Hello and welcome to this month’s edition of HQ Magazine!
We’re delighted you’re back again for more horse-related content goodness!
This month, we caught up with Tamar Gliksman on her epic win in the Toyota Midrand World Cup Qualifier on Farnham Stables’ Capital Kronos. We hope you enjoy the interview, where we also learn a bit about the origins of Farnham Riding School and Tamar’s background in the sport.
You’ll also find a deep dive into the science of conditioning, practical insights into feeding flaxseed, and a closer look at sarcoids – those frustrating lesions that continue to challenge owners and vets alike. Our AskHQ section unpacks everything from fitness to rugging, with answers shaped by the latest research and experience.
Our team continues to focus on a balance of real-world advice, science-based information, and coverage of the people and horses shaping the local sport horse scene, and we’d love you to get in touch if there is anything you would like us to feature in an upcoming edition.
Thank you for reading and supporting HQ Magazine.
Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor
Tamar Gliksman and Farnham Stable’s Capital Kronos
Winners of the Toyota Midrand World Cup Qualifier
Are our horses too fit?
Striking the balance between peak performance and soundness
Training the eye
How to assess conformation and movement
The biomechanics of collection
What really happens when a horse ‘engages’
Intriguing ingredients
Flaxseed
Sarcoids
What you need to know
Cracking the code
Understanding hoof cracks in horses
Blanketing in South Africa
When does it help and when does it harm?
AskHQ
Your questions answered
TAMAR GLIKSMAN AND FARNHAM STABLE’S
CAPITAL KRONOS
WINNERS OF THE TOYOTA MIDRAND
WORLD CUP QUALIFIER
PHOTOGRAPHY: MERLYNN TRICHARDT
HQMagazine was fortunate enough to catch up with Tamar Gliksman on her fabulous win at the Toyota Midrand World Cup Qualifier aboard her special stallion Farnham Stable’s Capital Kronos. Here’s what she had to say:
THE WIN
HQ: First and foremost, huge congratulations on your incredible win! What was going through your mind as you jumped the course?
Tamar: Thank you. I just felt really calm, which is actually not like me, and when he jumped the wall so well, I felt like it was his day to jump a clear!
HQ: And what went through your mind as you heard you had won?
Tamar: I could not believe it (laughs). I thought I was dreaming!
HQ: The World Cup Qualifiers are among the toughest events on the SA calendar, and with an international course builder, this certainly looked to be a challenging and super technical class/track. What did you think of the track and the class?
Tamar: I really liked the track, and I think it suited my horse, to be honest. The Grand Prix track on the Friday was big, so I was expecting the World Cup Qualifier to be even bigger, but when I walked it, I was confident we could do it.
KRONOS
HQ: Your relationship with Capital Kronos looks to be so special. It really seems like he loves to jump with you. How did your partnership with him begin, and what has it taken to build the bond you now share?
Tamar: Thanks to my friendship with Nicole Horwood, I found out that it was an option for me to purchase a horse of this calibre in Kronos, so I
grabbed the opportunity. I basically eat, sleep and breathe Kronos! He gets the best of everything and is my greatest partner.
I also ride with Barry Taylor, who has won more World Cup Qualifiers than I have ridden in, so I am grateful to have an experienced team around me to help us achieve these goals.
HQ: What have been the biggest challenges – and the biggest breakthroughs – in your journey with Kronos?
Tamar: I think all of my biggest challenges came before Kronos, to be honest. He has just been the biggest light in my life after my daughter and husband. Before Kronos, my major challenges were producing horses to the top level, only for them to get injured or, worse, die. It’s hard to come back from those situations, but it’s about
having the determination to get up and go again when things go wrong.
HQ: What’s next for you and Kronos? Are there more WCQ in your sights?
Tamar: I am so grateful to sit on a horse like Kronos every day. These opportunities don’t come around easily and all the time, so I’m just enjoying the moment right now and letting what will be, be. He owes me nothing, but he has given me so much already. I’m just incredibly grateful.
PREPARATION
HQ: How do you prepare for an event like this? What do the weeks before a big show look like for you and Kronos?
Tamar: As Barry has taught me, we always work backwards from the last show. There is always a plan, and we always ease up closer to the big day.
HQ: And, we have to ask, how do you fit it all in? From being a mom, to running a riding school, to competing at the top of the sport… How do you make it work? Do you ever sleep??
Tamar: I have surrounded myself with the right people, whom I am eternally grateful for.
I have a very supportive husband, Nicholas, and my daughter Layah is horse mad, so spending all day with me at the stables is a treat for her.
My Farnham Riding School Team is my biggest support. Lara runs my team, Sam is my head coach, and Lauren helps me work ride when I am injured (which happens often) or when my husband forces me to go on holiday! Gibson and Ken run my grooms’ team, and, of course, Trust, my loyal groom, adores Kronos and treats him like his own son.
So, to give you the short answer, I do sleep, thanks to my amazing team! I just really plan my days and maximise my hours as best I can, so I can be as productive as possible.
In fact, I’m not quite busy enough as I’m actually looking for more rides at the moment. My special Outeniqua has retired, and it’s always hard, not having a younger string coming up, but I am working on it. I have a very talented youngster, Allesandro Rossi S, who
I am super excited about. He is an Eldo baby out of my mare, Suprina, who is also retired. Then, I am lucky enough to ride a lovely horse called Gondor Warsaw, owned by Gina and Georgia Welthagen, with whom I am currently competing in the 1.30m classes.
BACKGROUND
HQ: Can you share a bit more about your background in riding — when and how did you start, and who or what have been your biggest influences?
Tamar: I rode at Byerley Park Stables and was taught by David Wilkin and Rogan Asken, who used to come to us once a month and give the coaches lessons. Then, I went to Roger Hessen and rode with him for a year or two, before finding Gonda and riding with her for a couple of years before moving to Barry [Taylor].
I feel like every single person and horse in my life has taught me
something. No coaching experience has been a waste, but finding a system and a trainer and sticking with it has brought me my greatest success. I think it’s a good lesson for youngsters that swapping and changing from coach to coach when things go wrong is not always the answer. It’s best to find a system that you like and you trust and then stick with it through the good and the bad, the ups and the downs, the wins and the losses. That’s where I think the key to success is.
Ultimately, there are many great trainers out there, but what works for me is the consistency and sticking to a system.
HQ: You’ve owned and run Farnham Riding School for some time. Please tell us about the yard, the goals you have for it and your teaching philosophy?
Tamar: When I was younger, I rode at a riding school, and it was the best part of my life. I loved going to the stables, I loved being with my friends, I loved learning horses.
When I started my own business, I wanted to replicate that feeling and environment for kids. I wanted to take all the positive aspects that I’d learnt and change all the negatives, and put together a haven for kids to come and learn and love horses.
I wanted kids to learn in a professional and safe environment that was conducive to learning as much as possible.
I think I’ve done that. I think I’ve built the most beautiful haven for adults and for children to come and learn to ride and love horses.
This sport is not just about winning, and it’s also not just about having fun. You can choose your path, and that’s what we want at Farnham. This sport is for everyone, and I wanted a place where people could come and experience that horses are for everyone, and you can choose
THANK YOU
I want to thank the Bernstein and Gliksman families, Nicholas (aka the best husband and dad), Layah (my daughter), Marianne and of course my sponsors – Western Shoppe, Equifeeds, MaxGut Health, WINX Brokers, Homeation, Farnham Riding School and EquiCool Hydrotherapy. Also all practitioners for Kronos including: Stafford, Blyde, Jani Coetzee, Rob and Chantelle, and Roseanne. And also all practitioners aiding my physical health: Toni Gaddie, Andrea, Justin Jeffery from Justability (my bio), Roseanne, and Rhona.
the avenue you wish to pursue. You don’t have to be a showjumper, you don’t have to be a dressage rider, you can be a hacker or be whatever you want to be. That’s what Farnham is - it’s a place to come to try everything and choose what you want to do – and love horses!
IF YOU ACT LIKE YOU’VE ONLY GOT FIFTEEN MINUTES, IT’LL TAKE ALL DAY. ACT LIKE YOU’VE GOT ALL DAY, IT’LL TAKE FIFTEEN MINUTES.
– Monty Roberts
at Summerhill Equestrian
the
Winners of
Toyota Midrand FEI World Cup Qualifier
Tamar Gilksman and CAPITAL KRONOS
(Darco x Cash x Lord)
EVERY TIME YOU GET ON A HORSE, YOU’RE BUILDING – OR DAMAGING –A RELATIONSHIP. IT’S NEVER NEUTRAL.
– Pippa Funnell (British Eventing Champion)
ARE OUR HORSES TOO FIT?
STRIKING THE BALANCE BETWEEN PEAK PERFORMANCE AND SOUNDNESS
In a world of precision breeding, state-of-the-art conditioning, and elite-level competition, equine athletes are arguably fitter than ever before. But a growing number of veterinarians and riders are asking: is there such a thing as too fit? And could over-conditioning be quietly compromising the long-term soundness of our sport horses?
With increasing evidence of microinjury, burnout, and soundness
challenges in high-performance horses, the spotlight is turning to how we condition – and whether our current systems are tipping the balance from preparation into overtraining.
This article unpacks the science of equine conditioning, the dangers of overtraining, and how top riders and vets are learning to toe the line between performance and preservation.
WHAT IS CONDITIONING?
Conditioning is the strategic process of developing a horse’s cardiovascular fitness, musculoskeletal strength, and mental readiness for sport. But it’s not just about doing more – it’s about doing it right.
Effective conditioning follows key principles:
• Progressive loading: increasing intensity gradually to allow tissue adaptation
• Specificity: tailoring the programme to the demands of the discipline
• Recovery time: essential for tendon, ligament, and bone regeneration
• Variation: reducing repetitive strain through cross-training
“Tendons take six to nine months to fully adapt to new loads. It’s easy to build muscle faster than the supporting structures can cope,” explains Dr. Kevin Haussler of Colorado State University.
A well-conditioned horse is not just fit – he’s resilient. Over-conditioning, however, pushes a horse beyond healthy adaptation and opens the door to injury.
Too much conditioning without adequate recovery increases the risk of repetitive strain injuries, especially to tendons and ligaments.
– Dr. Hilary Clayton from the lecture series, Equestrian Sports Science, and FEI educational presentations
DID YOU KNOW?
Fitness can mask injury.
Elite horses are masters of compensation. Their high level of conditioning can actually conceal lameness or discomfort.
“We are seeing horses that are lame but are still competing successfully because they are so fit and have adapted their way of going,” says equine lameness expert Dr. Sue Dyson.
In such cases, adrenaline, muscle tone, and sheer willpower allow the horse to power through until the problem becomes undeniable. This is especially common in showjumpers and eventers, where speed and intensity can override subtle physical cues.
CONDITIONING VS. OVER CONDITIONING
Conditioning is the process of preparing a horse's body for the demands of its discipline. Done correctly, it improves cardiovascular fitness, musculoskeletal strength, and mental focus. But over conditioning occurs when the physical preparation exceeds what is beneficial, leading to strain, stiffness, or subclinical injuries.
Elite horses can compensate well and hide signs of fatigue, but repetitive microtrauma is a big risk when they’re overworked.
– Dr. Kevin Haussler, 2019, AAEP Convention presentation
THE SCIENCE
Emerging research suggests that:
• Excessive repetitive exercise, particularly on hard or deep surfaces, increases the risk of microdamage in tendons and bones.
• High-speed work done too frequently contributes to subclinical injuries, which may not show up until a horse becomes lame.
• Horses undergoing constant highintensity training may experience chronic, low-grade inflammation, which can delay recovery between sessions.
DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC DEMANDS
The demands of the sport vary according to discipline, and overtraining tends to take different forms depending on the ultimate goals.
In the case of showjumpers, fitness is often maintained at a high level year-round with a heavy emphasis on strength and coordination. Overtraining in the showjumping context tends to be a function of too much jumping and too much gymnastic work, which can lead to sore backs, bones and tendon and ligament strain.
Subchondral bone fatigue is a silent but significant problem in over-trained horses, and fitness does not prevent it.
– Dr. Chris Whitton, University of Melbourne
On the other hand, dressage horses tend to be less aerobically fit but are subjected to significant repetitive loading, especially in collected work and lateral movements. Overtraining in these horses tends to involve too many high-level movements being practised too frequently or on less-than-ideal surfaces. These horses are particularly vulnerable to suspensory ligament injuries.
Finally, in the context of eventing, especially at the top levels, riders must walk a fine line between cardiac fitness and soft tissue breakdown due to the long gallops and harder ground.
SPOTTING THE SIGNS OF OVER-CONDITIONING
Signs of over-conditioning include:
• Decreased performance despite intense work
• Stiffness or reluctance under saddle that lingers after the warm-up
• Slower recovery after work (increased heart or respiratory rate)
• Chronic low-grade inflammation in the form of heat and swelling that comes and goes
• Tendon or ligament sensitivity
• Loss of muscle tone or topline (due to fatigue, not low work levels)
• Behavioural changes including resistance, dullness or increased spookiness
RIDER PERSPECTIVES
Top riders are increasingly aware that more is not always better:
One of the best ways to prevent over-conditioning is to introduce variety into your horse’s programme. This reduces repetitive strain and keeps the horse mentally engaged.
Effective cross-training options include:
• Hill work (for hind end strength without joint stress)
• Pole work and cavalletti (coordination and balance)
• Liberty or groundwork sessions (for mental stimulation)
• Aqua treadmills or swimming (cardio without impact)
• Long hacks or pasture rest (recovery and relaxation)
“It’s not just about making them fitter – it’s about keeping them sound,” says Ingrid Klimke. “That means variety, recovery days, and listening carefully to small changes.”
I never work horses for more than 45 minutes. They don’t need to be drilled for hours — you get a fresher, happier horse when you don’t overdo it.
– Carl Hester (GBR – Olympic Dressage Rider) from FEI interviews and Horse & Hound masterclass coverage
RIDER RESPONSIBILITY
Sadly, in the high-performance world of equestrian sport, it’s easy to get caught in the mindset of ‘more is better.’ But increasingly, top riders are recognising that restraint in training can be just as important. Horses don’t have the voice to say when they’re sore or mentally tired –and that’s where rider responsibility becomes critical.
“The older I get, the more I realise that keeping a horse sound is about what you don’t do as much as what
you do,” says Olympic showjumper Beezie Madden, echoing a sentiment shared by many top professionals.
Riders must learn to interpret subtle changes in behaviour or movement, and to resist the temptation to push a horse that’s already prepared.
We’ve all made the mistake of trying to get one ‘extra bit’ of fitness into a horse that was already ready – and it backfires more often than not.
– Andrew Nicholson (NZL – Olympic Eventer), Eventing Nation interviews
Our job isn’t just to get them fit for the next competition – it’s to keep them sound for the seasons ahead.
That means prioritising long-term soundness over short-term results, advocating for recovery time, and tailoring each training plan to the individual horse, not just the competition calendar.
At its core, this responsibility is about empathy and horsemanship. Conditioning must serve the horse, not override it.
2. Use objective monitoring – like heart rate recovery and gait analysis to assess readiness.
BALANCING ACT
A four-part approach to designing a training programme is recommended:
1. Train to the individual – not all horses need the same volume.
3. Factor in footing – deep sand or hard ground adds strain even at low speed.
4. Listen to the horse – behaviour and subtle changes in performance often speak first.
HAVE WE CHANGED TOO MUCH TOO FAST?
Twenty years ago, horses competed less often, spent more time turned out, and had longer off-seasons. Today, many sport horses live in stalls, train yearround, and are expected to peak repeatedly over a season.
The result? Higher levels of fitness, but potentially more wear-and-tear, stress injuries, and shorter careers — unless managed with care.
As sports science has improved, so has our understanding of how to build an athlete. Now the challenge is to use that knowledge to also protect the horse, not just push performance boundaries.
THE BOTTOM LINE
The modern sport horse is a remarkable athlete, but it’s up to us to make sure their fitness enhances
longevity, not shortens it. The smartest conditioning programmes are those that combine science, sensitivity, and rest, keeping horses not just at the top of their game, but there for years to come.
A HORSE IS A MIRROR TO YOUR SOUL. SOMETIMES YOU MIGHT NOT LIKE WHAT YOU SEE. SOMETIMES YOU WILL.
–
Buck Brannaman
GOOD DRESSAGE IS LIKE BALLET: PRECISE, SUBTLE, AND SEEMINGLY EFFORTLESS – ACHIEVED ONLY THROUGH YEARS OF HARD WORK AND TRUST.
– Sylvia Loch (classical dressage expert)
TRAINING THE EYE
Whether you’re shopping for a youngster, evaluating your current mount, or simply seeking to better understand your horse’s strengths and challenges, developing an ‘educated eye’ for conformation and movement is one of the most valuable skills a rider or owner can cultivate. It’s more than just assessing beauty or elegance –it’s about predicting performance potential, identifying areas of vulnerability, and tailoring your training approach accordingly.
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF BALANCE
At its core, conformation refers to how a horse’s body is put together –the angles, lengths, and proportions of its bones and musculature. While no horse is perfect, certain structural elements are widely accepted as desirable for athletic performance.
“Good conformation promotes efficiency and longevity,” says Dr Deb Bennett, equine biomechanist and founder of the Equine Studies Institute. “It’s about the correct alignment of bones and joints so the horse can carry weight – especially the rider’s – with minimal strain.”
Key points to evaluate include:
• Shoulder angle: A well-sloped shoulder allows for greater reach and smoother motion.
• Hip and croup: A strong, slightly sloped hindquarter contributes to impulsion and engagement.
• Back and loin: A short, wellmuscled back with strong loins provides stability and support.
• Legs: Straight, well-aligned limbs reduce the risk of strain and uneven wear.
READING THE WHOLE PICTURE
When evaluating conformation, it’s essential to step back and view the horse from all angles – front, side, and rear – and to assess both when the horse is standing square and when in motion.
“Symmetry is critical,” notes Dr Sue Dyson, leading equine orthopaedic specialist and former head of clinical orthopaedics at the Animal Health Trust. “Asymmetry, especially in the pelvis or hindlimbs, can affect movement and predispose the horse to lameness.”
Even subtle deviations – like one hoof turned slightly outward or a slight cow-hock stance – can affect performance and wear patterns over time. While these don’t necessarily disqualify a horse, they should be noted and managed appropriately through shoeing, training, and fitness.
MOVEMENT: WHAT TO LOOK FOR
Watching a horse in motion gives insight into his natural way of going, muscle development, and neurological coordination. Observe the horse walking and trotting in a straight line on a firm, even surface.
Look for:
• Rhythm and regularity: Each limb should move in a coordinated, even pattern.
• Length of stride: The horse should track up or overtrack, especially at the walk and trot.
• Joint flexion: Look for freedom of movement in the shoulder and hock, without exaggerated flicking or stiffness.
• Back engagement: A supple back with a swinging gait indicates correct use of the topline.
Dr Hilary Clayton, a world authority on equine biomechanics, explains: “In evaluating movement, I look for symmetry, fluidity, and straightness. A horse that moves easily, without tension or restriction, is generally well conformed for the task at hand.”
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
Different disciplines place different demands on the horse’s body, and certain conformational traits suit specific tasks:
• Dressage horses benefit from uphill build, long necks, and powerful hindquarters to develop collection and expression.
• Showjumpers need strong hind limbs, a compact frame, and scope through the shoulder and elbow.
• Eventers require a balance of speed, stamina, and agility –often best achieved through moderate proportions and efficient movement.
It’s important to evaluate conformation in context: a horse may not be ideal for one sport but well suited to another. A low-set neck, for example, may hinder dressage potential but have little impact on a trail or endurance horse.
RED FLAGS AND RISK FACTORS
While many conformational flaws can be managed, some may predispose a horse to long-term soundness issues. These include:
• Upright pasterns or very straight shoulders, which can increase concussion through the limbs.
• Over at the knee or back at the knee alignment, which can place strain on tendons.
• Toe-in or toe-out deviations, which lead to uneven hoof wear and imbalance.
• Long backs or weak loins, which may struggle under rider weight or collected work.
“Some conformational faults don’t cause problems unless the horse is asked to perform at a high level,” Dr Dyson cautions. “Others may need careful management from the outset.”
YOUNG HORSES: A MOVING TARGET
Assessing conformation in young horses requires an understanding of growth patterns. Foals and yearlings often appear gangly or uneven as they grow at different rates, and their proportions will change significantly over time.
“Don’t get too hung up on imperfections in a growing horse,” says Dr Bennett. “What’s more important is the overall balance and coordination – does the horse move well for its age? Is there evidence of strength and stability in the key joints?”
In young horses, it’s also valuable to observe the dam and sire, if possible, and to look at older siblings to predict what the youngster might grow into.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Training your eye to assess conformation and movement takes time, but it’s an essential part of responsible horsemanship. It
empowers you to make better decisions – whether selecting a new prospect, managing an existing partner, or simply appreciating the incredible biomechanics at work beneath the saddle.
Conformation isn’t about perfection. It’s about function, balance, and longevity – the pillars of a happy, sound, and successful sport horse.
YOU DON’T GET TO BE A GOOD RIDER OVERNIGHT. IT’S ABOUT GETTING OUT THERE, MAKING MISTAKES, AND LEARNING FROM EVERY HORSE.
– Mark Todd (New Zealand eventing legend)
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THE BIOMECHANICS OF COLLECTION
WHAT REALLY HAPPENS WHEN A HORSE ‘ENGAGES’
Ask ten riders to define collection, and you may hear ten different answers: “The horse carries more weight behind,” “He lifts his shoulders,” “She sits more,” or “It’s self-carriage.” While these phrases capture aspects of the concept, true collection is rooted in biomechanics – and understanding what actually happens in the horse’s body is key to building it correctly, fairly, and sustainably.
WHAT IS COLLECTION, REALLY?
Collection is not just a training goal; it’s a physical state. According to
Dr Hilary Clayton, equine biomechanics researcher and professor emerita at Michigan State University, “Collection is characterised by a lowering of the hindquarters, increased flexion of the hindlimb joints, and elevation of the forehand.”
In simpler terms, the horse shortens and elevates its frame while engaging the hind end to carry more of its weight. The neck arches, the back lifts, the base of the neck rises – and all of this happens without tension or collapse. Crucially, the movement remains active, rhythmic, and forward.
SHIFTING THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY
A horse at rest carries approximately 60% of its weight on the forehand. Through correct training, the goal is to shift some of that weight back onto the hindquarters, relieving strain on the front legs and improving balance and agility.
This is accomplished not by pulling the horse's front end back or tucking the nose in, but by activating the large muscles of the hind end –
the gluteals, hamstrings, and hip flexors – and encouraging flexion in the stifles and hocks. As these joints bend, the pelvis rotates under the body, the abdominal muscles engage, and the lumbar spine lifts.
This dynamic posture allows the horse to carry itself with increased ‘self-carriage,’ where it no longer leans on the rider’s hand for balance but instead uses its own musculature and coordination to maintain collection.
At rest, horses carry most of their weight on the forehand.
THE ROLE OF THE BACK AND THE CORE
The topline – including the longissimus dorsi, multifidus, and epaxial muscles – plays a central role in collection. These muscles don’t just hold the saddle; they act like the suspension bridge between the front and back ends of the horse.
A strong, engaged back allows for elastic movement and the transmission of power from hind to front. But this can only occur if the
abdominal and stabilising muscles are also engaged. Without adequate core strength, attempts at collection can lead to tension, hollowing, or even lameness.
“True collection requires full-body strength and coordination,” says Dr Gerd Heuschmann, German veterinarian and classical dressage rider. “It is not something that can be achieved by manipulating the head and neck. When the back is hollow or blocked, the horse cannot engage.”
FALSE FRAMES AND COMMON PITFALLS
In the age of tight nosebands and deep frames, it’s easy to mistake a lowered head and vertical nose for collection. But a horse can be on the bit without being truly collected –and worse, a false frame can cause physical strain.
Dr Sue Dyson, equine lameness specialist, has written extensively about horses displaying ‘normal’ outlines while suffering from musculoskeletal pain. “Just because
a horse is working in a round frame doesn’t mean it’s using its body correctly,” she cautions. “Beware of stiffness, bracing, or reluctance to step under – these may be signs of discomfort, not resistance.”
Overuse of the reins, especially in the absence of hind-end activity, can create a backwards-pulling effect that compresses the horse rather than lifts it. Riders should prioritise impulsion and lightness before asking for collection.
Here the horse moves in an uphill fashion, stepping forward with the hindquarter to elevate the forehand.
BUILDING COLLECTION THE RIGHT WAY
True collection is developed gradually – over months or years – and is built on a foundation of correct basic training. Exercises that promote suppleness, engagement, and core strength include:
• Transitions within and between gaits: Encourage balance and weight shift.
• Lateral work: Shoulder-in, haunches-in, and renvers teach the horse to step under and engage the hindquarters.
• Polework and raised cavaletti: Improve proprioception and core strength.
• Hillwork: Strengthens hindlimb flexion and builds power naturally.
?ASKHQ: Why does my horse find collection harder on one rein?
A: Most horses have natural asymmetries — one side may be stronger or more flexible. This means they may more easily engage or bend to one side. Lateral work, strengthening exercises, and balanced riding help address this. Persistent difficulty on one rein should prompt a veterinary evaluation, as subtle lameness or back pain may be involved.
“Always ride forward into collection,” advises Dr Clayton. “If the horse loses rhythm, lightness, or straightness, you’ve likely gone too far.”
It’s also worth remembering that collection should feel easier as the horse becomes stronger. If it feels like a battle every ride, revisit the basics – and rule out pain.
This horse, while not ‘collected’, is using his hindquarters to propel himself forward and upward. This helps to build strength in the hindquarters and a forward tendency, which can ultimately help in achieving collection later on.
FINAL THOUGHTS
Collection is not a shortcut to competition success – it’s a slow, methodical development of strength, symmetry, and self-carriage. When approached correctly, it enhances the horse’s longevity, comfort, and ability to perform high-level movements with grace and ease.
As riders, learning what collection really is – and what it isn’t – allows us to train ethically, prevent injury, and build deeper partnerships with our horses. Because in the end, the beauty of collection isn’t just in how it looks – it’s in how it feels.
THE HANDS SHOULD BE LIKE SILK, AND THE LEGS LIKE COTTON – ALWAYS PRESENT, NEVER AGGRESSIVE.
– Nuno Oliveira (classical dressage master)
EVERY HORSE HAS SOMETHING TO TEACH YOU – IF YOU’RE OPEN ENOUGH TO LEARN IT.
– Ingrid Klimke (German Olympic eventer and dressage rider)
INTRIGUING INGREDIENTS
FLAXSEED
Flaxseed (also known as linseed) has gained considerable attention in the equine nutrition world over recent years. Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality protein, and dietary fibre, flaxseed offers multiple benefits for horses of all ages and disciplines. But like any supplement, it’s important to understand when, how, and why to feed it.
In this article, we’ll explore the nutritional profile of flaxseed, its documented health benefits, and how to feed it safely and effectively.
WHY FLAXSEED?
1. Omega-3 fatty acids
Flaxseed is one of the richest plant sources of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. In equine studies, omega-3 supplementation has been linked to:
• Improved coat condition and skin health
• Reduced inflammatory responses
• Potential immune system support
• Improved semen quality in stallions (Brinsko et al., 2005)
3. High-quality protein
Unlike fish oil, flaxseed provides a plant-based omega-3 option suitable for all feeding systems, including those seeking natural or vegetarianbased sources.
2. A boost for skin and coat
The most visible benefit of feeding flaxseed is often a shinier, healthier coat. Its high fat content supports skin health, and many owners report noticeable improvements within weeks of starting supplementation.
Flaxseed contains around 18% protein, including essential amino acids such as lysine—which supports muscle repair and growth, especially in young or performance horses.
4. Digestive health and fibre
Flaxseed is also a good source of soluble fibre, which forms a mucilage when soaked or ground. This can help soothe the digestive tract and may be beneficial for horses prone to ulcers or colic, although direct equine research is limited.
HOW TO FEED FLAXSEED SAFELY
WHOLE, GROUND OR OIL?
Flaxseed can be fed in several forms, each with pros and cons:
• Whole flaxseed: More stable but less digestible. Horses may not chew or digest whole seeds efficiently, reducing benefits.
• Ground flaxseed (flax meal): More digestible but prone to rancidity due to its oil content. Best used fresh or stabilised.
HEAT TREATMENT: A NOTE ON SAFETY
Raw flaxseed contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, which can theoretically release cyanide in the gut. However, the risk at common feeding levels is considered minimal, especially when flaxseed is heat-treated, ground, or cooked. Most commercial flax supplements are processed to eliminate this concern.
• Flaxseed oil: A concentrated source of fat and omega-3s, but lacks the fibre and protein benefits of whole seeds.
FEEDING GUIDELINES
• Start with 25–50 grams per 100 kg bodyweight per day (approximately 100–250 grams/ day for a 500 kg horse).
• Always introduce slowly and monitor for digestive upset.
• Store ground flaxseed in the fridge and use within a few days.
• Do not mix flaxseed with high-iron supplements, as the fatty acids can oxidise more rapidly.
WHEN
TO USE IT – AND WHEN NOT TO Flaxseed is useful for:
• Horses needing extra calories without sugar or starch
• Horses with dull coats or itchy skin
• Horses with inflammatory conditions (e.g. allergies)
• Breeding stallions and broodmares (under veterinary guidance)
• Seniors or hard keepers needing weight support
It may not be ideal for:
• Horses with fat-sensitive metabolic conditions, unless carefully balanced
• Horses already receiving a high-fat commercial feed
• Use in very hot climates unless precautions are taken to prevent rancidity
WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE FOR FLAXSEED’S CLAIMED BENEFITS IN HORSES?
There is moderate to strong evidence for some benefits of flaxseed in horses, especially regarding coat condition, omega-3 enrichment, and anti-inflammatory potential, but less direct research exists for some of the commonly claimed effects, like allergy relief or joint improvement. Much of the enthusiasm comes from what we know about flaxseed’s nutritional profile, plus extrapolation from human and other animal studies. Here’s what we know from the science:
1. OMEGA-3 ENRICHMENT OF TISSUES AND BLOOD
Solid evidence exists that feeding flaxseed increases omega-3 fatty acids (particularly ALA) in equine plasma and red blood cells.
• Study: O’Connor et al., Journal of Animal Science, 2007 –Horses fed ground flaxseed had a significant increase in ALA in plasma and red blood cell membranes.
2. IMPROVED COAT CONDITION
Anecdotal and observational evidence is very strong that this effect occurs. Horse owners and veterinarians both frequently report shinier, softer coats within weeks. Though not always studied formally, the link between fat supplementation and coat shine is well accepted.
• Support: NRC 2007 notes that supplemental fat (including from flax) improves skin and coat quality.
3. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS
There’s indirect evidence for reduced inflammation due to the omega-3 content, but fewer equine-specific studies:
• In other species, omega-3s modulate inflammation and immune response.
• In horses, the anti-inflammatory potential is plausible and supported by changes in fatty acid composition of tissues, but effects
on arthritis or allergic responses haven't been widely published in controlled trials.
4. SEMEN QUALITY
There’s targeted research on this in stallions.
• Study: Brinsko et al., Theriogenology, 2005 – DHA-enriched supplementation (fish- and flaxderived) improved semen quality in stallions.
5. INSULIN RESPONSE AND METABOLIC IMPACT
Some early studies suggest that flaxseed does not significantly spike insulin or glucose, making it a safer fat source for horses with metabolic issues.
• Support: Kentucky Equine Research and NRC data suggest that adding fat to the diet can reduce reliance on sugars/starch.
AND WHERE IS THE EVIDENCE LACKING?
• No strong clinical trials in horses proving that flaxseed reduces allergy symptoms or directly improves joint pain.
• Limited data on long-term immune modulation or prevention of disease.
• Variability in flax quality and preparation in studies (whole, ground, oil, etc.) makes comparisons tricky.
BOTTOM LINE RE: THE EVIDENCE
There is good nutritional and physiological evidence that flaxseed enriches horses’ diets with omega-3s, supports skin and coat health, and
may have anti-inflammatory benefits, especially when fed in appropriate forms and quantities. While some broader health claims are promising, more controlled equine-specific research is still needed to confirm them.
ASKHQ: Is flaxseed safe to feed to all horses?
A: In general, yes – most horses tolerate flaxseed very well when it’s introduced slowly and fed in moderation. That said, horses with certain metabolic conditions, like Equine Metabolic Syndrome or Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Cushing’s), may need dietary fats carefully managed. Always consult your vet or equine nutritionist before adding anything new to your horse’s diet, especially if they’re on a special feeding programme.
ASKHQ: Should I be worried about cyanide toxicity in raw flaxseed?
A: This is a common concern, but in practical terms, the risk is very low. Flaxseed does contain compounds that can release small amounts of cyanide during digestion, but the quantities typically fed to horses are far below toxic levels – especially when flax is heat-treated, cooked, or ground. Many commercial flaxseed products are already stabilised for this reason.
ASKHQ: What’s better – whole, ground, or oil?
A: It depends on your goals. Ground flaxseed offers the most nutritional value as it’s more digestible and contains protein, fat, and fibre. Oil is a great concentrated source of omega-3s, but lacks fibre and protein. Whole flaxseed is not usually recommended because horses often don’t chew it enough to digest the nutrients.
HORSE AND HEALTH
FINAL THOUGHTS
Flaxseed is a versatile and nutritious addition to many equine diets, offering natural support for skin, coat, and overall well-being. Like all supplements, it should be introduced gradually and balanced
within the broader diet. With its high omega-3 content and digestible energy, it’s a smart choice for horses needing a healthful boost— whether for performance, condition, or everyday shine.
References • Brinsko SP, Wilson ME, Varner DD, Blanchard TL. Effects of feeding a DHA-enriched nutraceutical on the quality of fresh, cooled, and frozen stallion semen. Theriogenology. 2005. • O'Connor CI, Lawrence LM, et al. Feeding flaxseed to horses: Effects on digestibility and plasma fatty acid composition. J Anim Sci. 2007. • NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 6th Revised Edition. National Research Council, 2007. • Pagan JD. Feeding fat to horses. Kentucky Equine Research.
LUCERNE PELLET
Made from 100% premium Lucerne and entirely molasses-free, soya-free, and grain-free, making it suitable for horses with dietary sensitivities or restrictions. Rich in natural fibre and quality protein, it supports healthy digestion, hindgut function, and provides essential amino acids to aid muscle development and tissue repair. An ideal forage-based supplement for all horses,
COMPLETE CUBE 12%
BALANCER
PRIME PELLET 14%
A high-fibre, low-energy ration with 12% protein, designed to support muscle tone, digestion, and overall health in adult horses in light to moderate work. Free from molasses, soya, and maize, it is ideal for good doers and horses with metabolic or digestive sensitivities, including those prone to laminitis or insulin resistance while promoting gut health and steady energy through its fibre-first formulation
A concentrated, molassesfree supplement designed to enhance diets by providing essential vitamins, minerals, and high-quality protein. With a precise amino acid profile, it supports muscle development, tissue repair, and hoof quality, while delivering key nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, biotin, and B-vitamins. Low in sugars and starch, it is ideal for calorie-controlled diets and safe for horses prone to laminitis or metabolic disorders,
A high-fibre, low-NSC, lowenergy ration designed to meet the nutritional needs of horses across a variety of disciplines, including those with metabolic sensitivities. With 14% protein to support muscle maintenance and overall health, it promotes digestive comfort and steady energy through a molasses-free, soya-free, and maize-free formulation— making it ideal for horses prone to laminitis, insulin resistance, or digestive sensitivities.
CONFIDENCE IS EARNED, NOT GIVEN. YOU AND YOUR HORSE BUILD IT ONE EXPERIENCE AT A TIME.
– Lucinda Green (British eventing champion)
Ride Bold. Ride Protected.
At Tabard Equine, we know how important it is to keep your horse protected from flies, midges, and other biting insects. Our clinically formulated sprays and lotions offer long-lasting relief from irritation, helping your horse stay comfortable all season long.
Tabard Equine
SARCOIDS
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Sarcoids are a common condition in horses and can be serious. They are the most common skin tumours of horses, accounting for 40% of equine cancers. They affect horses of all ages.
Often wart-like in appearance, sarcoids are skin tumours (fibrosarcomas) that can be locally invasive, although they don’t usually spread to internal organs. Sarcoids typically do not resolve independently, and affected horses often develop multiple sarcoids at once or serially.
CAUSES
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), primarily types 1 and 2, has been found to cause sarcoids in some horses. Horses can become infected with the virus through wounds, abrasions, or insect bites, which allow the virus to enter the skin. While not all horses with BPV will develop sarcoids, some horses appear to have a genetic predisposition to the condition and form sarcoids if infected with BPV.
Horses that are particularly vulnerable to sarcoid development are those that are both genetically
susceptible and have weakened or dysregulated immune systems (due to stress, illness or poor condition). With their immune system compromised, they are unable to clear the virus or keep the abnormal cell growth in check.
If horses are genetically susceptible to contracting sarcoids from BPV, they will likely develop the issue multiple times, even after treatment. This is because the virus becomes incorporated into the DNA of infected skin cells, causing the transformation of these cells into tumour cells.
Bovine papillomavirus
DID YOU KNOW?
Certain breeds such as Arabians, Appaloosas and Quarter Horses seem more prone to sarcoids.
TYPES
Sarcoids have a range of appearances and behaviours. Different types of sarcoids have various levels of aggression and need different treatments. It is therefore vital to accurately identify the type of sarcoid your horse has. Inappropriate treatment can make sarcoids more aggressive, particularly when treatment fails and the sarcoid grows back. In this situation, the sarcoid will often reappear in a more rapidly growing form and may change its behaviour, making it more challenging to treat.
There are six types of sarcoid, each of which can be found in all equid species (i.e. not just horses).
OCCULT
Sometimes mistaken for rub marks or ringworm, occult sarcoids present as circular, hairless areas of skin. While they may remain static for years and not present any clinical symptoms, if occult sarcoids are accidentally traumatised, they may develop into fibroblastic sarcoids, which are much more serious. Occult sarcoids are commonly seen on the nose, side of the face and the inside of the thigh.
VERRUCOUS
Verrucous sarcoids often appear grey and wart-like. They are the least aggressive sarcoid. These kinds of sarcoid are sometimes seen in isolation but can group together and form larger lesions. Although generally not painful for horses, verrucous sarcoids can develop into a more aggressive form, such as fibroblastic or malignant sarcoids, following interference or inappropriate treatment.
These kinds of sarcoid are commonly found on the face, groin, sheath and around the legs.
NODULAR
Nodular sarcoids are usually welldemarcated lumps that are covered by a layer of skin, although they can ulcerate. They have a spherical appearance and may have a broad, flat base or a narrow stem-like base. They have a medium growth rate. Like occult and verrucous sarcoids, if nodular sarcoids are accidentally interfered with or given inappropriate treatment, they can develop into more severe types, like fibroblastic sarcoids.
You’ll commonly find nodular sarcoids in the eyelid, inside thigh, armpit and groin areas of horses.
FIBROBLASTIC
One of the more severe types of sarcoid, fibroblastic sarcoids, can be found anywhere on a horse’s body. They are aggressive tumours, which appear as fleshy masses and often have ulcerated surfaces. Fibroblastic sarcoids can proliferate, bleed easily, and develop rapidly from other types of sarcoids or at wound sites. These sarcoids are commonly locally invasive, potentially invading the tissues beneath the skin. They are often not well demarcated and can occur in clusters of tumours of variable sizes and shapes.
MALEVOLENT
The most aggressive form of sarcoid, malevolent sarcoid, can rapidly spread over a wide area and quickly grow in size. While these types of sarcoids can result from repeated, incomplete, or unsuccessful treatments, they can also develop spontaneously. They tend to spread locally via lymph vessels, producing lines of sarcoids extending from the original tumour site. Malevolent sarcoids are rare, and treatment options are minimal. While rare, you’ll most commonly find malevolent sarcoids on a horse’s face, inside the thigh and elbow regions.
MIXED SARCOIDS
It is common for sarcoids to display mixed characteristics of two or more sarcoid types. While mixed sarcoids can develop anywhere on your horse’s body, they’re most commonly found on the head, armpit and groin area. Sometimes multiple sarcoid types can present at different sites around the horse’s body.
DIAGNOSIS
Since there are so many types of sarcoids, each with different appearances, behaviours and treatments, it is vital to diagnose the types of sarcoids your horse has correctly. Diagnosing sarcoids usually occurs upon inspection of the appearance and location of the affected area. Other potential conditions should be ruled out, such as fungal infections and warts. A biopsy is not recommended, as any interference of this kind can potentially aggravate the sarcoid and make it worse. Your vet should be able to correctly diagnose the type of sarcoids by appearance and recommend the appropriate treatment.
TREATMENT
There is no universal best treatment for sarcoids, which has ultimately resulted in many different treatments being proposed and used. The different behaviours of sarcoids mean that different treatments are appropriate for different
TOP TIP
As with most things, early intervention generally leads to better outcomes.
circumstances, and a ‘one size fits all' approach to therapy is not suitable. In some cases, it may be best to simply ‘watch and wait’ with sarcoids and alert your vet again if anything changes.
As well as the type of sarcoid, factors affecting treatment options include the location and extent of sarcoids, treatment cost and the horse’s temperament. For example, some anatomical sites, such as the skin around the eye, are usually not suitable for surgical treatment because of the risk of deforming the eyelid. They are also not suitable for some topical chemotherapy treatments because of the risk of collateral damage to the eye.
Medical treatments include injecting the immune stimulant Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine (which is used to prevent tuberculosis) into the tumour (particularly common for sarcoids close to the eye); injecting chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin and Mitomycin C into the tumour, which act by interfering with DNA copying in tumour cells; applying topical chemotherapy cream like AW4-LUDES (‘Liverpool cream’); and applying ointments containing extracts of the blood root plant.
Other treatments continue to be translated from human medicine, including photodynamic treatment, in which a chemical is applied to the surface of the tumour and then exposed to a specific type of light, which activates the chemical and kills tumour cells. Similarly, brachytherapy where radioactive implants are placed in the tumour can be very effective particularly for periocular sarcoids (those around the eye), but this treatment tends to be prohibitively expensive in the veterinary setting.
Surgical treatments include surgical excision, cryosurgery (freezing) and laser surgery. Surgical excision without additional therapy has poor success rates, as often cells are left behind. Surgery followed by freezing (cryotherapy) improves success rates somewhat; however, most sarcoids still recur following this approach. In most cases, adjunctive chemotherapy is applied after the surgical procedure to reduce the risk of reoccurrence.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is another option. It involves the combined use of injecting a chemotherapeutic drug (cisplatin) into the sarcoid, followed by the application of high-voltage electric pulses (electroporation). This increases the drug concentration in the cells of the sarcoid by 70 times, thereby increasing its effect. Due to the electric shock, the procedure is completed under a brief (usually 15-minute) general anaesthetic.
ARE SARCOIDS CONTAGIOUS?
Although there is a possibility that sarcoids may be contagious, this has yet to be proven. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which can lead to horses developing sarcoids, may be spread by biting flies. However, most horses will develop BPV at some point in their lives, and only those genetically predisposed will develop sarcoids. Some owners of sarcoid-affected horses have had difficulties getting horses into livery yards because of the fear of transmission to other horses, but at present, there is no evidence to suggest that horses affected by sarcoids are any threat to others.
PROGNOSIS
If your horse is genetically predisposed to developing sarcoids, they will likely develop them multiple times throughout their life, even after treatment. Horses treated at an early stage of the disease,
when the lesions and tumours are smaller, may have a better prognosis than those treated later. Again, it’s important for the sarcoids to be correctly identified by a vet, as inappropriate treatment could worsen the problem.
Flies are thought to spread BPV.
SUMMARY
• Sarcoids are persistent and progressive skin tumours.
• Sarcoids commonly appear on the head, face, chest and groin of horses but can develop anywhere on the skin.
• Sarcoids are a form of cancer and are usually locally invasive but do not spread to other organs.
• Genetically susceptible horses develop sarcoids as a result of exposure to bovine papillomavirus (BPV).
• There are different types of sarcoids, and because they each behave differently and respond differently to treatment, they need careful veterinary assessment. An individual horse may have a mixture of different types.
• There are various treatments, and the correct treatment must be chosen for each sarcoid because inappropriate treatment can make sarcoids more aggressive and may ultimately make the situation worse.
work is being put into one for the bovine papillomavirus, which could also protect against sarcoids in the future. You can also ensure you follow correct wound management for your horse, especially during warmer seasons when there are large numbers of flies, as this might help prevent infection.
TRY TO FEEL WHAT THE HORSE IS FEELING AND OPERATE FROM WHERE THE HORSE IS.
– Tom Dorrance
DRESSAGE ISN’T ABOUT PERFECTION. IT’S ABOUT SHOWING WHAT A HORSE CAN DO WHEN HE WANTS TO WORK WITH YOU.
– Carl Hester (British dressage rider and trainer)
CRACKING THE CODE
UNDERSTANDING HOOF CRACKS IN HORSES
Hoof cracks are a common but often overlooked issue in our equine companions.
Many of us are guilty of trivialising these issues, with ‘It’ll grow out’ or ‘It’s just because of the nails’, but we need to remember that the hooves are vital living tissues that must be taken care
of. As the old and oft-repeated saying goes, ‘No hoof, no horse.’
ALL HORSES CAN DEVELOP HOOF CRACKS
Both barefoot and shod horses can develop hoof cracks, although a shoe hides a crack in a way that a bare hoof cannot!
THE CAUSE OF A HOOF CRACK ISN’T ALWAYS EASY TO DETERMINE
Horse hoof cracks can be a primary issue but can also occur secondary to something else.
Horse hoof cracks reflect the quality of the hoof, which is influenced by a number of factors, including:
• Hoof care schedule
• Hoof balance
• Footing and environment
• Weather
• Nutrition
Failure to maintain a regular hoof care schedule is a cause of cracks as hooves get too long. All horses need regular hoof care year-round, even if they aren’t being ridden or are barefoot. When the hoof is allowed to grow excessively, it will flare around the bottom, and the natural shape will be distorted, allowing it to crack more easily. If you stretch a horse for too long between hoofcare sessions, you risk developing flares, distortions, cracks and hoof wall separations. A crack that starts at the bottom of the foot and works its way up is usually related to flares or distortions.
Similar to the above, it is also important that your hoof care provider balances your horse’s feet adequately (and ideally, optimally!) A horse with unbalanced feet will load certain aspects of the hoof more than others, resulting in pressure that can lead to cracks.
Superficial hoof cracks are usually related to weather and the environment. The horse’s feet tend to mirror his environment. When it’s very wet, the hooves absorb moisture, which makes them soft and more vulnerable to bruising, abscesses and bacterial infection. On the other hand, an overly
dry hoof becomes hard and brittle, so it loses flexibility, allowing the wall to chip or break around the edges or, if the horse is shod, for nails to loosen. In terms of surfaces, deep, uneven or excessively hard footing can stress hooves.
Some people advocate for topical products to help the hooves, but hooves grow from the inside out, so nutrition should always be considered in a horse with poor hooves. Horse hooves and hair require many of the same nutrients, so a horse with a dull, dry coat will likely have poor-quality hooves.
QUARTER CRACKS
Located in the back quadrant of the horse’s hoof, a quarter crack is a vertical crack that originates at the coronary band and extends down towards the sole. This type of crack starts internally and only becomes visible when it reaches the surface. The horse may or may not be lame. These cracks are usually related to loadbearing and how the horse moves.
This is a serious type of crack that cannot be ignored, as it reduces the load-bearing surface of the hoof. Your vet and farrier should be involved in treatment, which might require wire lacing and/or a patch or glue to stabilise the area. A therapeutic shoe, such as a bar shoe, may also be needed to take pressure off the section of the hoof below the crack.
TYPES OF CRACK
Hoof cracks can be classified based on their location and orientation:
• Vertical cracks (sand cracks): These run from the coronary band downward (or from the ground upward) and can be superficial or full-thickness.
• Toe cracks are located at the front of the hoof.
• Quarter cracks occur on the sides.
• Heel cracks appear toward the back.
• Horizontal cracks: Often linked to injury at the coronary band or sudden trauma to the hoof wall, such as abscess rupture. Less common but still significant.
• Grass cracks: Superficial vertical cracks usually seen in unshod horses, often from long hooves or poor maintenance.
• T-type or multiple cracks: Indicate severe hoof wall trauma or chronic instability and should be investigated urgently.
WHEN HOOF CRACKS ARE LESS OF A CONCERN
Small hoof cracks and chipping around the bottom edge of a barefoot hoof are not uncommon as the hoof grows out and the horse becomes due for his next trim. Shod
horses can develop cracks around incorrectly placed nails.
These cracks still merit discussion with your hoofcare provider, but are not an emergency unless the horse is unsound or uncomfortable.
WHEN HORSE HOOF CRACKS ARE A MAJOR CONCERN
Certain types of hoof cracks are a major cause for concern and require prompt attention from your farrier and, in some cases, your vet. These include:
• A crack that runs horizontally parallel to the hairline. This is often related to an injury or an abscess. This type of crack is typically an interruption of normal growth extending down from the coronary band.
• Any hoof crack that involves bleeding. If a hoof crack bleeds, the crack is very deep and involves the internal structures of the hoof.
• A hoof crack that involves separation at the hairline. Separation at the hairline indicates that the integrity of the entire hoof capsule is compromised. This can be a weak spot that may eventually become a horizontal crack that allows opportunistic bacteria to enter. If the crack continues to grow, it will eventually reach the load-bearing surface of the hoof, and the hoof
can give way completely.
• If there is movement or separation in the hoof on one or both sides of the crack. If you can see movement in the hoof on one or both sides of the crack, this is very serious as it means the hoof capsule has sustained significant injury.
• A vertical hoof crack towards the back of the hoof that extends down from the coronary band. This is termed a quarter crack and is usually related to load bearing. These are notoriously difficult to fix, particularly if they are related in some way to the horse’s overall conformation.
• If a barefoot horse develops a hoof crack in the middle of the toe at the front of the hoof. This is an opening for opportunistic bacteria and potentially leads to infection, such as white-line disease.
NOTE: All hoof cracks can open the barrier of the hoof capsule and allow bacteria and fungi in. You can end up with a secondary problem if opportunistic bacteria enter, and you now have an infection to deal with.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
The goal of treatment is to stabilise the crack, restore hoof integrity, and remove mechanical stress that perpetuates the problem.
1. Correct farriery
• Regular, balanced trimming is the cornerstone.
• Corrective shoeing may involve:
• Bar shoes or clips to stabilise the hoof.
• Floating the cracked section to reduce pressure on the crack.
• Redistributing the load away from the crack.
2. Crack repair techniques
• For superficial cracks, basic trimming may be enough.
• For deeper or unstable cracks, farriers may:
• Debride (clean and open the crack).
• Use hoof wall stabilisers (fibreglass patches, lacing, or epoxy fillers).
• Apply sutures or wire stabilisation for full-thickness cracks.
3. Addressing infection
• Full-thickness or penetrating cracks can allow bacteria into the sensitive laminae.
• If infection is present, veterinary care, and antibiotic treatment, soaking, or even debridement under sedation may be necessary.
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Hoof cracks shouldn’t be ignored because problems can develop when the hoof’s integrity is compromised.
OGILVY EQUINE REHABILITATION CENTRE - WHERE OUR PASSION IS EQUINE REHABILITATION AND OUR GOAL IS A SOUND AND HAPPY HORSE!
Situated in Pretoria East | Contact Anca Roode for more information on 082 736 0457
DID YOU KNOW?
The large intestine is six to seven metres long and is made up of multiple parts – the caecum, large and small colon and the rectum.
BLANKETING IN SOUTH AFRICA
WHEN DOES IT HELP AND WHEN DOES IT HARM?
In the temperate climates of Southern Africa, the practice of blanketing horses during the cooler months is a topic of ongoing discussion among equine professionals and enthusiasts. While blanketing can offer protection against the elements, improper use may lead to adverse health effects. Understanding when and how to blanket is essential for optimal equine welfare.
UNDERSTANDING EQUINE THERMOREGULATION
Horses are naturally equipped to handle cold temperatures. They regulate their body temperature through:
• Hair coat: Growth and loft of the winter coat provide insulation by trapping air close to the skin.
• Metabolic rate: Increased energy metabolism in cold weather produces heat which keeps the body warm.
• Behaviour: Seeking shelter, huddling, or changing posture.
However, factors such as wet conditions, wind, and inadequate shelter can compromise these natural defences.
WHEN BLANKETING IS BENEFICIAL
1. Clipped horses: Horses that have been body-clipped for aesthetic or practical reasons lose their natural insulation and may require blanketing when temperatures drop below 10°C.
2. Elderly or ill horses: Older horses or those with health issues may struggle to maintain body
heat even with longer coats and can benefit from appropriate blanketing.
3. Lack of shelter: Horses without access to adequate shelter during cold, wet, or windy conditions may need blankets.
4. Poor body condition: Underweight horses have less fat to insulate them and may require additional warmth through blanketing.
RISKS OF OVER-BLANKETING
Over-blanketing can lead to overheating, sweating, and subsequent chilling, which may cause stress and weight loss. Additionally, excessive blanketing can suppress the horse's natural thermoregulatory mechanisms, potentially weakening their ability to cope with temperature fluctuations.
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE BLANKETING
• Assess individual needs: Consider the horse's age, health status, coat condition, and access to shelter.
• Monitor weather conditions: Blanketing decisions should be based on temperature, wind, and precipitation forecasts.
• Regular checks: Inspect blankets daily for fit and condition, and remove them periodically to check for skin issues or weight changes.
• Proper fit: Ensure blankets fit correctly to prevent chafing and allow freedom of movement.
TRUE OR FALSE DO HORSES WHO HAVE ALWAYS BEEN BLANKETED NEED BLANKETS?
Yes – there is some scientific and physiological basis to the idea that horses who have been routinely blanketed and stabled for much
of their lives may become less resilient to cold due to altered or underdeveloped thermoregulatory mechanisms. While this isn’t a hard biological limit (i.e. they’re not permanently disabled), this is what the research and veterinary consensus suggest.
THE RESEARCH
As mentioned, horses have several methods of regulating their body temperature. However, these responses are adaptive and develop based on environmental exposure.
When a horse is blanketed:
• The winter coat grows less fully, and the hair lies flat.
• The skin doesn’t develop the same vasomotor (blood vessel control) adaptations as it would in the cold.
• There’s reduced stimulation of the metabolic thermoregulatory pathways, since the horse isn't exposed to the cold.
• The horse also doesn’t learn behavioural adaptations – like seeking shelter or adjusting posture – because it’s often in a temperature-controlled environment.
According to Dr. David Marlin, equine physiologist:
“If a horse has always been stabled and blanketed, it is likely that its coat has not developed fully, and it may not cope well in a cold, wet environment without protection.”
(SOURCE: DAVIDMARLIN.CO.UK, “TO RUG OR NOT TO RUG?”)
SO IT’S TRUE?
Yes – horses conditioned to blankets
and stabling may have a reduced ability to thermoregulate naturally, especially if they've never been allowed to develop a full coat or adapt to environmental variation. However, this is not irreversible. Gradual, well-managed exposure to outdoor conditions can help the horse re-adapt, though this should always be done slowly and seasonally, not abruptly.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The practical implications of this are as follows:
• A horse that has been blanketed year-round cannot suddenly be expected to live out in winter without some degree of support.
• Owners should treat such horses as thermoregulatory ‘naïve’; they will need gradual conditioning and support during any transition.
CONCLUSION
Blanketing, when applied judiciously, can be a valuable tool in equine management during the cooler months in Southern Africa. By understanding the individual needs of each horse and the environmental conditions, owners can make informed decisions that promote health and comfort.
DID YOU KNOW?
Up to 80% of horses with a superficial digital flexor tendon injury experience re-injury, primarily due to the weaker scar tissue that forms to replace the damaged tendon.
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INTRODUCING THE OLD MILL DRIFT MOUNTAIN RESORT
Experience Natural Beauty and Great Adventure
Discover the charm of Old Mill Drift Guest Farm set against the majestic Maluti Mountains. Nestled in the tranquil beauty of the mountainous Eastern Free State near to Clarens, our 1 646 acre farm provides the perfect sanctuary for horses and horse lovers alike.
With over 50 km of hiking trails, and 7.5 km of river frontage, you will find adventure at every turn. After a day of exploration, relax in our various cosy, self-catering, pet-friendly accommodation, overlooking our paddocks –most equipped with a fireplace and braai area.
Heritage and Harmony
Step back in time with our historic buildings, each telling a story of Old Mill Drift’s rich past. The Old Mill, with its expansive deck, offers breathtaking views and a glimpse into the farm’s heritage.
Nearby, the Wool Sorting Shed and the Stone Building blend historical charm with modern functionality, perfect for those seeking a unique backdrop for their events or peaceful stays. Discover a place where history and tranquility meet, providing a picturesque setting for relaxation and reflection.
YOUR EQUESTRIAN QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Should I rug my horse during South Africa’s mild winter nights?
Not necessarily. Horses are far more cold-tolerant than humans and can comfortably withstand temperatures as low as 5°C if they are unclipped, have adequate forage, and shelter from wind and rain. Rugging unnecessarily can disrupt thermoregulation,
flatten coat hairs, and even contribute to skin conditions like rain scald or fungal infections.
However, clipped horses, older horses, or those in heavy work may benefit from a lightweight or medium rug overnight, depending on conditions. Watch for signs of over-rugging—such as sweating under the rug—and aim to dress the horse for the weather, not the calendar.
Daily rug checks and adjustments are essential for comfort and welfare.
My horse is always more resistant on one rein. Is this normal, or is something wrong?
Most horses are naturally one-sided, meaning they’re more supple or ‘willing’ on one rein than the other. This asymmetry can be due to conformation, habitual patterns, or even the rider’s own crookedness. While a degree of ‘sidedness’ is normal, significant resistance may indicate
muscular imbalance, dental issues, poor saddle fit, or undiagnosed lameness so it’s worth ruling out pain first. From there, consistent work on symmetry – such as lateral movements, stretching exercises, and polework—can improve balance and suppleness. It is also advisable to work with an experienced trainer to assess both you and your horse, and to employ the services of a physio if possible. Long-term, creating symmetry will not only improve performance but also reduce the risk of injury from compensatory movement.
What’s the ideal age to start backing a horse?
There’s no one-size-fits-all answer, but most sporthorses are backed between the ages of four and five. Physically, horses' bones – especially the spine –continue developing until around six, and excessive strain too early can lead to longterm soundness issues. However, a well-
handled, mentally mature horse can begin light groundwork and backing around four to five years, provided their individual development supports it. Backing doesn’t mean full training – it’s about introducing tack, a rider’s weight, and basic cues. Delaying high-impact or repetitive work until the horse is physically stronger is key. Always adapt to the individual’s temperament, conformation, and mental readiness rather than rushing to meet an arbitrary timeline.
Can I feed lucerne as the main forage in my horse’s diet?
Lucerne is a highly nutritious legume hay, rich in protein, calcium, and digestible energy. It’s a great option for performance horses, growing youngsters, lactating mares, or horses needing condition. However, its richness can be problematic for easy keepers or horses prone to laminitis, ulcers, or kidney issues. Feeding it as the sole
forage can also skew the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio unless balanced appropriately. Many owners mix lucerne with grass hay to moderate its effects. As with all diets, ensure the overall balance meets the horse’s workload, life stage, and health status.
DID YOU KNOW?
In ulcer-prone horses, feeding lucerne before exercise may help buffer stomach acid, thanks to its high calcium content.
Pegase van't Ruytershof/ Berghof Eragon (dark bay colt)
Up To You GFE/ Candy de Nantuel GFE (bay filly)
Kobalt VDL/ Ubergabe (grey colt)
Grandorado TN/ Callaho’s For Joy (bay filly)
CONTACT STUD OWNER:
Claire Martin on 0825007273 or martinistud@gmail.com
How do I know if my horse is truly fit, or just fresh?
There’s a big difference between fitness and freshness. A fresh horse may feel energetic or excitable due to rest, cool weather, or excess feed – but this doesn’t mean they’re conditioned for sustained work. True fitness refers to the horse’s cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal
capacity to handle exercise without strain or fatigue. Key signs of fitness include a lower resting heart rate, faster recovery post-work, improved stamina, and consistent performance without muscle soreness. Evaluate recovery time after exercise, heart rate returns, and respiration. Conditioning work – gradual build-up of trot and canter sets, hill work, and varied terrain – helps develop genuine fitness over time. Always tailor the plan to your horse’s discipline and stage.
Is it true that dental issues can cause riding problems?
Absolutely. Dental discomfort is a common but often overlooked cause of resistance, contact issues, head tossing, and even performance drops. Sharp enamel points, hooks, or uneven wear can interfere with bit acceptance and create pain
when pressure is applied. Horses with dental issues may also show fussiness when bridling, a tendency to go behind the contact, or difficulty bending in one direction. Regular dental checks – ideally every 6 to 12 months – are crucial, especially for young horses with erupting teeth or older horses prone to diastema (gaps between teeth). If your horse’s behaviour under saddle has changed suddenly, a thorough dental exam is a logical first step.
My horse is stiff to warm up in winter –should I be concerned?
Mild stiffness during cold weather is common, particularly in older horses or those with underlying joint issues. Cold temperatures can affect joint fluid viscosity and muscle flexibility, making the warm-up phase even more critical. Begin with a longer walk
period, incorporating gentle lateral movements to increase circulation. Consider using quarter sheets or exercise rugs at the start, especially if the horse is clipped. If stiffness doesn’t improve with warm-up or worsens over time, it’s worth investigating potential joint degeneration or arthritis. Joint supplements, physio support, and appropriate veterinary treatment can make a significant difference in winter comfort and mobility.
How can I safely introduce hill work into my training routine?
Hill work is an excellent way to build topline, strengthen hindquarters, and improve overall balance, but it must be introduced thoughtfully. Start with walking up gentle slopes, focusing on straightness and rhythm. Avoid trotting or cantering hills until the
horse develops the strength to maintain posture and engagement. Always go for quality over quantity: one or two well-executed hills are more effective than repetitive climbs done poorly. Be cautious on the descent—walk downhill slowly and avoid rushing, as this places more strain on the forelimbs. Varying routes and inclines will prevent boredom and help develop the horse evenly. Regular hill work can be a game changer for overall fitness.
