybrid system model in HOMER Pro, hereafter an adjustment in the initial, replacement and O & M costs. At an yearly average SR of 5.14 kWh/m2/day, fuel cost of 0.86 $/L, average temperature of 27.070C, average WS of 3.29 m/s, varying the initial cost, replacement cost, operation and O&M costs of the photovoltaic and WT was multiplied by 0.6 % and 1.4 % of the original cost. During the photovoltaic system costs are multiplied by 0.6 % and 1.4 %, the net present cost vary from $24,910,280 to $32,979,310 and COE from 0.1089 $/kWh to 0.1442 $/kWh as presented in Table 11. When the wind turbine costs are multiplied by 0.6 % and 1.4 %, the net present cost vary from $28,750,590 to $28,966,780 and COE from 0.1257 $/kWh to 0.1267 $/kWh as presented in Table 11.

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6.5.6. Sensitivity analysis with variations of fuel price and average solar radiation For this assessment, the average solar radiation and fuel cost considered for sensitivity analysis ignoring the wind speed. The solar radiation and fuel costs were both fluctuated to get the impact of variation on the hybrid system economy. In spite of the fact that the diesel cost is selected at $0.86/L, it ranges between $0.5/L-$1.5/L and the average solar radiation as well fluctuates between 4.5 and 5.5 kW/m2/day.

Table 12 shows observed sensitivity results, due to the fuel cost and solar radiation fluctuations with corresponding NPC and COE. When solar radiation is increases and fuel cost decreases the system NPC and COE are decreases. Whereas a decrease the solar radiation and increases the fuel cost the system NPC and COE are increases. Figure 17 and Figure 18 exposed the total fuel cost per year and COE respectively for the hybrid PV-WT-DG-Battery system.

Table 12. Sensitivity analysis results for optimal hybrid PV-WT-DG-battery system Fuel Cost ($/L) 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5

Solar Radiation (kWh/m2/day) 4.5 4.8 5.5 4.5 4.8 5.5 4.5 4.8 5.5

PV (kW)

WT (kW)

DG (kW)

Battery

Converter (kW)

DS

NPC ($)

COE ($/kWh)

Initial ($)

3500 3497 3480 3500 3497 3480 3500 3497 3480

452 1 3 452 1 3 452 1 3

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

1.477 1.773 1.035 1.477 1.773 1.035 1.477 1.773 1.035

1.911 1.807 1.838 1.911 1.807 1.838 1.911 1.807 1.838

LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF LF

57.178.810 36.414.790 26.074.030 57.231.150 36.434.390 26.095.270 57.283.490 36.453.990 26.116.520

0.2501 0.1592 0.1140 0.2503 0.1593 0.1141 0.2506 0.1594 0.1142

36.844.784.40 18.653.257.57 13.411.010.17 36.844.784.40 18.653.257.57 13.411.010.17 36.844.784.4 18.653.257.57 13.411.010.17

Figure 17. Effect of solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) and fuel price ($/L) on the total fuel price ($/year) of the optimal configuration system

Cost

CO2 emissi on 4.967 1.860 2.016 4.967 1.860 2.016 4.967 1.860 2.016

Figure 18. Effect of solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) and fuel price ($/L) on the COE of the optimal configuration system

7.

CONCLUSION In this assessment, a gird isolated hybrid solar photovoltaic/wind turbine/diesel generator/battery system for electricity generation for Arunai Engineering College in Tiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, southern India. The HOMER Pro software is used to design a hybrid electric system. The proposed system simulation results were determined based on the minimum NPC and COE. In this system were found the four categorized optimal design configuration which take account of PV-WT-DG-battery, PV-DG-battery, PVWT-battery and PV-battery systems. The acquired results from this hybrid system, it very well be determined that the combination of the energy sources with less NPC of $28.944.800 and COE of $0.1266 is the PVWT-DG-battery and is the optimal combination for all the sensitivity results. a) the optimal PV-WT-DGbattery combination of the system has a renewable fraction of 99.9% with delivered yearly greenhouse gas emission of 2.692 kg, b) the fourth optimal PV-battery combination of the system has a zero-greenhouse gas emission due to the 100% renewable fraction. Unfortunately, the combination has the highest NPC of $30.601.110 and COE of $0.1338 because of the huge amount of costs need to spend for converter and storage batteries, c) the economic and environmental analysis has demonstrated that the optimal PV-WT-DGbattery combination system is economically and environmentally feasible for the reason that of less capital cost, operating cost, NPC and COE with less amount of greenhouse gas emission for electric power Techno economic environmental assessment of hybrid renewable energy system in … (Venkatachalam K M)

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generation in Arunai Engineering College in southern India, d) for the sensitivity variables, which are average SR, average temperature, average WS, fuel price, multiplication factor of capital cost, RC and O & M cost of the photovoltaic and wind system. It can be found that with a higher value of average SR, average WS with lower value of multiplication factor, fuel price and temperature, the NPC and COE decreases. Due to the higher value of multiplication factor, fuel price and temperature with lower value of SR and WS, the NPC and COE increases, e) in this techno-economic research of harnessing RE generation for institutional and rural area electrification purpose can be functional to developing countries.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by Wind Energy Division, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India under grant (IFD Dy. No. 1429 dated 04/11/2016, Demand No. 61/69, Budget Head: 2810.00.104.04.05.31/35).

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Trainable generator of educational content Vladimir Rotkin Independent Researcher, University of Haifa International School, Haifa, Israel

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

As the main problem of the research, the possibility of creating a universal educational platform that combines the possibilities of an online generation of educational content with the interface of the training process itself was considered. The methodology of the educational platform has been developed, in which the mass generation of content is carried out at random, based on simulation models of educational objects. A matrix interface is used, which allows performing custom operations by entering a sequence of typical operators. The system forms a reference base of operators, replenishing it from user solutions, which makes it possible to train and improve the system in order to provide methodological support to student users. An active demo layout of an educational content generator was created and tested, using the example of a specific problem from school mathematics. All methodological options function in the layout. There are three interface options: administrative, training and control. It was concluded that the approach based on the simulation of educational objects makes it possible to create a unified algorithmic platform that combines the functions of content generation with educational training. The system contains a unique option to teach yourself based on its interaction with students.

Received Mar 23, 2021 Revised Jul 6, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Content generator Educational content Information technology Machine learning Operator identification Settlement operator

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Vladimir Rotkin Independent researcher University of Haifa International School Shai Agnon st., 9/21, Haifa, Israel Email: ricentr@mail.ru

1.

INTRODUCTION The main feature of modern education, perhaps, lies in the presence of a significant gap between the capabilities of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their implementation in the educational process. On the one hand, there is a rapid penetration of the latest technologies into the field of education, from administration to the training process, many participants are motivated and ready for the widespread use of ICT. However, on the other hand, the “quantitative” advantages of ICT (speed and volume of information processing, the possibility of remote and joint work) are accompanied by incomparably small qualitative changes in the educational process itself. Mainly, traditional methods and didactics are used: old, possibly slightly modified, educational content retrieved from databases; video lectures from "talking heads"; the usual forms of training.

In all walks of life, ICTs have become ubiquitous institutions. The use of ICT in higher education contributes to the creation of a student-centred learning environment [1]. Benefits and challenges of using ICT: increasing student efficiency, reducing teacher time and effort, reducing costs and promoting higher order of thought. ICT also faced some difficulties such as inadequate technological infrastructure and insufficient computer experience of students.

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A higher focus on digital learning is associated with improved attitudes towards change and more innovative behaviours. Aboobaker and Zakkariya [2] highlight the need to strengthen the role of digital orientation in teaching and learning in order to transform educational institutions that are sustainable in terms of preparing graduates, ready for change and innovative behaviour at work, in the context of the emerging digital economy.

Education is a process aimed at finding new knowledge, including finding alternative ways in the field of new technologies that serve to meet special educational needs [3]. Society requires these technological advances to solve problems and enable humans to work with greater ergonomics; a school, a social institution, also needs these resources so that all students can build functional and meaningful teaching and learning process. The education system offers an education that meets the educational needs of all students; new technologies are a way to support diversity.

Blended learning supports or increases access for most student cohorts and yields higher achievement rates for both minority and non-minority students. Characteristics that students consider important are associated with clearly establishing and progressing towards course objectives, creating an effective learning environment and effective communication between teachers [4]. If in their opinion, these three elements of the course are satisfied, they are almost guaranteed to rate their educational experience as excellent, regardless of most other considerations.

Transforming the learning environment is often synonymous with acceptance and continued attention to the potential benefits of online learning in the higher education sector. The blackboard learning management system was piloted and implemented using a top-down approach of integrated training for faculty, students, and support staff. Based on data from interviews with participants, the study [5] emphasizes the need to strengthen academic support for the design of online learning and increase the focus on the development of effective teaching practices among employees. while trying to understand how scientists perceive and interpret the role of online technologies in supporting effective teaching practices.

To meet the needs of a new generation of students, higher education institutions are increasingly using digital tools such as virtual learning environments (VLE) and social media (SM). Research-based on the theory of service productivity [6] finds that learning-oriented outcomes are most important even when digital technologies are not used, and these results are further improved when students use the VLE. Students tend to prioritize knowledge transfer results.

The use of inverted scenarios in the classroom, with increased attention to solving specific sets of problems, is presented on the example of a course in mechanical engineering [7]. The centrepiece of the course is the universities' own implementation of the moodle learning management system. On the one hand, it provides all the general information such as a detailed curriculum, organizational information, as well as a grading system for the course and an organizational discussion board. On the other hand, it contains all the thematic information. The necessary theoretical input is provided in the form of wiki pages and video lectures, and problem sets are available as exercises in Moodle. In addition, a discussion board is available for thematic issues.

This group of researchers [8], [9] conducted a comparative analysis of conventional and electronic assessments in the educational process. The sample problems have been designed to accommodate a wide variety of inputs, from graphics to numeric and algebraic, and string input types. By implementing random variables, it is even possible to create an individual set of seed values for each participant. In addition, when working with complex problem examples, you need be aware of the transferred errors. To shorten the time it takes to give marks, the exam procedure consists of an e-assessment part and a classic paper and pencil part.

The results of the electronic assessment and general examination were studied statistically, data were collected over several years. A clear correlation was found between the scores obtained on the electronic assessment and the classical one.

A new system for generating and modelling tasks in real-time is presented [10]. The use of modern principles of object-oriented programming and reflection-oriented programming allows real-time analysis to be divided into subsystems, where each such subsystem can be implemented as a runtime plugin that can be independently developed by different research groups. This method is intended to save a significant amount of time spent on validating results, as well as to provide peer reviewers with a more efficient review.

Abe et al [11] proposes a strategy to support the automatic creation and validation of tasks. The importance of supporting automatic task creation is to reduce teacher effort and personalize e-learning tasks for students, enhancing their understanding of the subject. In addition, an automatic verification strategy provides immediate feedback. The approach is based on the standardization of learning objectives by providing a formal definition of the structure of learning activities.

The creation of open datasets can accelerate the progress of research by allowing researchers to focus on developing and validating analytical methods rather than obtaining data. Open datasets also allow researchers to compare new analytical approaches with known standards and improve research Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 363 – 372

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reproducibility. It is proposed to use synthetic data generators to create open-access versions of student data [12]. Synthetic datasets take precedence over real datasets because private student data is protected by federal laws.

Personalization of online courses by context is always limited to existing teaching material; their creation is a laborious task. A conveyor for generating questions and correct answers based on educational texts, limited to actual questions for given sentences, is presented [13]. The methodology commonly used in bioinformatics is adapted to generate question and answer pairs. The system generates questions and related answers based on suggestions, 70% of which make sense. Teachers can suggest natural language corrections.

The system of intelligent formal reasoning and verification [14] has high efficiency due to the formal description of the formal proof and the regular matching algorithm after the introduction of the machine learning algorithm. Experimental results show that the system can check the correctness of logical reasoning of statements and reuse the results of logical reasoning of statements in order to obtain implicit knowledge in the knowledge base and provide a basic reasoning model for building an intelligent system.

Work in artificial intelligence has shown that rule induction is useful in gaining knowledge, but that induced rules can be difficult to understand and change. Terheyden and Chalcraft [15] describes a computer program for creating knowledge bases from examples in a form that can be interpreted either as a set of rules or as an inference network. The rules are easy to understand, so the structure can be changed by an expert into a form that the program will re-adjust to match the examples. This new data/knowledge analysis tool combines two very different methods, inductive and deductive, that are used in building expert systems.

The use of classification trees in various fields of application is presented [16]. Supplementing the direct use of induction with the use of forms of deductive (expert) knowledge is considered. Expert knowledge in the form of rules from human experts is used to improve the construction of a classification tree by supplementing inductive knowledge from examples when choosing the next node to add to the tree.

The idea of managing the learning process in the e-learning system is considered [17]. This study uses a personalized adaptive eLearning system that includes three developed theme sequences: teacher, student, or optimal theme sequences. The analysis showed that just over half of the students used the sequence of the teacher's topics; higher grades on topics were received by those students who chose the student or the optimal sequence of topics. This article proposes an algorithm for the development of the recommended learning path. Course topics and links between them are described using a weighted directed graph. The weight of each edge and vertex of the graph is calculated based on the values of the parameters describing the topic. Subsequently, it is assumed that the recommended learning path is the path with the least weight found in the weighted directed graph using search.

Through a verifiable experiment [18], significant statistics have been found that suggest that anthropomorphism in the user interface in the context of using online systems is more effective than nonanthropomorphic feedback. This will lead to better user interfaces by making them more user-friendly, more efficient, and more accessible to everyone.

There is a growing perception that academic institutions are not only providers of knowledge but also cultural agents. They must develop new skills in students. These include real-time problem solving, decision making, independent learning, knowledge synthesis and the daily challenges of an ever-changing New World, and the development of critical thinking and self-esteem. To stay relevant, the academic world must incorporate innovative content and learning paradigms that adapt to these changes, rather than sticking to traditional online learning methods. Schneider and Meirovich [19] describes the implementation of a unique student-centred teaching methodology that is studied and assessed digitally. The use of SGL teaching methodologies in targeting students on digital platforms allows for a significant degree of interaction between the interfaces - student-teacher, student-student, and student course content. This interaction provides a better learning experience and promotes safety and a digital tool experience.

One of the most significant features of e-education systems is the increased requirements for educational content. To implement an adaptive learning environment, not only large volumes of educational materials are needed, but also qualitative changes: greater variety, structuring by topic, complexity, and other characteristics, and, at the same time, the material must be methodically homogeneous. Meanwhile, existing content generation systems, as a rule, modify the traditional content retrieved from databases but do not produce qualitatively new content. To obtain such content, a fundamentally different approach is needed, based, for example, on imitation-ontological modelling and the creation of intelligent generators of knowledge [20]-[24].

Summarizing the above, it becomes clear that most approaches to the formation of e-education systems are of an anthropomorphic nature. This applies to all aspects of e-education: the content of training, the educational process itself, the concepts and technologies used. For example, intelligent systems are usually created on the basis of neural networks operating in the "black box" mode. It is considered necessary to develop audiovisual systems in natural languages using logical, semantic and other approaches. It is Trainable generator of educational content (Vladimir Rotkin)

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generally accepted that anthropomorphism unambiguously improves the quality of the system. However, the training materials obtained in this way often contain significant errors and are subject to additional selection.

In addition, such approaches require an increase in computational resources. It should be assumed that the issue of the optimal level of anthropomorphism has not been sufficiently studied and requires a careful approach.

Considering that, unlike the field of scientific research, educational systems are repeatedly tested with stable educational material, it is possible to successfully apply deductive (analytical) types of AI-based on general mathematical models. This approach allows you to: get an unlimited number of diverse educational tasks, structure them according to any necessary criteria, and ensure methodological unity.

Moreover, each operation is accurately identified by a unique set of calculated variables (parameters). In practice, this represents a simpler equivalent of the pattern recognition procedure in inductive artificial intelligence systems using neural networks and machine learning. This approach assumes the use of simple and intuitive matrix forms as an interface.

2.

RESEARCH METHOD The methodology of the formation of an educational system based on a deductive intellectual generator of knowledge is considered. The system assumes random generation of educational tasks, text input of solutions, and their verification through the assessment of the accuracy of the results. It also provides intellectual support for users and training the system by forming the element base of reference solutions.

2.1. Content generation Training tasks are generated on the basis of a simulation model that determines the relationship between the main variables (parameters) of the general task X. 𝐹1 (𝑋1 … 𝑋𝑗 … 𝑋𝐽 ) = 0; 𝐹𝑘 (𝑋1 … 𝑋𝑗 … 𝑋𝐽 ) = 0; 𝐹𝐾 (𝑋1 … 𝑋𝑗 … 𝑋𝐽 ) = 0.

(1)

Here J is the number of basic variables (X), K is the number of connections between variables.

Accordingly, the dimension of the system is equal to J-K, that is, by specifying K variables in different combinations, as the initial ones, you can calculate the rest of the J-K calculated variables. Thus, combinations of J elements from K determine the number of possible particular problems based on the general model (problem). In turn, each particular problem can be generated in a variety of random variants if the values of its initial parameters are set randomly. The process of generating partial problems is based on the formation of an array of random values of the main variables as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The main array of random variables Name NameR(i;1) …..........

NameR(i;K) NameR (i;K+1) …..........

NameR(i;j) …..........

NameR(i;J)

Sign R(i;1) …....

R(i;K) R(i;K+1) …....

R(i;j) …....

R(i;J)

Operation RANDGEN(i;1) ….................

RANDGEN(i;K) P1(R(i;1);…;R(i;K)) ….................

Pj-K(R(i;1);…;R(i;K)) ….................

PJ-K(R(i;1);…;R(i;K))

Data kinds Basic initial data Basic calculated data

The initial data of the main array is generated by the random operator RANDGEN, in which the i index defines the current number of the value of the original variable in a random sequence. The corresponding values of the remaining variables are calculated using explicitly defined functions P. The resulting main array serves as a source for the formation of operational initial data for particular tasks, see Table 2. Using the RANDSEL (1; J) operator, a random selection of K non-repeating R variables from J variables of the main array is performed. The remaining J-K variables serve as the source of the main reference results (answers) for the respective tasks.

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Table 2. Operational calculation matrix Name NameZ(i;1) …..........

NameZ(i;K) NameZ(i;K+1) …..........

NameZ(i;n) …..........

NameZ(i;N)

Sign Z(i;1) …....

Z(i;K) Z(i;K+1) …....

Z(i;n) …....

Z(i;N)

Operation R(i;j(RANDSEL(1;J)) …..................

R(i;j(RANDSEL(K;J)) Q1(Z(i;1);…;Z(i;K)) …..................

Qn-K(Z(i;1);…;Z(i;n-1)) …..................

QN-K(Z(i;1);…;Z(i;N-1))

Deviation δ1 ….... δK δK+1 ….... δn ….... δN

Data kinds Operative initial data Operative calculated data

2.2. Matrix interface In the process of solving the problem, the user interacts with the system through the interactive cells of the operational matrix. Operational calculated data Z (names of variables, calculation-and-logical formulas Q ()) are sequentially entered by text form using standard operators.

The user independently determines the names of variables, their number and sequence, forming an operational chain, where each calculated variable is expressed through the previous calculated and initial variables. Data can be entered both in formulaic and numerical form, with an arbitrary combination of main, intermediate and additional variables, which provides high flexibility of interaction with the interface.

2.3. Data identification Recognition and verification of the input data are carried out by converting the texts into a numerical format and comparing the obtained numerical values of Z with the corresponding values of Z 0 from the reference database. To ensure the reliability of this procedure, for each variable, a comparison is made of the sets of random values of this variable i = (1 ... I). Each such set {Z (1; n) ... Z (I; n)} acts as a unique identifier of the corresponding operator Q (n-K).

The modified root-mean-square value of its relative deviations from each reference value Z0j is used as an indicator of the identification of the variable Zn. 1

𝑍(𝑖;𝑛)−𝑍0 (𝑖;𝑗)

𝐼

max(|𝑍(𝑖;𝑛)|;|𝑍0 (𝑖;𝑗)|)

𝛿𝑛𝑗 = √ ∑𝐼𝑖=1(

)2

(2)

Here I is the number of random values of Z and Z0 in the compared sets. The difference between these values is divided by the maximum of the absolute values of these two values.

Of all the values of 𝛿𝑛𝑗 , the minimum is selected, and if it does not exceed the specified limit value 𝛿𝑛𝑗 ≤ 𝛿0, then the following are fixed: the reference variable 𝑍0 (𝑖; 𝑗), the value of the relative deviation 𝛿𝑛 = 𝛿𝑛𝑗 , and the values of Z and Z0 (and the corresponding operators) are recognized as identical (equivalent).

2.4. Machine learning Considering that users are given the opportunity to build unique calculation sequences using their own variables and parameters, it should be recognized that the array of basic variables is insufficient to identify custom operators. Obviously, the base of reference data needs constant replenishment. The natural source of updating this database is the solutions to the tasks performed by the users. If in solving the task the user correctly calculated the variables from the main array, but at the same time there are intermediate variables that do not have reference equivalents, then such variables can be attached to the reference database. To improve reliability, preliminary verification (moderation) of new reference data is required.

Such a check can be carried out both automatically, by special algorithms, and manually. Thus, the system improves its ability to recognize the entered operators, perceiving new information from students (users).

2.5. Help and support The presence of a replenished reference base of operators makes it possible not only to identify the entered operators and evaluate the user's actions but also to provide him with methodological support, providing feedback with the system. For this, an algorithm is used that, not only using the identification mechanism, selects a reference operator equivalent to the operator marked by the user, but also fixes the corresponding operational chain. The entire sequence of reference operators’ chain is represented in a special samples matrix. This matrix serves as an auxiliary interface for the methodological support of the user.

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3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The order and results of the implementation of the content generation methodology are considered in a specific example, followed by an analysis of the ways and prospects for expanding and modifying the generator model.

3.1. Implementation of a content generator using a tutorial topic as an example The current layout of the educational content generator is implemented on a simple example on the topic from the school mathematics course "Vector in a flat coordinate system". The design model and the corresponding main array of variables are formed from the following data that determine the configuration options for the tasks as shown in Figure 1.

Initial data: XA; coordinates of point A YA; length (modulus) of vector AB АВ; the angle between the axis OX and the vector AB α.

Calculated data: the cosine of the angle between the OX axis and the AB vector - 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼; the sine of the angle between the OX axis and the AB vector 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼; the projection of the AB vector onto the OX axis 𝐴𝐵𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼; the projection of the AB vector onto the OY axis 𝐴𝐵𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼; 𝑋𝐵 = 𝑋𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼; coordinates of point B 𝑌𝐵 = 𝑋𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼.

Figure 1. A vector in a flat coordinate system: random configurations

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In the administrative (moderated) interface of the generator, see Figure 2, the names and designations of the main data are presented in the “glossary” table. On the left is a random geometric configuration of the object and the text of the educational task. This interface is intended to form the initial reference base of tasks. The administrator (moderator) enters the initial data into the working matrix, in the form of links to the names of the main variables from the "glossary" table. Then the solution of the task is introduced in the form of a sequence of operators of calculated variables. If the reference base already contains the previous data, then the operations can be controlled by the values of the relative percentage deviations. Where there is no reference variable or the deviation does not fit into the limit value, a gap is fixed in the matrix.

Using the "variant" counter, you can arbitrarily change the values of the initial data, controlling the corresponding deviations. In addition, the "line" counter allows you to find operators in the reference database that are equivalent to the operator entered by the user in the specified row of the working matrix, and to display the corresponding calculated chains of reference operators in the samples matrix. After the initial data and calculated operators are entered and the solution is verified, the task is sent to the reference database by activating the "save" option.

Figure 2. Administrative interface "Moderator"

The "Instructor" training interface is formed by reducing the administrative interface (Figure 3). It differs in that the initial data of the tasks are not entered by the user, but are retrieved from the reference database using the “tasks” counter and are presented in numerical form. The rest of the interface works similarly to the "moderator". Problem solutions from the "instructor" interface can also be forwarded to the reference database. To do this, open the task in the "moderator" and after verifying the solution, use the "save" button.

Further reduction of the interface, by the way of exception of the graphic image of the object and the samples matrix, gives a version for controlling the user's learning skills-the control interface "Student" as shown in Figure 4. To complicate the task, the "Deviation" option can also be excluded.

The functional of the proposed training system based on a simulation content generator, presented, in particular, in the form of a demonstration layout [25], indicates that deductive non-anthropomorphic approaches in the creation of intelligent systems can compete with mainstream developments in the form of trained neural and logical-semantic networks, ontological systems, and so on. Such approaches make it possible to create full-fledged training systems with the necessary sets of intelligent options relatively simple means, without the formation of databases, with a minimum cost of computing and other resources.

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Figure 3. Training interface "instructor"

3.2. Promising modifications of training content generators The considered sample of the generator, although it is the simplest example of a training object, contains a significant set of capabilities: generating tasks with various object configurations and random variants of these tasks, the possibility of text input of solution components, recognition and verification of entered operators, interactive user support through the provision of sample solutions, elements of machine learning by replenishing the generator with components of new unusual solutions.

The methodological and technological solutions used make it possible to develop and improve educational generators in the following ways.

The simplest approach involves replicating generator versions by replacing the training object and, accordingly, its simulation model. This is done through the modification or replacement of some of the algorithmic modules. The accumulation of generator versions allows for the expansion of educational content.

Figure 4. Control interface "student"

The hierarchical approach is to move from modelling particular problems to more general ones. For example, in the plane, not one, but two vectors are specified, and then the following are determined: their sum, difference, scalar product, and other operations. You can go beyond the plane by going, for example, to Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 363 – 372

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vector or mixed products. This approach allows you to significantly expand the generation of both general and specific tasks.

Improvement of the feedback between the user and the system is needed. For example, in addition to the deviation value, the system must notify the user about the incorrect input of a typical operator (formula).

The perspectives of machine learning are of considerable interest. At the initial stage, manual moderation of user solutions is applied before they are sent to the reference base. It is necessary to develop and improve special algorithms to automate moderation. The use of neural network AI systems is not excluded.

4.

CONCLUSION The deductive approach based on the simulation of educational objects allows you to create a unified algorithmic platform that combines the functions of a content generation with educational training. In comparison with anthropomorphic logical, ontological, semantic methods of content formation, simulating training generators demonstrate a number of advantages. They are capable of producing, online, an unlimited number of extremely varied tasks, together with solutions. These teaching materials are completely reliable and do not need any additional selection. The ability for the user to arbitrarily define the form and sequence of operations in solving problems gives the system high flexibility and variability. The representation of tasks in the form of sets of operators with numerical values, in combination with the random formation of the initial data, provides high accuracy of verification of user operations based on the comparison of integral numerical identifiers. Since the comparison is made with the reference solution base, the replenishment of this base from new individual solutions is a unique option for teaching the system based on its interaction with students.

REFERENCES [1] [2]

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M. M. Suleiman, A. T. Yahya and M.Tukur, “Effective Utilization of ICT Tools in Higher Education,” Journal of Xidian University, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 588-594, 2020, doi: 10.37896/jxu14.9/061.

N. Aboobaker and K.A. Zakkariya “Influence of digital learning orientation and readiness for change on innovative work behaviour: reflections from the higher education sector,” Development and Learning in Organizations, vol.

34, no. 2, pp. 25-28, 2019, doi: 10.1108/DLO-08-2019-0191.

J. M. S. Tomé, “The ICT and New Scenarios for Diversity,” Sustainability in Environment, vol. 5, no. 3, 2020, pp.

1-15, doi: 10.22158/se.v5n3p1.

C. Dziuban, C. R. Graham, P. D. Moskal, A. Norberg and Nicole Sicilia, “Blended learning: the new normal and emerging technologies,” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 15, p. 3, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s41239-017-0087-5.

H. Haugsbakken, S. Nykvist and D. Lysne, “The Need to Focus on Digital Pedagogy for Online Learning”.

European Journal Of Education, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 25-31, 2019, doi: 10.26417/ejed.v2i3.p25-31.

E. Lacka and T. C. Wong, “Examining the impact of digital technologies on students’ higher education outcomes: the case of the virtual learning environment and social media,” Studies in Higher Education, vol. 46, no. 8, pp.

1621-1634, 2019, doi: 10.1080/03075079.2019.1698533.

M. Orthaber, “Experiences with a blended learning concept in a first year engineering mechanics course,” ICERI2019 Proceedings, 2019, pp. 9229-9239, doi: 10.21125/iceri.2019.2231.

M. Orthaber, D. Stütz, T. Antretter, M. Ebner, “Concepts for E-Assessments in STEM on the Example of Engineering Mechanics,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, vol 15, no 12, pp. 136-152, 2020, doi: 10.3991/ijet.v15i12.13725.

M. Orthaber, T. Antretter, R. Jurisits, M. Schemmel, “E-assessment in engineering mechanics: how does it compare to classical paper-pencil exams?,” ICERI2019 Proceedings, 2019, pp. 9381-9390, doi: 10.21125/iceri.2019.2272.

C. Belwal and A. M. K. Cheng, “An Extensible Framework for Real-Time Task Generation and Simulation,” 2011 IEEE 17th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, 2011, pp.

259-263, doi: 10.1109/RTCSA.2011.12.

K. Abe, R. Cortez and A. Vazhenin, “Task management strategies for automatic task generation and verification,” 2013 International Joint Conference on Awareness Science and Technology & Ubi-Media Computing (iCAST 2013 & UMEDIA 2013), 2013, pp. 601-606, doi: 10.1109/ICAwST.2013.6765510.

M. Dorodchi, E. Al-Hossami, A. Benedict and E. Demeter, “Using Synthetic Data Generators to Promote Open Science in Higher Education Learning Analytics,” 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2019, pp. 4672-4675, doi: 10.1109/BigData47090.2019.9006475.

S. Rüdian and N. Pinkwart, “Towards an Automatic Q&A Generation for Online Courses - A Pipeline Based Approach,” AIED 2019 Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol. 11626, pp. 237-241, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3030-23207-8_44.

S. Chen, X. Huang, J. Fang and Jia Liang. “Machine Learning-based Intelligent Formal Reasoning and Proving System,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 322, no. 5, p. 0520167, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/322/5/052016.

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[15] A. G. R. van Terheyden and D. A. Chalcraft, “Combining inductive and deductive reasoning,” Computer-Aided Engineering Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 24-28, 1987, doi: 10.1049/cae.1987.0006.

[16] F. Turini, M. Baglioni, B. Furletti and S. Rinzivillo, “Examples of Integration of Induction and Deduction in Knowledge Discovery,” Reasoning, Action and Interaction in AI Theories and Systems, vol. 4155, pp. 307-326, 2006, doi: 10.1007/11829263_17.

[17] V. Vagale, L. Niedrite and S. Ignatjeva, “The Use of the Recommended Learning Path in the Personalized Adaptive E-Learning System,” DB&IS 2020: Databases and Information Systems, vol. 1243, pp. 280-294, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57672-1_21.

[18] P. Murano, “Anthropomorphic vs. Non-anthropomorphic Software Interface Feedback for Online Systems Usage,” UI4ALL 2002: Universal Access Theoretical Perspectives, Practice, and Experience, vol. 2615, pp. 339-349, 2003, doi: 10.1007/3-540-36572-9_26.

[19] L. N. Schneider and A. Meirovich, “Student Guided Learning-from Teaching to E-learning,” Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 115-121, 2020, doi: 10.18662/rrem/12.1sup2/254.

[20] V. Rotkin, “Methodology of immanent learning content,” Journal Scientific Isra-el-Technological Advantages, vol.

19, no. 4, pp. 112-118, 2017.

[21] V. Rotkin, R. Yavich and S. Malev, “Concept of A.I. Based Knowledge Generator,” Journal of Education and eLearning Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 235-241, 2018, doi: 10.20448/journal.509.2018.54.235.241.

[22] R. Yavich, S, Malev, V. Rotkin, “Triangle Generator for Online Mathematical E-learning,” Higher Education Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 72, 2020, doi:10.5539/hes.v10n3p72.

[23] V. P. Zvolinsky, V. M. Rotkin, V. G. Golovi and N. I. Matveeva, Automated systems for the formation of educational content, Lulu Press, Inc., 2017.

[24] V. Rotkin, “Generation of training initial-generation content,” Electrotechnic and Computer Systems, vol. 32, no.

108, pp. 66-73, 2020, doi: 10.15276/eltecs.32.108.2020.7.

[25] V. Rotkin, “Intelligent generator of knowledge based on moderated machine learning. Demo layout,” Presentation, ResearchGate, 2020, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30168.93448.

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Investigation of temperature effects of a low-level laser source within the muscle phantom Hüseyin Okan Durmuş1, Neslişah Gün2, Baki Karaböce3, MirHasan Yu. Seyidov4 1,4Department

of Physics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey Metrology Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), Kocaeli, Turkey 2Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey 1,3Medical

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

In this study, temperature effects of a low-level laser source were investigated in a muscle phantom within 20-, 40-, 60- and 80-seconds time intervals. A temperature meter device having a 5-channel and 10 kΩ NTC type thermistor sensors were developed in TÜBİTAK UME Medical Metrology Laboratory for these special temperature measurements. The muscle phantom poured into a phantom container that was specially designed for 5-channel sensor placement and printed in a 3D printer. It has also been acoustically confirmed that the phantom has muscle phantom characteristics.

As a result of this study, it is concluded that the laser source used is safe and suitable at therapy usage within the specified times in terms of the detected temperatures.

Received Mar 4, 2021 Revised Jul 7, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Low-level laser source Low-level laser therapy Muscle phantom Temperature effects Tissue-like materials

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Hüseyin Okan Durmuş Departement of Physics and Medical Metrology Laboratory Gebze Technical University and TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME) Cumhuriyet, 2254. Sk. No:2, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey & P.K. 54, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Email: hokandurmus@gtu.edu.tr, huseyinokan.durmus@tubitak.gov.tr

1.

INTRODUCTION Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a photobiostimulation therapy that has been used in physiotherapy practice for the treatment of a wide range of condition and it is preferred because it is effective, noninvasive, safe and cost-efficient [1]-[4]. LLLT regulates biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. It also aids to develop the collagen synthesis and the blood supply. Increased production of ATP, RNA, and DNA (thus improving nutrition, regeneration and cellular oxygenation) and increased microcirculation are the most significant biostimulatory effects of LLLT. This therapy advances tissue regeneration/restoration/repair activity, reducing inflammation, improving wound healing and neural function processes, reducing edema, and relieving acute or chronic pain (analgesic effect) [5]-[10]. Because it is effective in reducing pain and improving muscle performance, it is highly preferred in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders that decrease the quality of life due to pain and limitation of movement [5], [11]. Use of applications that increase the temperature of muscle tissue in the physiotherapy clinic generates many therapeutic effects such as vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels), promoting blood flow, muscle cell activation that can encourage relaxation, tissue renewal that helps promote DNA synthesis and therefore cell proliferation [12]-[14]. But rising tissue temperature above 45° C causes irreversible damage [15]. Therefore, care should be taken not to increase the temperature to this value in the treatments applied.

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Tissue-mimicking phantoms are widely used in scientific research fields such as ultrasonics, photoacoustics and biophotonics as test models [16]-[18]. Furthermore, it is also benefited from tissue equivalent phantoms in evaluating any new diagnostic or therapeutic modality, in the calibration and standardization of the new technique before starting clinical practice and in simulating the optical properties of biological tissues [19], [20].

Muscles in the human body have a peerless structure and a certain function. There are over six hundered muscles that make up about fourty percent of human body weight. Each muscle is made up of thousands or tens of thousands of small muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is controlled by a nerve, which allows the muscle to contract. There are three kinds of muscles in the human body. These are heart muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. Only skeletal muscles are voluntary, so you can consciously control them. Smooth and heart muscles act involuntarily. Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures.

Skeletal muscles contract and relax, stick on the bones and act in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. Smooth muscle tissue, which forms organs such as stomach and bladder, allows internal organs to work. The heart muscle contracts the heart to pump blood. We always need the muscular system when moving, standing, talking, breathing, chewing and digesting a food, pumping blood in the heart, seeing an object, and regulating our body temperature. Therefore, the muscular system is a complex muscle network that is vital for the human body. The muscular system has eleven main functions. These are listed as mobility, stability, posture, circulation, respiration, digestion, urination, birth, vision, organ protection and temperature adjustment.

Although muscles have many functions in the human body, including temperature regulation, temperature increases above 45° C can cause irreversible damage to the tissue. Examining the temperature changes and interactions generated by a low-level laser source on a muscle phantom is thus a significant study issue. Therefore, in this study, temperature effects induced by a low-level laser therapy source, on muscle phantom were studied at different depths of muscle phantom with the help of the phantom container designed and temperature measurement device developed specially in our laboratory having five NTC type thermistor temperature sensors. To the best of our knowledge, such a temperature measurement study was carried out for the first time on muscle phantom. Therefore, the study brings extremely an innovative method to the literature.

2. RESEARCH METHOD 2.1. Tissue-mimicking material (phantom), phantom container and laser source Tissue-mimicking material (TMM) is generally used as a test object in biomedical research because of its capability to model biological soft tissues. In this study, we utilized a muscle phantom similar to the one described by Gutierrez et al [21]. It was also acoustically confirmed that the phantom had a muscle phantom characteristic. The speed of sound found was 1550.9 ± 48.4 m/s (Ref: 1547 m/s [22]). We prepared the phantom as follows. 2.3 g of agar and 10.7 g of aluminum oxide are added to 125 mL of distilled water in a container. The magnetic stirrer is gradually increased to 400 revolutions per minute and mixed with the help of fish. The temperature of the solution is heated until it rises to 80 °C. When it reaches 80 °C, the heat is cut and the solution is expected to decrease to 60 °C. At 60 °C, 10 mL of glycerin is added to the solution with a syringe. Meanwhile, the solution is continued to be mixed with the fish. When the temperature of the solution reaches 40° C, the solution is poured into the phantom mold and left to freeze. A special phantom container was designed in dimensions 50 mm in width, 100 mm in length and 40 mm in height as shown in Figure 1. There were designed five pieces measurement points passing through at the middle of the depth point. NTC type thermistor temperature sensors were put at these measuring points. The distance between the temperature sensor and the point where the laser was applied were 7 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm respectively. As an optical source, Optotronics branded VA-I-400-635 model 635 nm wavelength red colored solid-state diode laser was employed for the measurements.

2.2. Temperature measurement device and software The outer box of the temperature measurement device was designed in the Solidworks program and printed physically on Zaxe X1+ 3D Printer. There are five connectable 10 kΩ NTC type thermistor temperature sensors in the temperature measurement device. The temperature measurement device is connected to the computer and provides its energy via USB. Data can be read and commands can be entered on the TFT Touch Screen on the temperature measurement device. The software of the temperature measurement device was developed in the TÜBİTAK UME Medical Metrology laboratory and the data can be transferred to MS Excel as raw data from this software interface. Data can also be read instantly directly from the TFD Display. The temperature measurement device, software and experiment setup can be seen in Figure 2.

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Figure 1. A special phantom container designed for the experiment

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Figure 2. Temperature measurement device, software and experiment setup

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Photothermic measurements Firstly, the current ambient temperatures within the phantom were recorded before applying the laser. Later, the laser was applied from suitable predetermined distances to the phantom container for 20, 40, 60 and 80 seconds separately. Temperatures were recorded by thermistor type temperature sensors for each period (20, 40, 60 and 80 s). Later, the differences between the maximum temperatures seen while the laser was working and the maximum ambient temperatures detected while the laser was not working were determined for each different distance. Figure 3 shows the average temperatures determined for different distances and the different laser application durations, while Figure 4 shows the maximum temperature differences determined for different distances and the different laser application times. As seen in Figure 3, the average temperature increases as the laser application time increases. However, this increase is a thermally tolerable temperature increase for the periods studied (Max. 2.4° C for 80 s).

Figure 3. The detected average temparatures with respect to ambient temperatures

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Figure 4. The maximum temeparture differences with respect to ambient temperatures 4.

CONCLUSION This study investigated how much a temperature effect a low-level laser source used for therapeutic purposes creates on a muscle phantom. To the best of our knowledge, the study is highly innovative as this is the first time such a temperature measurement study has been carried out on acoustically verified muscle phantom. In addition, the development of a new phantom container and a new temperature measuring device for temperature measurements on phantoms is an important innovation. Consequently, it was concluded that the temperature increases caused by the low-level laser beam applied for 20, 40, 60 and 80 s on the muscle tissue-like material are safe and appropriate in terms of thermal treatment. This study once again showed that phantom experiments can be utilized as a tool for safety testing and therapy suitability of light-based devices.

In the future, this study can be expanded towards the different tissue-mimicking phantoms and also improved with more sensitive temperature sensors.

REFERENCES A. W. Awotidebe, G. Inglis-Jassiem, and T. Young, “Low-level laser therapy and exercise for patients with shoulder disorders in physiotherapy practice (a systematic review protocol),” Systematic Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.

60, 2015, doi: 10.1186/s13643-015-0050-2.

[2] [M. B. Stausholm et al., “Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials,” BMJ Open, vol. 9, no. 10, p. e031142, 2019.

[3] World Association of Laser Therapy (WALT), “Consensus agreement on the design and conduct of clinical studies with low-level laser therapy and light therapy for musculoskeletal pain and disorders,” Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 761-762, 2007, doi: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.761.

[4] W. Wang, W. Jiang, C. Tang, X. Zhang, and J. Xiang, “Clinical efficacy of low-level laser therapy in plantar fasciitis,” Medicin, vol. 98, no. 3, p. e14088, 2019, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014088.

[5] R. Clijsen, A. Brunner, M. Barbero, P. Clarys, and J. Taeymans, “Effects of low-level laser therapy on pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 603–610, 2017, doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04432-X. [6] A. Madani, F. Ahrari, A. Fallahrastegar and N. Daghestani, “A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and laser acupuncture therapy (LAT) in patients with temporomandibular disorders,” Lasers in Medical Science, vol. 35, pp. 181–192, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10103-019-02837-x.

[7] B. Li, X. Wang and L. Cao, “Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) promotes facial nerve regeneration after crush-injury in rats,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 7257-7263, 2019.

[8] Nurettin Diker, Duygu Aytac, Fatma Helvacioglu, Cansu Dagdelen and Y. Oguz, “Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Diabetic Bone Healing,” Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 19941998, 2019, doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000005654.

[9] Y. Ma and X. Xu, “Multi Wavelength Low Level Lasers Transmeatal Irradiation (MWLLLTI) for Motion Sickness,” Open Access Library Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2019, doi: 10.4236/oalib.1105239.

[10] F. M. de Lima, “Low Level Laser Therapy the Best New Discovery to Lung Diseases and Intern Organs Injured,” EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, vol. 8, no. 8, 611-614, 2019.

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[11] Y.Lee, H. Kim and H. W. Kang, “Phloroglucinol-assisted low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to prevent recurrence of urethral stricture,” Therapeutics and Diagnostics in Urology, vol. 10852, p. 1085208, 2019, doi: 10.1117/12.2507114.

[12] E. Moros, Ed., Physics of thermal therapy: fundamentals and clinical applications, CRC Press, 2012.

[13] T. Watson, “Ultrasound Therapy,” [Online] Available: http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/ultrasoundtherapy?highlight=Therapeutic%20Ultrasound.

[14] P. Fuentes-León, N. Jara-Poblete, P. Bastías-Sánchez, K. F. Vitzel, and G. N. Marzuca-Nassr, “Heat transfer by three types of hot pack and its implication on the flexibility of the lower back: a randomized, controlled trial,” Fisioterapia e Pesquisa, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-209, 2016, doi: 10.1590/1809-2950/15088923022016.

[15] B. L. Viglianti, et al,, “Thresholds for thermal damage to normal tissues: An update,” International Journal of Hyperthermia, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 320-343, 2011, doi: 10.3109/02656736.2010.534527.

[16] Jason R. Cook, Richard R. Bouchard, and Stanislav Y. Emelianov, “Tissue-mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging,” Biomedical optics express, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 3193-3206, 2011, doi: 10.1364/BOE.2.003193.

[17] S. K. V. Sekar, “Solid phantom recipe for diffuse optics in biophotonics applications: a step towards anatomically correct 3D tissue phantoms,” Biomedical optics express, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2090-2100, doi: 10.1364/BOE.10.002090.

[18] J. Shah, et al., “Photoacoustic imaging and temperature measurement for photothermal cancer therapy,” Journal of biomedical optics, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 034024, 2008, doi: 10.1117/1.2940362.

[19] R. Srinivasan, D. Kumar and Megha Singh, “Optical tissue-equivalent phantoms for medical imaging,” Trends in Biomaterials & Artificial Organs, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 42-47, 2002, doi:.

[20] C. Kim, A. Garcia-Uribe, S.-R. Kothapalli, L. V. Wang, “Optical phantoms for ultrasound-modulated optical tomography,” Proc. SPIE 6870, Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurements of Tissue, 2008, p. 68700M, doi: 10.1117/12.766773.

[21] M. I. Gutierrez, S. A. Lopez-Haro, A. Vera, and L. Leija, “Experimental verification of modeled thermal distribution produced by a piston source in physiotherapy ultrasound,” BioMed research international, vol. 2016, p.

5484735, 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/5484735.

[22] T. D. Mast, “Empirical relationships between acoustic parameters in human soft tissues,” Acoustics Research Letters Online, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 37-42, 2000, doi: 10.1121/1.1336896.

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International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021, pp. 378~391 ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp378-391

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Overview of microgrid systems V. Saravanan1, K. M. Venkatachalam2, M. Arumugam3,M. A. K. Borelessa4, K. T. M. U. Hemapala5 1,2,3Department

of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Srilanka

4,5Department

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

This research paper discusses the different types of microgrids, their structural arrangements and the technology adopted for different power management projects. It also deals with various control strategies and security plans used for optimal performance. A detailed overview of the direct current (DC) microgrid system is discussed, outlining its configurations and technical-economic aspects. Performance evaluation of microgrid carried out through various reliability codes is also provided.

Received Oct 19, 2020 Revised Jun 21, 2021 Accepted Oct 14, 2021 Keywords: Control & protection Microgrid Power management Schematic arrangement

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: V. Saravanan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Arunai Engineering College Tiruvannamalai 606 603, Tamilnadu, India Email: vsaranaec@yahoo.co.in

1.

INTRODUCTION The microgrid is an electrical power system that consists of distributed renewable energy sources energy storage systems and loads, which can be operated either in grid-connected or isolated/stand-alone modes. This section deals with the definition, components, characteristics, benefits, and necessity of microgrid (MG). A microgrid, a part of the distribution system, with its power generation sources and loads can form an isolated electric power system. During normal operating conditions, MG can be connected to the ac grid at the point of common coupling (PCC), and the loads are supplied from the local sources and/or from the ac grid. If the load power requirement is less than the power produced by the available local sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) arrays, fuel cells, and microturbines, excess power can be exported to the ac grid.

These power sources produce power with different voltage amplitude and frequency and, therefore, need to be interfaced to the grid/load through power electronic converters [1]–[3].

The microgrid, as defined by the U.S. Department of Energy, is “a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity for the grid and can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island modes”. The microgrid can be operated in two modes, either grid-connected or islanded. In grid-connected mode, MG trades power with the utility grid, whereas in the islanded mode, MG operates autonomously without connection to the utility grid. DER installations could be considered as an MG when it has clear electrical boundaries, can supply critical load, and is operated by an appropriate controller as a single entity. The major components of MG include DERs, power converters, energy storage, loads, master controller, smart switches, protective devices, as well as communication, control, and

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automation systems. MG protection system consists of fuses, circuit breakers, protective relays, measurement equipment, and grounding.

MG can be categorized into three classes, such as alternating current (AC) microgrid, direct current (DC) microgrid, and hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Among the three, the AC microgrid is popular, because it has a plug-in approach for all DERs and it needs additional power conversion devices. DC microgrid is most suitable for DC loads such as light-emitting diode (LED)/ liquid crystal display (LCD), communication/computing devices, variable speed drives and it requires minimum power conversion devices. A hybrid microgrid integrates both AC and DC subgrids.MG loads are categorized into fixed and flexible loads. Fixed loads cannot be altered but curtailed/deferred, while flexible loads are responsive to control signals. MG can be categorized based on the type (university campus, defense, residential, commercial, and industrial, island, remote villages, emergencies, refugee camps, remote mining operations), size (small, medium, and large scales), the application (premium power, resilience-oriented, and loss reduction), and the connectivity (remote and grid-connected). MGs are low or medium voltage grids located at or near the consumption sites, which can generate power from renewable sources and with energy storage systems that can be included to offer real and reactive power support.

MG offers benefits for customers/utility grid as a whole to improve reliability and resiliency to the local distribution network, to maintain high power quality with reduced carbon emissions, and enhance economic operation by reducing transmission and distribution (T&D) costs and effective and energy-efficient utilization of renewable sources in response to the real-time market prices. Table 1 gives the benefits of the microgrid.

Table 1. Benefits of microgrid Off-grid microgrids Secure access to local energy Minimize fossil fuel dependence Maximize the integration of renewables Reduced energy cost and emissions

Grid-connected microgrids Secure access to local or grid energy Resilience from using multiple sources Energy flexibility through arbitrage savings Reduced energy cost and emissions

2.

ARRANGEMENT AND POWER MANAGEMENT SCHEMES OF HYBRID AC/DC MICROGRID STRUCTURES Hybrid AC/DC microgrid contains both AC/DC power sources and AC/DC loads. Based on the connections of the sources and loads, hybrid AC/DC microgrids can be classified into AC-coupled, DCcoupled, and AC-DC-coupled microgrids and their descriptions are given below. The power management strategies of these hybrid MG determines the output active and reactive powers of these DGs and storage elements and control of their voltages and frequency [4].

2.1. AC-coupled hybrid microgrid The arrangement of AC-coupled hybrid microgrid is shown in Figure 1, where various distributed generation (DGs) and storage elements (SEs) are connected to the common AC bus through their interfacing converters. SE employs bidirectional converters to ensure bidirectional power flow capability. This structure is commonly used, when RE sources produce grid-level AC voltages directly or indirectly through interfacing power converters.

Figure 1. Arrangement of AC-coupled hybrid microgrid Overview of microgrid systems (V. Saravanan)

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Control strategies and power management (PM) schemes of AC-coupled hybrid MG are mainly focused on power balancing within the MG, AC bus voltage and frequency control in stand-alone operation mode. The overview of power management schemes for AC-coupled MG is shown in Figure 2 which can be separated into grid-connected and stand-alone operation modes.

In grid-connected mode, PM strategies can be classified into dispatched power mode (where the power exchange between the MG and the main grid is dispatched from a higher-level control/optimization scheme) and undispatched output power mode (where the MG output power is not dispatched). In standalone operation mode, PM schemes are focused on MG AC bus voltage and frequency control, as well as demand power-sharing among DGs and SEs.

Figure 2. Power management strategies of AC-coupled hybrid microgrid

2.2. DC-coupled hybrid microgrid Figure 3 shows DC-coupled hybrid MG, where DGs and SEs are connected to the common DC bus, and interfacing converters (IFCs) are used to link the DC/AC buses. This structure is good when DC power sources are major power generation units in the MG. In this system, IFCs provide bidirectional power flow between AC and DC buses and DC-coupled MG does not need any synchronization when integrating different DGs.

Figure. 3 DC-coupled hybrid microgrid

In DC-coupled hybrid MG, DC link voltage control, power balancing between generation and demand, and AC link voltage and frequency control (especially in stand-alone mode) are the important objectives of power management schemes. The overview of power management and control schemes of DCcoupled hybrid microgrid systems is shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4. Power management strategies of the DC-coupled hybrid microgrid

In power control mode, converter output current or voltage is controlled to regulate IFC output power on its reference value. In DC link voltage control mode, IFC controls DC link voltage and balance the power generation and consumption on the DC bus. AC link voltage control mode of IFC is mainly for standalone microgrid operation, where IFC controls the AC subsystem voltage and frequency. For a gridconnected DC-coupled MG, if it is operated in dispatched power mode, DC link voltage can be controlled by two methods. In the first method, IFC works on DC link voltage control mode, and regulates DC link voltage at the desired value; DGs and SEs provide dispatched power of hybrid MG through power balancing control.

By the second method, SEs on DC bus control, DC link voltage collectively using droop control method, and DGs can be part of the droop control or work in MPP. Here, IFC operates in power control mode and provides dispatched power to the grid. In undispatched output power operation mode, IFC operates in DC link voltage control mode. In the stand-alone operation of a DC-coupled hybrid MG, DC and AC bus voltages and frequency should be controlled simultaneously. For AC bus voltage and frequency control, IFC works on AC link voltage control mode and controls the AC bus voltage and frequency, whereas, DC bus voltage can be controlled directly or indirectly.

2.3. AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrid In AC-DC-coupled hybrid MG, as shown in Figure 5, multiple DGs and SEs are connected to DC and AC buses, linked by the interlinking converter (ILC) with minimized power conversion requirements.

Figure 5. AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrid

An overview of power management schemes of AC-DC-coupled hybrid MG is shown in Figure 6.

The ILC in an AC-DC-coupled MG can be in bi-directional power control mode, DC voltage control mode, or AC voltage control mode. In grid-connected operation mode with dispatched MG output power, two methods can be used for DC-link voltage control and dispatched power generation. In the first method, ILC works on DC link voltage regulation mode to set the DC bus voltage on its desired value. In this mode, Overview of microgrid systems (V. Saravanan)

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coordination between DGs-SEs on the DC bus and DGs-SEs on the AC bus is necessary to produce the dispatched output powers. In the second operation mode, DGs-SEs on the DC bus regulate DC link voltage on its reference value, while ILC and DGs-SEs on the AC bus collectively provide the dispatched power. In this operation mode, ILC works on power control mode.

In grid-connected undispatched output power operation mode, DGs in both DC and AC buses work on MPP. In this mode, ILC regulates DC link voltage on its desired value and injects all power generated by DGs-SEs in the DC bus to the load/grid.

In stand-alone operation mode, coordination among ILC, DGs-SEs on AC bus, and DGs-SEs on DC bus are essential to regulate DC bus voltage, AC bus voltage and frequency, and balance microgrid total generation and demand powers at the same time. In this operation mode, the PM strategies of AC-coupled hybrid MG in stand-alone operation mode such as droop, master-slave, etc. can be used for AC subsystem voltage and frequency regulation and demand power-sharing. For the DC subsystem control, similar to DCcoupled hybrid MG in stand-alone operation, DC bus voltage can be controlled by DGs-SEs on DC bus directly.

Figure 6. Power management strategies of the AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrid

Depending on the types of control strategies used in AC and DC buses, this converter can be used on DC-bus control mode, AC-bus control mode, or output power control mode. DC bus voltage is controlled

by DGs-SEs connected to DC bus, and AC bus voltage is controlled by DGs-SEs connected to AC bus, the ILC is responsible to manage the power flow between AC and DC sides to equalize the demand and generated power.

3.

CONTROL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED FOR MICROGRID OPERATION The microgrid normally operates in a centralized or decentralized model [5]. This section states some characteristics of control schemes employed for its operation as in Table 2.

Table 2. Properties of centralized/ decentralized control Criteria Mode of operation Ownership Device operability Number of DERs and loads Dedicated communication Solution approach

Centralized control Common goals Not diverse Follows central controller’s command.

Limited Available Optimal

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Decentralized control Market/competitive actions Diverse &objective Independent and intelligent.

Normally high.

Not available Suboptimal

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3.1. Primary control Primary control (PC)is the basic control level of an MG hierarchical control structure, which follows the operational command from upper levels and regulates the DG tie converters to realize their committed functions. PC is responsible for individual converter power, voltage, and frequency regulation. Droop control and virtual impedance are also used on top of inner voltage and current loops. A typical MG configuration with decentralized primary control is shown in Figure 7, consisting of RES, ESS, and distributed loads. Here the common challenge is the management of uncertain RES generation and load consumption. So, renewable energy sources (RESs) are usually operated at maximum power point (MPP). Hence, energy storage systems (ESSs) become indispensable components to achieve autonomous operation of MGs, while the limitation of ESS energy and power capacity requires a reasonable regulation strategy to prevent over-charge or overdischarge.

Figure 7. The decentralized primary control scheme

3.2. Secondary control The main function of secondary control is to perform power quality regulations to manage voltage/frequency deviations, unbalances, and harmonics, which encompasses a synchronization loop between the MG and external grid.

3.2.1.

Centralized secondary control Figure 8 shows centralized secondary control architecture for MG consisting of some DGs controlled by local primary control and one central secondary controller, which collects remotely measured variables transferred utilizing a low bandwidth communication system.

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3.2.2.

Distributed secondary control Distributed secondary control (DSC) controls central controllers with less communication and computation costs while improving the reliability of the control system. Here the primary and secondary control operates together into one local controller. However, these local controllers need to “talk” with their companions, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. General scheme of distributed secondary control

DSC is used to exchange the information through the neighboring communication, by utilizing a distributed protocol. Its main function is to shift/change the droop characteristics of associated inverters to perform the restoration of voltage (and frequency) levels to nominal values or values that ensure proper power-sharing among DGs in the system.

3.3. Tertiary control Tertiary control is in charge of regulating power exchange with external grid or/and with other MGs, which includes advanced functions related to efficiency and economic enhancements constituting a higher management level [6]–[11]. Tertiary control is located at the top level of an MG hierarchical control system, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the control strategies employed for the microgrid.

Figure 10. Distributed agent-based hierarchical control system for microgrids

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Figure 11. Microgrid control strategies

4.

PROTECTION SCHEMES DEVELOPED FOR MICROGRID OPERATION Micro-grid protection schemes can be classified into the following types such as adaptive protection, differential protection, distance protection, voltage-based protection, over current protection, techniques with external devices utilization, coordinated protection techniques, and so on [12].

4.1. Adaptive protection scheme This scheme is an online system that can modify the desired protective response to change under system conditions or requirements appropriately by the use of external control actions or generated signals by employing numerical directional overcurrent relays. Here, an automatic readjustment of relay settings occurs when MG changes from grid-connected mode to islanded mode and vice versa. For efficient protection, the standard communication protocol is needed to enable relays to communicate and exchange information with a central computer or between different relays.

4.2. Differential protection scheme This scheme compares the currents entering and leaving a chosen protected zone and operates when the difference between these currents exceeds a predetermined magnitude.

4.3. Distance protection scheme This scheme uses impedance measurements to effectively detect faults. It is able to isolate a fault that happens on either side of the protected circuit and also has the ability to operate in the case of reverse faults but reach settings, different for forward and reverse faults.

4.4. Voltage-based protection scheme This scheme is used to protect power systems against numerous faults by measuring the voltages and protecting against both in and out-of-zone faults circumstances. A communication link is required in the scheme to categorize which faults are in-zone or out-of-zone.

4.5. Coordinated protection technique Protection schemes should be coordinated to enhance efficiency in operations of primary and backup lines of defense. Primary protection schemes act as the first line of protection against faults, while backup protection schemes act in the event of primary protection failure. This process makes the protection scheme more resilient and reliable in operation.

Key factors in microgrid protection are based on type of microgrid and its topology, type of DG resources, communication type, time delay of communication links, method of analyzing data and detecting Overview of microgrid systems (V. Saravanan)

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faults, fault type, and method of grounding. Different methods of protecting microgrids are changing protective devices or settings, disconnecting DG units during faults, creating a balance among different DG technologies, using fault current limiter/smart transformer and centralized/decentralized/ adaptive protection schemes [13].

Challenges in microgrid protection are a) changes in the short-circuit level, b) false tripping, c) blindness of protection, d) prohibition of automatic reclosing, e) unsynchronized reclosing, f) dynamics in fault current magnitude, g) Loss of mains (LOM) and h) unnecessary disconnections [14].

Future trends in control strategies for islanded microgrid are essentially related to a) energy services: including demand response, optimal power flow, market participation, and storage management, b) microgrid protection especially in meshed topologies, c) performance optimization under the high-penetration level of DG resources, d) cost prioritized droop schemes, e) self-healing ability implementation, f) stability improvement in the cases of complex load including dynamic loads, constant loads, induction motor, pulsed loads, and electric vehicles, g) DG source dynamics, h) three-phase four-wire microgrids, i) cyber security improvement, j) reducing or eliminating the communication links and k) studying DC and hybrid microgrids [15].

5.

DEVELOPMENTS IN DC MICROGRIDS Ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE), Government of India had issued a draft policy for mini and microgrids for India in June 2016. This policy aims to increase microgrid capacity to 500 MW in the next five years in the private sector, which includes the deployment of roughly 10,000 renewable energybased mini and micro-scale projects averaging 50 kW across the country. Some highlights of the policy include a) regulated price determination for mini-grid projects (with tariff determination flexibility provided to operators), b) provision of single-window clearances for seeking right of way and regulatory approvals, and the availability of information on taxes, c) local village committee creation to ensure payment collection, customer adoption, and easier dispute resolution, d) grid connection provision to enable the sale of power to utilities, and e) renewable purchase obligation multiplier to make interconnections enabling attractive options for distribution companies, the specification of standards, performance, and quality. The following are the voltage and power levels are mentioned in the policy for DC/AC microgrids: For DC microgrids: a)24V DC systems up to 1 kWp capacity, and b) 72V DC systems for more than 1 kWp and up to 10 kWp capacity. For AC microgrids: a) 220V single-phase systems up to 10 kWp capacity, and b) 440 V three-phase AC systems for capacities beyond 10 kWp capacity. Most of the successfully implemented microgrid projects employ mini-hydro, solar PV, biomass, and wind as a source of power generation.

The main benefits of using dc microgrids are a) significant energy savings due to reduced number of energy conversion (ac to dc and vice versa) processes, and b) savings of between 20 and 50% of electricity with dc electrical loads, such as LED lights, fans with brushless dc motors, and other dc-powered electronics, compared to ac powered appliances, such as compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) lighting and induction motors connected with ac adapters. Few solar-powered 48 V DC power distribution system/ DC microgrid has been implemented in school/rooftop apartments in India [16]–[18].

A general structure of DC microgrids is shown in Figure 12(a). In DC microgrids, three-phase ACto-DC rectifiers and transformers are required to connect ac DERs to the common bus, single and three phaseDC-to-AC inverters are needed for supplying AC loads, and a three-phase DC-to-AC/AC-to-DC converter, a transformer, and a point of common coupling switch are required for connecting the microgrid to the utility grid. In this figure, the direction of arrows shows the direction of power flow. Also, different dc loads require different DC voltage levels, so DC-to-AC converters have to be considered as well to change the voltage level of the dc sources to desired levels. A common DC bus can represent one or more loop/radial distribution networks that connect loads and DERs within the microgrid to handle DC voltages and currents.

In a DC MG system, the energy sources and power electronic loads can be supplied more effectively and efficiently by choosing a suitable voltage level and thereby avoiding a few conversion stages as shown in Figure 12(b). Furthermore, the energy storage system (ESS) can be directly connected to the main DC bus or connected via a DC-DC converter [19]–[21].

DC microgrids could offer several advantages when compared with AC microgrids such as a) higher efficiency and reduced losses due to the reduction of multiple converters used for DC loads, b) easier integration of various DC DERs, such as energy storage, solar PV, and fuel cells, to the common bus with simplified interfaces, c) more efficient supply of DC loads, such as electric vehicles and LED lights, d) eliminating the need for synchronizing generators, which enables rotary generating units to operate at their optimum speed; and e) enabling bus ties to be operated without the need for synchronizing the buses [22]–[24].

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(a)

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(b)

Figure 12. DC microgrids: (a) General structure of dc microgrids, (b) Building block of dc microgrids

Salomonsson et al. [25] describe the framework for the expansion planning of off-grid microgrids.

As shown in Figure 13, the long-term expansion planning studies are composed of three major components such as data collection and synthesization, long-term expansion planning and short-term operation planning.

Figure 13. Framework for the long-term expansion planning of off-grid microgrids

6.

TECHNO ECONOMICAL ASPECTS, STANDARDS OF DC MICROGRID DC microgrid offer several benefits such as a) higher efficiency and reduced losses due to the reduced number of multiple converters, b) easier integration of various dc DERs to the common bus with simplified interfaces, c) efficient supply of DC loads, such as electric vehicles and LED lights, d) simple models and controls (i.e., no phase angle or frequency or reactive power), without the need for synchronizing the buses, e) higher compatibility due to same nature of sources and emerging loads, f) improved system reliability, efficiency, and economy by eliminating the DC/AC/DC conversion stages, g) absence of skin effect, h) safer for human bodies, since discharges are lower than AC, and i) high power transfer capacity [26]–[30].

DC microgrids can be economical in following cases: a) when the ratio of dc loads is high, b) installation with PV-based power generation as its generation pattern matches with the market price and load variations, and c) suitable for critical loads. Application of DC microgrids are a) commercial and residential building, b) industrial systems, c) data centers, d) telecommunication systems, e) electric vehicle fast charging stations, and f) traction/Ship/marine/aircraft systems.

DC micro grid with hybrid power generation and energy storage is the simplest, reliable, cost effective, scalable, and highly efficient solution to provide access to electricity to people living without access to electricity. For successful implementation of DC microgrids project, proper planning and Overview of microgrid systems (V. Saravanan)

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development, effective construction, reliable energy generation and power delivery, best operation and maintenance activities including constant plant monitoring and control, preventive maintenance, fault detection and response and corrective action are needed [31]–[37]. Some of the DC microgrid protection challenges are a) direction of fault current, b) coordination problem of current-based relay, c) non-suitability of AC circuit breakers, d) change in the SC level, e) low fault current capacity of inverters and f) grounding.

DC microgrids use PDs such as fuses, relays, and actuators such as DC CBs, switches and breaker less.

Obstacles in the practical implementation of the DC microgrid, are a) no natural zero crossing of the current in DC grid make it difficult, b) transition from AC to DC system in low voltage distribution networks requires several stages such as new standards for products and voltage levels, c) grounding and corrosion issues in DC systems. The major issues and potential solutions in microgrid protection and control include bidirectional power flows, short circuit capacity, stability issues, low inertia, and intermittent output. Major risks of mini-grid operations are a) early recognition of crucial risk driving factors, b) maintaining a balance between chances and risks, c) initiating focused actions at an early stage to limit risk exposure, and d) opening up options for new projects. Risk management measures to overcome major risks are a) political risks avoided by insurance instruments, b) risk of non-payment, and c) risk of resource price variability. The most common power quality issues in DC microgrid systems are voltage transient from AC grid, harmonics due to resonances and power electronics-based converters, electromagnetic interference and compatibility issues, communication failures, inrush currents, DC bus faults, voltage unbalance in bipolar DC bus and circulating currents. The available DC microgrid standards are listed in the following Table 3.

Table 3. DC microgrid standards Sl. No. 1 2 3

Standards International Electrotechnical Commission The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Standard Association (IEEE-SA) Emerge Alliance

4 5 6

European Telecom Standard Institute (ETSI) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Chinese Communication Standards Association (CCSA)

Specifications IEC 62040-5-3, IEC 61643-3 and IEC 61643-311 WG946, P2030.10, IEEE DC@Home EMerge Alliance Occupied Space Standard, EMerge Alliance Data/Telecom Center Standard ETSI EN 300 132-3-1 ITU L.1201/1202/1203 YD/T2378-2011, YD/T 3091-2016

Microgrids are needed to address ramping, frequency/voltage control, non-spinning substitute for spinning reserve and overall power quality for end use customers. MG provides resiliency, sustainability and commercial viability and provides value to both the local utility and the customer. Figure 14 shows the value chain of microgrid as a service.

Figure 14. Value chain of microgrid as a service

7.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION APPROACHES OF MICROGRID Pretea et al. [38] have made sustainability and reliability assessment of microgrids in the regional electricity market through various indicators such as environmental, economic and technical factors, which are briefed as Environmental indicators are: a) annual emissions of COx (Mton/yr), b) annual emissions of NOx (kton/yr), c) annual emissions of SOx (kton/yr); Economic indicators are: a) annualized capital costs Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 378 – 391

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and variable costs (INR/yr), and b) annualized capital costs and variable costs, including environmental externalities (INR/yr); Technical indicators are: a) annual energetic electric efficiency of the network, b) annual energetic total efficiency of the network, c) annual exergetic electric efficiency of the network, and d) annual exergetic total efficiency of the network. The two reliability indicators are: a) annual loss of load probability (outage hours/10 years), and b) annual expected loss of energy (MWh/year).

He et al. [39] have quantified methods for vulnerability pre-assessment of microgrid through two indices such as power generation capacity adequacy and power supply vulnerability. Generation capacity adequacy refers to the capability of the MG able to meet the electric power requirement of users, keeping the system conditions within the allowable range and power supply vulnerability mainly depends on the five indices, such as load/overload/overvoltage/low load power factor/three-phase unbalance risks.

Ma et al. [40] have listed assessment indices for reliability evaluation of microgrid as given in Table 4 such as microgrid system important load average interruption frequency index (MSILAIFI), microgrid system important load average interruption duration index (MSILAIDI), microgrid system important load average service availability index (MSILASAI) and microgrid system important load energy not service index (MSILENSI), by assuming that the total number of the load points in a certain microgrid is η, total number of customers of the load point i is N i , important customer weight of this load point i is β i , Ui is the average annual outage duration of point load I, Lai is the average load connected to the power outage load point I and then the total number of important customers of load point i is N iβi.

Table 4. Reliability evaluation indices Sl. No. 1

Indices MSILAIFI

2

MSILAIDI

3

MSILASAI

4

MSILENSI

Formula ∑𝑛𝑖 𝜆𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝛽𝑖 (outage/customer year) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑁𝑖 𝛽𝑖 𝑛 ∑𝑖 𝑈𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝛽𝑖 (hours/customer year) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑁𝑖 𝛽𝑖 MSILAIDI 1− 8760 𝑛

∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑈𝑖 𝛽𝑖 (kWh/year) 𝑖=1

Compositional power flow [41] is devised for networked microgrids to account power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids while preserving data privacy of each microgrid. The main contributions of this approach include: a) devising an advanced-droop-control based power flow to incorporate distributed energy resources and load droops within microgrids, and b) establishing an adaptivesecondary-control-based compositional power flow scheme to account for power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids. ComPF supports plug-and-play of microgrids and preserves customer privacy.

Microgrid robust economic viability assessment under lasting uncertainty enclosure (MGREVALUE) [42] is a robust optimization tool capable of returning the optimal microgrid sizing and configuration for each unique microgrid deployment scenario. This tool provides a viable means of simulation and optimization for microgrid deployments based on selected user inputs which includes: DERs considered by the user, minimum and maximum load capacity, current and future energy consumption forecasts, desired reliability performance levels, budget constraints, and the uncertainty thresholds. The tool gathers this information via a graphical user interface (GUI) and converts it into an acceptable format that can be given to a CPLEX® core optimization engine for analysis. For a given objective, this tool produces the optimal generation mix to be utilized in the microgrid, the investment payback period, total and annual investment and operation costs, and potential total and annual revenues as a result of the DER installation, amassing to the overall economic viability for a specific microgrid deployment.

8.

CONCLUSION The microgrid has the attributes like higher reliability, improved power quality, reduced emissions, reduced network congestion/power losses, increased energy efficiency, natural interface with RESs, electronic loads and ESSs. This paper addresses the operation aspects of microgrids to eliminate investments on additional generation and transmission facilities to supply remote loads. Moreover, microgrid's islanding capability in the event of faults or disturbances in upstream networks would enhance grid and customers’ reliability and resilience are addressed through the discussion of various control and protection schemes and reliability indices.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported by Indo-Sri Lanka Joint Research Program by Department of Science & Technology(DST), Government of India and Ministry of Science, Technology & Research (MSTR), Government of Sri Lanka, through grant in aidsDST:14.00.31.14.60.798.60.3425 and MSTR/TR/AGR/3/02/13 respectively.

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A comparative study on radio frequency identification system and its various applications Muhammad Baballe Ahmad1, Fatima Alkasim Nababa2 1Department

of Computer Engineering Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria of Computer Science, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria

2Department

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

The radio frequency identification (RFID), is a wireless technology system that is used for identifying an individual or objects through the means of radio waves that transfer information from an electronic tag, called an RFID tag. RFID consists of two main components the interrogator and the transponder. The Interrogator, which is the RFID reader, the interrogator usually transmits and receives the signal while the transponder that is the tag, is attached to the object. In the RFID system, an RFID reader interrogates the RFID tags. This tag reader generates a radio frequency interrogation, which communicates with the tags been registered in the system. This reader likewise has a receiver that captures a reply signal generated from the tags and decodes the signal. This reply signal from the tags reflects the tag's information content. Each tag of the employee or student consists of a unique identity, identification card (ID) that is assigned to a single employee or student ID card, which is recorded, in the database of the system. This research reviews some recent designs and implementation of internet of things (IoT) attendance systems using the concept of the RFID system. The analysis found that the RFID system is a very advanced technology for an automatic attendance system in an institution, organization, or university and it provides a very higher performance and accuracy than the traditional paper-based system that the employees or students normally used to sign.

The use of the RFID technology enables the institution, authorities, or management to evade attendance documents from damages such as misplacement, tear, or even got lost. A combination of the model is needed which will confirm higher security, better performance, and consistency of the system.

Received Mar 2, 2021 Revised Jun 28, 2021 Accepted Jul 23, 2021 Keywords: Arduino Desktop computer Detection RFID readers RFID system RFID tags

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author: Muhammad Baballe Ahmad Department of Computer Engineering Technology Kano State Polytechnic Kano, Kano State, Nigeria Email: mbaballe@kanopoly.edu.ng, sadiqbaballe@gmail.com

1.

INTRODUCTION The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been using for several years. The groundwork of this method was laid in the 1940s and was deployed by a British Army to help in identifying an enemy aircraft [1]-[4]. Further, in 1945 Leon Theremin designed a surveillance tool for the Soviet Union that help in transmitting radio waves that contain audio information. This tool has a diaphragm, which is vibrated due to sound waves, which alter the shape of the resonator. However, this device was not an identification tag but was a sneaky listening device, and therefore it was considered as a prototype of the Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com

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RFID technology because the device was acting as a passive device that was energized by electromagnetic waves (EM) generated by an external source [5]. Likewise, in 1915, identification-of-friend-or-foe (IFF) transponder was designed to help in identifying the aircraft in World War II. Further, in 1948, Harry Stockman explored the RFID technology in his paper titled “Communication employing reflected power”. In the late 1960s, the nuclear material safety and security issue cause the further development of RFID, like the invention of the compact disc, which was visualized in the 1960s but did not get enough popularity until the 1980s. In 1973, Mario Cardullo claimed that his passive radio transponder with memory was the first true predecessor of today’s RFID system [6]. Further, in 1973 the first demonstration of the RFID tags was done at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory [7].

The major progress in RFID tracking was done in the 1980s and 1990s. The Compaq computer started using the RFID to track components through production assembly in the 1980s. The developments in the compactness of chips and improvement in the computer speed with complex topologies of computer networks have broadly contributed to the increasing momentum of the RFID system. Most significantly, the standards are benchmarked during this development epoch to ensure that users can enjoy the ease of function and compatibility of this technology [8]. The awaiting storms of potentially distracting technology have found ways to bring comfort in our lives using the evolution of technology in different ways. Smart tags are interchangeable monikers for this technology. This modern technology is what we refer to as RFID technology.

The RFID tag is usually contained within or fixed on a person or product for the identification, detection, and traceability purpose using radio waves. The RFID reader can read the data that is stored in the radio RFID tags. Our privacy can be achieved by the use of this modern technology that marks an impact on our personal lives nowadays. The RFID technology is an emergent technology that is used in a wide range of applications, it is a member of the family of automatic identification and data capture which is referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies. This is the fastest and reliable means or method of identifying an object or thing. The RFID consists of two main components the interrogator, which is referred to as the RFID reader, and the transponder which is referred to as the RFID tag. The interrogator, which is the RFID reader, usually transmits and receives the signal while the transponder the RFID tag is attached to the object. In the RFID system, an RFID reader interrogates the RFID tags. This tag reader generates a radio frequency interrogation, which communicates with the tags been registered in the system.

This reader likewise has a receiver that captures a reply signal generated from the tags and decodes the signal. This reply signal from the tags reflects the tag's information content. An RFID tag usually consists of an antenna and a tiny microchip [1]. The RFID alone has various applications but when it is combined with an Arduino it limitations magnify more.

The developments in RFID technology continue to produce larger memory capacities, faster processing, and wider reading ranges. They are a high tendency that the technology can replace barcode even with the expected reduction in raw materials together with economies of scale; the integrated circuit (IC) in a radio frequency (RF) tag can never be as expensive as a bar code label. Nevertheless, RFID will continue to rise in its recognized places where the barcode or other optical technologies are less effective. Attendance or daily register of employees or students in an institution organization, or places of work has turned into a vivacious assessment viewpoint in the current scheme in both institutions, organizations, schools, and universities. The unoriginal attendance-monitoring scheme has a few obstructions with the development of the latest technology gap. For example, giving out the everyday attendance sheet to a gigantic amount of employees, students in a class or an organization, industries, and places of work is extremely risky and it hinders the consideration of the students or people in that particular class or organization [2]. This is considered a waste of time and energy as well as students or individuals can intentionally register individuals who are not present in the class or places of work in the attendance sheet. If the lecturer or organization mistakenly loses these documents, all the important attendance records will be lost without hesitation. The RFID novelty has a great chore to carry out in the completion of the vision of connecting objects around us to the internet. These items extend from huge structures, planes, modern plants, vehicles, any sort of merchandise, and explicit pieces of a bigger framework to people, animals, plants, and even obvious body portions of them. The idea driving all this is called the internet of things (IoT) [3].

2.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION RFID operates by transferring and receiving a signal using antenna and IC as shown in Figure 1. It has mainly two parts namely, the RFID tag and the RFID reader. The RFID tags contain an IC and an antenna, which is used to transmit data to the RFID reader also known as an interrogator. This reader then converts the radio waves to a more usable form of information. The data collected from the RFID tags is then

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transferred through a communications interface to a host computer system, where the information can be stored in a database and analyzed later. Figures 1-4 illustrates the information.

The RFID tags called the transponder unit could be passive or active RFID depending on the asset type and its use as shown in Figure 2. The active RFID tags usually contain a battery, a beacon to be charge periodically. Depending on the type and power of the antenna and noise in the surrounding environment, the RFID tags could be read remotely from a distance of several hundred feet. In the case of passive RFID tags, they derive their power while they are inside the signal range of the reader. Since they are substantially less expensive than the active RFID tags, they have noticeably less read rangeability. The RFID tag is an electronic tag that exchanges data with an RFID reader through radio waves as shown in Figure 3. Almost all the RFID tags have mainly two parts namely, the antenna and IC. The antenna is used to receive radio frequency waves and the IC is used in the processing and store of information. The microchip on the RFID tags is written with whatever information the user wants it. These RFID tags can operate in three different ways: a) The frequency that operates within the range of 100 kHz to 500 kHz is known as low radio frequency (LRF) tag, b) The frequency that operates within the range of 10 MHz to 15 MHz and 850 MHz to 950 MHz is referred to as the high radio frequency (HRF) tag, and c) The frequency that operates within the range of 2.4 GHz to 5.8 GHz is known as ultra-high radio frequency (UHRF) tag. LRF tags are usually economical and have slow speed as compared to HRF tags, LRF tags are usually used for applications where the data transfer over a short distance is required. The HRF tags can be used for medium-range applications having faster speed and can be used to transfer the data over a long distance. The UHRF tags are fastest than both the low radio frequency and high radio frequency tags.

Figure 1. Working operation of the RFID components

Figure 2. RFID tag

Figure 3. The RFID tag is in working mode

2.1. RFID reader The RFID reader is the brain of the RFID system and is necessary for any system to function as shown in Figure 4. The readers also called the interrogators, are devices that transmit and receive radio waves to communicate with the RFID tags. The RFID reader is a device, which is used to gather information from the radio RFID system. The RFID system uses radio waves to transfer the data from the RFID tag to the RFID reader as shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 4. RFID reader

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Figure 5. RFID reader in working mode

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THE VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF USING A RFID SYSTEM Designed and implementation of a wireless fingerprint-based attendance system to obtain and record the attendance information using fingerprints known as biometric [9]. Designing time management and access monitoring system using a microprocessor card to monitor students and staff's movement with the data that are kept in the database for administrator reference in campus, office, or a certain area. Headmasters, teachers, and parents could access all the information captured by this system by fully utilizing Mykad features via the internet and intranet facilities [10]. A system that was capable to record students’ attendance using interactive input, viewing students' and lecturer profiles, generating reports, and providing students with timetables the system records the attendance using a barcode scanner is designed [11]. In another spectrum, an RFID technology for checking in and checking out at parking areas without the need to stop the cars and it avoids traffic jams during the parking hours. This type of system is usually used in identifying vehicles through internet facilities by comparing the previous data in the database [12].

A system called the RFID-based automatic attendance system was developed. The attendance system software is developed using visual basic .NET (VB.NET) and database (Microsoft Access). Each of the employees or students has an RFID tag attached with the identification (ID) card. There is a serial connection between the computer and the RFID reader and the computer system. The RFID reader is placed at the lecture hall door or entrance door of the organization. Whenever students or employees enter the lecture hall or organization, the RFID reader reads the RFID tags and it stores all data (entry time, name, etc.) of the employee or students into the database via a serial connection and maintains the system. Here the admin of this system can view all the documents using the software interface by retrieving the data from the database without any hitches, not like the traditional system of writing names on the attendance sheet or piece of paper [13].

Design and implement an attendance system with the combination of RFID and a web-based system. This system uses the RFID tag and the RFID reader for getting the student's attendance and reading the particulars of the students. Then this reader connects with Arduino which serves as the brain of the whole research because all instruction is given from there, which then passes the RFID reader response to the web server by the use of Arduino shield, finally, the attendance of students can be stored in web server by using PHP and MySQL. The admin of the implemented system can now view all the student's documents by login into this particular web-based application and can view all the student’s details registered or stored using liquid crystal display (LCD) [14]. A system that, the RFID and pose invariant face verification for an automatic attendance system. The system works under two-factor verifications. In the first step, the students need to use the RFID tag that is read by the RFID reader. If the first step is succeeded then it moves to the second step of verification, if not, the student becomes under the unrecognized category. The second step is face verification, if the face match with the particular registered in the RFID tag, then it marks the student attendance that is in the database. Missing the above readings, the system will automatically identify the fraud students. This two-factor automatic system reduces the misuse of identity theft for getting attendance because they are not registered in the system database [15].

In a student attendance management system based on RFID and fingerprint reader application, the system also works as a two-factor verification system. In the system, the RFID reader is linked with the computer and the computer has specific software that is used to measure the automatic attendance of the students which is developed by Microsoft Visual basic studio and structured query language (SQL). In the first place, the entire student must register his or her RFID tag and fingerprints and it is stored in the database of the system. Once the students enter the classroom, they need to use the RFID tag and this will be read by the RFID reader which will then check the database of the system to check if the tag is registered, if it is registered or correct then he moves to the next verification step. In the second step, the fingerprint of the student is then verified. If it matched the information of the students registered, he or her then the attendance A comparative study on radio frequency identification (RFID) system and … (Muhammad Baballe Ahmad)

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of the student will be stored on the server. Besides, the lecturers or teachers have authentication to use the system, they can also act as admin of the entire system [16]. An SD card module with an RFID tag, which carries different voice codes, is used in the system development. The tag identification card and the code of the voice greeting are stored in the SD card module. When the student enters the classroom door, his or her RFID tag is being read. If the identification card of the student tag matched with the stored data in the SD card, then the particulars of the student or person need to use the voice greeting if it matches then the door will be open and the attendance of the student will be store in the excel sheet. The student can view their attendance detail using the LCD use in the research. In the research, the Arduino connects the liquid crystal display, the RFID reader, the SD card module, and the rest components use in the research. Likewise, the system has very simple schematics than another system because of the very simple components uses and the design of the whole system. Also, you can we get fast responses and accurate results [17].

A model system called the microcontroller-based attendance system using the RFID system and global system for mobile (GSM) was designed. The system consists of three ATmega16 microcontrollers placed in between the RFID reader, global system for mobile modem, and the computer. Each of the microcontrollers uses has its purpose. The system will start whenever a lecturer or teacher used his or her RFID tag to enter the lecture room or classroom then the students will enter the classroom also by swapping their RFID tags within five minutes. The RFID reader reads the RFID tag, sends the signal to the first microcontroller, which will analyze the signal of the RFID reader, and opens the classroom door using infrared rays (IR) signal, which is influenced by a motor. This signal is temporarily stored in the microcontroller, when the lecturer or teacher finishes his or her class, he or she must swap the RFID tag again to the RFID reader and the system will decide automatically that the class is finished. Therefore, the microcontroller will pass the temporarily stored signal to the computer database as the attendance. In case if a student is absent, the signal will pass it to the global system for mobile, modem and it will send this message to the parents of the students who were not present during the lectures or lesson in the lecture room or the classroom. If any of the students go out before the lecturer or teacher, the system will not count the student present in the lecture room or classroom. The system itself is an added advantage and a reliable security system. Thus, the students cannot cheat the administration and their parents [18]. A system that will work with the RFID technology and global system for mobile. In their research, they used a microcontroller as a midway among global systems for mobile modules and RFID technology. Whenever the students enter the lecture room or classroom, they need to make use of their tag, which is read by the RFID reader, and it sends it to the global system for the mobile module. If the identification card of the student or individual tag does not match with the stored information of the database he or she is considered as an unapproved person. If it accepts the tag, then the global system for the mobile module will send a message to the administration and their parents that the students attended lectures or lessons [19].

A system that uses web-based attendance using four-tier architecture by the use of RFID and biometrics. In their system, the students, lecturers, or teachers' RFID has a unique code, which will be stored in the database of the institution or school. The RFID reader and the fingerprint device are placed at the entrance door of the lecture room or classroom. Whenever the students want to enter the classroom, they need to use the RFID tag which will be read by an RFID reader and validate the identity of the students by comparing it with the information stored in the database whether the tag matches or not. The second stage of verification will be allowed if and only if the first stage of verification is succeeded. The verification with the fingerprint is the second stage of the system and if the student's fingerprint matches with the data in the database, then the attendance will be marked and stored into the database, but if he or her record does not store or captured in the database then they will be no attendance for that student. The fingerprint verification is merely acting in ten minutes including five minutes before the schedule and after the schedule of class starting time. If anyone is late then it will deny providing attendance to that particular student that is late but the students can stay at the lectures and learn but will not have attendance for that class. Lastly, a short message service (SMS) will be sent to the students’ parents if the students are present or not in the lecture room or classroom [20].

Prototype of the attendance management system with the placement of a bigger number of RFID readers placed in the room and there is a server application maintained through a laptop. The radio frequency identification reader and the laptop or personal computer (PC) are connected with the help of a wireless router or local area network (LAN) connection. Whenever a student or person enters the classroom or lecture room, he or she needs to use the RFID tag which is read by the RFID reader and passes the student's attendance to the server through wireless or LAN connection. Since many of the RFID readers are placed, more than one person can get the attendance simultaneously and get the higher efficiency than the traditional method or using the single radio frequency identification reader [16]. In addition, proposed a system that is working with the RFID technology and Telegram messenger application. In their system, the students need to meet their lecturers or teachers for the tapping of their RFID tags. If the tags match with tag information Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 392 – 398

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stored in the database, then it will send the attendance to the management of the institution or principal in the form of an excel sheet as well as send a message to the specific student’s parent via Telegram messenger.

Meanwhile, facial verification cost is comparably average to other biometric verification. It also could be considered for a better system for developing an automatic attendance system.

The RFID technology with a fingerprint system is very comparable to the RFID with the facial system. Each characteristic of the table is providing similar ideas except for their cost. Fingerprint biometric systems provide a very lower cost compared to the retina and iris. Meanwhile, software, which makes use of visual studio and SQL, are costs in a great measure. Eventually, the system is considered a high-cost system with a higher eminence [17]. A low-cost portable smartcard-based attendance system is the combination of RFID with fingerprint biometric technology to enhance the safety level and integrity of the records. This design system does not merely make the system design simpler but likewise improves the efficiency of the institution both in terms of manpower and time. This system does not merely abridge the method of taking attendance but decreases the rate of errors and permits for faster verification of student attendance, all with minimal human interaction [18]. Smart attendance monitoring system (SAMS) is a face recognition-based attendance system for classroom environment. This system is developed by the integration of omnipresent components to make a portable device for managing the student’s attendance using face recognition technology [19]. A radio frequency identification-based attendance system with short message service (SMS) backup. This project seeks to address means of automatically registering the student’s recording attendance, saving students information on the PC as well as backing their information via the global system for mobile communication and finally making a decision on the worthiness of a student to sit for an examination course or attending the lectures [20].

In summary, the various applications of using an RFID system are: a. RFID can be used in various environments, this includes livestock, military, and scientific areas, and also in tertiary institutions or organizations to prevent unnecessary intrusions by the students or individuals. b. RFID can be used in addition to barcode. These two technologies can be complementing each other.

With the combinations of such technologies, one can hardly enter secure environments or institutions. c. Unattended operations are possible, minimizing human errors and high costs. d. RFID can help in identifying moving objects or elements that have tags embedded in them. e. RFID. can cover a larger area of coverage, up to several feet. f. RFID system is used for access management. g. RFID system is used in the tracking of goods. h. RFID is used in the tracking of persons and animals. i. RFID is used in tax collection and contactless payment j. RFID system is used as a machine in reading travel documents. k. RFID is used in airport baggage tracking logistics. l. RFID is used in passports development. m. RFID is used for medicine and drugs record. n. RFID tags are used in clothing, e.g. in jeans, shirts, coats, and trousers

4.

CONCLUSION In this paper, many papers related to the RFID system were review, and we have seen their various improvements in technologies and the need of using the RFID system over the traditional paper-based attendance sheet, which has been used over several years, and its various areas of applications.

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ISSN: 2252-8814

J. Sidi, S. N. Junaini, and L. S. Ling, “ISAMS: Tracking Student Attendance Using Interactive Student Attendance Management System,” Proceedings of the 3rd Malaysian Software Engineering Conference, Dec. 2007, pp. 218223.

Z. Pala and N. Inanc, “Smart Parking Applications Using RFID Technology,” 2007 1st Annual RFID Eurasia, Sep. 2007, pp. 1-3, doi: 10.1109/RFIDEURASIA.2007.4368108.

A. A. Olanipekun and O. Boyinbode, “An RFID-Based Automatic Attendance System in Educational Institutions of Nigeria,” International Journal of Smart Home, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 65-74, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.14257/ijsh.2015.9.12.07.

H. D. Rjeib, N. S. Ali, A. Al Farawn, B. Al-Sadawi, and H. Alsharqi, “Attendance and Information System using RFID and Web-Based Application for Academic Sector,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 266-274, 2018, doi: 10.14569/IJACSA.2018.090137.

S. Pss and M. Bhaskar, “RFID and Pose Invariant Face Verification Based Automated Classroom Attendance System,” 2016 International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications (MicroCom), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/MicroCom.2016.7522434.

M. M. M. Thein, C. M. New, and H. M. Tun, “Students’ Attendance Management System Based on RFID and Fingerprint Reader,” International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 30-38, Jul. 2015.

Y. Mishra, G. K. Marwah, and S. Verma, “Arduino Based Smart RFID Security and Attendance System with Audio Acknowledgement,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 363367, 2015.

A. K. Shukla, “Microcontroller Based Attendance System Using RFID and GSM,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER), vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 127-131, 2017. [Online] Available: https://www.ijeter.everscience.org/Manuscripts/Volume-5/Issue-8/Vol-5-issue-8-M-21.pdf S. Konatham, B. S. Chalasani, N. Kulkarni and T. El Taeib, “Attendance Generating System Using RFID and GSM,” 2016 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), 2016, pp. 1-3, doi: 10.1109/LISAT.2016.7494157.

R. Roy, “A Web Enabled Secured System Designed for Attendance Monitoring Applying Biometric and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology,” 2014 International Conference on Signal Propagation and Computer Technology (ICSPCT 2014), 2014, pp. 653–657.

T. Sanjay, “Attendance Management System,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 541-543, 2014.

M. B. Chaniago and A. Junaidi, “Student Presence Using RFID and Telegram Messenger Application,” 8th Widyatama International Seminaron Sustainability (WISS 2016), 2016.

V. M. Vinod, G. Murugesan, V. Mekala, S. Thokaiandal, M. Vishnudevi, and S. M. Siddharth, “A Low-Cost Portable Smart Card Based Attendance System,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 1012, p. 012046, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1012/1/012046.

S. Bhattacharya, G. S. Nainala, P. Das and A. Routray, “Smart Attendance Monitoring System (SAMS): A Face Recognition Based Attendance System for Classroom Environment,” 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 2018, pp. 358-360, doi: 10.1109/ICALT.2018.00090.

U. K. Nkalo, E. O. Agwu, and E. C. Stanley, “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Attendance System with Short Message Service (SMS) Backup,” IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1-8, 2019, doi: 10.9790/0661-2102010108.

Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021: 392 – 398

Information for Authors

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal dedicated to publish significant research findings in the field of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Information Technology. The journal is designed to serve researchers, developers, professionals, graduate students and others interested in state-of-the art research activities in applied science, engineering and information technology areas, which cover topics including: applied physics; applied chemistry; applied biology; environmental and earth sciences; electrical & electronic engineering; instrumentation & control; telecommunications & computer science; industrial engineering; materials & manufacturing; mechanical, mechatronics & civil engineering; food, chemical & agricultural engineering; and acoustic & music engineering.

Submission of a manuscript implies that it contains original work and has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. It also implies the transfer of the copyright from the author to the publisher. Authors should include permission to reproduce any previously published material.

Ethics in publishing For information on Ethics in publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication (including the necessity to avoid plagiarism and duplicate publication) see http://ijaas.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAAS/about/editorialPolicies#sectionPolicies

Paper Submission You must prepare and submit your papers in word document (DOCX) file format.

For more detailed instructions and IJAAS template please take a look and download at: http://iaescore.com/gfa/ijaas.docx. The manuscript will be subjected to a full review procedure and the decision whether to accept it will be taken by the Editor based on the reviews.

Manuscript must be submitted through our on-line system: http://ijaas.iaescore.com/ Once a manuscript has successfully been submitted via the online submission system authors may track the status of their manuscript using the online submission system.

Indexing and Abstracting International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) is indexed or abstracted by: Google Scholar, EBSCO, Genamics, Microsoft Academic, OALib, Sherpa Romeo, Worldcat, Dimensions, GARUDA, Publons, and Semantic Scholar.

Guide for Authors International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal dedicated to publish significant research findings in the field of applied and theoretical sciences. The journal is designed to serve researchers, developers, professionals, graduate students and others interested in state-of- the art research activities in applied science areas, which cover topics including: chemistry, physics, materials, nanoscience and nanotechnology, mathematics, statistics, geology and earth sciences.

Papers are invited from anywhere in the world, and so authors are asked to ensure that sufficient context is provided for all readers to appreciate their contribution.

The Types of papers The Types of papers we publish. The types of papers that may be considered for inclusion are: 1) Original research; 2) Short communications and; 3) Review papers, which include meta-analysis and systematic review

How to submit your manuscript All manuscripts should be submitted online at http://ijaas.iaescore.com

General Guidelines 1) Use the IJAAS guide http://iaescore.com/gfa/ijaas.docx) as template.

2) Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated. Present tables and figure legends on separate pages at the end of the manuscript.

3) Number all pages consecutively. Manuscripts should also be spellchecked by the facility available in most good word-processing packages.

4) Extensive use of italics and emboldening within the text should be avoided.

5) Papers should be clear, precise and logical and should not normally exceed 3,000 words.

6) The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 150 to 250 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense.

7) The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.

8) The Introduction should provide a clear background, a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, the proposed approach or solution, and the new value of research which it is innovation. It should be understandable to colleagues from a broad range of scientific disciplines.

9) Explaining research chronological, including research design and research procedure. The description of the course of research should be supported references, so the explanation can be accepted scientifically.

10) Tables and Figures are presented center.

11) In the results and discussion section should be explained the results and at the same time is given the comprehensive discussion.

12) A good conclusion should provide a statement that what is expected, as stated in the "Introduction" section can ultimately result in "Results and Discussion" section, so there is compatibility. Moreover, it can also be added the prospect of the development of research results and application prospects of further studies into the next (based on the results and discussion).

13) References should be cited in text by numbering system (in Vancouver style), [1], [2] and so on. Only references cited in text should be listed at the end of the paper.

One author should be designated as corresponding author and provide the following information: • E-mail address • Full postal address • Telephone and fax numbers Please note that any papers which fail to meet our requirements will be returned to the author for amendment.

Only papers which are submitted in the correct style will be considered by the Editors.

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES) e-mail: ijaas@iaesjournal.com

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