PosttraditionalPublicAdministrationSincethelinguisticturn,sparkedinthelate1960sbysuch theoristsasJacquesLacanandMichelFoucault,interestingnormativeandmethodological challengesforthepolicyscienceshaveemergedAposttraditionalsocietyisoftencharacterizedas anindividualizedsocietybecauseindividualsareincreasinglyrequiredtoconstructtheirownlives. Tobegin,aposttraditionalsocietyreferstobothmodernityanditsreverberationpostmodernity. Modernity,inageneralsense,referstoinstitutionsandmodesofbehavior.AnthonyGiddens(1991) writes,"modernityisapost–traditionalorder,inwhichthequestion,'HowshallIlive?'hastobe answeredinday–to–daydecisionsabouthowtobehave,whattowear,whattoeat–andmanyother things–aswellasinterpretedwithinthetemporalunfoldingofself–identity"(p.14).Accordingto Giddens,therearefourmaindiscoursesofmodernity:industrialismisthesocialrelationsimpliedin thewidespreaduseofmaterialpowerandmachineryinproductionprocesses;capitalismisasystem ofcommodityproductioninvolvingcompetitionandcommodification;surveillanceisthe supervisorycontrolofsubjectpopulations,whetherthistakes"theformof'visible'supervisionin Foucault'ssense",oruseofinformation;andorganizationistheregularizedcontrolofsocial relationsacross"indefinitetime–spacedistances"(pp.14–16).Therearealsothreeelementsof modernsociallife–...Getmorecontent...
AReflectionOnPublicAdministrationEssay
Publicadministrationwasoncedefinedas"adetailedandsystematicexecutionofpubliclaw" (Boundreau,1950,p.371).However,inWhite'sbookIntroductiontotheStudyofPublic Administration,hedefineditas"如ublicadministrationconsistsofallthoseoperationshavingfor theirpurposethefulfillmentorenforcementofpublicpolicy,asdeclaredbythecompetent authorities"(Boundreau,1950,p371)Thepublicinterestinpublicadministrationismaking decisionsandcarryingoutdutiesbythegovernmentthatcorrespondsandagreeswiththemajority ofthepublic.Thepublicismadeupofindividuals,andgroupsthatembodyvariousideals,pointsof views,andinterestsInaway,publicinterestisdefinedas"aworkingcompromiseandbesubjectto continuousredefinition,asneedarises,intheprocessofachievinganoftendelicatebalanceamong conflictinginterests"(Boundreau,1950,p.371).Thepublicinterestandtheapproachtoserving suchdutybypublicadministratorshavechangedsinceSeptember11,2001,whichwaswhenthe terroristattackstookplaceonthetwintowers.Publicinterestreflectedanewconcernforthepublic good,andanewapproachtodealwiththethreatsplacedonthepeopleonagloballevelSeptember 11thwasaneventthattookplacethatshookthecoreandreevaluatedthevaluesthatpublic administratorshelddearandnear,whichincludean"orderforafreeanddemocraticsocietyto flourish,allitscitizens,including,
PublicAdministration
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TherearedifferentapproachestorunningagovernmentTherearethosethatbelievethatthe governmentshouldberunlikeaprivatebusiness.Thentherearethosethatbelievein representativenessandtheseparationofpowersthatrestinthegovernmenttoproperlyoperatethe governmentTherearealsothosewhobelievethatthegovernmentshouldadheretothestrictest letterofthelaw.Ilooktodescribeallthreeapproachestopublicadministrationandapplythose approachestomylife.Themanagerialapproachtopublicadministrationwaschampionedby FrederickTaylor.Itcameaboutasareactiontothepoliticalinfluenceinpublicshowmore content... GovernmentneedstobemoreflexiblePublicadministrationneedstomoreflexibleinsteadofrule boundtorespondtopublicneeds.
TheorganizationalstructureoftheNPMismuchflatterthanthetraditionalmanagerialapproachto governmentmanagement.Itisnotabureaucraticorhierarchical.NPMviewsindividualsas customersThecognitiveapproachtoNPMtakesfromthepublicchoiceapproachtopublicpolicy ThebudgetingprocessforNPMfocusesonoutputsandoutcomesinsteadofmoney,personneland equipment.Thedecisionmakingprocessshouldbebasedonresponsivenesstocustomers, performancelevelsandcosteffectivenessThenextapproachtopublicadministrationtobe discussedisthepoliticalapproach.Theunderpinningsofthepoliticalapproacharerepresentation, responsiveness,accountability,andseparationofpowersandpluralism.Theideaofseparationof powerswasnottocreatefrictionbetweenthebranchesofgovernmentbuttoprotectthecitizenry.
Thebasictenetofpluralismwithinpublicadministrationisthattheadministrativebranch,asthe policymakingbranch,itmustbestructuredtoenablegroupsthatcompetewitheachotherto counteracteachotherprovidedbytheirpoliticalrepresentation.Totheextentthatthisisachieved, thestructureofpublicadministrationbecomespoliticized,withdifferentgroupsseeking representationTheviewoftheindividualistolumptheindividualintobroadsocial,economic,and political ...Getmorecontent...
EssayonApproachestoPublicAdministration |ApproachestoPublicAdministration|||ReubyBenson|3/18/2012| |
ThereasonsthatIgotintothefieldofpublicadministrationwasthecommunityneedsandits' lifeblood.Plus,Ihavethisdesiretoconstantimprovetheoverallpoliciesfortheidealofgood governmentEversinceIgotintothegraduateschoolforaMasterofPublicAdministrationatthe SanDiegoStateUniversity.Icamefromasmalltownintheeastandmovedtooneofmajorcities intheUnitedStates.Everythingandeveryonefromthereopenedmyeyeswideopenedtotheworld andallofits'opportunitiesIfeltandrecognizedthattheopportunityforthisfellowshipwillhelp mewithmycareer–developmentintofull–timewiththelocalgovernment.Letmesharemycareer goalwithyou,whichistobeaCityManageratoneday.Oreventobehigheranddaringthanmy currentgoal.Iwantedtomakeadifferencelikeeverypublicservantwants.Despiteofthatcomment IfeltthatIknowwhatthehardshipislikeandIamreadytofacemoreofit.Asdeafperson,which alreadyexperiencedstrugglesandconstantbreakingbarriersWhilebreakingthosebarriersIfound outtwokeythinkingareproactiveandstrive.Bothofthemhaveenhancedmythinking.Justsame necessityforthelocalgovernmenttobeagoodgovernmentbybeingproactiveandstriveopposed toreactiveorsurvivalIbelievethatIamcapablecandidatewithgreatpotentialtobeoneof LGMFs.Especiallywithplentyofroomformetogrowwithinthisfellowship.IbelieveIamthe rightcandidatetobe
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StrengthsAndWeaknessesOfPublicAdministration
Overviewofthesector
PublicAdministrationReformisstructured,accordingtoSIGMA,aroundsixdimensions:Strategic framework,policydevelopment,humanresourcesmanagement,accountabilityofpublicinstitutions, publicservicedeliveryandpublicfinancemanagement
AcomprehensiveBaselineAssessmentwascarriedoutbySIGMAattheendof2015andpublished inMarch2016ThestudydescribedstrengthsandweaknessesofthePublicAdministrationat nationallevel.Inparalleltothisprocess,theGovernmentofMoldova–withthesupportofDFID–designedaPARstrategybased,partially,ontheneedsidentifiedbySIGMA.ThisPARStrategy wasendorsedbytheGovernmentofMoldovaon6July2016(Government'sDecision911).This Strategy...showmorecontent...
ProfessionalizationanddepoliticisationofthecivilservicebyconsolidatingStateSecretaries position,increasingthenumberofcompetitionsforrecruitmentofpublicemployees,aswellas reformofthegenerallegalframework,revisionofthedisciplinaryandpromotionmechanisms.
Theimprovementofthecapacitiesofthepublicemployeesmustalsocombinetoaspects:theraise oftheirsalariestoacceptablelevelsandaneffectivefightagainstcorruption
Thesignificantimprovementofthepolicydevelopmentprocessbyincreasingthecapacitiesfor effectivepolicycoordinationamongstakeholdersaswelleffectivecooperationwiththeMinistryof FinanceandMinistryofForeignAffairsandEuropeanIntegrationwhenitcomestomonitoringof theAssociationAgreement.
Territorialreformmusthappenasthecurrentnumberofsubnationalterritorialunits(32raion,two municipalitiesand898localauthorities)istoohigh,accordingtomanyobservers,forthefinancial andhumanresourcescapabilitiesofthecountry.Nottacklingtheterritorialreformwillleavethe countryinafinanciallyunsustainablesituationaswellinaverylowqualitylevelofpublicservices delivered
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CriticalReflectionThroughoutmydailylife,Inevertookthetimetorealizehowimportantandhow oftenpublicadministrationaffectshowpeople,includingmyself,functioninsociety.Public administrationplaysaroleineveryaspectoflife;whichincludeswalkingtoyourmailboxto retrievemailfortheday,drivingtoworkeverymorninginslowtrafficduetoconstructionbeing done,orevensimplyreceivinganeducationThatallincludesinteractingwithstreetlevel bureaucrats,andtheyareessentialtoeverydaylife.Withmyprofoundunderstandingofpublic administrationvalues,suchassocialequityandindividualrights,Iknowthatwe,aspeoplein society,usetheminadailyroutinewithoutevenrealizingitEspeciallywhenIdealwithpeoplefirst handinworkingatalawoffice.DescribeThereisn'taspecificactivitythatIamwritingaboutin thisreflection.IamwritingaboutseveralactivitiesthatIhaveencounteredduringmytimeatthe lawoffice.Ihavedirectlyfacedmanycriminalswhenevertheywalkthroughthedoorsoftheoffice, andIamthefirstpersontheysee.However,Idonotfeelthreatenedornervous.Whenitbecame prevalenttomethatIwantedtogointolaw,IknewfullheartedlythatIwouldbeontheprosecuting side,notonthedefensecouncil.WhywouldIwanttodefendacriminal?Thatmentalitychanged whenIstartedworkingatthelawoffice.WhenImovedtoIndianapolistoattendmyfirstsemester atIndiana
ReflectionOnPublicAdministration
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OldPublicAdministrationwascreatedtoanswerthequestionstomanyunansweredproblems. PresidentWoodrowWilsonsaiditwas"hardertorunaconstitutionthantoframeit"becauseofthe difficultadministrativetaskshadtodealwith.Sureenough,hewasnottheonlypersonwhofeltthat way.PresidentWilsonbelievedthatinordertorunaneffectivegovernment,ideasfromtheprivate sectorshouldbeincorporatedintothepublicsectorHeevenwentasfarastogiveinputonhowthe governmentwouldbeabletoimplementideasfromtheprivatesectortothepublicsector.Andthat istolimitwhathierarchicalorganizationcando.Wilsonbelievedthatthoseinpowerwouldnot havecontrolofcreatingthepolicy,buttheywillhaveahandleonhowthepolicyisimplemented TwothemesstoodoutaroundthetopicofPublicAdministration"thedistinctionbetweenpolicy andadministration,andtheaccountabilityofelectedindividualswhoareapartofanorganization. Thesecondthemewasaroundtheuseofstructuresandstrategiestoensurethatmanagementwork efficiency.
ManyhadmuchtosaywhenitcameWilson'sstatementthat"PolicyandAdministration"shouldbe separateentities.Afewpeoplearguedthatpolicyandadministrationcouldnotbeseparatedbecause policyandadministrationdependononeanothertoworkeffectively.FrederickTaylor,atheorist believedthatinordertoenforceefficiencywithinanorganization,ascientificmanagement
PublicAdministrationAndThePublicSector
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PublicAdministration:Accountability
PUBLICADMINISTRATION
Assignment
SEMESTER22012/2013
PSCI2523 INSTRUCTOR
"ACCOUNTABILITY"|NAME|MATRICNO.|SECTION|1||1|||||
INTRODUCTION.WhenthewordPublicAdministrationcomeaccrossone'smind,peoplewould thinkofgovernmentcivilworkersandbureaucracyingovernmentoffice.However,Public AdministrationiswiderthanthatItcomprisesofmanypartamongthemaretechnical issues,financalissuesandethicalissues.Amongmanyofthemistheimportanceofmanegerial technique,acharacteristicwhereanorganizationsuchasgovernmentofficeshouldhaveinorderto organize,planned,co–ordinateandbudgetting.Governmentofficeisabigshowmorecontent PublicAdministrationexisttoprovideservicestothepeoples.Thereforepeoplehaverightstoknow howtheirtaxmoneywouldbespend,whathappentothebudgettallocatetoPublicAdministration bygovernmentandwhoistakingresponsibilitiesoveranyactionorplannedcarriedoutbythe publicsectors.
Eventhoughtheremightbedistortioninachievinggovernmentpolicy,whichissometimeiscause byunavoidableexternalcause,thecitizenareexpectingPublicAdministrationwouldbehandleitin awaythatwouldbringlessimpacttothesociety.Inordertosatisfycitizen'salmostidealistic expectations,PublicAdministrationmusthavethesenseofhighestintegrity.Governmentare entrustedwithpublicfundsandresources,andmustadheretothehighestethicalstandards.Honesty, integrity,propriety,andobjectivity,Thesegoalscanonlybeachievedthroughacombinationof individualproffesionalism,personalstandardsandrigorouscontrolframework(Deloitte).These years,peoplearebegantoquestiongovernmentofficialsintegrityandgovernmentaretryingto promotestheimportanceofintegritytotheirofficialsaswellastothecitizensForexamplein Malaysia,thegovernmenthadestablishMalaysianIntegrityInstituitionandEnforcementAgency IntegrityCommission,thatwouldreceivereportsfromcitizensregardingthemisbehaviourof governmentofficials.
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The
ThefieldofPublicAdministrationisundoubtedlyoneofthemostvaststudyfieldsthereis.Itissaid thatpublicadministrationiscloselyrelatedtoManagementintermsofpublicmanagementtheories. AfterallPublicAdministrationistheperfectmanagementofpeopleinamorevastpublic setting.AccordingtoNigroandNigrointheirbookModernPublicAdministration,Public Administrationisaco–operativegroupeffortinapublicsettingwhichworksincollaborationwith theexecutive,legislatureandjudiciaryofanation,playsasignificantroleinthepolicymaking processandiscloselyassociatedwithnumerousprivategroupsandindividualsforprovidenceof servicetothecommunity
Aspublicvalueincrementisthemaingoalinpublicadministration,thepublicmanagementmustbe uptothetaskinoptimizationofserviceoutputatalltimes.Asinpublicadministrationthe AdministrationoftheStateistheserviceproviderandwe,thecitizens,aretheirclients.Aspublic administrationisthealloverperfectmanagementofthepublic,itfollowstheprinciplesofbasic managementandeverytasktheyperformcanbecategorizedandanalyzedbyacertainmanagement theory.Keepingthatinmind,themaingoalofthispaperistoshedsomelightonthemanagement theoriesthatwereformulatedbyscholarsandthecomparisonofthemanagementtheoriesofthe classicalapproachandnewclassicalapproachandtheirwaysandviewsofanalysis.Theclassical andnew
TheFieldOfPublicAdministrationEssay
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Professionalismisimportanttounderstandinthestudyofpublicadministration.Professionalismisa conceptthatdescribescertaintypesofpublicagenciesaswellastheindividualsthatworkforthese organizations.Changesinthewaythattheseindividualsareregardedmayimpactthewayinwhich theseadministratorsfunction.Theconceptofprofessionalismmeansthatworkersarespecially trainedintheirfieldTheseworkersarerequiredtopossessahighleveloftechnicalexpertiseIn thesetypesoforganizationsauthorityisnotbasedonrankasmuchasitisbasedonprofessional normsandstandards.Forthepurposesofthispaper,wewillfocusonprofessionalismasitpertains toeducationSpecifically,wewillcentershowmorecontent
Underthenewsystem,appropriatelynamedtheperformancepaymodel,teacherswouldbe evaluatedbystudentsandadministrators.Theresultsoftheseevaluationswoulddeterminehow muchtheteacherwouldbecompensatedfortheirtime.Itwouldnolongermatterhowlongateacher hasbeenteachingorhowwelltheteacheriseducated.Thiswouldmeanthatanewteachercouldbe paidmuchmorethanateacherthathasbeenteachingformanyyearsThisisgenerallynotagood policyinanyindustry,particularlyanindustrythatisresponsibleforeducationtheyouth.Likewise, itwouldmeanthatitwouldnotmatterifateacherpossessedamaster's,orevendoctorate,degreeor iftheyheldabachelor'sdegree.Theircompensationwouldbetotallybasedontheratingthey receivedontheirevaluations(Sherman2014).Criticsoftheperformancepaymodelassertthatthe conceptmayleadtoapopularitycontestInsteadofthehighestperformingteachersbeingrewarded itwouldbethemostliketeachersbeingrewarded.Theybelievethatteachersmayabandontheir professionalismandbegingivingA'saway.Whetherornotthiswouldbetrueisyettobeseen.Itis, hopefully,aworst–casescenarioHowever,itcouldverywellhappenThis,undoubtedly,would leadtobetterevaluationsfromhappystudentsresultinginsalaryincreasesforteachers.The performancepaymodelwouldalsopunishteachers
EssayaboutTheStudyofPublicAdministration
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UNIVERSITYOFFORTHARE FACULTYOFLAW
NELSONRMANDELASCHOOLOFLAW
EASTLONDONCAMPUS
INTRODUCTIONTOPUBLICADMINISTRATION
NAME:PETRUSKAYSTER
STUDENTNO:201317030
LECTURER:MRSTMOKO
MODULECODE:ITL101E TABLEOFCONTENTS1.Defineanddescribepublicadministration
2.Describethebasicvaluesandprincipleofpublicadministrationasespousedinsection195(1)of theconstitutionoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica(No108of1996)andgiveexamplesbasedonthe implementationoftheseprinciplesbyyourorganization/municipality
3.Describetheroleandfunctionsofparliament,legislature,municipalcouncilandtheexecutive (cabinet)asshowmorecontent
(1)Publicadministrationmustbegovernedbythedemocraticvaluesandprinciplesenshrinedinthe Constitution,includingthefollowingprinciples;(a)Ahighstandardofprofessionalethicsmustbe promotedandmaintained(b)Efficient,economicandeffectiveuseofresourcesmustbepromoted.
(c)Publicadministrationmustbedevelopment–oriented.(d)Servicesmustbeprovidedimpartially, fair,equitablyandwithoutbias(e)People'sneedsmustberespondedto,andthepublicmustbe encouragedtoparticipateinpolicy–making.(f)Publicadministrationmustbeaccountable.(g) Transparencymustbefosteredbyprovidingthepublicwithtimely,accessibleandaccurate information.(h)Goodhuman–resourcemanagementandcareer–developmentpractices,tomaximise humanpotential,mustbecultivated.(i)Publicadministrationmustbebroadlyrepresentativeofthe SouthAfricanpeople,withemploymentandpersonnelmanagementpracticesbasedonability, objectivity,fairness,andtheneedtoredresstheimbalancesofthepasttoachievebroad representation.EXAMPLES:
OneexamplethatIwanegiveisonethatshowsthatouradministrationsimplementationofthese principlesandthelackofdemocraticvaluesand
ImportanceofPublicAdministration
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|2011||YABACOLLEGEOFTECHNOLOGYRASHEEDBALOGUN||MATRIC NUMBER:P/ND/10/3621360DEPARTMENT:BUSINESSADMINISTRATIONCLASS:ND1N|
[ASSIGNMENT:BRIEFLYEXAMINETHECHRACTERISTICSOFPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONANDITSPRIMARYOBJECTIVESREGARDINGITS ADMINISTRATIVERELEVANCE]CHARACTERISTICSOFPUBLICADMINISTRATION DEFINITION:PublicAdministrationisamulti–dimensionaldiscipline,definedbydifferentauthors andscholars,accordingtotheirunderstanding.Itisviewedbyeachauthorinrelationtohispolitical environmentItispertinenttoknowwhatpublicadministrationisbeforeviewingit's characteristics...AccordingtoWoodrowWilson;PublicAdministrationisthemostobvious partshowmorecontent
Itissaidthattheidealsandobjectivesofgovernmentmaybeverypopular,theplansfornational developmentmaybeextremelyprogressiveandthenationalresourcesofthecountrymaybe abundant,butwithoutanefficientadministration,nothingcanbeachievedInotherwords,eventhe goodobjectivesofthebestpoliciesandlawsofagovernmentmayremainasmerepaper declarationsofintent,iftheadministrativemachinerydoesnotfunctionefficientlyandhonestly.An efficientpublicadministrationcanavoidwaste,correcterrors;limittheconsequencesof incompetence,orirresponsibilitywhileimplementinglawsandpublicpolicies.Thuspublic administrationactsasaninstrumentfortranslatingplans,lawsandpoliciesintorealityAsAD Gorwalaremarks,"inademocracytherecanbenosuccessfulplanningwithoutaclear,efficientand impartialadministration".*ParticipationinPolicyFormulation:AccordingtoDimockandDimock Administration"Inthemodernworldbureaucracyisthechiefpolicymakeringovernment"Itisa sourceoffactsandexperienceaswellasofideasandsolutionofpublicproblems.Inmodern democracies,publicadministratorsparticipateinpolicymakingbygivingadvicetoministersand providingthemthenecessaryinformation(i.e.,factsandfigures)whichisrelevantforpolicy formulation.AsSirJosiahStampsays,"theofficials
CharacteristicsofPublicAdministration
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Publicadministrationhousestheimplementationofgovernmentpolicyandanacademicdiscipline thatstudiesthisimplementationandthatpreparescivilservantsforthiswork.Asa"fieldofinquiry withadiversescope"its"fundamentalgoalistoadvancemanagementandpoliciessothat governmentcanfunction."Someofthevariousdefinitionswhichhavebeenofferedforthetermare: "themanagementofpublicprograms";the"translationofpoliticsintotherealitythatcitizenssee everyday";and"thestudyofgovernmentdecisionmaking,theanalysisofthepoliciesthemselves, thevariousinputsthathaveproducedthem,andtheinputsnecessarytoproducealternative policies."
AccordingtoDubios&Fattore(2009),thegoalsofshowmorecontent
Now,itisawayoflifethatthosewhowantworksthatarenotrightarethosewhowanttheirdeeds hiddenWiththisreality,thereoughttobeasystemthatkeepsaccountabilitystrongandinvincible againsttheseimperfectionsoflifeand,withmorereason,againstthosewhowanttodonotrightby theimpulsionofgreed.Withtheseprinciplesinmind,thenextchallengereallyofpublic administrationishowtomakeuseofthemodernthingsofferedbymoderntimes(Evardone)
Inansweringthisquestion,thebestwayistoknowthefundamentalgovernanceprinciplesthat publicadministrationisaresultofthecollectiveconsentofthecitizenstobegovernedandthefact thattheworldhasgonetoomodern.
TheDefinitionofPublicAdministrationPublicadministration,developedintheearly1900s,isa specialfieldofstudywithintheacademicdisciplineofpoliticalscience.Itemphasizesthestructure andoperationofbureaucraciesandorganizations,includingbudgeting,personnel,andformaland informalinternalcontrols.Somepublicadministrationprogramsincludestudyofthespecial managementskillsrequiredingovernmental(as
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WoodrowWilson,thefoundingfatherofpublicadministration,classifiedtheaimofpublic administration(PA)istodiscover,first,whatgovernmentcanproperlyandsuccessfullydo,and, secondly,howitcandotheseproperthingswiththeutmostpossibleefficiencyandattheleast possiblecosteitherofmoneyorofenergy(Wilson,p.127).
ThegoalsandmethodsofpublicadministrationhavechangedsinceWoodrow'sclassificationof traditionalpublicadministrationin1887tothepresenteraofnewpublicadministration.The managementtransformedfromabureaucraticsystem,markedbyweakperformance,andexcessive rulesandregulationstoademocraticcitizenship,markedbytransparency,efficiency,andsocial equity.Thesechangeshaveinturnrefinedtheimageofapublicservantfromtheeraoftraditional PAtoNewPA.
Toanalyzethetransitionfromtraditionaltonewpublicadministrationanditsimpactsontheimage ofpublicservants,ascitizenswemustclarifythedifferencesbetweenthetwo.TraditionalPAis distinguishedbyitsbureaucratic,slowandinefficientsystem,lowqualityofthecivilservice,and weakperformance.DuringtheperiodoftraditionalPA,publicadministrationandpoliticswerea dichotomy,twoseparateentitiesthatworkindependentlyofoneanother.WoodrowWilsonnoted thatthepoliticalatmosphereexpandedtremendouslyandbecameoutofproportiontoitsskill.Tofix thisproblem,publicadministrationistobeseparatedfrom
TraditionalPublicAdministration
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Therollofethicsinpublicadministrationisbasedontheadministration;administratorsshouldbe value–freewhentheyimplementpublicpolicy.Iwilldiscusswhyethicsshouldbebasedonthe administrationand,whyitshouldnotbebasedoneachindividualworkerintheadministration.I willdiscussWeber'sstanceonvaluesinbureaucraticorganizations,whatMacintyresuggests,and whatHummelandGoodsellwouldconcludeaboutvaluesinpublicadministrationMostpeopledo notunderstandwhatanadministrationdealswitheverydayonanindividualbasis.Theymightthink thatanadministrationissupposedtomakethebestethicalchoices,butthatisnotthecase.People whoareoutsidetheshowmorecontent
Therollthatethicsplaysinpublicadministrationisbasedoneachindividualadministration.Ifa publicadministrationwantstodotherightethicalthingsthanmorepowertothem,andiftheydo notthantheadministrationshouldnotbeseenassomethingevil,butitshouldbeseenasabusiness.
Administratorsshouldbevalue–freewhentheyareimplementingpublicpolicyfortheir administrationTheyshouldbevaluefree,becauseiftheylettheirownpersonnelvaluesintoplay theywouldbehurtingtheadministration.Anexampleofthisisdealingwithstudentloans,an administratormayfeelthatgivingabiggerloantosomeonewhoisinneedofitistherightthingto do,buttheyknowiftheygivetheextraloaninsteadofthestandardamountforthesituationthanthe administrationwouldsuffer.Thisdoesnotmeanthateveryadministratorhasvalueslikeausedcar salesmanwould,butthattheyhavetodowhattheirjobspecifies
Administratorsjustcannotchangetherulesforanindividual.Itbasicallygoesbacktothe paragraphonethics;thevaluesarealsobasedontheadministrationandnottheadministrators runningtheadministrationMostadministratorsdohavegoodvalues,theyfollowthelaws,goto church,givemoneytocharity,buttheycannotimplementthoseideasintheir
publicadministrationEssay
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FiveparadigmsofPublicAdministrationwillbediscussedheretoindicatethatPublic Administrationisnewuniquesynthesizingfield.ThisisbecausemanyconceivedthatPublic Administrationasadisciplineisanamalgamoforganizationtheory,managementscienceandthe conceptofpublicinterest.Itisnow,timetotimeestablishitselfasaninstitutionallyautonomous enterpriseincollegesanduniversitiesinordertoretainitssocialrelevanceandworth Paradigm:1,Thepolitics/Administration: Theconcentrationofstudyduringthisperiodwasonlucuswherepublicadministrationshould be
Politics:hastodowithpoliciesorexpressionofthestatewill.
Administration:hastodowiththeexecutionofthesepolicies.
BLeonardDwhitehepublishedin1926thefirsttextbookdevotedintothefieldofpublic administrationIntroductiontothestudyofpublicadministration.Thebookisconsideredbywaldo asquiteessentiallyAmericanprogressivecharacter:
Politicsshouldnotintrudeonadministration.
Managementlendsitselftoscientificstudy.
Publicadministrationiscapableofbecomingavaluefreescienceinitsownright.
Themissionofadministrationiseconomyandefficiency.
Inthisparadigmthenationwastostrengthenadistinctpoliticsoradministrationdichotomyby relatingittovalueorfact.Everythingthatpublicadministrationistsscrutinizedintheexecutive branchwasimbuedwiththecoloringsandlegitimacyofbeingsomehow
TheFiveParadigmsOfPublicAdministration
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EssayonPublicPolicyandAdministration
1.Overtime,howhavemembersofthefieldofpublicadministrationexaminedthesubjectofpolicy andadministration(hasthedichotomychanged)?
Thestudiesofpolicyandadministrationhavebeenviewedindifferentways;overtime,thepre–moderneratoitsnow21stcenturyoutlookhaschanged.Inthebeginning,kingshadtreasuresand taxcollectortooverseethedailybusinessoftheempireTodaythesemembersarepublicservants workinginalllevelsofgovernment;implantingvariousinputstoproducetheirdesiredpoliciesas results.Newpoliciesinpublicadministrationspurredfromthepeoplesdissatisfactionwiththe governmentFromcorruption,favoritismandself–preservationdrewtheattentionofchange; leadingtothe...showmorecontent...
303)
Forexample,"Twomonthsaftertheattacks,Congressfederalizedairportsecuritybypassingthe AviationandTransportationSecurityAct,whichcreatedtheTransportationSecurity AdministrationPriorto9/11,securityhadbeenhandledbyeachairport,whichoutsourcedto privatesecuritycompanies."Thereafter,TSAenforcedastrictersecurityscreeningforpassengers andluggage;personnelwithoutticketswerebannedfrompassingthroughsecurity.Thisshowed politicalresponsivenessandrepresentation;accordingtotheWashingtonPost,morethan263 governmentorganizationswereeithercreatedorreorganizeddueto9/11.(PBS.org)
2.Howdostatesinteractwithotherlayersofgovernment?
Thetermintergovernmentalrelationshipisoftenusedtodescribethewaythestatesinteractwith otherlayersofgovernmentThisalsoexplainstheircollaborativeeffortsinworkingtogetherfora greatercause.TheU.S.ConstitutioncreatedwhatiscalledtodayastheFederalistsystemof government.TheFederalistsystemshapedseverallayersofgovernment;someofthemodelsuseto explaintheworkingsofthefederalistsystemarethelayercakemodel,themarblecakemodel,and thepicketfencemodel."TheConstitutionnotonlydefinesthestructureandpowerofthefederal government,butalsocontainsgeneralprovisionsregardingstategovernment"Furthermore,each statehasitsownconstitutionwhichcontainsprovisions
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PublicAdministration,asafield,hadalwayscaptivatedmerightfrommyundergraduatedays.I believemycuriosityforthisfieldcomesfrommyfamily.Bothmyfatherandmyunclewere politiciansDuringmyearlydays,Iusedtogotomyfather'sofficewhereIhadagreatchanceto observedifferentkindsofpeoplewithvariousjobsandinterests.ThiswasthefirsttimeIlearned howmutualinterestsbringpeopletogether.WhenIunderstoodhowpublicrelationsworknaturally, itforcedmestronglytostudyandcomprehendthecomplextheoryofpoliticsAfterfinishinghigh school,ImadeupmymindtopursueacareerinPoliticalScience.Forthisreason,Iwasenrolledto IstanbulBilgiUniversity'sPoliticalScienceprogram.After...showmorecontent...
Thesocietyismovingtowardsalarge–scaleeconomyandthereisanexceptionalincreaseoffree tradeandexchangeallaroundtheworld.Thisfacthasbroughtvastopportunitiestobuildupnewer policies,wide–rangepoliticalprogramsandmethodologiesinthefieldofpublicadministrationI wouldliketocontributetothischallengingenvironmentaftercompletingthenecessaryeducation.
Myintentionistosupplywell–roundedideaswhichwouldpossiblycontributetopublic administrationinmyhomecountryIamdeterminedtoprovidemeaningfulandfinestsolutionsto diverseproblemsofpublicadministration.Consequently,mygoalistosuccessfullycomplete masterofpublicadministrationandservesocietyasahighqualitypublicofficial Inordertoachievemycareergoals,Ihavetostudyandinternalizethecurrentdevelopmentsand newpolicystrategiesinpublicadministration,andpoliticalapplicationsindifferentgeographical areasoftheworldAMaster'sDegreewillgrantmethenecessarytheoreticalunderstanding,and willalsoprovidemewithanindepthideaofrealisticapproachesindecision–makingprocessand researchskillstoallowmedevelopexceptionalideas.Iwouldliketodiscoverfactsaboutvarious areassuchashealthadministration,leadinghealthproblemsindevelopedanddevelopingcountries, globalhealth
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PublicAdministration&Ethics
Inpublicadministration,decisionsarealotoftimesmadebaseduponethicalprinciples,whichare theperceptionofwhatthegeneralpublicwouldagreeiscorrect.Thishelpskeeptheadministrators ethicalbecausetheyfirstmustaskthemselvesiftheywillbeunderpublicscrutinyiftheydon't makeanethicaldecisionEthicshasalsoplacedadditionalburdenonpublicadministrators regardinghowtheyhandletheirpersonallives.Whenapersonentersintothepublicrealm,alotof thedetailsthatwouldnormallybeprivatefromtheirindividuallivesbecomemadeavailablefor publicrecordThese'details'arethingssuchastheindividual'shealth,finances,anymisconducton record,etc....showmorecontent...
Corruptionisahugeissueinpublicadministration.Thereisalotoftemptationfortheindividualin thepubliceyetousetheirhighauthoritypositionfortheirpersonalwell–being.Thegovernment mustkeepacloseeyeonthisasitoftenbecomesanissue.Theissueofcorruptioncanbeassmallas lowlevelcitygovernmentandcangoashighasthepresident
Publicadministratorsalsohavetodecipherthedifferencebetween"majorityofthepeople"versus justpublicinterest.Justbecausethemajorityofthepeoplethinkthatgunsshouldbebannedbecause theycancausedeath,doesn'tmeanthatit'stherightthingtodoforsociety.Theminorityofthe peoplemightthinkthattheydeservetokeeptheir2ndamendmentrightsandkeepprotectingtheir familiesInthiscase,theminoritymayberightversusthemajorityThegovernmentmustdecipher suchdifferences.Justbecausethemajoritymaybelievesomething,itmaynotbeinthebestinterest fortheentirepublic.Thegovernmentmustdefendthehumanrightsofminoritygroupsinorderto defendhumanrightsInsomecases,thiscanbeanethicalissuebecausethegovernmentmaysway moretowardsthemajoritytokeepmorepeoplehappytowinvotes.
AcurrentexampleofprivatizationofgovernmentisPresidentObamaandhishealthcarereforms. PresidentObamawantstode–privatizehealthcarebecauseitis"publicinterest".Hewantsthe healthcaretobe
PublicAdministrationandEthicsEssay
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