Law And Justice Essay

LawenforcementisacareerthatisbothviolentandrewardinginmanycapacitiesJusticeneedsto beservedinlawenforcementandtheyhavearesponsibilitytoupholdthelawandservethepeople inthecommunity.Lawenforcementiscrucialintheworldtodayasaglobalrealmaslifecontinues tobemorecomplexandlawenforcementstrugglestocombatmanyaspectsofcrime.Inorderto combattheseproblemsandhaveapositivefutureinthecriminaljusticesystem,everyonemust worktogetheronabiggerscaleJusticeisdefinedinlawenforcementinmanydifferentand accurateways.Justiceisinevitableandcontroversialwhendefiningitintermsoflawenforcement. Lawenforcementischallengedineverypossiblewayasthe...showmorecontent...

Thefacilitatorsoffergreatinsightwheninterfacingwiththestudentsandincorporatereallifeideas andexperiencesintothediscussionquestionsandessays.Theoriginofthisdefinitionstemsfrom conductingvariousresearchesonthetopicsforthecoursesstartinginthefirstcoursetakentothe courseIamcurrentlyin.Atfirst,itwouldhavebeendifficulttoputadefinitiontogetherbutwithall theeducationalopportunitiesandexperiencesfromotherclassmatesandtheinstructors,itwas clearlydefinedtomepersonallyIusedmanylawenforcementexpertsthroughouttheprogramto assistinbetterunderstandingtheconceptsofthepast,presentandfutureofthecriminaljustice system.Inordertopromotethisdefinitioninmylawenforcementcareer,Imustadheretobeing moralinallthedecisionsImakepersonally.Itcanbeeasytobeafollowerinthiscareerchoiceand losesightofwhatisimportanttomeasaperson.LookinginsidemyselfandstayingtotruetowhatI havebeen,whatIamcurrentlyandwhatIwanttobeinthefuturewillbodewellforfuture endeavorsinthisfield.Imustcontinuetomakeagoodexampleforothersandhopetheyfollowin thecorrectpathaheadratherthaninthenegativepaththatwillbemadeavailableatcertainjunctions inthefutureThisexamplecouldmakeamajorimpactinnotonlymylifebutthoseofothersinthe samefield.Iwillneed

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JusticeintheLegalSystem

Justice,asdefinedbyWebster'sDictionaryisthequalityofbeingfairorjust.Thisimpliesthat justicewouldhavesomethingtodowithbeingfair.Ithoughtthatifoneofthethingsthelawand legalsystemareaboutismaintainingandpromotingjusticeandasenseoffairness,theymightnot bedoingsuchagreatjob.Aneyeforaneyeisfair?No,thatwouldbetooeasy,tooblackandwhite. IcouldciteseveralexampleswhereIthoughtajudge'sorjury'srulingwasunfair,howeverIwillnot simplyduetothefactthatthisistobeaboutwhatjusticeistomeandnotwhatjusticewastothe particularcourtroomsituation.IactuallydobelieveinourlegalsystemandIbelieveinjustice.

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Theseekingofjusticeisatiringandlongquestakintotheseekingoftruth,fortheyareclosely linkedandwithoutonetheremaynotbetheother.Withouttheunderstandingofwhatreally happenedinaneventorplaceandtime,justiceisnotbeingsoughtoutandcannotbedealttothose whoneedit.Wehaveall,atonetimeoranother,feltwrongedinsomeway,shapeorformandIfeel thatiswhyweallhaveacommoninterestinseekingjustice.Whenweseeandheartheunfortunate storiesofothers,peoplewhohavehadmurderorassault,pettytheftorvandalism,committed againstthemoronestheylovewehopethatourideaofjusticeisserved.Wehopethatthepeople whocommitthecrimes"getwhattheydeserve"andwehaveacommonbeliefandhopethatjustice canoccurintheformofajailterm,afine,probation,etc.Wehavethis"hope"forothersbecausewe knowthatifthesamesituationoccurredinourlives,wewouldliketohavesomecomfortinthatthe "systemworks"Thisiswhyjusticeisimportantandsoughtafteritgivethecommunityacommon groundandtosomedegreeasenseofsecurity.Whilenotalljusticeisdeliveredconventionallyviaa jailsentenceoranymeansthecourtsdeemappropriateitisacomforttoknowthattherearethose willingtogivetheirtimeandenergytohelpattempttoreachthegoalofjustice.Justicecan

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Lawsandthejusticesystemhavehadanimportantroleallthroughouthistory.Thedevelopmentof lawshasaneffectoneachcivilization,itspeople,andevenreligion.Differentsetsandtypesoflaws canbelinkedtodifferentgovernmentsystemsForexample,thelawsofademocraticsocietyare verydifferentfromthoseofacommunistsociety.Thewaysthateachcivilizationovertime controlledthepeopleandcarriedoutpunishmentsareallverydifferent,yetinawaythesame. Manycivilizationsbuildoffofeachother,andextendoffofthepastlawsDuringthecourseofmy project,Ireallyenjoyedseeinghowwegottowherewearetoday.Itallstartedsomewhere,andit wasinterestingtofindtheplaceswherethingsbegan.I...showmorecontent...

Thelawswerewrittenonstripsofbamboo,whichwouldstringtogetherandrolluplikeascroll. TheChouDynastylawsaresimilartoHammurabi'sCodeinthesensethatthepunishmenthadtobe evenwiththecrimeTheChineserulersbelievedatthetimethatthiswastheonlywaytorestorethe naturalbalanceofthings.Executionswereonlyallowedtobeperformed,bylaw,innature'sseasons ofdecayanddeath,fallandwinter.Thelawsandtheirpunishmentswereextreme,andlikethelaws ofHammurabi,scaredthepeopleintobeingwell–behavedAnotherlawsystemwithextreme punishmentappearsinGreece,621BC.AlawmakernamedDracowaschosentowriteacodeof lawforAthensThelawshewrotewerethefirstonestobewrittenforGreeceHispenaltyfor breakingmanyofthelawswasdeathbyexecution.(Thiswassoharshthattheword"draconian" actuallycomesfromhisname.)Aboutahundredyearslater,anotherman,Solon,waschosentore–writethelawsofAthensHerepealedDraco'slaws,andonlymadeseriousoffensespunishableby death.Hecreatedsomeideasthathavelastedtomoderntimes,andinfluencedRome'slawsofthe TwelveTables.Solonpromotedthefreedevelopmentoftradesandprofessions,andevenprohibited dowriesoverwomeninfamilylaw.TheTwelveTablesweredevelopedaround450BCinRome. Theyarethoughttobethefoundationofmodernlaw,becausetheypromotedpublicprosecution. The

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TheRelationshipBetweenLawandJustice

Explaintherelationshipthatyouthinkexistsbetweenlawandjustice.

Therelationshipbetweenlawandjusticehasalwaysbeenatopicofgreatcontroversy.Manypeople relyfullyonthelawtobringabout,whattheybelieve,tobejustice,whileothersareoftheopinion thatthelawistoo'blackandwhite'tobewhollyregardedasjust

Thedebateofwhetherajuryisaneffectivewayofbringingforthjusticehasbeenpresentfor centuriesTheopinionthatitisnotareliablewaytoconvictoracquitdefendantsisincreasingly communal,whileothersagreethat"bypointingoutthattherighttojurytrialhasexistedsince1166, mighthelptomakeapopularcaseforitscontinuedexistence."[1]

"Thereisanurgentneedforempiricalresearchinvolvingrealjurorsinordertogaugejury comprehensionofexpertevidence,especiallyincomplexcases."[6]

Itcouldbearguedthattheneedtohaveajurytrialpossiblyunderminesthejudiciary.Doestheneed forajury,showalackofconfidenceinthedecisionmakingabilityofajudge,whohashad professionaltrainingandbeeneducatedtoaveryhighstandardinordertodothesamejobas untrainedmembersofthepublicWecanseethatthejudgesthemselvesdonotplacemuch confidenceintheacademicabilityofthejurors.Duringatrail,Mr.JusticeSwallowcommented "Gentlemenofthejury,thefactsofthisdistressingandimportantcasehavealreadybeenputbefore yousomefourorfivetimesbutsolowismyopinionofyourunderstandingthatIthinkit necessaryinthesimplestlanguage,totellyouthefactsagain."Ifanexpertintheprofession believesthatthesepeopleareincapableofunderstandingthecircumstancesbasedaroundthe decisionthattheymustmake,surelythisshowsthatthereistoomuchimportancerestedonill–equippedpeople."Ifjuriesarenotallowedtousemathematicaltheoriestointerpretevidenceand insteadhavetofallbackontheircommonsense,thewrongpeoplemayendupbehindbars"[7] Apartfromtheir

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"Ajurywillpass...showmorecontent...

InShakespeare'sTheMerchantofVenice,onerecurringpatternismalefixationwithlawand justice.

AlthoughAntonioandShylockcommandmostoftheplay'sdialoguespertainingtolawandjustice, Bassaniodoescommentonlawintwoseparateoccasions.Thefirstoccurswhenheischoosing betweenoneofPortia'schests.Herecognizesthedangersoffaçadesandasks,"Inlaw,whatpleaso taintedandcorrupt/But,beingseasonedwithagraciousvoice,/Obscurestheshowofevil?" (3.2.75–77).Thislineissignificantbecauseitdealswithlawbeforethecourtroomscenetakesplace andprovidessomeforeshadowingtohowthecasesarepresented.ShylockandPortia,especially, employdifferentrhetoricaldevicesinordertoswaytherulingintheirfavor.Inasecondreading, Bassanio'sobservationforcesthereadertoaskwhois"seasonedwithagraciousvoice"andwhois morallyright?DuringthecourtroomsceneBassanioplaysalessimportantrole,yetherecognizes howthelawoperates.EventhoughhehasnosaywiththerulinghepleadswithPortia,"And.../ Wrestoncethelawtoyourauthority./Todoagreatright,doalittlewrong,/Andcurbthiscruel devilofhiswill"(41211–214)BassaniohasahugedesiretohelphisfriendAntonioandknows, thatatthispoint,onlythelawcanhelphim.Thus,itmakessensethatheasksPortiatoestablisha favorablerulingBassanio'swordsseemtosuggestthathehasalessblack–and–whiteoutlook towardslaw:he

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EssayonJustice

'Justiceissuchanelusiveconceptthatithardlyseemsworthwhileforalegalsystemtostriveto achieveit'.

JusticeissomethingthatweallwantfromaLawandbelieveshouldbeanintegralpartinanylegal system.However,themeaningofJusticeisverydifficulttodefine.Therearemanyaspectsof justicethatwemayquestionabout;ieisaparticularlawjust?Isthelegalsystemjust?Muchofthe issueofjusticeisverycontroversialandraisesquestionssuchaswhetherthecombinationofLaw andsystemproduceajustresult?Justicehasadefinitionasfollows:'Thequalityofbeingjustor fair,theactofdeterminingrightsandassigningrewardsorshowmorecontent

ThelogicalextensionofthisviewisthattheLegalrulesofacountrycanbebrokeniftheydonot conformtomoralLaws,aviewthatwasfavouredbyStThomasAquinasThistheoryofNatural LawcanbecontrastedwithPositivism.Naturallawyersconflictwithpositivistthinkerswhobelieve thatiftheLawismadeaccordingtocorrectprocedure,thenitshouldbefollowedhowevermuchit conflictswithmorality.PositivistslikeKelsenarguethatLawandmoralityareentirelyseparate concepts,andbelievesthatjusticeisabstract,thereforeitishasnoconceptinLaw.Kelsenalso arguedthattheconceptofjusticeistoovaguetobedefinedandthateveniflawisimmoral,itstill shouldbefollowed.Austin'sviewstemsfromthepositivistargumentthatLawisLawbecauseof sovereigntyandprocedures.ProfessorHartalsoconsiderslawandmoralitytobeseparate.He believedthatLawshouldbebasedonlogicalideasthatproducecorrectdecisionsfromtherules Durkheim,asociologist,tooktheviewthatsocietyisheldtogether'acohesion'andthattheLawis anintegralpartofmakingthesestructureswork.Kelsen'stheorycanbecontrastedtoLLFullerwho favoursthenaturalLawtheory.FullertooktheexampleoftheNaziLawandcondemnedwiththeir Legalsystem.HearguedthatNaziLawwasnotLawatallasitwassofundamentallyunjust.

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TheConceptsofLaw,AuthorityandJustice

Lawsinthissensemeanprescriptivelegalrules,asopposedtodescriptivepatternsofcauseand effectinnature.Theyarethelawsofsociety'smaking,ratherthanthelawsofscience.Thereare certaincharacteristicsoftheselaws;theyaredesignedandimplicatedbysocietyforsociety,they reflecttheconventionsofthesocietywhichgeneratesthem,theyareprescriptivewhichmeansthat theirmembersofthatsocietymustormustnotdocertainthings.Theycanbeviolated,however sanctionsareappliedtothosewhodoviolatethem,andsanctionsaretheprerogativeand responsibilityoftheofficialgovernmentpresentinthatsociety.Theshowmorecontent

Thelawswithinsocietiesarenotconcernedwithwhatismorallyrightorwrong,butwhetheran actionhasgoodorbadeffectsontherestofsocietyForexampleadulteryiswidelythoughtofas beingimmoral,howeveritisnotillegal.Mostillegalactionsarealsoheldtobeimmoral,therefore, thismeansthatmoralityismuchfurther–reachingthanthelaw.

Theauthorityoflawscomesasaresultofanunwrittensocialcontractbetweenallthemembersofa societywhochoosetoliveinthatsocietyTheygaintheirauthoritybybeingwilledbythemajority ofthepeople,andbecauseofthewayinwhichtheyaredrawnuptheydonotpossessanyabsolute qualities.

Somepeoplemaythinkthatlawandmoralityarethesamething,buttheywouldbeincorrect, howeverthereisundeniablyalinkbetweenthetwo;themoralityofasociety,orit'mores'havea stronginfluenceonthelawsthataredrawnup.Thererethreemainwaysinwhichphilosophysees therelationshipbetweenmoralityandlaw,thesearelegalpositivism,naturalmorallawandthe interpretiveapproach

Authorityontheotherhandisconsiderablydifferenttotheconceptoflaw,itcanbedefinedasthe abilityand/orrighttoenforceordemandacceptanceandobedienceAccordingtosomewe,as humans, ...Getmorecontent...

Introduction

Doestheapplicationoflawalwaysprovideajustresult?Lawandjusticeareoftengroupedintothe samecategory.WhetheritisonTVorinarealcase,mostpeoplefinditdifficulttodifferentiate betweenthetwo.Withoutpriorknowledge,onemaythinkthattheyaretwowaysofsayingthe samethingInreality,lawandjusticearecompletelydifferentandcanbedefinedbyeachpersonto fittheirneeds.Thispaperwilloutlinethedifferencesbetweenthesetwowordsandfurtherexpand onhowtheyareused.

WhatisJustice?

Justice,inasense,indoingwhatisright.Onemayseekjusticeforthemselves,someonetheylove orsomethingtheybelievein.Oftenseenasinterchangeablewithfairness,justicecanevenbe viewedasrevengeortorightanywrongsdone.Onabroadernote,justiceisfairnessforpeople's rightsandpunishmentfortheirwrongsAnideallyjustlegalsystemwouldbeonewithoutbiased judges,policeofficersandjuriesandanunderstandingthateveryoneisinnocentuntilprovenguilty andmustreceivethebenefitofthedoubt.Therearefourmaincategoriesofjustice.Theyare distributivejustice,proceduraljustice,restorativejusticeandretributivejustice.Distributivejustice focusesonequalityandisthemainfocusofsocialism.Itaddressestheconceptoftheownershipof goodsinasocietysuchthatifapersonfeelstheyarenotreceivingtheirfairshareofsomething, theymayseekanotherformofjusticetofulfiltheirneeds.Proceduraljusticeisbasedinfairness.It isaninclusiveformofjusticethattakeseveryone'sneedsandconcernsintoconsiderationtomake somethingasfairaspossibleRestorativejusticeisbasedonputtingthingsbackastheywereItcan meansettlingsomethingwithanapology,somemeansofpaymentorotherformsofcommunity service.Lastly,retributivejusticeisjusticebasedonrevenge.Itseespunishmentasawayto appeaseorsettlethevictim.Althoughmanyoftheseformofjusticecanbeseenassubjective, retributivejusticeisarguablythemost.Itisrootedintheprinciplethatafterbeingpunished,the perpetratorwilldiscontinueanywrongdoing,butinmostlegalsystems,theresultsareopposite

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Humannature,Law,andJusticein"Utopia"

"Utopia,BookI"bySirThomasMorebeginswiththenarrator,More,thatistravelingaround NorthernEuropeasanambassadorforEnglandandendsupinAntwerpWhilehewasinAntwerp, hemetupwithagoodfriendofhisPeterGiles.OnedayhefindsGilesconversingwithabearded man.SoonGilesintroduceshimtothisman,RaphaelHythloday.Hythlodayisaphilosopherand travelstodifferentplacesaroundtheworldAfterMoreandHythlodaymeet,Moreisintriguedby thestoriesHythlodayhastosay.ThethreeofthemallgotoGiles'houseforsupperandalongchat. HythlodaythendescribesaboutthemanyvoyageshehasbeenonalongwithAmerigoVespucci,a famousItalianexplorer.TheyhavetraveledtotheNewWorld,SouthoftheEquator,throughAsia andthenmentionshowheendedupinanislandcalledUtopia.Hethendescribesthedifferent societiesinthevarietyofcountrieshehasgonetoGilesandMorecometotheconclusionthat Hythlodaywillbeagreatcounselortoaking.Hythlodayrejectstheirideaandbeginstellingthe storyofwhenheoncehadadinnerwithCardinalMortonandothers.Throughoutthisdinnerhe proposedavarietyofwaysforpunishingpeoplewhobreakthelawsTheyrefusehisproposalsHe usesthisstorybyshowingMoreandGileshowuselessitistocounselakingorprincewhenhis othercounselsagreewiththeking'sbeliefsandpoliciesHetellsotherdifferentstoriestoprovehis

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ThePhilosophyofLawandJusticeRatikaSharmaMonday,September23,2014CLU3M1Miss Dowhaniuk"...Nomatterhowplainawomenmaybeiftruthandloyaltyarestampeduponherface allwillbeattractedtoher..."AnnaEleanorRooseveltwasbornonOctober11,2014inNewYork City,NewYork.ShewastheonlytheonlydaughterofAnnaHallandElliotRoosevelt;shewasthe middlechildinhertrioofsiblingsHerbrotherswereElliotRooseveltJrandGracieHallRoosevelt whoweretheoldestandyoungestsiblingsrespectively.TheRooseveltsiblingsencounteredtrauma atayoungage.TheirmotherpassedawaywhenEleanorwasonlyeightyearsoldandtheirfather passedawayshortlyafter,whenEleanorjustturnedshowmorecontent Shewasheavilyinfluencedbytheunfairconditionspeopleofcolourencounteredandthewomen's suffragemovement.Rooseveltwasinfluencedtosaythisquotebecauseshewasfullyawareofthe rightswhitemenwereaccustomedtoversuseveryoneelseinsociety.Althoughcertaingroupsof peopleweregrantedmorerightsthanothers,itdoesnotmeanitisfairtominorities.Asocietycan thrivewheneveryoneisgivenequalrightsallthetime,notwhensuperioritygroupsdeemsoto minorities.Simply,thisquotemeansthatifwearetograntjusticetoacertaingroupofpeople,we mustdosotoallthepeople,regardlessiftheybelongtotheminoritygroupornot.Itcanbevery easytoonlygiverightstoacertaingroupofpeople,butthatwouldcausechaosandcancorruptour governmentsystem.Fundamentally,justiceisoneofourmostimportantrightsashumanbeingsand issomethingthatisentitledtous,asCanadians,regardlessofage,genderorethnicityJusticeisalso necessaryforeveryoneasinjusticetowardscertaingroupscancauseviolence."Yourcrownhas beenboughtandpaidfor",saidMayaAngelou.Manypeopleareproudofwesterncivilizationfor changingourmindsettowardsbigissuessuchaswomen'srightsandmulticulturalism,butmany forgetthatournationwasnotalwayssofreeandopen.Wemustrespectourancestorsforchanging societyandnottakeourrightsfor

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InthenovelJasperJonesbyCraigSilveyitisrevealedthatjusticeandthelawarenotthesame things.Thelawcanbedefinedasasetofrulesandregulationstobefollowedandjusticecanbe definedasjustbehaviourortreatment.Thelawismeanttoensurethatjusticeisalwayspresentbut thisisnotalwaysthecaseasseeninJasperJones.Inthenovel,thelawisnotusedforjusticebutis ratherusedforprejudice,inorderforcharactersofthenoveltofindjusticetheymustdosooutside ofthelawandtofindjusticeyouhavetotakethelawintoyourownhands.

AttimesitisnecessarytobreakthelawforjusticetoprevailThequote"Youwantmetogoto prisonfornothingjustsotheWishartscansaygoodbyeproperly?..I'm...showmorecontent...

Thisismadeevidentinthequote"Icanhearthemshouting:RedRat!FuckingRedRat!...He's (Charlie'sfather)steppingbetweenthemandAnLu."Thephrase"RedRat!FuckingRedRat" showstheracialabusetargetedatAnLuandhisfamilybecausetheyareofadifferentethnicity. TheyarewordredisusedtosignifythattheattackersassociatetheLufamilyascommunistsas currentlythereisawarinVietnamagainstacommunistparty.Thisracialattackisanactofinjustice andatthetimeoftheattackthepolicewerenowheretobeseen,forcingthecivilianstotakethelaw intotheirownhandsandfightforjustice.Thisisshowninthephrase"He's(Charlie'sfather) steppingbetweenthemandAnLu."WiththeabsenceofthelawcivilianslikeCharlie'sfathermust interveneinthenameofjusticeasthelawwillnotdosoThisshowshowineffectivethelawisin Corriganwhenitcomestoprotectingitspeopleandfightingforjustice,forcingthecivilianstofight fortheirownjusticeasthelawwillnot.Forjusticetoprevail,civiliansmusttakemattersintotheir ownhandsastheabsenceofthelawwillonlyallowactsofinjusticetowreak

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Fromwhatwasaonceunexploredsubject,IhavedevelopedmysincerepassionforLawthroughmy collegestudiesandalsoinmysparetime.Iwouldliketobecomealawyer,wellknownformy competencyandperseverance.Ifeelanindustryrecognisedlawdegreewillnotonlyenablemeto developonmycurrentlegalknowledge,butalsoprovidemewithessentialprofessionalskillsand experiencesinordertoachievethiscareeraspirationOneparticularcasewhichhasinterestedmeis thatofAhluwalia1993.Ihavewatchedmanynewsbroadcastsanddocumentariesdepictingthis case,asIbelieveitwasveryimportantinchangingthedefinitionofprovocationtoconsider sustaineddomesticviolenceandacceptthenotionofcumulativeprovocationThiscaseshedlight onbatteredwomen'ssyndrome,andshowedhowothermentalconditionsaffectabnormalityof mentalfunctioning,whichgivesrisetoadefenceofdiminishedresponsibility–thereforewidening thedefence.Thiscasewasoneoftheelementsthatdrewmetopursuelawasitreinforcedthe relationshipbetweenlawandsociety.IhavecometorealisethattheLawhasamajorsocialimpact andcontributestomakingsocietywhatitistoday,civilisedLawexistsallaroundus;itengages witheverythinginsociety,fromtrafficlawstosafeguardsandfoodpolicies.Thisfurtherattractsme tobeingabletoworkasidethelaw,becauseitwillallowmetocoverallsortsofinterestingtopics andimpactthewaypeoplelive

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Essay#1

Theoriesoflawandjusticeanswersthequestionsonhow/whyinsocietyapersonbehaviorcould beseenorhandleasacriminal(Akers&Sellers,2009).Alsothetheoryhelpsexplainwhyacertain behaviorisconsiderillegalandwhatpunishmentneedstobetakenforthatbehavior/conduct.To answerthesequestions,thetheorylooksatthevariableswhicharesocial,economic,andeconomic whichhasitaffectsonlawandjustice(Akers&Sellers,2009).Fortheoriesofcrimeandcriminal behaviorittriestoanswerthequestionofwhythereisadifferenceofgroupratingoncrimeand devianceAlso,whyaresomepeopleabletocommitcriminalversesothers(Akers&Sellers, 2009)?ThefirstquestionisMacro–level,soitlooksatifsocial,economics,culturalfactors, structures,andfactorsaffectsit.Thenthesecondquestionthatwasmentionismicro–levelbecause insteadoflookingatagroupitislookingataindividualanditsinteractions/intrapersonalfactors (HowellChapter1slides,2015).

ForsocialstructuretheoriesitiscrimethatlooksatthegroupdifferencewhichisMacro–levelThe predictorsaresocietalforcesandculturalfactors(HowellChapter1slides,2015).Inthistheory peopleareindifferentgroupsandsoisthecrimeratethatisdifferentinthesegroups.The differencesisduetothepredictorsthataffectsit.Processtheoryisthemicro–levelthatfocusonthe individualbehavior.Eventhrough;peopleareplaceintodifferent

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TheJusticeSystem

Lookingintocriminaljusticeprocedure,manyadministrationsareatwork.Startingwiththepolice, tothecourtsandconcludingincorrections.Thoughallthesesectorshavedifferenttasks,their combinedfocusisprocessingthelawRegardlesswhattheprocessiscalledcriminaljusticewill continuetoservewithdiscretion,conviction,andcorrection.Whenfirstpresentedwiththequestion whethercriminaljusticeisasystem,non–system,andnetworkIleanedtowardanetwork. Throughoutourdiscussions,lectures,andreadingsIfelttheprocesspresenteditselfasanetwork Intertwineddivisionsworkingforacommongoal.FurtherintomyresearchandhelpfromWebster, Idecidedthatthecriminaljusticeshowmorecontent

Thesedepartmentsinvolveeveryonethroughoutthesequenceofeventsinthecriminaljustice systemincludinglawyers,judges,police,criminals,victims,andthesocietyinwhichthisoccurs. EveryactionandrepercussionisseenandfeltbyallinvolvedinaparticularcaseThisiswhyallof theseplayersinthegameoflawdependontheactionsandresultsofoneanother.

Thisdependencyarisesfromnumeroussituationsandcircumstances.Thepolicedependon convictionsfromthecourttoseeresultsfortheirjob.Eachsectormustrelyontheoutcomeoftrial casestoproceedPlea–bargainingisagreatexampleThreeormorepartiesareinvolved,the prosecutoranddefenseattorneysmustpresentthebestandmostreasonabledeal,fromtheir perspective,andthedefendantmustagreetotheterms.Insomecasesajudgecanbeacontributing factorSocietyisthemostdependentandmostcritical,alwayskeepingthedepartmentonitstoes Dependencyinthiscasedoeshaveitsbenefits.Itprovidesthesystemwithacheckandbalance system.

ConsideringagainCohn'sargumentsthatthecriminaljusticeprocessshouldnotbedefinedasa systemhemakessomestrongpoints,thathavestrongcounterpointsInshorthestatesthisprocess isacontinuumthroughwhicheachoffenderpasses,fromthepolice,tothecourts,intoprisonand thenbackontothestreets.Hequotes

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2.3Conclusion:

Theaimofcriminallawistoprotecttherightsoftheindividualsandtosafeguardtheweakagainst thestrong,lawabidingagainstlawlessandpeacefulagainstviolentThestatehasprescribedcertain rulesofconduct,sanctionsfortheirviolationsandmachinerytoenforcesanctionsandprocedureto protectthatmachinery.

"Ifmenwereangelsnogovernmentwouldbenecessary."–––JamesMadison. Hence,itistheprimaryfunctionofthegovernmenttoprotectthebasicrightstolifeandproperty. Therecanbenolibertyifnoprotectionofthebasicrightsofthecitizensbythegovernment is...showmorecontent...

RighttoLifeandPersonalLibertyPeopleofIndiahavebecomemorereceptivetoquick,fairand affordablejustice.Theentireexistenceoftheorderlysocietydependsuponsoundandefficient functioningoftheCriminalJusticeSystem.Itisrightlysaidthat"JusticedelayedisJusticedenied". Whetheraguiltypersonisexoneratedoraninnocentispunishedorthereisanenormousdelayin decidingthecase,qualityofjusticesuffersinallthesecases.Sincetheobjectionsofthecriminal justicesystemarenotcodifiedanywhere,hencetheycanbejustinferredfromdifferentstatutes Everydemocraticcountryaimsatprovidingmaximumsenseofsecuritytothepeopleatlargeby dealingwithcrimesandcriminalseffectivelyandlegally.Ourcriminaljusticesystemaimsat reducingthelevelofcriminalityinthesocietybyensuringmaximumdetectionofthereported crimes,convictionsofaccusedpersonswithoutdelayandtomeettheendsofjustice.

IndiainheritedtheadversarialsystemofcommonlawfromtheBritishColonialRulersandthe criminaljusticesystemofIndiaisfollowedonthesametrack.Inadversarialsystemtruthis supposedtoemergefromtherespectiveversionsofthefactspresentedbyprosecutionandthe defencebeforeaneutraljudgeTheterm―neutraljudgeisemphasizedherebecauseinadversarial systemthereisnopositivedutyonthejudgeto

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LawandJustice

Abstract

JusticeisthequalityofbeingfairorjustThisisnotanexhaustivedefinitionofjusticeDifferent philosophershavedefinedjusticeindifferentways.Justiceisaconceptthatprovidesbalance betweenlawandmorality.Rawlspropositionforlawandjusticehasbeenacceptedbyworld judicialfraternityasalandmarkvisiontounderstandthesystemSimilarlyithasearnedagood amountofcriticismwhichshowsthebasicstrengthofthethought.Assuch:Rawlstheoriesof Justicehastobecheckedandrecheckednotbecauseitisbestbutbecauseitwillprovideusa startingpointtounderstandthiswholeworldoflawandjustice.Inthispaperanattempthasbeen madetounderstandandanalyzeRawls...showmorecontent...

Rawlsclaimthattheprinciple"greatesthappinessforgreatestnumberofpeople"isunjustHe comesupwiththeprincipleoffairequalityand"TheDifferencePrinciple".

Secondly,utilitarianappearstocompromiseontheextentoflibertywhereasRawlsathis"original position"theoryseescompleteliberty.

Thirdly,RawlsconceptofbenefitisdifferentandiswidefromUtilitarian'sproposition.Withinthe conceptofRawlsisliberty,opportunity,income,wealthandtheforemostisthebaseofselfrespect. Thesesprovidemoreavenuestoexerciseautonomyandchoicewhereasutilitarian'sareconcerned withwelfare,andhavelesserchoicewithindividuals.

Rawlsconductsthoughtexperimenttofindoutamutuallyacceptableprincipleofjustice.Hecreates ahypotheticalconceptof"veilofignorance"whereinindividualsaresupposedtobeincapableof decidinganyspecialinterestTheywouldbeignorantoftheirownviewsonthe"goodlife"He assertsthatthisprinciplewouldbechosenbypersonsreasoningaboutjusticeinasituationinwhich theylackspecificknowledgeaboutthemselvesandtheirsocialposition.Otherwisethismakesthem partialtoonearrangementofdistributionoveranotherThusconstrained,thepartiesdrawupthe principlesneitherbyusingmoralreasoning,norbyeffectingcompromisesbetween

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InthisessayIintendtodiscusstherelationshipbetweenlawandmoralitythroughtheperspectives oflegalphilosophers,Iwillprovideabriefexplanationoflaw,andwhatdoeslawintendtoachieve inthesociety.WhendiscussingtherelationshipbetweenlawandmoralityIwillconsiderthe distinctionbetweenthetheoryofnaturallawandlegalpositivismandhowthesetwotheories influenceeachotherandwhetherthereisalegalormoraldutyforthesocietytoobeythelaw

Legalphilosophershavetriedtoprovideabriefexplanationforthemeaningoflaw;howevertheir definitionshavebeenvagueandambiguousJohnAustinexplainedlawas'somethingwhichis man–madeandseparatefrommoralityandjustice,furthermoreprovided...showmorecontent...

Lawalsoprovidefacilitiesforpeopletomaketheirownarrangements,lawprotectandfacilitate differentarrangementsbetweenpeople,andlawsettlesdisputesaboutwhatlawisandwhethera certainconductconflictswithlegalrules.Itaimstocreatelawsthatarepredictable,thatareableto beeasilyanalysedandunderstandablebythegeneralsociety

Moralityiswhatthesocietyregardasrightandwrongwhichishighlysubjective,somelegal philosophersbelievethatthereisacertainmoralstandardwhichhumanlawsmustcontain.Chapter 2inTheConstitutionoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica,1996whichistheBillofRightscontains moralvalueswhichthecountryisbasedSection1oftheConstitutionprovidesthatSouthAfricais anindependentsovereign,democraticstatewhichwasbasedonfollowingvalues:

'Humandignity,achievementofequalityandadvancementofhumanrightsandfreedom, Nonracialismandnonsexism'

SouthAfricanConstitutionisentrenchedwithmoralstandardsintheBillofRights,theseisalso notedinthecaseofSvMakwanyanewherethecourtdeclareddeathpenaltyunconstitutionalbased onthatitconflictontherighttolife,humandignityandrightnottoinflictbodilyharm.Naturallaw dictatesandlimitsthescopeinwhichpositivelawyerscanenactandenforcethelaw,aswenotein

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Towhatextentdoesthelawachievejustice?

Theliteralmeaningofjusticeis'thequalityofbeingmorallyrightandfair'buttherearevarious theorieswhichcanbeconsideredandcomparedsincetheyalldefinejusticeinadifferentway. Formalandconcretewouldneedtobeconsidered.Formaljusticeisconcernedwiththemethodsand proceduresinplacefordecisionmakingandallocatinggoodsandservicesItcanbesaidthataslong asproceduresarefairandeveryonehasanequalchancetogetaccesstothelaw,thesystemcanbe seenasbeingformallyjust.HoweverthiscouldleadtoinjusticesuchasbeforethecaseofRvRifa judgewastofollowformaljustice,itwouldmeanthatmarriedwomenwouldnothavethe same...showmorecontent...

Nozick'stheoryofjusticewasnotachievedsincetheinterferencewasnotkeptasaminimal. UtilitarianismwasatheoryofjusticethatwasdevelopedbyJeremyBenthamandlateronmodified byJohnStuartMillwhichsaidthatjusticeisachievedwhenthere'sthegreatesthappinessforthe greatestnumberInthecaseofRvBrown&others,thedefendantswerenotgiventhedefence of

Justice

Whenthequestionisasked"Canweliveinajustworld?"Ineffectitisaskingusa varietyofthings."Cantherebejusticeforall?"and"Cantherebeequalityforall people?"Theanswertothisquestionisno

Unfortunatelyweliveinaworldwherejusticehasneverreallytranspired.ThefirstjusticethatI wouldliketospeakaboutispersonaljustice.Blessedarethoserearedinahouseholdinnocenceof thedeadlysinofenvyTheirliveswillbetormentedbyagrindingresentmentthattheyarenot beautiful,orfamous,orfavoredwithgiftsoffortune.Theywillnotdemandasanaturalrightoran entitlementofpersonalequalitywitheverybodyunderthesun;normaintainthattheirshowmore content

Ifeelthatwouldbeunfair,andignorant.Thestrangershouldhavetoearnmyrespect,justlikemy parentsorfriendsTheteachingsofMarxexemplifiedthisverywrongthatIamdiscussingMarx believed(ifIamnotmistaken)thatinordertobringaboutequalityforall,firstwemustfindthe inequalitybetweenclassesandgetridofit.Whenthisdeedisperformeditwouldinessenceplace everybodyonthesamelevel.Thiswouldplaceallpeopleinanequalityofconditions,whereallare inthesameboat.Theaveragepersonwouldbefacedwiththesameproblemsasthenext.Thisisthe typeof"just"societythatIdonotthinkshouldexistItisabsolutelyunjust Ihavenodoubtthatwhenwerecognizethedifferencesbetweenpeople,withoutbeingenviousof theirtalentsandgifts,wemayfindthingsthatwemaylearnfromBydoingthiswenotonlymake lifemorebearablebyeliminatingignorance,butlearningtolovedifferencesManyoftheproblems todayarecausedbecausepeoplefailtoseethegloryinvariance.Thisistheproblemofmis–education,orlackofit.Educationisalsopartofjustice.Ibelievethatallpeople(however unrealisticthatthismaybe)whetherrichorpoorshouldbeplacedwithanequivalenceofeducation. ThedilemmaIfacewhenmakingthisstatementisthatitiscontradictorytoalmostallthatIhave previouslystated.Ifpeople

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"THISISACOURTOFLAW,NOTACOURTOFJUSTICE"IntroductionItisacommon assumptionthatlawandjusticearethesamethingsandthatthelaw'ssolepurposeisthe advancementofjustice.Manypeoplewonderwhetherthereisadifferencebetweenlawandjustice: theforegoingplaydifferentrolesinthelegalsystemalbeithavingafewsimilarities.Societies regardthelawasatoolthattheyusetogetjusticeOntheotherhand,justiceistheultimatetarget thatsocietieshaveendeavoredtorealizesincetheevolutionofhumankind.Thelawhasevolved fromtheancientlawsuchasHammurabi,Babylonianandromanlawstocontemporarylaw;asthe lawevolvesthroughouttime,sodoesthesociety'sgraspoftheconceptofjusticeTheassertionthat thecourtsoflawoughttodecidecasesasperjusticeasopposedtothelaw;theforegoingestablishes whetheraconnectionexistsbetweenlawandjustice.Thequestionastowhether"justiceispartof thelawormerelyamoraljudgmentaboutlaw"hastroubledlegalandpoliticalphilosophers.The scopeofthisessayistousecriticallenstodiscussJusticeOliverWendellHolmes'famouswords "thisisacourtoflaw,youngman,notacourtofjustice,"inthecontextoftheAustraliancourt system.AnoverviewoftheAustraliancourtsystemAcriminaljusticesystemcomprisesof practicesandinstitutionssetuptocontrol/mitigate/detercrimeandinflictpenaltiesonthosewho violatelawsputinplace.Thecriminal

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