제23기 유엔 전문가 교육 결과보고서 - The 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs Final Report

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Tra inin g and Pro Sus gram tain on the abl eD Uni eve ted l opm Na 30 Jul. - 3 Aug. 2024 t e 제23기 유엔 전문가 교육 nt G ions 결과보고서 oal s

Special thanks to.

Group Programmes Unit, United Nations Department of Global Communications

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Produced by.

Education Department, Hope to the Future Association

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CSO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC) Member of the United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) Korea Web: www.hopetofuture.org | Address: 4F., Dana Bldg., Bongeunsa-ro 176, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06125 Tel: +82-2-6952-1616 | Email: webmaster@hopetofuture.org

Managing Director Jin Hoan Choung | President

Editor-in-Chief Hyeonkyung Ha | Program Manager

Assistant Editor Jisu Kim | Intern

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Table of Contents 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Program Overview Program Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Program Theme ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Participant List Speakers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Youth Representatives --------------------------------------------------------------------------

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SDGs Group Work Team 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Team 9 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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SDGs Individual Research ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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Reflection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs

Program Introduction 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Training Program on the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represents a crucial step in engaging and mobilizing youth to participate actively in global governance and international affairs. In today’s interconnected world, the involvement of young people in addressing global challenges is more important than ever. This program, delivered virtually, is designed to immerse participants in the complexities of global issues and the multifaceted strategies employed by the United Nations to tackle them.

Aligned with the UN Youth Strategy, the program underscores the indispensable role that young people play in the realization of the SDGs and the advancement of the United Nations Agenda. Through their engagement, young individuals are empowered to contribute to sustainable development, foster inclusive decision-making, and drive transformative change at local, national, and global levels.

Hosted by Hope to the Future Association, in collaboration with the United Nations Department of Global Communications, this online training program offers high school students an unparalleled opportunity to engage directly with experts and gain a comprehensive understanding of the UN's mission and operations. Despite the virtual format, the program maintains its commitment to delivering a robust educational experience. Participants are exposed to a wide array of topics, ranging from peace and security to sustainable development and human rights protection, through a series of expert-led lectures, interactive workshops, and virtual networking sessions.

The program's focus on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provides participants with a deeper understanding of the UN’s global agenda and the critical importance of youth participation in its implementation. By familiarizing students with the SDGs, the program equips them with the critical thinking, leadership, and communication skills necessary to navigate and influence the future of international relations. The online format also allows for a diverse group of students from around the world to connect, collaborate, and share perspectives, enriching the overall learning experience.

The 23rd iteration of this training program continues to provide an in-depth exploration of the United Nations' efforts to achieve its objectives, particularly in the context of SDG implementation. By offering a global platform for young people to discuss and address these challenges, the program helps cultivate a new generation of leaders who are informed, skilled, and motivated to contribute to a more just, peaceful, and sustainable world.

Through their participation in this online training program, students become part of a global network of changemakers committed to addressing the world’s most pressing challenges. The program not only educates but also inspires action, encouraging participants to apply their newfound knowledge and skills to make meaningful contributions within their communities and beyond. As they prepare to lead in an increasingly complex world, these young individuals are equipped to play a pivotal role in advancing the United Nations Agenda and achieving the SDGs, paving the way for a brighter future for all.

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Photo:Art by © Sadek Ahmed

UN Secretary-General’s Message On the International Human Solidarity Day The world has achieved significant progress in human development over the past two decades. The global poverty rate fell by more than half.

People are living longer and healthier lives, and are better educated.

Despite these and other advances, prosperity has not been shared by all.

Inequalities, extreme poverty, unemployment, social exclusion and environmental degradation continue to be prominent features of societies around the world.

Discrimination and prejudice remain major barriers to building inclusive societies.

Many vulnerable social groups find their situation worsening. The impacts of climate change will fall most heavily on those who did least to cause the problem.

Solidarity is essential to address these gaps in sustainable development.

Leaving no one behind, promoting prosperity and ensuring inclusiveness and equality are core principles of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by world leaders in September 2015, and of the Paris Agreement on climate change adopted in December of that same year. As nations strive to uphold their promises and to meet the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), mutual support will be crucial.

Global problems require collective solutions.

At a time of divisiveness on many key global issues, from armed conflict to forced migration, people need to turn toward each other in common cause, not away from each other in fear.

On International Human Solidarity Day, let us emphasize the role of human solidarity in building lives of dignity for all on a healthy planet. We must work together to achieve the SDGs and secure the future we want.

- Ban Ki-moon, 20 Dec 2016 -

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Program Theme 01 Sustainable Development Goals

At the heart of the 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) lies a resolute focus on the SDGs, an evolutionary framework conceived to transcend the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (SDGs). These SDGs encompass a sweeping vision, drawing on the triumphs of the past while galvanizing the global community to transcend poverty in all its facets.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015 by all United Nations Member States, represent a comprehensive blueprint for achieving a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030. The 17 goals address a broad array of global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

The SDGs are unique in that they are universally applicable, meaning they call on all countries, regardless of their income levels, to take action to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. This universal call to action recognizes that achieving these goals is not just the responsibility of governments but requires the active participation of all sectors of society, including the private sector, civil society, and individuals.

One of the defining features of the SDGs is their interconnected nature. Success in one goal often depends on tackling issues more commonly associated with another. For example, ensuring quality education (Goal 4) is closely linked to gender equality (Goal 5) and decent work and economic growth

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(Goal 8). This interconnectedness reflects the complexity of global challenges and the need for integrated solutions. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), progress on the SDGs is uneven across regions and countries, with challenges such as climate change and inequality requiring accelerated action. The UN's 2023 SDG Progress Report highlights that while there has been notable progress in some areas, the world is not on track to achieve the goals by 2030, particularly in light of setbacks from global events like the COVID-19 pandemic.

The SDGs also emphasize the principle of "leaving no one behind," which calls for the inclusion of all people, especially the most vulnerable, in development efforts. This principle is central to the SDGs' focus on eradicating poverty (Goal 1) and reducing inequalities (Goal 10). The United Nations has stressed that achieving the SDGs will require addressing the root causes of poverty and inequality, such as discrimination and exclusion, while also empowering marginalized communities to participate in decision-making processes. This inclusive approach is vital for building societies that are resilient and capable of withstanding global shocks.

Climate action (Goal 13) is another critical area where urgent progress is needed. The 2023 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report underlines that climate change is accelerating faster than previously anticipated, with devastating impacts on ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. The SDGs call for immediate and ambitious efforts to mitigate climate change and adapt to its effects, including transitioning to renewable energy sources, promoting sustainable agriculture, and enhancing disaster risk reduction. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) plays a key role in facilitating international cooperation on climate action, helping countries to implement their commitments under the Paris Agreement.

Though not legally binding, the SDGs entrust governments with the mantle of responsibility, charging them to establish national frameworks that embody the essence of the 17 Goals. The onus of monitoring

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and evaluating the advancements towards these Goals rests primarily with individual countries, demanding the acquisition of precise, accessible, and punctual data.

This Agenda is far more than a mere blueprint; it's a clarion call for people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. It's a resolute endeavor to fortify universal peace within the realm of greater freedom.

Akin to this initiative, we recognize that vanquishing poverty, in all its dimensions, is our paramount global challenge, an essential prerequisite for sustainable advancement.

Unified in collaborative partnership, countries and stakeholders alike commit to actualizing this plan.

With unyielding determination, we strive to emancipate humanity from the clutches of destitution, and to mend and safeguard our ailing planet. To catalyze this transformation, we pledge to adopt audacious steps, pivoting the world towards an enduringly sustainable and resilient trajectory. On this collective odyssey, we affirm that none shall be left behind.

The 17 SDGs and their 169 corresponding targets stand as a testament to the grandeur and aspiration of this universal Agenda. These Goals are designed to not only build upon the legacy of the MDGs but also to fill the gaps left by them. They are intricately woven, inseparable, and poised to balance the triad of sustainable development: the economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Crucially, the youth of today stand as the torchbearers of these aspirations. Their energy, creativity, and passion hold the potential to infuse new life into these Goals. As we navigate the intricacies of this Agenda, we must recognize the indispensable role of youth in catalyzing change, igniting innovation, and driving progress. It's their spirit of advocacy, their willingness to question, and their capacity to inspire that will shape the trajectory of these Goals.

02 Youth Engagement and International Solidarity Youth engagement is increasingly recognized as a critical component in the global effort to achieve the SDGs. The United Nations has consistently emphasized that young people are not just beneficiaries of sustainable development but are also essential drivers of change. With more than 1.8 billion people between the ages of 10 and 24, the largest youth population in history, young people have the potential to significantly influence the direction of global development. The UN’s Youth Strategy, "Youth 2030," underscores the importance of harnessing the energy, innovation, and leadership of young people to accelerate progress on the SDGs and build a more inclusive, equitable world.

One of the key aspects of youth engagement is fostering their participation in decision-making processes at all levels. This is particularly important in addressing issues that disproportionately affect young people, such as unemployment, education, and climate change. The United Nations has established various platforms, such as the UN Youth Delegates Programme and the Youth Forum at the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), to ensure that young voices are heard in international deliberations and that their perspectives shape global policies.

International solidarity is another crucial element of youth engagement. In today’s interconnected world, the challenges faced by one community or country can quickly become global in scope. The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder of how interconnected our fates are. Young people, with their global awareness and strong sense of social justice, are uniquely positioned to foster international

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solidarity and cooperation. The United Nations Secretary-General’s "Our Common Agenda" report emphasizes the need for renewed multilateralism and greater solidarity across generations and borders.

Education is a fundamental tool for empowering young people to engage in global issues and foster international solidarity. Participants in the Training Program at the United Nations are expected to develop a deeper understanding of the UN's work, gaining insights into the complexities of international relations and the multifaceted efforts to achieve the SDGs. The expected outcomes for participating youth are multifaceted and transformative. Participants will emerge with enhanced knowledge of the United Nations' operations and its strategies for tackling global challenges through the SDGs. They will develop critical leadership and public speaking skills, broaden their global networks, and gain a heightened sense of responsibility toward promoting international solidarity and justice. Importantly, the program aims to inspire a lifelong commitment to global citizenship, equipping participants with the tools and motivation to take action within their communities and on the global stage to support the UN's mission and advance the global agenda for sustainable development.

By empowering young people and fostering a sense of global citizenship, the international community can tap into the creativity, passion, and commitment of the next generation to drive sustainable development. The United Nations, through its various programs and initiatives, continues to support and amplify the role of young people in shaping a more just, peaceful, and sustainable world. As young leaders continue to push for change, their engagement in global governance and their commitment to international solidarity will be pivotal in realizing the ambitious vision of the SDGs by 2030.

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23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs

Speakers A group of speakers from the United Nations or international organizations consists of a diverse and accomplished team of experts dedicated to addressing a wide range of global issues and challenges. These speakers are typically drawn from various fields such as economics, politics, social justice, human rights, and the environment.

These speakers bring with them a wealth of experience and expertise gained from working in different countries and cultures, which helps them to bring a global perspective to the global youth who are willing to take action worldwide.

Joon Oh Save the Children

Ingrid Christensen International Labour Organization (ILO)

Ikuko Yamaguchi United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Nara Lee Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Hulda Maganga Ngouali United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC)

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Eunhee Jung IVECA Center for International Virtual Schooling

Klas Moldeus UN Water

Junghyun Kim Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Kadir Jun Ayhan Ewha Womans University

Junhoung Yoo United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific (UNRCPD)

Ana María Manero Valles United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC)

Gulmira Asanbaeva International Labour Organization (ILO)

Yumi Son International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

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Luis Angel Flores United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

Christian Mortelliti United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP)

Sohee Kim UN Women Centre of Excellence for Gender Equality

Robert Ndugwa United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

Jungmin Shin Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Youngjin Lee World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA)

Rachel Naddeo Journal of Public Diplomacy

Hyunseung Yu Georgetown University, M.A. in Asian Studies

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Youth Representatives The Youth Representatives in this program are dynamic and passionate students from various schools and institutions worldwide. They bring fresh perspectives, innovative ideas, and a shared commitment to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals.

Ain Kim

Anna Seojin Park

Shanghai Korean School

Seoul International School

Bomi Lee

Bomi Shin

Seoul Global High School

BC Collegiate

Bora Jung

Catherine Daan Kim

Sookmyung Girls' High School

Chadwick International School

Dahyun Jeong

David H. Kim

Shanghai Korean School

Seoul Foreign School

Eu Park

Eun Seo Shin

Northfield Mount Hermon School

Chung Nam Samsung Academy

Eunjin Lee

Harang Kim

Shanghai Korean School

Branksome Hall Asia

Heerim Kang

Hwanhee Yun

Yongin Seongseo Middle School

Branksome Hall Asia

Hyesoo Yoo

Jahyun Koo

Branksome Hall Asia

BC Collegiate

Jeeyul Jung

Ji Hyo Kim

Seoul Global High School

Seoul Foreign School

Jiwoo Seo

Jiyeon Yang

Chung Nam Samsung Academy

Sophia University

Jiyun Baek

Joon Ho Kim

Chung Nam Samsung Academy

Seoul International School

Junghoo Park

Junwon Son

Korean Minjok Leadership Academy

The Taft School

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Matthew Dongwhi Kim

Ryan Choi

International School of Beijing

Northfield Mount Hermon School

Sabin Kim

Seohyun Lee

Seoul Global High School

Seoul Scholars International

Seoyeon Kim

Sia Yun

Shanghai Korean School

Chung Nam Samsung Academy

Soobin Chun

Subin Park

BC Collegiate

St. Paul’s School

Sunghyun Bak Korean Minjok Leadership Academy

Sungwon Son

Taeeun Lee

Yeheon Jeong

St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju

Carmel Catholic High School

Yewon Chung

Taewhan Kim

Shanghai Korean School

Homeschool

Blair Academy

in support of Youth Staff members Jisu Kim

Hyung Jun Choi

Hanyang University

Korea University

Yuri Shin Yonsei University

Yeojin Yoo Seoul National University

Sion Moon

Yongbin Kim

Northwestern University

Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

Taeseong Kim

Louella Seo

Saint Louis University

Vanderbilt University

Geon Yoon

YooJin Lim

Konkuk University

University of Chicago

Let this declaration be a testament to our unwavering dedication and a call to action for youth everywhere. Together, we will build a better, more sustainable world.

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23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs

TABLE OF CONTENTS 20

Empowering Futures: Education as a Catalyst for Human Rights TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Background A. Introduction to SDG 17 B. Introduction to Human Rights Violations

II.

Cases of Human Rights Violations A. Bangladesh and Child Labor B. Afghanistan and Gender Inequality C. Pakistan and the Refugee Crisis D. India and Religious Minorities

III.

Education A. The Importance of Education B. What Education to be Provided

IV.

The Multi-Stakeholder Approach A. Government Intervention B. Commitments from International Organizations C. Youth Action and Private Sectors

V.

Solution A. Bangladesh and Child Labor B. Afghanistan and Gender Inequality C. Pakistan and the Refugee Crisis D. India and Religious Minorities

VI.

Conclusion

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Abstract: The purpose of our research is finding a new approach to assure human rights by education. We found the solution, ‘Multi-stakeholders’. We found various human rights violation cases in 4 countries and suggested new solutions for each country by this new approach. The conclusion of this research is that human rights violation is really a serious problem that we should pay attention to, and found out our suggestion, the ‘Multi-stakeholders’ solution, is really effective in reducing inequality by education.

This paper highlights the critical role of education and global partnership especially under SDGs 17, mainly about human rights violations. It emphasizes cases such as child labor in Bangladesh, gender inequality in Afghanistan, the refugee crisis in Pakistan, and religious discrimination in India. This piece of paper suggests a multi-stakeholder approach involving governments, international organizations, the private sector, and youth like us to propose targeted educational programs and initiatives to combat these violations, and to promote sustainable development at last.

I.

Background

The objective of this research paper is to underscore the pivotal role education plays in alleviating human rights violations and how, specifically, global partnership can help achieve this common goal in relation to SDG 17.

A. Introduction to SDG 17 SDG 17, also known as Sustainable Development Goal 17, is the last of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 agenda. SDG 17 is titled “Partnerships for the Goals” and, according to the United Nations, is focused on “strengthening the means of implementation and revitalizing the global partnership for sustainable development.”

Sustainable development itself is crucial to today’s society as it provides a framework for addressing the convoluted challenges facing the world— challenges that, if ignored, could impair long-term social, economic, and environmental stability in which the world has put arduous effort to achieve. Essentially, sustainable development is about balancing the needs of people, the planet, and prosperity, ensuring that progress is made not at the expense of future generations. SDG 17 is the backbone of other SDGs as it recognizes that achieving the former 16 requires strong partnerships and collaboration among governments, private sectors, civil society, and international organizations. SDG 17 highlights the importance of global solidarity and shared responsibility in tackling the world’s most pressing challenges— some of which had haunted the human race since the advent of civilization— such as poverty, inequality, climate change, and more.

B. Introduction to Human Rights Violations In Paris on the 10th of December, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights “as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations,” thus officially affirming human rights as a necessity regardless of ethnicity and race. However, even with this historically significant declaration and the United Nations’ continued efforts to reduce human rights violations, the issue still persists in some regions. Human rights violations refer to any actions by entities such as governments, organizations, or individuals that infringe upon the basic rights and freedoms that are universally recognized and guaranteed to all people. Violations of these rights, declared under the UDHR and protected under international law, may occur in various forms and involve civil, political, economic, social, or cultural rights. One of the main reasons for why addressing 22

human rights violations is important— aside from promoting justice and equality— is achieving sustainable development; respecting and promoting human rights ensures that development is not only economically and environmentally sustainable but also socially equitable. They provide the ethical foundation necessary for securing that development efforts are equitable and inclusive.

II.

Cases of Human Rights Violations A. Bangladesh and Child Labor

In the case of Bangladesh, child labor— to be specific, child labor in the textile industry— has been a prevalent and longstanding issue. Some of the main reasons as to why this issue is as prevalent as it is are poverty and economic pressure, lack of access to education, and social factors. First, the textile industry in Bangladesh, which is a significant part of the country’s economic growth, operates on very thin profit margins. It is common for employers to exploit children as child labor is cheaper than adult labor. Second, many children in Bangladesh lack access to education due to underfunded and/or poor quality schools, which leads parents to prioritize work over education for their children. Last, in some communities, child labor is culturally accepted, and children in labor are seen as contributing to the family’s survival.

The working conditions in these textile industries are, as to be expected, extremely poor and hazardous. Children typically work up to 14 hours a day with minimal breaks and low wages. They are involved in tasks such as sewing, cutting, dyeing, carrying heavy loads of fabric, and operating machinery. Naturally, during this process, they are exposed to harmful chemicals and machines, which can lead to serious health issues and injuries. The children who work in these conditions are not only vulnerable to exploitation and abuse but also are unable to attend school regularly. This perpetuates the cycle of poverty, which, consequently, sends more children to work.

One notable case is the Rana Plaza Tragedy which occurred in 2013. The building, which housed several garment factories, had collapsed, resulting in many casualties. This event brought international attention to poor working conditions in Bangladesh’s textile industry. Although the primary victims were adult workers, the incident highlighted the broader issues of labor exploitation, including child labor.

B. Afghanistan and Gender Inequality Since gender inequality is influenced by cultural, social, economic, and political factors, it is extremely difficult to approach this complex problem. Some major details include limited access to education, lower literacy rates, lower labor force participation and access to healthcare, limited legal rights, and discrimination that women face.

Currently, the Taliban has imposed restrictions on women, including banning secondary education for girls, limiting women’s ability to work, and enforcing strict dress codes. Women also commonly face domestic violence, forced child marriages, honor killings, and significant restrictions on their movement, particularly without a male escort.

One case that illustrates the gender-based violence and lack of legal protection for women is the assault of Karter, a 33-year-old woman. She was shot and stabbed in both eyes, c which caused her to 23

lose her sight. The reason for this tragedy is only because she got a job, she became a police officer 3 months ago. Brutally, it is believed that her father, who strongly opposed her employment, may have asked the Taliban to carry out this attack against her.

C. Pakistan and the Refugee Crisis After the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan in 2021, numerous Afghan citizens sought refuge in Pakistan. Afghan refugees in Pakistan faced multiple incidents of unjust arrests, detentions, and harassment by authorities, including the possibility of being sent back to Afghanistan. In October, the government declared a strict enforcement against "illegal immigrants" and set a 30-day ultimatum for them to depart the nation. From September through December, over 490,891 Afghan refugees in Pakistan were expelled. The mistreatment of refugees, including harassment, discrimination, arrests, and arbitrary detention, increased nationwide after the deadline was announced. Prisoners in detention centers in various locations in the country were deprived of legal protections, ability to consult with lawyers, and contact with their families.

D. India and Religious Minorities In India, there have been multiple instances of violent attacks targeted at religious minorities, such as mob lynchings of Muslims. These incidents have increased concerns in India regarding communal violence and safeguarding at-risk communities. Still, critics claim that the government has not taken enough action to address the issue, and that certain politicians have also supported or promoted the violence. In recent years, there have been multiple cases of violence targeting minorities, especially Muslims, in India. This refers to the violent clashes in Delhi in February 2020, which resulted in the deaths of at least 53 individuals, predominantly Muslims.

III.

Education

In order to effectively alleviate and even eradicate these human rights violations, regardless of its forms, quality education must be provided.

A. The Importance of Education Informed individuals can recognize when their rights are being violated and can take action.

Promoting understanding of various cultures can reduce prejudice and discrimination as well. Quality education can also equip people with the skills and knowledge necessary to access better job opportunities and higher incomes, therefore reducing exploitation and forced labor. Next, studying history and war crimes can make people understand the consequences of such violations, which can help break the cycle of conflict. Critical thinking, where individuals think for themselves, helps them identify instances of human rights violations. Educated people can also affect public policy and laws in order to protect them from human rights violations and participate in democratic processes. Lastly, education can challenge cultural norms such as gender inequality.

B. What Education Should Be Provided As one of the building bricks to achieve universal human rights, education about human rights itself is needed. The human rights principles must be integrated into the school curriculum to educate students 24

about their rights and responsibilities. There’s also gender equality education, where educational institutions can include courses on gender studies to address issues such as gender stereotypes and discrimination. Next we can educate students on inclusivity to combat discrimination and promote respect for diverse cultures. In areas surrounded by conflict, informing students about conflict resolution and peace is also important. Students can be more informed on the importance of reconciliation and justice and can foster global citizenship. Providing vocational and life skills training is also important to empower individuals economically. To briefly name a few more there are also health, environmental, and digital literacy education as well.

IV.

The Multi-Stakeholder Approach

In fact, there actually have been similar approaches before, and plenty of research reports and statistics illustrate how education is an effective tool for combating HR violations. However, there have been noticeable limitations in previous methods. The reason for this is because they have all been single stakeholders. The efforts of single stakeholders to mitigate HR violations have not been consistently successful, and lots of issues cannot be resolved by only one or two entities. For example, a government’s policy alone will not get rid of all the HR related problems in that country. Armed with this knowledge, we would like to propose a solution: the multi-stakeholder approach.

This method essentially brings together four different groups, which are government, International organizations, private sectors, and most importantly, youth, to collaborate with one shared goal of fighting against HR violations. Governments can intervene through concrete legislations and policy making; International organizations such as the United Nations can make commitments and implement programs; private sectors can support the funding and technology of proposed programs; and the youth, as future leaders of sustainable development, can engage with the purpose of promoting awareness in this issue.

One successful example of a multi-stakeholder approach is the Global Partnership for Education (GPE). The GPE is a multi-stakeholder partnership that includes governments, international organizations, private sectors, teachers, civil society, and philanthropic organizations. Since its inception, the GPE has helped 160 million more children go to school, focusing on the most marginalized and vulnerable children. By funding school construction, teacher training, and learning materials, especially in conflict-affected areas, the GPE has significantly expanded access to education.

From 2002 to 2018, the GPE increased school enrollment in its partner countries by 77 million. To prioritize equity, the GPE supports the education of girls, children with disabilities, and other vulnerable minority groups, with a significant impact on breaking the cycle of poverty. Since 2002, the proportion of girls completing primary school in GPE partner countries has increased from 42 percent to 67 percent.

In addition, the GPE has allocated more than $7.4 billion to education in developing countries, with global bank data showing that every additional year of school education increases an individual's income by about 10 percent. The improved quality and access to education in GPE partner countries has led to a reduction in poverty rates through better job opportunities and economic growth.

A. Government Intervention First, to provide an example of a case of government intervention in the past: recognizing the need for a more universal education, the Indian government enacted The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act in August of 2009. This act mandates free education for children 25

aged 6 to 14 in India. The act itself was an innovative approach with notable results, but ultimately, it was not enough to eradicate human rights violations. For instance, issues such as inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, and imbalances in educational resources persist in some areas. This is most likely because India had tried to solve the issue with government policy alone. Of course, this is not to say that government interventions are entirely futile; the government is needed to carry out laws and implement policies.

B. Commitments from International Organizations While international organizations play a crucial role in promoting and protecting human rights globally, they often face significant limitations that can hinder the effectiveness of their programs. For example: programs often face funding shortages or delays, which can lead to incomplete or unsustainable interventions. Additionally, poor coordination between international organizations and local governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, and communities can result in gaps in service provision. One unfortunate case of an unsuccessful mission from an international organization is The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)’s monitoring of human rights abuses in the DRC. Limited cooperation from the DRC government has hindered investigations and follow-up actions. Some ways in which international organizations can contribute to this multi-stakeholder approach are facilitating partnerships and collaboration with governments and private sectors, launching training programs for educators and government officials, and conducting awareness campaigns.

C. Youth Action and Private Sectors In Korean author Shim Hoon’s 1935 novel “Sangnoksu”, the two main characters, young educators in their 20s, went to the field thinking that what they could do to escape the Japanese Empire’s colonial era was enlightenment, and to achieve enlightenment there had to be education. The characters didn’t stop after merely talking about education, though. They went to the field themselves, did all the meeting, communicating, and teaching of the local farmers, making them realize the concept of independence in person and spreading the information of human rights.

What the youth can do nowadays is in similar fashion to what the protagonists in “Sangnoksu” did, but now with the aid of the internet and social media platforms, youth can meet the people who are in need of quality education without having to physically be there. As communication channels are open in the form of the internet, they can reach out to the people who need education by developing a website or an application and communicate with them and spread information about human rights. Through the portals that youths designed, experts in each field can teach relevant knowledge and skills for the targeted people’s environment and lifestyles by sending learning materials and uploading lecture videos.

The funding, support in developing the websites, and the distribution of technologies can be aided by private sectors and startup companies.

V.

Solution

As the need for government, youth, international organizations, and private sectors to collaborate in order to solve human rights violations is established, the focus will be shifted back to the four countries’ human rights violations cases and explore how the approach can help resolve these issues.

A. Bangladesh and Child Labor 26

As the need for government, youth, international organizations, and private sectors to collaborate in order to solve human rights violations is established, the focus will be shifted back to the four countries’ human rights violations cases and explore how the approach can help resolve these issues.

Bangladesh’s case was child labor, and the main factors that contribute to the ongoing child labor that we can tackle are poverty and lack of access to education. Poverty is what can be certainly alleviated with education; as students learn skills and gain knowledge they could get better, high paying job opportunities in the future. And when children drop out of school, whether it be due to financial constraints or lack of infrastructure, it increases their likelihood of entering the labor force. Therefore, sending children to school or an equivalent institution can directly help solve this problem.

The strategy regarding the case of Bangladesh and child labor is to establish community centers offering education, health services, and vocational training to children and their families. The government can provide training for teachers and staff who will work in community learning centers to ensure they are well-equipped to handle the needs of children who have been involved in labor; private sectors can develop and support educational programs and recreational activities; youth can engage in volunteer teaching programs to support the learning process and act as mentors for younger children — this could be done virtually using the technology developed by private sectors; and international organizations can fund the programs, monitor and assess progress, and conduct research.

B. Afghanistan and Gender Inequality Afghanistan’s case is a bit more complicated, as gender inequality issues are deeply rooted in traditional and cultural beliefs, like social perception. There is a clear limit in which government policies can reduce gender based discrimination. Therefore, we propose something different— an educational program centered on eradicating gender prejudice and improving women’s rights, and its name is EmpowerHer Afghanistan.

Essentially, the process is as follows: international organizations would dispatch officials from Afghanistan directly to the site. The officials will participate as educators in the program, lecturing individuals on the importance of gender equality. Of course, the premise here would be the cooperation of the Afghanistan government. Next, the United Nations can hold a contest for youth for the educational program proposal. This naturally leads the youth to actively participate in coming up with creative ideas that contribute to EmpowerHer Afghanistan. Private sectors can invest in this cause and provide financial support.

C. Pakistan and the Refugee Crisis As for Pakistan’s refugee crisis, we propose an Immigrant Adjustment Education Program that can help immigrants adapt to the new environment and feel accepted to the country. The government could host the program and apply minimum training program completion criteria to individuals who apply for citizenship. The youth, especially the younger demographic, will participate in social assessment surveys hosted by the government in order to improve cultural awareness. For instance, there could be a survey about what students think of immigrants and what immigrants they are familiar with.

International Organizations can make guidelines on cultural differences to mitigate discrimination.

Lastly, private sectors can provide job opportunities to individuals who have completed the education program.

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D. India and Religious Minorities Finally, in regards to religious discrimination in India, the United Nations can host scouting programs for children and teenagers, providing them with an opportunity to briefly experience various religions by sending them to countries with religiously diverse environments. By this we can expect a reduction in religious prejudice and unfamiliarity. Obviously, the fees will be covered by the United Nations; the youth will be actively participating; and the government will frame criteria for selecting scouts so that every class within the country has an equal chance. Private sectors should give additional points for individuals who have joined the program when they are applying to the company in order to encourage participation.

VI.

Conclusion

In summary, this paper focuses on the crucial role of education in addressing human rights violations and emphasizes the importance of global partnerships, particularly in the context of SDG 17 ("Partnerships for the Goals"). SDG 17 highlights the need for collaboration among governments, private sectors, civil society, and international organizations to achieve sustainable development goals, including tackling human rights violations.

The report underscores various human rights issues, such as child labor in Bangladesh, gender inequality in Afghanistan, the refugee crisis in Pakistan, and religious discrimination in India. In Bangladesh, child labor persists due to poverty, lack of education, and cultural acceptance. Afghan women face severe gender inequality, exacerbated by the Taliban's restrictive policies. Afghan refugees in Pakistan experience mistreatment and lack of legal protections, while religious minorities in India face violence and discrimination.

The report proposes a multi-stakeholder approach to combat these issues, involving governments, international organizations, private sectors, and youth. This approach includes educational programs, community centers, and initiatives like EmpowerHer Afghanistan to promote gender equality. The report suggests targeted interventions for each country to address specific human rights violations, highlighting the need for collaboration and innovative solutions to ensure sustainable development and the protection of human rights.

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Works Cited Amnesty International. (2022). Everything you need to know about human rights in India 2020. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/india/report-india/ Equality and Human Rights Commission . (2019, June 19). What Are Human rights?

Www.equalityhumanrights.com. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/human-rights/what-are-human-rights Fleck, A. (2024, July 10). Infographic: Where Inequality Is More & Less Rife. Statista Daily Data; Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/6908/the-worlds-most-unequal-countries Human Rights Violations. (n.d.). Drishti IAS. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.drishtiias.com/dailynews-analysis/human-rights-violations HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: THE IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS – The Indian Lawyer. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2024, from https://theindianlawyer.in/human-rights-violations-the-impact-on-human-rights/ Pakistan 2020 Archives. (n.d.). Amnesty International. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/pakistan/report-pakistan/ Right to Education. (n.d.). Understanding education as a right. Right to Education Initiative.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.right-to-education.org/page/understanding-education-right UNESCO. (2023). The Right to Education. Www.unesco.org. https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education United Nations. (2023). Human Rights. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights

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Application of Technology in Bridging Educational Gaps Matthew Dongwhi Kim, International School of Beijing Kate Kim, Chadwick International Chris Son, The Taft School Junghoo Park, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Jeeyul Jung, Seoul Global High School

Application of Technology in Bridging Educational Gaps TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Background A. UN SDGs B. SDG 4: Quality Education C. SDG 13: Climate Action and SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

II.

Research Findings: Rural vs Urban

III.

Case Studies A. Successful Cases B. Unsuccessful Cases

IV.

Solutions and Action Plans A. Proposed solutions i.

YOLC (Youth Offline Laptop Curriculum) Program

ii.

3D-Printed School in Liberia

B. Action Plans C. Evaluation

V.

Conclusion

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Abstract: This study investigates how technology can address educational disparities between rural and urban areas in various countries, aiming to advance the 4th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 4), quality education. By analyzing statistics related to these disparities, we have identified the challenges faced in rural education compared to urban areas. We have also reviewed previous efforts and outcomes in integrating technology, analyzing both successful and unsuccessful strategies. Building on these insights, we have proposed our solutions, including 3D-printing and e-learning platforms, that can contribute to the progress of educational access and quality in rural areas. Through such interventions, this project hopes to contribute to the progress towards SDG 4.

I.

Background A. UN SDGS

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) represent a global commitment to addressing the most pressing challenges facing humanity and the planet. Established in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, these 17 interconnected goals aim to eradicate poverty, protect the environment, promote prosperity for all, and more.

B. SDG 4: Quality Education The focal SDG of this report is SDG 4, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It includes a variety of targets aimed at guaranteeing that everyone, regardless of their background, can access quality education and continuous learning opportunities throughout their lives.

The specific targets relevant to the aim of this report are 4.1 ensuring all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes; 4.4 increasing the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship; 4.6 ensuring that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy; and 4.a building and upgrading education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.

C. SDG 13: Climate Action and SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals This report also touches upon the subsidiary SDGS of 13 and 17. SDG 8 emphasizes the need for sustained, inclusive economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all, aiming to create economic opportunities that contribute to a more equitable and prosperous society.

Complementing this, SDG 17 highlights the importance of strengthening global partnerships and fostering cooperation 36

between governments, the private sector, and civil society. The relationship between these goals and the focal SDG will be clarified throughout the report.

II.

Research Findings: Rural vs Urban

The educational gap represents one of the most prominent and long-lasting disparities on the globe.

Several data have been collected that highlight these challenges.

The PISA 2000 study reveals that Canadian students generally performed exceptionally well on an international scale, particularly in reading. However, a closer look at the data uncovers a surprising discrepancy: students in rural areas consistently lagged behind their urban counterparts. The study shows that in almost every province—except Nova Scotia and Manitoba—urban students (represented by triangles) outperformed rural students (represented by circles) in reading. Another source, a 2015 graph from the USDA Economic Research Service based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, illustrates that as educational attainment levels increase, the gap between rural and urban populations widens even further. This issue is also prevalent in Bangladesh. In the 2023 Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination, taken in approximately 3000 schools, 48 schools reported a zero percent pass rate, most of which are located in rural areas.

Furthermore, the Bangladesh Education Fact Sheets 2020 indicate that a large proportion of children in rural areas struggle with acquiring basic academic skills. Specifically, 81 percent of rural children do not acquire numeracy skills, and 82 percent do not acquire reading skills. Additionally, rural children represent 80 percent of school dropouts and 74 percent of repeaters. The data also shows that 80 percent of children who fail to complete primary or secondary education live in rural areas. These sources collectively emphasize the persistent and significant education gap between rural and urban areas worldwide.

III.

Case Studies A. Successful Cases

The first successful case is the satellite-based educational systems in India and Colombia, named ‘EDUSAT’ and ‘ Vive Digital’, respectively. This approach aligns with Indicator 4.4.1 of SDG 4, which focuses on ensuring quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. ‘EDUSAT,’ short for Education Satellite,’ focused on providing educational opportunities to children in remote villages, delivering quality higher education to students in areas lacking access to reputable technical institutes, and launching adult literacy programs. It also included training modules for teachers, which is particularly crucial since a shortage of qualified educators is a common challenge in rural regions.

By enhancing teacher training and expanding access to education in underserved areas, this initiative has significantly improved educational outcomes for rural populations. Similarly, ‘Vive Digital’ of Colombia invested efforts to bridge the digital divide across Colombia. It aimed at extending internet connectivity to every corner of the country, a critical step in ensuring equal access to educational resources. This was achieved through the nationwide installation of digital kiosks and the provision of satellite internet services to remote regions—areas that are typically beyond the reach of conventional satellite technology, which often hampers the functionality of any existing technologies.

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Another successful case in bridging educational gaps through technology was the 3D-printed schools.

A few precedents exist, including Bougainvillea in Madagascar and Lviv Primary School in Ukraine.

These schools enabled the students in rural areas and warzones to get primary education. A few factors make this method effective in approaching not only SDG4 but also other SDGs. Firstly, 3D-printing technology is less time-consuming than traditional building methods. Bougainvillea in Madagascar only took 18 hours for its walls to be built and three weeks for its structure to be complete, and it took less than two days to construct Lviv Primary School’s concrete frame.

Second, such projects require less workforce and low cost. As Olga Gavura, one of the experts who contributed to the project, remarked, 3D-printing technology requires a small number of specialists, which can be a significant advantage. Third, most of the construction materials of 3D-printed buildings can be produced locally. In the case of Lviv Primary School in Ukraine, 90% of the materials were locally produced at a low cost. Utilizing local resources can also lead to the stimulation of the local economy and the empowerment of the community, which aligns with the fourth target of SDG 8.

Finally, 3D-printing projects can be carried out without great expertise, which is a remarkable point as it highlights the role of youth in advancing the SDG goals. Maggie Grout, the CEO of the nongovernmental organization Thinking Huts, founded the organization when she was only a teenager.

However, she successfully built Bougainvillea, the school in Madagascar mentioned above. Her instance shows that 3D-printing technology is so promising that, with sufficient endeavor, even youths can utilize it to achieve their goal. This case represents the approach to SDG 4, especially through indicator a.1, which is building and upgrading education facilities with basic services.

E-learning is emerging as another promising solution to such issues. In fact, there was a successful attempt to employ E-learning in a rural Mexican school, El Colegio Patria, which began in 2012. The goal was to integrate Khan Academy, an online learning site, into the school's math curriculum. With the supply of computers and the internet, they were able to successfully establish a program even with a shortage of math teachers.

E-learning is beneficial in locations deprived of education systems because it can provide quality education with great accessibility. As E-learning platforms are recorded and then uploaded, the best instructors worldwide can share their knowledge, which can compensate for the shortage of specialized teachers in rural areas. Moreover, online education can be very flexible and easy to follow. Although many rural students may not be accustomed to education, e-learning will enable them to fully absorb the contents at their own pace without falling behind. The case of El Colegio Patria demonstrates the world's approach to the SDG indicator of 4.1.1, especially the minimum proficiency level in mathematics. However, the effectiveness of E-learning systems falls short in areas with Limited or no access to the internet or digital devices.

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B. Unsuccessful Cases Following the analysis of successful projects, attention was also given to unsuccessful cases. For example, Project Loon by Alphabet Inc. encountered various challenges and ultimately failed. This project utilized solar-powered electronics attached to large balloons to float in the stratosphere, approximately 20 kilometers above the Earth's surface. These balloons functioned as cell towers to extend network coverage into rural areas. The project's primary objective was to address educational disparities in regions lacking infrastructure. However, despite its effort, Project Loon was discontinued in 2021. The primary cause was that balloons were subject to powerful winds: high-altitude winds displaced the balloons' location, making it costly for the company to keep them in place. Subsequently, numerous balloons failed to keep up through the stratosphere and crashed.

Valuable data and observations made by Project Loon was adapted into a new project named Taara Project. The Taara Project focused on utilizing the track beams of light to distribute networks through rural areas. This project seeks to contain numerous benefits: low cost, low environmental impact, accuracy, and secure data transmissions. This technology was brought into Sub-Saharan Africa where educational disparities exist, brightening the future for this issue.

Another example of an unsuccessful initiative is the OLPC (One Laptop per Child) project. OLPC operated from 2005 to 2014 with the aim of providing low-cost laptops to children in developing countries to enhance their educational outcomes. Despite its noble intentions, the project encountered significant challenges. The primary shortcoming was inadequate teacher training: teachers in rural areas were unfamiliar with technology itself, which impeded the effective integration of laptops into educational practices. Additionally, many laptops were broken and needed ongoing maintenance support, resulting in excessive additional expenditures for the benefactors.

Hence, the project had to be terminated without distinctive achievements in global education.

The FATIH project in Türkiye, which aimed to integrate technology into education through the provision of tablets and smart boards to schools, also faced challenges in its implementation. First, there were delays and inconsistencies in the distribution of devices and the necessary infrastructure. Second, regional issues, including problems with software, connectivity, and device maintenance, impeded the successful utilization of the technology.

IV.

Solutions and Action Plans A. Proposed Solutions i.

YOLC (Youth Offline Laptop Curriculum) Program

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The analysis of such unsuccessful cases reveals common challenges related to security and connectivity. To address these issues, we drew on insights from electronic dictionaries–popular in the 2000s for their portable dictionary capabilities–and Khan Academy Kids, a mobile app that features an offline learning section.

These inspirations led to the development of the YOLC (Youth Offline Laptop Curriculum) program. YOLC is a compact, memory-efficient educational tool designed to be installed on small devices and operated offline. Students can participate in the development of this program, in tandem with the movements like the OLPC. YOLC covers essential topics for youth development such as phonics, vocabulary, math, and science, providing fundamental knowledge within a limited memory capacity. To expand upon this knowledge, the program will feature the “Children’s Books” section that includes both storybooks and carefully selected scholarly articles.

Additionally, YOLC will integrate UN Studies to introduce students to the foundational objectives of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and inspire future SDG advocates. This approach addresses key challenges by prioritizing security and offline functionality, offering a reliable and effective solution for educational technology.

i.

3D Printed School in Liberia

Incorporating elements from the rewarding cases mentioned above along with current technological advancements, our group proposed a feasible solution utilizing 3D printers. We focused specifically on Liberia, a region facing severe educational disparity. According to research conducted by UNESCO in 2022, Liberia’s adult literacy rate in rural areas is only 34%, a rate significantly lower than in more developed countries.

To make our proposal unique, we opted to modify a key aspect of the original prototypes: the material.

While the concept of using 3D printers for construction is well known, it requires ideal strength, durability, and sustainability. Through extensive research, we discovered that bamboo possesses optimal characteristics for this purpose and is readily available in Liberia.

Utilizing bamboo fiber-based filaments in 3D printing offers numerous benefits, such as being a biobased and eco-friendly material that is 100% recyclable; not contributing significantly to deforestation, as bamboo is the fastest-growing plant in the world; allowing for the printing of walls, floors, and roofs, unlike other 3D-printed constructions; and significantly reducing cost and labor. This approach would give students the opportunity to engage in their academics within a more stimulating environment. By creating a well-constructed and accessible learning space, we aim to support not only the quality of education but also educational equity in rural areas.

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To solidify our initiative, we have developed prototypes for our 3D-printed educational facilities.

While the actual 3D printing process necessitates support from external organizations, the creation of prototypes would ensure our active engagement. Given that 3D printers require only resources and the appropriate model to operate, this approach allows students to contribute significantly to the project’s advancement.

B. Action Plans To advance the specificity of our plans, we have sought to collaborate with organizations to assess their potential involvement. Our initial step was to contact Samsung, seeking support for our "YOLC" project, which aligns with their program dedicated to supporting youth leaders working toward the SDGs. We provided a comprehensive overview of our concept, plans, and project objectives.

Subsequently, we reached out to the United Nations regarding our 3D-printed schools project, offering a detailed explanation of our strategy, goals, and anticipated outcomes.

To further demonstrate our executive capability and contribute to the seventh target of SDG 4, we focused on global recognition of the SDGs through social media. We structured our material into three segments: an introduction to SDG 4, an overview of the regional problem highlighting the need for our intervention, and a summary of our proposed solutions. We then included polls to assess participants' prior knowledge of the SDGs and the effectiveness of our content. While over half of the respondents were previously unaware of the SDGs, all participants reported that our efforts significantly improved their understanding of the goals.

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C. Evaluation The Youth Offline Laptop Curriculum (YOLC) is an innovative solution designed to address the educational challenges faced by students in rural areas who lack reliable internet access. This program equips students with laptops preloaded with a comprehensive, coded-in curriculum that can be accessed entirely offline. The expected outcomes of YOLC are aligned with several SDGs. SDG 4: Quality Education [4.6] Language Acquisition: The YOLC includes a robust language acquisition curriculum aimed at ensuring English literacy among students. By improving language skills, this component helps to level the playing field for rural students, enabling them to better access global knowledge and opportunities.

[4.7] Global Citizenship and Cultural Diversity: Through UN Studies included in the curriculum, YOLC aims to inform children about global citizenship and cultural diversity, fostering a more inclusive and informed worldview.

SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth [8.6] Enhanced Employment Opportunities: By improving the knowledge base of students in rural areas, YOLC enhances their chances of securing decent employment in the future. The curriculum covers essential subjects like science, basic math, and vocabulary, which are critical for students' intellectual and professional development.

[8.1] Economic Impact: As students acquire new skills and knowledge through the YOLC, their potential to contribute to the economy increases, thereby improving GDP per capita through better employment opportunities.

SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals [17.8] Strengthening Human Resources and Innovation Capacity: YOLC empowers developing countries by enhancing human resources and fostering innovation. By providing access to quality education, even in the most remote areas, this program strengthens the overall capacity for innovation and sustainable development in these regions.

Our 3D-Printed School is a creative way to utilize new technology in bridging educational gaps caused by regional disparity. Adopting 3D-printing technology in building schools can also have positive

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impacts on the local economy of the target region and sustainability of further projects. The expected outcomes of this project align with three SDGs: 4, 8, and 17.

SDG 4: Quality Education [4.a] Fine and Stable Educational Environments: Our project can enhance the quality and quantity of educational facilities, which will serve as a shelter for children as well as a place of learning.

[4.6] Rise of Overall Literacy: 3D-printed schools will contribute to the increase of literacy rates in rural areas, which will consequently lead to the rise of the literacy of the world in total.

SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth [8.4] Global Resource Efficiency: The printed schools can improve efficiency in consumption and production of resources as we use affordable and local resources. These resources are beneficial not only for the local economy but also for the environment, producing less by-products compared to existing plastic filaments.

[8.6] Youth Employment, Education and Training: Promoting quality education for more students will also result in the expansion of their chance to get employed for decent work.

SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals [17.7] Our action would also promote the seventh target of SDG 17 through dissemination of sustainable construction technology using abundant resources, in our case, the bamboo, that can be adopted to further projects in nearby areas.

V.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while contemporary progress toward SDG4 appears unpromising, technological development has opened many pathways toward rapid development. We focused on the educational discrepancy between rural and urban areas, looking at previous initiatives, both successful and unsuccessful, to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of technology in addressing this issue.

We then proposed innovative solutions, seeking ways to handle important factors such as connectivity, cost-efficiency, and awareness. Moreover, we sought support from various organizations to concretize our plans and assess their feasibility. Through such efforts in leveraging technological advancements and strategic partnerships, we expect to bridge educational gaps and drive significant progress toward achieving SDG 4, fostering a more equitable and informed global community.

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Works Cited 3D Printers Filaments for house construction. (2024, March 26). Max Filament. https://maxfilament.com/blog/3d-printers-filaments-for-house-construction About OLPC – OLPC. (n.d.). https://laptop.org/aboutolpc/ BioHome3D - Advanced Structures & Composites Center - University of Maine. (n.d.). Advanced Structures & Composites Center. https://composites.umaine.edu/advanced-manufacturing/biohome3d/ Cairns, R. (2024, March 26). How to 3D-print a school in a war zone. CNN Style. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/25/style/ukraine-3d-printed-school-warzone-dfi-hnk-spc-intl-hnk/index.html Cartwright, F. (2002, November). Understanding the rural - urban reading gap - eric. Understanding the rural - urban reading gap. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505294.pdf colorFabb, T. (2017, March 28). BambooFill. Learn ColorFabb. https://learn.colorfabb.com/bamboofill/ Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “Goal 4.” Un.org, 2022, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4#targets_and_indicators. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Growing rural-urban education divide. (2024, April 3). https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2024/04/03/growing-rural-urban-education-divide Holmes, M. (n.d.). Remote Education Case Studies: The Satellite Connectivity Play. Via Satellite. https://interactive.satellitetoday.com/remote-education-case-studies-the-satellite-connectivity-play/ Home. (n.d.). 14Trees - Creating Affordable Housing Solutions. https://www.14trees.com/ Kite-Powell, J. (2022, July 21). Here is a 3D printed school in Madagascar. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2022/07/21/here-is-a-3d-printed-school-in-madagascar/ Martin. (2023, October 19). Education - United Nations Sustainable development. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/ Nicosia, M. (2017, June 1). Solving the Rural Education Gap: Experts Weigh In on New Report’s Findings Tying Gap to Prosperity. https://www.the74million.org/article/solving-the-rural-education-gap-experts-weighin-on-new-reports-findings-tying-gap-to-prosperity/ Scott, C., & Scott, C. (2021, October 21). Bamboo Shows Itself to be a Promising 3D Printing Material.

3DPrint.com | the Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing. https://3dprint.com/230577/bamboo-as-apromising-3d-printing-material/ Solodziuk, B. (2023, August 1). COBOD’s 3D construction printing technology helps to rebuild Ukraine – first project is a 3D printed school in Lviv. COBOD. https://cobod.com/cobods-3d-construction-printing-technologyhelps-to-rebuild-ukraine-first-project-is-a-3d-printed-school-in-lviv/ The 22-year-old 3D-printing schools. (n.d.). [Video]. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-61588608 Turkey’s FATIH project: a plan to conquer the digital divide, or a technological leap of faith? – ERG. (n.d.). http://en.egitimreformugirisimi.org/issue/turkeys-fatih-project/

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Ydsdevreocrete. (2020, January 23). Do 3D printed houses require reinforced concrete? Reocrete | Concrete Prices | Concrete & Steel Suppliers | Brisbane. https://www.reocrete.com.au/do-3d-printed-houses-requirereinforced-concrete/

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Education for Minority Groups Without Written Language TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Preserving Culture Among Minority Groups A. Oral Tradition B. Alternative Education Methods Among Non-Literate Minority Groups

II.

Objectives of the Research

III.

Literacy Rates and Writing Systems A. The Limitation of Writing System-Disappearing Language Around the World B. The Connection between Writing System and Language C. The Associativity between the Lack of Writing System and Illiteracy

IV.

The Relevance of Writing System to SDGs

V.

Two Approaches to Develop Writing System

VI.

Solutions A. Global B. National C. Regional

VII.

Conclusion

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Abstract: Began in 2015, the United Nations enacted Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.6 aimed to ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy by 2030. However, despite the establishment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), significant disparities in literacy rate persists globally, and some communities still lack a writing system.

This paper will address both individual and global perspective. From an individual point of view, it will examine how the absence of a writing system affects the educational environment of the minority groups, including issues related to the challenges of preserving cultural identity and heritage. From a global perspective, it will assess the limitations of achieving the United Nations goals, with a particular focus on Goal 4 and 10. Furthermore, the paper will investigate the educational and social inequalities experienced by certain African tribes and Chinese ethnic minorities who are in extreme conditions without a writing system. It will suggest specific solutions led by youth to address these challenges. It will also be essential for the global community to actively participate in and contribute to the solution process with attention and effort in order to resolve this significant human rights issue on both individual and global levels.

I.

Preserving Culture Among Minority Groups A. Oral Tradition

To fully comprehend the context, it is essential to explore the methods that minority groups utilize in the absence of written language. Many minority groups without written language rely on oral traditions to preserve their cultural heritage. For instance, the Maasai people use storytelling to maintain their collective memory, impart environmental knowledge, and reinforce social norms. These narratives are vital for sustaining their cultural practices and identity.

B. Alternative Education Methods Among Non-Literate Minority Groups However, oral traditions alone are insufficient for comprehensive cultural preservation. To complement these traditions, minority groups adopt alternative educational methods. The Maasai utilize apprenticeship-based learning, where youth gain practical skills and cultural knowledge through direct mentorship. Similarly, the San people involve children in hunting and gathering activities to pass down essential skills. Other groups use visual and sign-based methods. North American Indigenous tribes employ Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) for communication and cultural exchange. The Dogon people create cave murals to depict their religious and cultural practices, providing educational opportunities for younger generations. These additional methods enhance the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage alongside oral traditions.

Despite these traditional efforts, the 21st century has brought significant changes in social structures, and the advent of the internet has diversified modes of communication. As a result, the importance of written language has become increasingly evident in terms of social development and communication.

There is an urgent need for measures to address this issue. In considering how we can assist in this matter, we have chosen this topic and conducted our investigation.

II.

Objectives of the Research

This study has two primary objectives. First, it seeks to enhance awareness of minority groups lacking written languages to deepen our understanding of their rights and needs. By emphasizing the importance of developing and implementing tailored educational methods and resources, this objective represents an essential first step toward fostering more effective collaboration with these communities.

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Second, the study proposes a systematic and efficient approach focused on local populations. By offering educational opportunities to these minority groups, the study aims to preserve their cultural heritage and knowledge, reduce social inequalities, and eliminate communication barriers. Ultimately, this contributes to improving economic opportunities and promoting the development of a more sustainable society.

The first step in creating a sustainable society is accurately diagnosing the problem. Therefore, it is pivotal to examine how the lack of a writing system, which is closely linked to literacy rates, constitutes an obstacle to sustainable social development. In this context, understanding the current global situation is essential for this analysis.

III.

Literacy Rates and Writing Systems A. The Limitation of Writing System–Disappearing Language Around the World

The significance of writing systems is particularly evident in the context of disappearing languages.

As Professor Bromham noted, “When a language is lost or is ‘sleeping,’ as we say for languages that are no longer spoken, we lose so much of our human cultural diversity.” The erosion of human cultural diversity is exacerbated by the alarming rate at which languages are vanishing. Research conducted by National Geographic Magazine in collaboration with the Endangered Language Institute reveals that 4.5% of all languages have disappeared over the past 500 years. Currently, one language vanishes every two weeks, and it is projected that by 2100, half of the languages spoken today will have disappeared.

Out of the 7,000 documented languages currently in use, it is estimated that 1,500 may no longer be spoken by the end of this century.

B. The Connection between Writing System and Language A significant factor contributing to the disappearance of many languages is the absence of a writing system. Communities lacking a written form of their language are at an increased risk of losing their cultural heritage, which may eventually lead to their extinction. Unfortunately, numerous minority groups worldwide have spoken languages with no written form, placing them in danger of cultural erasure due to the absence of a means to record their heritage.

For instance, the Dulong people, a small ethnic minority in China, have a spoken language but no written script. With a population of about 7,000, the Dulong are among the smallest ethnic groups in Yunnan province. Although they speak the Dulong language, it lacks a native script. In the 1950s, a missionary introduced another language to provide them with a writing system, and they occasionally carved symbols on wood or used knotted strings to record information.

C. The Associativity between the Lack of Writing System and Illiteracy The lack of a writing system is closely linked to illiteracy. While global illiteracy rates are gradually declining, approximately 770 million people worldwide remain illiterate, with one in seven adults unable to read or write. The highest illiteracy rates are found in regions such as Africa, where access to education is limited. For example, Afghanistan and South Sudan have some of the world’s highest illiteracy rates. According to a literacy map published by the OECD, South and West Asia and subSaharan Africa have the highest rates of illiteracy among all continents. The map also highlights that developed countries tend to have low illiteracy rates, while underdeveloped nations face significantly higher rates.

In countries without writing systems, the absence of a medium for reading and writing inevitably leads to high illiteracy rates. Recognizing this, UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, has set a goal to reduce the global illiteracy rate to no more than 10% by 54

2030. Introducing a common writing system could be a crucial step in helping minority groups without a native script achieve literacy, thereby preserving their cultural heritage and reducing illiteracy.

The absence of a writing system creates serious challenges for cultural preservation and communication. Moreover, it significantly hinders the achievement of the five essential elements of a sustainable society—People, Prosperity, Planet, Peace, and Partnership (5P). Therefore, addressing this issue is directly related to achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and creating a sustainable society.

IV.

The Relevance of Writing System to SDGs

SDG 1: No Poverty The relationship between literacy and poverty is direct and profound. Individuals who lack literacy skills face substantial economic challenges. The inability to read and write severely restricts access to job opportunities, limiting income and perpetuating a cycle of poverty. This economic disadvantage underscores the importance of literacy in breaking the chains of poverty. By improving literacy rates, individuals are better equipped to access economic opportunities, achieve stable employment, and secure financial stability. Thus, enhancing literacy is crucial for the success of SDG 1, which aims to eradicate poverty.

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being Health and literacy are deeply interconnected. Lower literacy levels often result in difficulties accessing and understanding health information, leading to inadequate responses to health issues and poor disease management. This gap in health literacy exacerbates health inequalities and undermines public health efforts. By improving literacy, particularly in health contexts, individuals can better navigate health services, make informed decisions, and manage their well-being more effectively.

Addressing literacy is therefore essential for achieving SDG 3, which focuses on ensuring good health and well-being for all.

SDG 4: Quality Education Quality education and literacy are mutually reinforcing. A lack of literacy skills hinders educational attainment and social integration. Without access to quality education, individuals struggle to develop literacy and other essential skills, impeding their ability to contribute to and benefit from society. By investing in literacy and education, we foster social inclusion and equip individuals with the tools necessary for personal and societal advancement. This alignment is crucial for achieving SDG 4, which seeks to provide inclusive and equitable quality education.

SDG 5: Gender Equality Gender inequality is exacerbated when intersecting with literacy and educational barriers. Women and girls with lower literacy levels face compounded disadvantages, experiencing greater marginalization and reduced opportunities. Expanding educational opportunities and literacy support for women and girls is vital for advancing gender equality. By addressing these barriers, we empower women to assert their rights, participate fully in society, and contribute to economic and social development. This approach is integral to achieving SDG 5, which aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Limited literacy skills severely restrict job opportunities, particularly for minority and marginalized groups. Without adequate literacy, these groups are excluded from participating fully in economic growth and development. To promote sustainable economic progress, it is essential to provide job training and economic opportunities that address literacy gaps. By enhancing literacy, we ensure that 55

all individuals can contribute to and benefit from economic growth, supporting the achievement of SDG 8, which focuses on promoting sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth.

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Literacy impacts social inclusion within urban environments. Individuals with low literacy skills may face exclusion from essential services and opportunities, hindering the creation of inclusive and resilient communities. To build sustainable cities, inclusive policies that address literacy gaps are necessary. By improving literacy, we enhance social inclusion and community resilience, contributing to the success of SDG 11, which aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

Considering intimate relationships with various SDGs, the introduction of a writing system is vital not only for personal survival but also for fulfilling the shared responsibilities of the international community. In this light of perspective, efforts have been made in diverse regions.

V.

Two Approaches to Develop Writing System

Methods for developing a writing system vary depending on the situation, mainly focusing on two primary approaches: first, by developing entirely new characters, and second, by implementing spelling rules using existing characters as phonetic symbols.

1st: Cherokee Cherokee’s writing system shows the first method of supplying letters. Sequoyah, a member of the Cherokee people, developed a new writing system for the Cherokee language, which previously had no written form. According to a few articles related to the Cherokee language, Sequoyah first invented a writing system based on logograms, but he changed to a handwritten form due to its cumbersome and unsuitable use to citizens. The people from the Cherokee tribe learnt the syllabary by 1820, and in 1830, 90% of people in the tribe became literate. Currently, the Cherokee language is considered a key element of Cherokee identity and plays a crucial role in preserving their traditions across various fields.

2nd: Cia Cia People On the other hand, the adoption of Hangul (Korean Letters) by the Cia-Cia people, a minority group in Indonesia, demonstrates a great example of borrowing existing characters as phonetic symbols. The Cia-Cia had their own language but no writing system, putting their language at risk of extinction.

However, by adopting Hangul for their writing system, they became a prominent example of exporting Hangul. Although the Hangul adoption by the Cia-Cia faced challenges in 2011, it persevered, and in 2014, with support from the Korea-Cia-Cia Cultural Exchange Association, education continued through small donations. The reason they chose Hangul over the Roman alphabet was because Hangul

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can represent sounds more accurately than any other script. The Cia-Cia are now the first people in the world to officially adopt Hangul as their writing system.

Another significant example is the development of Hangul orthography for South American tribes.

In 2015, Hangul orthography was created for tribes without a writing system. A research team led by Professor Kwon Jae-il of Seoul National University began developing Hangul orthography in 2012 and completed it in August 2015, tailoring it to the specific language needs. They developed this for the Aymara people, who are estimated to number around 3 million.

Based on these real-life examples, we have outlined participatory activities involving youth, local communities, nations, and global citizens, with a strong emphasis on youth partnership.

VI.

Solutions A. Global

In today's rapidly evolving society, the challenge of reducing educational disparities is exacerbatedespecially considering the time-consuming nature of creating an effective writing system. In this context, global society can act to address the pressing needs of improving health conditions and enacting social perceptions of local people. One way is the utilization of globally standardized pictograms, which can serve as powerful educational tools to maintain social order for everyone.

To implement global pictograms, the international society should first organize a competition to make easy, informative pictograms an essential field. This activity will draw attention from the general public and help to enact effective pictograms presenting traffic, health, time, and public order signs. After deciding on international pictograms, it is significant to mandate the use of pictograms in all food and pharmaceutical products, which directly relate to survival. Those pictograms should cover symptoms, precautions, expiration date, usage method, side effects, prohibited items, storage methods, food interaction, etc., similar to the Korea Food and Drug Administration release. It is also important to establish a team to focus on pictogram education internationally and issue pictogram brochures, eradicating misuse of food and drugs by illiterate people, including minority groups without a written language.

Korea Food and Drug Administration Pictograms 57

B. National Once written language is established, it is essential to ensure smooth communication with the standard national language and eliminate any possible reluctance of local people. This process requires significant assistance from the government in many fields.

First, the government should develop a dictionary using a new writing system. If local people engage in the word coding process, they will soon publish an initial basic work-life vocabulary dictionary and continue to update and revise it for perfection. This initiation will bridge the communication gap between standard language and local languages, helping the economic and social development of a nation.

Additionally, the government can include traditions of minority groups and the development of the writing system in the official educational curriculum. Awareness of cultural topics nationally will bring wide acceptance of new writing systems and harmonize two cultures. Moreover, the initiative will empower local youth to preserve their culture, strengthen their national identity, and bring pride to their new writing systems. As knowledge comes before genuine integration, revising the education curriculum is important.

Third, a nation can push ahead with the collaborative activity of making fonts with college students.

The fonts designed with unique traditional characteristics of the region- hues and patterns- can help indigenous people embrace and cherish their writing. Therefore, this innovative proposal suggests the nation collaborate with non-governmental organizations, gathering global college students from visual design to create these fonts. Through several weeks of research, students will build global partnerships, learn about minority cultures, and ultimately lay the groundwork to become global citizens. This experience will enrich their future careers and provide opportunities for local economic revitalization.

Indigenous font examples The last suggestion for the government is to open a national online learning program. This online platform is akin to Stepping Stones, an existing international youth-to-youth program. For instance, when a tribe uses the English alphabet as a pronunciation key, English-speaking youth from around the world can participate in this online alphabet tutoring alongside local youth. It is a good opportunity to learn each other's language and culture, so it is possible to conduct it at a class level in connection with Intercultural Virtual Exchange of Classroom Activities (IVECA), an international Non-Governmental Organization (NGO).

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IVECA Virtual Schooling C.

Regional

The local society has its own role in preserving its letter and culture. First, local youth can publish community newspapers in their native language using local characters. Through the activity, the new generation can get informative insights into their tradition and the wisdom of their ancestors. As future generations will be responsible for traditional succession, the activity will serve as a valuable opportunity in this context.

The second suggestion is to establish a traditional workshop. Considering the United Nations' Universal Values Principle Two, "Leave No One Behind" (LNOB), we have thought of special job opportunities for elderly individuals who may face difficulties in learning to write. Because the elderly are 'living museums' in oral tradition, the local youth can record their stories about unique traditional skills, dances, and recent history of their community, turn them into videos, and post them on the official regional website. This activity will allow the elderly to become an integral part of the community's history and give them job opportunities.

Third, another local homepage is needed for youth education. Through the homepage, the youth can upload and share creative photos of new letters and objects whose names begin with the corresponding sounds.

Visualizing Alphabets Like the reference pictures, tribal children can draw their new alphabet using their language. By repeated study of various illustrations on this platform, children can visualize the specific pronunciations in their minds and ultimately learn to read the letter. We anticipate this homepage will serve as valuable academic material, particularly in primary schools, drawing young students' interest and significantly easing the learning process.

VII.

Conclusion

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In conclusion, as Ludwig Wittgenstein stated, "The limits of my language means the limits of my world," our exploration into the constraints imposed by language and communication underscores a critical issue: the limitations of written forms can restrict individual expression and our collective understanding and interaction. We have examined the profound impacts these limitations have from both personal and global perspectives, proposing diverse solutions to expand the boundaries of our world. The significance of this study lies in its potential to foster global partnerships and create a more equitable society by addressing communication barriers. However, these goals cannot be achieved without substantial support and effort from the international community. Therefore, we must implement concrete policies and frameworks to support these endeavors. We must remember that the ability to speak and write, which many of us take for granted, remains a distant dream for countless individuals around the world. Writing is key to unlocking doors towards broader opportunities for many. We invite you to join us on this journey. By coming together, we can bridge the gaps and broaden the horizons for those who lack access to writing systems. If global citizens engage with and support these solutions, our collective efforts can become a beacon that bridges divides and opens new pathways for all.

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Works Cited 13 화 외국인 상담원이라는 무기 혹은 약점. (2021, June 22). Brunch Story. https://brunch.co.kr/@leeyeeun/104

박상현. 친애하는 슐츠 씨. Kyobobook MCP, 2024, books.google.ie/books?id=f0cNEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%EC%B9%9C%EC%95%A0%ED%95 %98%EB%8A%94+%EC%8A%90%EC%B8%A0%EC%94%A8&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api.

약학정보원. (n.d.). https://www.health.kr/mediCounsel/pictogram.asp 오룡. (2019, March 16). [문자 창안] 언어, 2 주에 하나씩 지구상에서 사라진다. 아시아엔 THE AsiaN. http://kor.theasian.asia/archives/95958 Africa, O. S. (2023, August 2). The Maasai Tribe: Culture, Traditions, and Way of Life. https://oretetisafari.com/blog/maasai-tribe Cherokee Language and the Cherokee Indian Tribe (Tsalagi, Tsa-la-gi, Aniyunwiya, Cherokees). (n.d.).

Cherokee Language and the Cherokee Indian Tribe (Tsalagi, Tsa-la-gi, Aniyunwiya, Cherokees) (nativelanguages.org) Dogon People. (2024, February 1). African Art. https://forafricanart.com/dogon-people/ Dogon People. (2023, November 29). AmplifyGlobe. https://www.amplifyglobe.com/cultures/the-dogon-people Grönholm, E. (2023, March 8). 10 facts about global literacy - The Finnish Reading Center. The Finnish Reading Center. https://lukukeskus.fi/en/10-facts-about-global-literacy/ Home - SSG Website. (2024, June 7). SSG Website. https://thesteppingstonesgroup.com/ Leave No One Behind. (n.d.). https://unsdg.un.org/2030-agenda/universal-values/leave-no-one-behind Native Knowledge 360°—Celebrating Native Cultures Through Words: Storytelling and Oral Traditions. (2021, March 24). https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/informational/storytelling-and-oral-traditions Plus, E. (2023b, September 10). Echoes Through Time: The Maasai Oral Tradition Unveiled. English Plus Podcast. https://englishpluspodcast.com/echoes-through-time-the-maasai-oral-tradition-unveiled/ Team, W. (2024, August 9). The importance of typography and how it influences the impact of a design.

Webflow. https://webflow.com/blog/importance-of-typography TEDx Talks. (2020, September 24). Can a Font Eradicate Illiteracy? | Renee Seward | TEDxCincinnatiSalon [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TB0pSGJdM74 The University of Chicago. (2022, August 20). https://www.uchicago.edu/ United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2007). https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf

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We, Maasai: Revitalizing Indigenous Language and Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Maasailand, Kenya. (2012, November 26). Cultural Survival. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/culturalsurvival-quarterly/we-maasai-revitalizing-indigenous-language-and-knowledge World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability. (2023, December 17). World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/home

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Ocean Pollution and Climate Change TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Introduction

II.

SDGs A. SDG 3 B. SDG 13 C. SDG 14

III.

Ocean Challenges A. Climate Change B. Marine Plastic Pollution C. Climate Change and Plastic Pollution

IV.

Impacts on Marine Life A. Seriousness of Plastics on Marine Life B. Effects on Marine Life

V.

Impacts on Human Life A. Microplastics and Chemicals B. Sea Level Rise C. El Niño and La Niña D. Damage in Fishing Industry

VI.

Possible Solutions A. Renewable Energies B. A Mitigant for Climate Change: Carbon Capture and Storage C. Bioplastics D. Eco-Nutrient Plastic E. Coral Reef Restoration

VII.

Role of the Youth

VIII.

Conclusion

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Abstract: The ocean, covering 70% of Earth's surface, plays a crucial role in supporting human life and the global economy by providing essential goods, services, and regulating the climate. However, the ocean is currently facing significant challenges, such as climate change, marine plastic pollution, and rising sea levels, all of which threaten its ability to sustain both human and marine life. This paper examines the interconnectedness of these challenges with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 3, 13, and 14, which focus on health, climate action, and life below water.

By exploring the impacts of these challenges on marine and human life, the paper highlights the severity of plastic pollution, the risks posed by microplastics, and the consequences of climate-related phenomena like El Niño and La Niña. The research also discusses potential solutions, including the adoption of renewable energies, carbon capture and storage, the development of bioplastics, and coral reef restoration efforts. Finally, the paper emphasizes the critical role that youth must play in addressing these global issues. It calls for active engagement and awareness among young people to contribute to a sustainable future.

I.

Introduction

Covering 70% of the Earth’s surface, the ocean holds high importance in leading sustainable development of humanity. The ocean-related activities result in producing goods and services which return with a high contribution to the economy of the nation, employing an estimated 3 million people to the industries related to the ocean. It further supports international trading by contributing to a large percentage of transportation. The ocean also sustains humans’ lives by providing seafood and ingredients used in diverse food products and in medicines. Since the ocean comprises 70% of the surface of the Earth, it is in charge of regulating climate and weather patterns, further alleviating global warming by absorbing excess heat produced by the industries. Not only does it support humans but it also sustains marine lives by providing habitats for marine animals and food chains.

However, the diverse functions the ocean does in relation to humans and marine animals are threatened due to the challenges the ocean confronts. Hence, understanding how the ocean challenges operate and impact humans and marine lives are essential to mitigate the challenges. The report explores the linkage between the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 and the ocean challenges. Then, it focuses on the causes and impacts of the ocean challenges on the humans and marine lives. It also takes a look at the possible solutions for the mitigation of the challenges, using our own insight, and the roles the youth can take to contribute to solving the challenges.

II.

SDGs A. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Overview SDG 3 is the goal of promoting health and well-being of all people regardless of what conditions they are in. The United Nations have been implementing the goal by providing health supplies and assistance for every person. The implementation requires the completion of thirteen targets which respectfully concentrate on specific contents regarding health issues. The targets aim for decreasing mortality rates of pregnant women and children under the age of five and reducing people struck with diseases, violence, disorders, substance abuses, accidents on road, hazardous chemicals, and pollution, achieving universal coverage for sexual and reproductive health-care services and general health, improving tobacco control and early warning systems for global health issues, and supporting researches development for affordable vaccines and medicines and health workforce by increasing finances in developing countries.

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Connection to Ocean Challenges Not only does SDG 3 have a connection with general health issues, but it also has a relation to ocean challenges. As it would be mentioned throughout the report, one of the major challenges of the ocean is that plastics in the ocean ecosystem release toxins via degradation and nanoplastics are highly ingestible due to their microscopic size. When those hazardous particles are ingested by marine animals and humans consume ocean animals, the toxins and additives enter human’s body system through the food chain. Specifically, nanoplastics directly penetrate the human body due to its microscopic size.

The chemical absorption by humans brings out combined effects on the health of cancer, birth defects, childhood development issues, problems of the immune system, hormone disruption, and other potential disorders.

B. SDG 13: Climate Actions Overview SDG 13 is identified as the goal of solving climate change through education, innovation, and adherence to humanity’s climate commitments.

The work towards accomplishing SDG 13 is in progress by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters, integrating climate change measures into policy and planning, improving education, awareness, and individual and institutional capacity on climate change adaptation, and implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, SDG 13 is the only goal listed in SDG which is currently in the state of regression.

Connection to Ocean Challenges Climate change has interacted with many other fields of studies and phenomena, one of which is the ocean environment. Due to global warming, ocean warming raises the global sea level, changes the shift of El Niño and La Niña, creates ocean heat waves, and brings out many other impacts on the ocean.

Furthermore, climate change exacerbates ocean pollution due to plastic. According to the research, high temperatures accelerate the plastic degradation, releasing hazardous chemicals at a faster rate than in low temperatures.

C. SDG 14: Life Below Water Overview SDG 14 focuses on conserving and using the ocean and marine resources in a sustainable manner. The United Nations announced ten targets to be reflected in practice in the fishing industry and policy-making process. The targets include the reduction of marine pollution, ocean acidification and unsustainable fishing, conservation of marine ecosystems and coastal and marine areas, increase of economic benefits from sustainable uses of resources, active research, and technological development, support for small-scale fishers, and enforced implementation of international sea law.

Connection to Ocean Challenges Since SDG 14 focuses on marine lives, it maintains a direct connection with ocean challenges in numerous ways. Due to plastics in the ocean environment, marine lives suffer from problems with the plastic ingestion which lower their health and even cause extinction of specific species. They are 70

affected by ocean warming as well. As the ocean temperature rises, the environmental conditions of the ocean changes and creates extreme results such as aggravated natural disasters due to more extreme and frequent shifts of El Niño and La Niña.

III.

Ocean Challenges

Providing essential elements for survival to humans and animals regardless of their species, the ocean environment holds great value and importance concerning sustainability. However, the development in the area of people has led to challenges in the ocean. In the report are two main challenges demonstrated: ocean warming and marine plastic pollution. This section of the report discusses the causes and results of the challenges on the ocean environment as well as how two challenges operate to exacerbate and reinforce severity of one another.

A. Climate Change Cause of Global Warming Despite the preconception, climate change can occur both by variations in nature and by human activities. The climate change on the table is on progress due to human activities which have contributed to increasing the emission of greenhouse gas functioning to trap heat within the atmosphere. The result is global warming: an increase in average temperatures of surface air and sea surfaces. Ocean warming specifically concentrates on the increase in average temperatures of sea surfaces. As the atmosphere and the ocean surface have a direct touch on one another, the ocean surface takes up the heat from the atmosphere. According to the statistics, the large water bodies of the oceans are responsible for the absorption of 90% of excess heat generated by human activities, indicating that the ocean functions to inhibit the additional increase of atmospheric temperature. Nonetheless, the absorption of excess heat increases the temperatures of the ocean.

Impact of Ocean Warming: Sea Level Rise One of the major impacts that ocean warming poses on the ocean environment is the rising sea level.

According to the data collected, the sea level has risen by 21 to 24 centimeters since 1880. It is estimated that the global mean sea level would rise up between 0.29 meters to 1.1 meters. The sea level by the end of the century would show a large increase and result in dire consequences if the ocean warming continues.

Thermal expansion and melting ice are identified to be the main drivers of the sea level rise. Thermal expansion occurs because of ocean warming; it is the tendency of matter to increase its volume as temperature rises. As the change of temperature easily affects the density of seawater, the increase of the global sea level is large. In the years of 1993 and 2010, the thermal expansion contributed to one third of the total increase of the sea level, rising the sea level by 19mm. The future projection further estimates the sea level rise to be continuously increasing.

The second main driver of sea level rise is melting ice. The warm temperatures of the atmosphere near the sea surface and the surface of the sea water gradually melt the sea ice and land ice. Since the sea ice—icebergs and frozen seawater—is already located in the ocean, the sea ice only changes its state from solid to liquid, therefore not greatly contributing to the total rise of sea level. On the other hand, land ice such as glaciers and ice sheets are major contributors to directly raising the global sea level. The rise of temperature causes the rate of ice melting to exceed that of ice freezing, hence increasing the sea level as the melted water runs into the bodies of the ocean. Despite its low contribution in raising the sea level in a direct way, the sea ice plays a significant role in the sea level rise because of the albedo effect. Albedo represents the amount of sunlight a matter reflects. When the surface which reflects the sunlight is light-colored, the amount of sunlight reflected increases, whereas 71

the surface with dark colors reflects less sunlight and absorbs more heat. Generally, the sea ice has white color on the surface, therefore having a high albedo. However, when the sea ice melts into seawater, the color becomes darker. This indicates as albedo decreases, the ocean uptakes more heat energy and hence warms up, consequently exacerbating the ocean warming and further rising sea level.

Impact of Ocean Warming: El Niño and La Niña Another major impact on the ocean environment caused by ocean warming is the change in El Niño and La Niña. El Niño is a periodic warming of the sea surfaces, and La Niña is a periodic cooling of the sea surfaces. Shifting in a cycle called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), they are natural climate patterns occurring every two to seven years in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

When the ocean climate is in its neutral condition, or ENSO-neutral, the trade winds in the Pacific Ocean blow from east to west, and the heat energy from the sun warms the surface of the ocean in the same direction. The ocean climate patterns such as air motion and rain patterns maintain averages shown from the past.

In the phase of El Niño, the surface winds weaken or change their direction from west to east, warming the eastern and central part of the Pacific Ocean. Due to the rise in temperatures of the surfaces in the eastern and central part of the Pacific Ocean, the atmosphere blanketing the surface seawater warms up as well, decreasing its pressure. This process functions to increase the global temperatures and create an increase of rising air motions in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean; accordingly, the rainfall becomes more frequent in the region.

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The opposite climate pattern to El Niño, La Niña is another phase in ENSO where the surface wind of the Pacific Ocean strengthens, bringing out the opposite results regarding the change in ocean climate.

Due to upwelling, the cooler water rises to become the surface seawater. The cooler water in the ocean surface decreases the global temperatures and reinforces sinking air motion in the eastern and central area of the Pacific Ocean, leading to creating drier weather conditions for the east and center of the Pacific Ocean.

The ENSO cycle is a long-term climate pattern which has continued for a long time. However, according to the research done by Wenju Cai and his research team, the El Niño has led to more extreme ocean temperatures by 10%, compared to the 1960s before industrialization. This study implies that climate change in the current century has had an impact on aggravating the climate patterns during the phase of El Niño. The researchers also demonstrated the relationship between climate change and the ENSO cycle as not only the ENSO cycle but also climate change is associated with intensifying natural disasters. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration further points out that the year 2022 has been one of the hottest years despite the influence of La Niña on the year. El Niño and La Niña themselves cause natural disasters such as droughts and hurricanes. With climate change also intensifying natural disasters, El Niño and La Niña contribute to creating extreme weather patterns—a threat to the world’s economy and food supplies.

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B. Marine Plastic Pollution Overview of Plastics in the Ocean Environment The usage of plastic has promoted the quality of the circulation of the products and convenience of manufacturing the products in the post-industrialized era. However, along with the plastic industry having expanded and produced colossal plastics since its first introduction to the world, most of the plastic plays an ephemeral function and converts into waste; hence, the majority of the plastics are discarded into natural environments such as land and ocean. Around 0.5% of global annual plastic waste enters the oceans, equivalent to about 1.7 million tonnes of plastics. Unlike it seems to be, the figure of 0.5% represents the huge amount of plastics located in the ocean environment. Furthermore, the figure tends to increase overtime. Considering the total amount of plastics floating in the oceans, the figure increases year by year as well. As shown in the provided graph, the accumulation of plastic waste in the oceans is on an increase, showing more than twenty million metric tonnes of difference from 2000 to 2019. The accumulated and newly-entering plastics due to mass production, consumption, and disposal into the ocean environment creates marine plastic pollution which is a global challenge and a critical threat to the ecosystem.

Sources of Marine Plastic Waste Out of the total plastic debris in the ocean, about 80% have originated from the land. The land-based plastic sources include plastic litter, windblown debris, industrial and municipal waste. Firstly, the macroplastics such as plastic bags, littering of packaged materials, bottle and container caps, and plastic straws are discarded by the mass of people on a daily basis. The plastic litter is transported to the ocean due to improper litter management, careless plastic litter, and factors of nature such as wind and rain.

The second major type of land-based plastic source is municipal wastewater which is the wastewater generated from water usages in households. The municipal wastewater contains microplastics from cosmetic and care products, household sewage, and synthetic clothes to name a few. Due to poor water treatment systems, the microplastics escape the treatment system and enter the rivers which are connected to large bodies of oceans. The last major source of plastic debris is industrial leakage. When the disposal of plastic materials conducted by the industries fail to properly discard the substances, the plastic leaks into the ocean environment. The plastic leakage significantly contributes to the spread of plastic pollutants across the ocean.

The marine sources of plastics account for about 20% of the plastic debris in the ocean environment.

According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), “5.7% of fishing nets, 8.6% of traps and pots, and 29% of fishing lines used globally are lost, abandoned, or otherwise discarded into the environment.” With a large percentage of fishing gear lost in the ocean environment, ghost gears contribute to 10% of the plastic debris in the ocean environment; moreover, considering the plastic with the size of more than 20 centimeters, they make up about 70% of the total marine plastic debris.

Ghost gear is the term for indicating fishing gears which are accidentally or deliberately abandoned and discarded into the ocean environment. The cases of accidental loss are because of the gear’s entanglement with reefs and rocks in the ocean, while the cases of deliberate loss are due to illegal fishing. To avoid detection and eliminate the evidence of illegal fishing, the fishing gears are intentionally discarded into the environment. Other marine-based sources are primarily from vessels.

The weathering of antifouling paint, loss of cargo into the ocean, scraping of paint, and shipwrecks are one of the major sources to release macroplastic and microplastic into the ocean environment.

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C. Climate Change and Plastic Pollution Relationship between Climate Change and Plastic Pollution The rising temperatures induced by climate change have a crucial impact on plastics in three major ways regarding their high sensitivity in temperatures and moisture. The instant change plastics receive from an increase of temperature is a decline of an effective display of the specific properties of plastics.

In higher temperatures, plastic materials undergo more thermal expansion than in cooler climates, therefore contributing to the loss of plastic properties such as stiffness and gas and water vapor barrier.

In addition, increased temperatures bring about a long-term effect on the lifetime of plastic products.

Because of the Arrhenius Law—the law stating the degradation rate exponentially increases with rising temperature—, the increased temperature accelerates degradation. The degradation of plastics not only reduces durability and service life for plastic products, but it also generates an increased amount of microplastics as macroplastics degrade into smaller particles. The temperatures moreover increase toxicity of microplastics, which is a critical threat to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, and facilitate the degradation of microplastics into nanoplastics which are highly capable of penetrating into the systems of marine lives and humans.

The increasing temperature, furthermore, facilitates the diffusion and evaporation of plastic materials.

Plastic materials contain various hazardous chemicals which potentially cause harmful effects on the ecosystem and humans when emitted. As the higher temperatures accelerate the diffusion and evaporation rate of plastics, the harmful chemicals are leached into the environment including atmosphere, land, and water bodies at an intensified level, worsening the air, land, and ocean pollution globally.

Overall, because of high temperatures, the plastics lose their properties as well-functioning products via thermal expansion. This leads to the consequence that the plastic materials are no longer adequate for original plastic recycling systems. Therefore, the degraded plastics unsuitable for recycling gain more chances to enter into the environment, worsening the plastic pollution. Because of the acceleration of the degradation process of the plastic materials, plastics undergo depreciation in durability and lifespan and facilitate macroplastics to degrade into microplastics and microplastics into nanoplastics, consequently easing the penetration of harmful particles into body systems of animals and humans.

Plastic degradation, along with accelerated diffusion and evaporation rate of plastic materials, operates another impact on the environment by leading harmful chemicals in the plastics to be released into the environment at a much faster rate than they did in the climate condition with low temperatures.

Vicious Cycle The previous content focused on how rising temperatures caused by climate change exacerbates aquatic as well as terrestrial plastic pollution by facilitating active thermal expansion, degradation rate, and diffusion and evaporation of plastic materials. However, another aspect of the relationship of the two challenges is that the impact of increased temperatures on plastics enhances the crisis of climate change.

Because of the operation of thermal expansion and facilitated degradation process, the plastic materials fail to maintain their original property and composition. This results in frequent replacement of the plastic products, which increases plastic production, one of the major contributors for greenhouse gas emission. Furthermore, the research shows during the degradation process, the most commonly used plastics release methane and ethylene. Methane and ethylene, two of the greenhouse gasses, intensify the greenhouse effect which enhances global climate change.

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As the increased temperatures from enhanced climate change impacts plastics by declining their properties, facilitating degradation processes and diffusion and evaporation rates, and accelerating the leaching of hazardous chemicals contained in plastic materials, the consequences return with the enlarged plastic production which exacerbate climate change by releasing greenhouse gasses. The comprehensive relationships show the vicious circle that climate change and plastic pollution belong to. Since both global challenges affect the ocean environment in diverse aspects, the ocean environment is also included in the circle showing the self-reinforcing relationship of climate change and plastic pollution.

IV.

Impacts on Marine Life

Ocean is the most vulnerable environment for waste plastics. It is difficult to solve when plastic enters the ocean. After months or years at the sea, plastic gradually breaks down into smaller pieces, hitting waves and storms, and eventually becoming smaller than grains of sand. According to the UN, at least 800 species worldwide are affected by marine litter, and 80% of that waste is plastic. It is estimated that up to 13 million tons of plastic flows into the oceans every year, which is equivalent to one garbage or garbage truck every minute. So, I know there are so many marine animals that are in pain from plastic waste. I will introduce the impact on aquatic life by ocean pollution.

A. Seriousness of plastics Plastics can be categorized into 3 types based on their size, macroplastics, meso plastics, and microplastics. Macroplastics are large items of plastic that can capture and entangle marine mammals and fish and stop them from escaping, usually leading to starvation, injury and predator vulnerability.

Discarded fishing nets can also smother and break coral reefs, preventing healthy growth. Meso plastics are small but visible plastic fragments can sit on the surface of the water and be mistaken for food by seabirds and other marine species, leading to issues including suffocation, starvation and toxic contamination over time. Microplastics are invisible to the naked eye, making them easy for wildlife to consume. They also have the ability to absorb toxins, which can transfer to the fatty tissues of the organisms that ingest them. Because microplastics are a reasonably new discovery, their long-term impacts are yet to be determined.

B. Effect on marine animals Many marine animals are affected by plastic pollution, but some species are more vulnerable than others. Sea turtles, for example, are at high risk of ingesting plastic, as they mistake plastic bags for their favorite food, jellyfish. Plastic pollution also affects marine mammals like whales and dolphins, which can get entangled in plastic debris, leading to injuries or death. In many cases, plastic pollution affects not only individual animals but entire ecosystems. As excess debris in the ocean slowly degrades over many years, it uses oxygen to do so, resulting in less oxygen in the ocean. Low levels of oxygen in the ocean lead to the death of ocean animals such as penguins, dolphins, whales and sharks. Coral reefs, for example, are damaged by plastic pollution, which can cause disease and bleaching. This damage, in turn, affects the fish and other marine animals that rely on the coral reef as their habitat. If the coral reef is destroyed, the entire ecosystem is affected. Marine plastic pollution has impacted at least 267 species worldwide, including 86% of all sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species and 43% 76

of all marine mammal species. The impacts include fatalities as a result of ingestion, starvation, suffocation, infection, drowning, and entanglement. So, I would like to mention the effect on sea animals divided by each species, and their habitat.

Sea turtles Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic garbage for food. They can choke, sustain internal injury and die or starve by thinking they’re full from eating plastic. Tragically, research indicates that half of sea turtles worldwide have ingested plastic. New studies find plastic pollution is so pervasive on many beaches that it's affecting their reproduction. A recent study found that sea turtles that ingest just 14 pieces of plastic have an increased risk of death. Scientists estimate that 60 percent of all seabird species have eaten pieces of plastic, a figure they predict will rise to 99 percent by 2050. Next, I would like to say the dangerousness of plastics to sea turtles through research.

It means significance of the relationship between probability of death due to plastic debris and the plastic debris load in the animal. (A) expresses the analysis using the cause of death as identified during necropsy. The load in this panel is the number of items per cm of curved carapace length, as per the best model in our analysis. In each panel the top plot shows the distribution of slope estimates for the number of debris items in the gut, the lower plot shows the significance of these coefficients, from 1,000 Monte Carlo regression analysis samples. Therefore, I could know that many turtles were killed by plastics.

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The graph represents probability of mortality due to plastic ingestion with increasing plastic load in the gastrointestinal tract. Model results are based on the median curved carapace length for animals in the data (43.5 cm) and the most common age class (juvenile). Two models are shown, both based on Monte Carlo simulations. The first model assumes the cause of death has been assigned correctly, leading to animals with plastic ingestion as an assigned cause having a probability in the interval [1,1] in the Monte Carlo process. The second model assumes plastic has been assigned incorrectly, leading to a probability in the interval [0,1]. For each model we show the median (solid) and the extreme values (dotted) over 1,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The rug plot along the top of the figure shows the number of plastic items in each of the turtles in our samples, with orange (top) showing turtles that died of known non-plastic ingestion causes, and purple (beneath) indicating those that died of either plastic ingestion or were indeterminate.

Seabirds Seabirds are a diverse group of birds that make a living from the ocean. They consist of gulls, penguins, pelicans, petrels, sea ducks. Monitored seabird species declined by 70% globally between 1950 and 2010. Hundreds of thousands of seabirds ingest plastic every year. Plastic ingestion reduces the storage volume of the stomach, causing starvation. It’s estimated that 60 percent of all seabird species have eaten pieces of plastic, with that number predicted to increase to 99 percent by 2050. Dead seabirds are often found with stomachs full of plastic, reflecting how the amount of garbage in our oceans has rapidly increased in the past 40 years. In recent research, the top 3 threats are bycatch, climate change, and invasive species like cats and rodents. For example, the Laysan albatross is a large seabird which can fly long distances over the ocean. more than 80% of adult birds contained plastics in their digestive tracts, including bags, caps, toys, and toothbrushes. It was not the direct cause of death, but a decreased body condition appears to indirectly increase the risk of death.

Marine mammals Marine mammals ingest, and get tangled up in, plastic. Large amounts of plastic debris have been found in the habitat of critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals, including in areas that serve as pup nurseries. Entanglement in plastic debris has also led to injury and mortality in the endangered Steller sea lion, with packing bands the most common entangling material. Dead whales have been found with bellies full of plastic. Most of them are the pain of nets, ropes, and plastic bags. Even the wreckage of the car could be found in their bodies. The amount of ingested debris varied largely with up to 25 kg of debris in one whale. A fin whale stranded in Ireland in 2000 had a nylon rope tucked in its baleen plates

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and swallowed part of it. A common bottlenose dolphin died in Virginia in 2009 because of entanglement with fishing twine marketed as extra strong.

Sharks Sharks suffer from plastic larger than microplastics disturbing their gills in the past. But Problems related to the consumption of plastic such as straws have been increasing recently. A review reported entanglements for 34 species of sharks, rays and chimeras. Lost fishing gear accounted for 74% of the cases, and strapping bands for another 11%.

Effect on fish of each part Fish in the North Pacific ingest 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic each year, which can cause intestinal injury and death and transfers plastic up the food chain to bigger fish, marine mammals and human seafood eaters. In fact, at least 100,000 marine animals die each year because of plastic pollution, the World Wildlife Fund finds. A recent study found that a quarter of fish at markets in California contained plastic in their guts. This picture represents the effect on fish by microplastics. MP means microplastics.

Last but not least, microplastics, or nanoplastics, are invisible to the naked eye, making them easy for wildlife to consume. Also, it can enhance the toxic effects of certain pollutants substances in fish.

Microplastics are now found throughout aquatic ecosystems and pose a new, complex challenge, which requires more time for further research to address it effectively. In fish, the microplastics may cause structural damage to the intestine, liver, gills, and brain, while affecting metabolic balance, behavior, and fertility. This picture represents the effect of microplastics on fishes of each part. First, when they consume microplastics, it causes intestinal microbiome in their gastrointestinal tract. In certain cases, it causes an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation and structural damage of the gills. In the liver, structural problems in organs could be identified, and problems in the brain and muscles deteriorate the fish’s ability to behave. It also affects their reproductive system, as microplastic penetrates into the fish eggs and decreases productivity, which will lead to the next generation. Unless action is taken soon to address this urgent problem, scientists predict that the weight of ocean plastics will exceed the combined weight of all of the fish in the seas by 2050.

Coral reef Scientists concluded that corals that come into contact with plastic have an 89 percent chance of contracting disease, compared with 4 percent likelihood for corals that do not. Coral reefs’ extreme 79

susceptibility to warming seas makes them one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change.

Higher ocean temperatures and ocean heatwaves are the main triggers of coral stress and bleaching.

When waters get too warm for corals, corals release their colorful micro-algae, turning a skeletal white.

Some corals glow by naturally producing a protective layer of neon pigments before they bleach. If bleaching events are prolonged or happen too frequently with not enough time to recover in between, significant coral mortality can occur, sealing the fate of coral reefs.

According to the GCRMN's Status of Coral Reefs of the Word Report from 2020, there has been a steady decrease in hard coral cover since 2010, which indicates the increasing fragility of coral reefs.

Mangrove Mangrove forests consist of specialized salt-tolerant shrubs and trees, and they are known to have many benefits for not just the marine ecosystem but also for humans, including coastal protection against storms and tsunamis, food and wood production, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and water purification. Mangroves face a combination of stressors besides plastic pollution: Habitat loss and fragmentation is probably the most important one as up to 35% of all mangroves have already been destroyed by deforestation and sea-level rise. By the 2000s, macroplastic debris was already widespread on a Red Sea island with mangrove forests. In the 2010s, mangrove forests along the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf had a litter density of 66 items, of which more than 90% was plastic . The density of plastic debris negatively correlated with mangrove health. smothering and entanglement of tree seedlings with marine debris can hamper the survival and rehabilitation of mangrove forests. According to research about the effect on mangroves by plastics, plastic waste is trapped by mangrove forests, and can be present in high quantities both on the forest floor and in the sediment. Layers of plastic that are deposited on top of mangroves' aerial roots can cause an immediate local response, as trees invest in root growth to outgrow the anoxic conditions. Mangrove trees that are partly covered by plastic show a root-growth response and are seemingly stressed, but appear to be able to endure partial suffocation.

Mangrove trees in which the root zones are entirely covered by plastic will ultimately die. Also, a study conducted on the north coast of Java, Indonesia, examined the extent of plastic waste in ocean floors and its effects on mangrove forests. Findings indicated that plastic waste is abundant in mangrove forests, with up to 50% of the forest floor covered by plastic in some areas. Mangrove forests suffered significant leaf loss, which decreased their survival rates as plastic pollution approached 100% coverage

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of the forest floor. As such, it seems that effective management of plastic waste is essential to protect and restore these vital coastal ecosystems.

Deep-sea Plastic from municipal waste is heavier than seawater and sinks directly to the seafloor. If not intercepted by land the remainder also descends to the seafloor in the long run, due to ocean currents, material degradation and ballasting processes. This is helped by the fact that smaller sized particles sink to the seafloor more rapidly because their higher surface to volume ratio promotes fouling of their surface, which makes them heavier and thus accelerates sinking. It has a negative impact on marine life living by digging an oyster. It will affect the food chain and lead to a decrease in biodiversity.

V.

Impacts on Human Life A. Microplastics and Chemicals

Microplastics (MPs) have become a worldwide concern because of their harmful effects on fish and humans. Fish, an essential protein source for human growth, are at significant risk from microplastic pollution. This issue demands special attention. When fish are exposed to microplastics, either alone or with other pollutants, they can suffer from various health problems. These include tissue damage, oxidative stress, changes in the expression of immune-related genes, and disruptions in antioxidant status. Furthermore, microplastics can cause neurotoxicity, growth inhibition, and behavioral abnormalities in fish (Bhuyan, 2022).

The impact of microplastics on human health is poorly understood (Smith, 2018). However, recent studies suggest that humans can encounter microplastics through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, given their pervasive presence in the environment. Once exposed to microplastics, humans may experience oxidative stress, cell toxicity, neurotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, and the migration of microplastics to other tissues. Although the precise toxic effects of microplastics on both fish and humans remain unclear, their existence and potential dangers are indisputable.

In recent years, the spread of chemical pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants and mercury, has emerged as a significant environmental issue, particularly in the context of their negative impacts on marine fisheries and food webs under climate change effects (Schartup et al., 2019). There is growing evidence that new anthropogenic pollutants, such as marine macroplastics and microplastics, are accumulating in large quantities in the deep sea (Issifu and Sumaila, 2020). Specifically, mercury concentrations in the North Pacific are projected to double by 2050 (Issifu, 2022).

The global dispersion of mercury and other industrial pollutants is an immediate concern. These pollutants accumulate in the tissues of marine organisms and are transmitted up the food chain, posing serious threats to human health. Additionally, research by Johnson (2016) has demonstrated that the methylation of mercury into methylmercury (MeHg) increases with rising temperatures. Unfortunately, the disruption caused by these chemical substances in the ocean is expected to intensify over the next 20 years due to increasing industrial activities and fertilizer use.

B. Sea Level Rise Coastal areas, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), exhibit high vulnerability to rising sea levels. Among the most affected countries are those in the Caribbean region. Nations such as Puerto Rico, Aruba, and the Bahamas exemplify the uneven and dynamic characteristics of sea level changes, with sea levels rising faster than the global average. Over the past few decades, this region has experienced seasonal, annual, and long-term sea-level fluctuations. Notable irregular changes in temporal variations were observed between late 2003 and early 2004, which can be analyzed by dividing satellite altimeter records into early (1993-2003) and late (2004-2019) periods. From 1993 to 2019, the 81

average sea level rise in the Caribbean was approximately 3.40 mm per year, accelerating to about 6.15 mm per year from 2004 to 2019, which is 67% faster than the global average sea level rise rate of approximately 3.69 mm per year during the same period (Maitland, 2024).

Scholars, including Maitland, have identified thermal expansion as the primary driver of seasonal sea level variations throughout the entire record in the Caribbean. Data analysis indicates that the impact of thermal expansion on sea level change is 3-4 times greater than that of salinity-induced changes. From 1993 to 2003, thermal expansion was the main contributor to absolute sea level rise in the Caribbean.

However, from 2004 to 2019, its influence diminished, with mass changes due to land ice loss becoming the dominant factor in absolute sea level rise. This change has been attributed to glaciers and ice sheets melting in Greenland and Antarctica.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) exhibit significant vulnerability to rising sea levels. In these island nations, where populations, infrastructure, and economic resources are concentrated in coastal areas, the accelerated rate of sea level rise implies a grave threat to coastal infrastructure. This includes tourism infrastructure, which many island nations heavily rely on for revenue, and is at risk of being severely damaged or even lost.

C. El nino and La Nina El Niño and La Niña, the products of the enigmatic interplay of ocean temperatures in the Pacific, hold significant sway over our weather patterns. Their far-reaching impact, particularly on agriculture, infrastructure, and sanitation, and their global economic repercussions, underscore the importance of understanding these phenomena. This knowledge empowers us to craft adaptive strategies and navigate the uncertain future shaped by climate change.

In agriculture, El Niño and La Niña are unpredictable guests at dinner parties. El Niño, with its warm embrace, often brings drought to Southeast Asia and Australia, leaving fields parched and farmers in a quandary. Meanwhile, it can unleash torrents of rain in the Americas, turning fertile fields into waterlogged wastelands. The result? Crop failures send shockwaves through food markets, driving prices up and leaving economies teetering. On the flip side, La Niña can be a mixed blessing. It might shower some regions with life-giving rains while others, like the US Midwest, grapple with drought and dwindling harvests.

Infrastructure faces its epic saga when El Niño and La Niña come to town. El Niño's penchant for heavy rains and floods can wreak havoc on roads, bridges, and buildings, disrupting the intricate web of transportation and commerce. Picture a bustling city brought to a standstill by flooded streets and damaged bridges. The economic toll from such chaos is staggering in the US, with many left unprepared for the deluge. La Niña, though less flamboyant, can still cause headaches, especially in areas prone to drought or biting cold, challenging infrastructure resilience.

Sanitation systems, the unsung heroes of public health, face their trials under the influence of these climatic forces. El Niño's floods can overwhelm sewage systems, making clean water scarce and raising the specter of waterborne diseases. Meanwhile, La Niña's dry spells can leave communities scrambling for water, impacting hygiene and sanitation practices. These challenges underscore the fragility of our systems and the urgent need for robust solutions to protect public health.

The economic reverberations of El Niño and La Niña are as expansive as the ocean itself. El Niño, in particular, has a knack for dampening economic productivity, with global losses projected to reach staggering figures as climate change amplifies its effects. The economic impact is a mosaic, with some countries experiencing more pronounced effects due to their unique ties to these climatic events. Major El Niño episodes in the past have left indelible marks on global GDP growth, underscoring the need for preparedness and resilience on a global scale.

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In the grand tapestry of life, El Niño and La Niña are threads that weave unpredictability and challenge into our existence. Their influence on agriculture, infrastructure, and sanitation is profound, with economic consequences that echo across the globe. Understanding these phenomena and crafting adaptive strategies will be vital as we navigate an uncertain future shaped by climate change. Adaptive strategies could include building more resilient infrastructure, diversifying crops, or implementing early warning systems. Enhancing resilience and embracing innovation can better weather the storms these oceanic titans bring.

D. Damage in Fishing Industry Marine pollution and changes in the marine environment have various negative impacts on fisheries.

For example, rising ocean acidity is making it increasingly difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, and corals to form shells through the process of calcification. Many organisms, especially zooplankton, which form the base of marine food webs, have calcium shells. Difficulties in shell formation are altering the entire marine food web, leading to 'cracks' in the ocean ecosystem (Fabry, 2008). This has resulted in changes in the distribution, productivity, and species composition of global fisheries, with complex and interrelated effects on fish habitats and nursery areas, including marine, estuarine, coral reef, mangrove, and macroalgal habitats (FAO, 2008). Additionally, the increase in sea temperature following the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 21,000 years ago, with a rise in global average temperatures by about 3°C, also had significant impacts (Nye, 2010).

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations projected in its 2018 report that global fish catch is expected to decline by 6% by 2100 due to climate change, with a reduction of 11% in tropical regions. The FAO report indicates that while various models predict that the global fish catch potential could fluctuate within 10% by 2050 depending on greenhouse gas emission pathways, regional variability is expected to be significant. Although the impact may vary greatly depending on each country's adaptive capacity, the analysis predicted that marine and terrestrial production would decline in 85% of the assessed coastal countries.

The disruption of fisheries due to climate change is also notable. The FAO has forecasted that shifts in sea temperature and currents due to climate change will lead to the eastward movement of yellowfin and bigeye tuna fisheries. This implies a shift in fishing grounds towards the Pacific Islands, moving away from major fishing areas in Melanesia, causing congestion in the western Pacific, and potentially leading to fishing instability and food security issues in other regions.

Overexploited species, such as the Atlantic cod, may be more affected by climate change.

Overexploited individuals tend to be smaller, less genetically diverse, and younger than other species.

As a result, they may be more vulnerable to environmental stress induced by climate change. For example, the Atlantic cod in the Baltic Sea may experience negative impacts on average size and growth due to stress approaching their upper limits (Stenseth, 2010).

Furthermore, Richardson (2008) suggested that climate change has altered the distribution of zooplankton. His research revealed that cold-water zooplankton communities have shifted northward and been replaced by warm-water zooplankton communities, which are less abundant and consist of smaller species. These shifts can have significant effects on high-trophic-level fish. For instance, Atlantic cod require large zooplankton, but as these zooplankton move towards the Arctic, mortality rates increase, resulting in a sharp decline in cod recruitment.

Climate change-induced increases in sea temperature may also alter the productivity of aquatic ecosystems. Prakash (2022) argued that large fish predators requiring cold water may disappear from smaller lakes due to rising temperatures, leading to increased proliferation of harmful algae with warming temperatures. This indicates that rising temperatures could also lead to water quality deterioration and health issues.

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VI.

Possible Solutions

Even at this juncture in time, planet Earth relentlessly contends with countless global challenges such as climate change and ocean pollution. It is not an oversimplification to assert that most of these global issues, in reality, stem from our misallocation and inefficient utilization of existing resources. Logically, given these circumstances, the most insightful solution would be to conserve our limited resources efficiently and eliminate risk factors that have the potential to exacerbate current issues. This section of the academic essay offers a glimpse into the secret of shaping a promising and sustainable future at the end of the day, supported by possible strategies and innovative ideas proposed by the youth to save our planet.

A. Renewable Energies To begin with a general overview of a crucial concept, renewable energy refers to forms of energy derived from natural sources that can be continuously replenished at a higher rate than its consumption. The reason behind introducing such a terminology wrought from our group’s firm belief that the first and foremost step to achieving the success story of an eco-friendly future comes from replacing harmful or non-renewable energy sources with sustainable forms of energy.

B. A Mitigant for Climate Change: Carbon Capture and Storage

A mitigant refers to a mean which has the function of lessening the effect of a particular phenomenon.

Our group proposes carbon capture and storage (CCS) as an innovative technology which can assuage the compounding issue of climate change. It aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial sources by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) before it enters the atmosphere and securely storing it underground. This technology addresses climate change by targeting emissions from power plants, cement factories, and other industrial processes since industry contributes to 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). CCS primarily involves three steps:

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Carbon Capture

Transportation

Long-term Storage

It is effective in terms of significantly reducing the carbon footprint of fossil fuel-dependent industries while enabling a transition to cleaner energy sources.

Carbon Capture Technologies The National Energy Technology Laboratory divides carbon capture technologies primarily into three sections: Pre-combustion Capture Post-combustion Capture

Oxy-fuel Combustion

Converts fossil fuels into a mixture of hydrogen and CO2 before combustion. CO2 is then separated and captured.

CO2 is captured after fossil fuels are burned. Flue gas, which contains CO2, is treated with solvents that absorb the CO2. The solvent is then heated to release the CO2, which is captured for storage. This is the most common usage of carbon capture implemented widely to industrial factories or power plants.

Involves combusting fossil fuels in pure oxygen instead of air, resulting in a flue gas that is mainly of water vapor and CO2. The water vapor undertakes condensation and leaves behind a stream of CO2 to be subsequently captured.

Transportation & Storage of CO2 Once captured, the CO2 needs to be transported to a storage site. This is typically done through pipelines, although it can also be transported by ships, especially for offshore storage sites. The transportation infrastructure is crucial to the CCS process, ensuring that CO2 is delivered safely and efficiently to storage locations. The storage phase involves injecting CO2 into deep underground rock formations, such as depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, or unmineable coal seams. These geological formations must be carefully selected and monitored to ensure that the CO2 remains securely trapped and does not leak back into the atmosphere. The storage sites are chosen based on their capacity, integrity, and ability to isolate CO2 from surface environments.

Technological Limitations The CCS technology holds significant potential for alleviating climate change by reducing industrial CO2 emissions. However, aside from its huge benefits to society, it also presents some shortcomings.

First, the environmental risk includes potential leakage of CO2 from storage sites and the energy required for capturing and transporting CO2, which can offset some of the benefits. If largely stored amounts of CO2 are suddenly released to the atmosphere, the repercussions can be devastating, contributing to a more enhanced greenhouse effect and possibly harming habitats by high concentrations of CO2 displacing atmospheric oxygen. Economic considerations involve the high costs associated with CCS technology, including infrastructure development and operational expenses. Despite such 85

limitations, CCS is still seen as a critical tool in achieving global emission reduction targets, especially for industries where direct emission reductions are difficult. Advances in technology and supportive policies are essential to make CCS more cost-effective and widely implemented.

C. Bioplastics Biodegradable plastics refer to a type of plastic that can naturally decompose by microorganisms in the living environment. Conflicting with conventional plastics, which take a maximum of hundreds of years to completely break down, biodegradable plastics offer a more environmentally friendly and timesaving alternative. It is a significant measure in terms of minimizing marine pollution and reducing the effects of climate change.

Advantages of Bioplastics 1

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Traditional plastics can take hundreds of years to decompose, putting marine life at risk of habitat destruction, deaths/severe injuries by ingestion, and suffering from entanglement. However, biodegradable plastics degrade faster and easier (hydrolysis, thermal/photochemical degradation) reducing long-lasting impacts on marine life.

Properly managed biodegradable plastics have a low possibility of fragmenting into microplastics.

Biodegradable plastics, especially PLAs, are manufactured on the basis of renewable resources such as corn starch and sugarcane. It has the effect of reducing net carbon emissions as such plant materials function to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide during their growth phase.

The total greenhouse gas produced in the production and decomposition of biodegradable plastics has a drastically lower degree of emissions compared to petroleum-based plastics. The TWI Global states that PLA production uses 65% less energy than producing conventional plastics, and it generates 68% fewer greenhouse gases, containing no toxins at all.

Stimulates research and innovation in material science, possibly leading to a wider range of applications and a more sustainable future Minimizes waste and leads to a continual usage of resources in a sustainable way.

Such bioplastics can be a rudimentary step towards achieving a circular economy.

Limitations of Bioplastics 1

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The cost of producing bioplastics can be massive, not only economically but also environmentally. According to a study done by Klaus Hubacek (Professor, University of Groningen), it is calculated that replacing all plastic packaging around the world with bioplastics requires around 54% of the world’s corn production.

There is variation in development amongst countries, and some countries do not have enough technologies to properly dispose of biodegradable plastics, exacerbating the issue of There is a consumer misunderstanding that bioplastics will merely biodegrade if disposed of as the same as conventional plastic. Particular conditions should be met for proper degradation of bioplastics, yet such misconceptions can actually

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result in the opposite effect of exacerbating environmental issues by tangling recycling chains.

D. Eco-Nutrient Plastic [Our Innovation] Our group took one more step to further propose our own innovation, taking the idea of bioplastics into account. The Eco-nutrient Plastic is a type of plastic that can release nutrients beneficial to marine ecosystems. These nutritional requirements can be elements and ions such as magnesium, calcium, ammonium ions, nitrate ions, phosphorous, zinc, etc.

To add on, even producers or scientists who have innovated bioplastics find difficulty in finding the exact time when the plastics should degrade. Such difficulty can actually lead to counterintuitive effects of more marine pollution and more climate change. Employing a color-changing function in our group’s innovation will allow a visual cue to ensure proper disposal after degrading to a certain extent.

E. Coral Reef Restoration Coral reef restoration involves the process of simply attaching a fresh coral fragment to the sick coral.

The attached coral fragment undertakes asexual reproduction and allows the cells to regenerate, resulting in an overall healthy coral reef. Such a simple transplantation process of coral reef restoration can cut atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Advantages of Coral Reef Restoration 1

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Reefs are known to support approximately 25% of all marine species despite covering only 1% of the ocean floor, accentuating the wide biodiversity that coral reefs boast. It even includes a wide range of endangered species.

In reality, many marine organisms in coral reefs provide bioactive substances that have the potential to develop drugs. Take the example of Ziconotide, a painkiller derived from the venom of a cone snail (Conus Magus) in marine life.

The skeleton of coral reefs is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), developed through capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Although it is effective in terms of capturing CO2 to develop its skeleton, the once-captured carbon is not easily released back into the atmosphere and the calcium carbonate structures remain for a long period of time.

Some marine species and algae undertake photosynthesis, doubling the effect of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It uses atmospheric CO2 to undertake photosynthesis, resulting in the release of oxygen back into the atmosphere. Take the example of zooxanthellae which performs photosynthesis, facilitating the regulation of carbon dioxide levels in water.

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Limitations of Coral Reef Restoration 1

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Not all coral reefs withstand the process of transplantation, leading to death or contamination. The success rate of coral reef restoration isn’t high enough for wide implementation.

Even though we assume that all coral transplantations are successful, a lot of finance and investment should be undertaken to maintain optimal conditions for the fastest restoration of coral reefs, which can act as a huge barrier for wide implementation.

Coral reef restoration projects cannot be done on a large scale and local/regional efforts to tackle the ‘global degradation’ of coral reefs are hard to meet the global scale of restoration required.

Regrowth of coral reefs can be slow and it categorically takes too much time for humans to promote coral reef restorations globally such that opportunity costs are extremely high. It requires marine biologists and a sufficient qualified labor force to employ such restoration programs.

Role of the Youth

Youth plays a vital role in mitigating the global challenges. The youth is able to address the challenges in four different ways: raising awareness, conducting action, advocating policies, and enhancing global partnerships.

In the report, our team suggests implementing Zero Waste Week as a youthful action to contribute to mitigating international threats which are climate change and plastic pollution. The Zero Waste Week includes four sections: Reduce, Recycle, Upcycle, and Educate.    

Reduce: reduce on single-used plastics and unnecessary packaging Recycle: properly sort and recycle waste Upcycle: opt for reusable plastic bags, bottles, and containers Educate: spread awareness and inspire others to join the movement

Zero Waste Week is easily implemented in organizations such as schools, hence holding the potential of inviting acquaintances to join the movement. With the four steps of the movement conducted by a group of youth, the attitude of reducing waste and attempting to mitigate global issues will inspire and spread to others.

VIII.

Conclusion

The overall message of our group’s academic paper is to disseminate the insight that youth should also add hands to solving such global issues. We, the youth, should not be people who are silent and passive. Strengthening the voice of youth and actively being aware of these problems worldwide would be the quickest pathway to opening a sustainable future. Since the youth will be the ones who will be in charge of our future, we should stand up and speak for ourselves.

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Addressing Media Bias to Enhance Support for Refugees Affected by the IsraelPalestine Conflict

Eu Park, Northfield Mount Hermon School Sia Yun, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Sabin Kim, Seoul Global High School Bomi Lee, Seoul Global High School

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Addressing Media Bias to Enhance Support For Refugees Affected by the Israel-Palestine Conflict TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Introduction A. Importance of the Topic B. Role of Media in Conflict Situations C. Objective of the Study

II.

Level of Destruction in the Israel-Hamas War A. Historic Background B. Deaths of the Conflict

III.

How Biased Media Affects the Public A. Biased Articles & Possible Impacts B. Problems with Social Media C. Biased Articles & Minority Groups

IV.

Solutions to Enhance Support for Refugees

V.

Conclusion

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Abstract: In this study, we aim to examine how biased media affects the public in general as well as in the case of the Israel-Hamas conflict along with the level of destruction in the conflict and to propose solutions to mitigate problems in relevance with SDG 16: peace, justice and strong institutions. We suggested NGO, NNF and AI platform, 'NeutralSights' as a solution. NNF tackles the issue of biased media and 'NeutralSights' helps to assess the neutrality of online articles.

I.

Introduction A. Importance of the Topic

Conflict has a multifaceted impact on the lives of civilians. Conflict causes people to suffer injuries, deaths, and general discomfort in their lives, often forcing them to leave the areas where they live. And in the modern-day Israel-Hamas war that is taking place.

According to Hamas' health ministry in Gaza, at least 32,916 people, mostly women and children, have died as of day 178 of the conflict. The UN's UNICEF estimates that more than 13,000 children have died in Gaza since the outbreak of the war. The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) warned in a report last month that the threat of famine in Gaza is imminent. According to the report, "half of the Gaza population (1.11 million people) is expected to face a catastrophic food situation" and faces the possibility of famine. (BBC news Korea, 2024) It's important to address these conflicts in order to ensure human rights and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are the goals adopted by the United Nations for the advancement of human development and the security of human rights.

B. Role of Media in Conflict Situations The media plays a significant role in conflicts. Especially in tense and unstable situations, misinformation and biased reporting can cause great harm to people and worsen conflict. Sometimes it's unintentional, such as the spread of unverified information within social media, But also it can be intentionally made up by parties who are involved in conflict.

The influence of the media has traditionally been an important factor for both sides in conflict situations. However, since the US war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the media has become even more important in modern wars, as the pattern of warfare has changed. This aspect of war is named as ‘The Fourth Generation Warfare’(YeonSeong Jeong , 2020) There are many different interpretations of the characteristics of the fourth generation of warfare, but there are three common threads that can be identified. The first is that non-state actors, rather than just nation-states, are the main actors; the second is that the aim is sometimes to disrupt the will to wage war, rather than simply to respond to physical aggression; and the third is that non-military means, such as political, economic, social and cultural, are also used (Minho Choi, 2008). By this characteristic, the role of media became more important.

There are two examples that illustrate this characteristic. The first example is the Rwandan genocide.

It's one of the serious conflict cases in the contemporary world but it also can be considered as a case of the media playing a critical role in inciting and prolonging the violence.(Anadolu Agency, 2021) In 1994, over the course of 100 days, the Hutu, the dominant group in Rwanda, massacred the Tutsi, a social minority. An approximate 200,000 Hutus, spurred on by propaganda from various media outlets, are believed to have participated in the genocide. This resulted in the deaths of 800,000 civilians, mostly Tutsi. This shows that the media can exacerbate conflicts and lead to actual armed disputes. (Richard A. Wilson, 2015)

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And also we could look at the case of syria. The Syrian civil war began as a protest against the President, and the ongoing civil war that has been raging since April 2011 and is still responsible for many refugees today. Mass media played a negative role, acting as a driver of the Syrian conflict by depicting violence, hate speech, and sectarianism.(LSE blog, 2020). it's not just about deepening civil war, but it's a problem about the refugees. The media has acted as a barrier for refugees fleeing away from Syria to reach other countries, as reports of the possibility of terrorists among the refugees have scared citizens who have been unsettled by several violent incidents in border areas.(Arab Center Washington DC, 2023)

C. Objective of the Study This research will explore how the biased media influences Palestinian refugees and how to prevent and reduce the negative effects of the biased media in relation to youth engagement.

This study defines neutrality as; the presentation of multiple sides of a story based on facts, rather than one-sided opinions or only one-sided facts.

II.

Level of Destruction in the Israel-Hamas War A. Historic Background

To understand the situation in the Israel-Hamas conflict, it is crucial to understand both the historical context and the scale of destruction that has resulted, particularly in Gaza.

The conflict's origins trace back to the Israel Independence War (1948-1949), which was the beginning of hostilities between Israelis and Palestinians. This war followed the United Nations' 1947 proposal to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. While the Jewish community accepted the plan, it was rejected by Arab states and Palestinian leaders. Following Israel’s declaration of independence on May 14, 1948, neighboring Arab countries, including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq, launched a military intervention. The conflict ended up with Israel gaining significant territories whilst the Palestinian Arabs were displaced. The 1949 armistice agreements established borders but left unresolved key issues, such as the right of return for refugees, the status of Jerusalem, and broader territorial disputes. These unresolved issues were the groundwork for future hostilities and continue to affect the ongoing conflict.

Fundamental disagreements rooting from this period include territorial claims, with Palestinians seeking an independent state within the West Bank and Gaza Strip, while Israel faces security concerns and competing territorial claims. Jerusalem remains problematic, as Israel and Palestine both claim it as their capital. Additionally, the refugee issue remains unresolved, with Palestinians seeking the right of return or compensation for those displaced during the 1948 war, while Israel is concerned about maintaining a Jewish majority within its borders. Security concerns still motivate Israeli policies and military actions, while Palestinians face blockades and restrictions that impact their daily lives and economic conditions.

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A significant turning point occurred in 2006 when Hamas, a radical Islamist faction, won the Palestinian legislative elections, displacing the more moderate Fatah faction. This shift exacerbated internal Palestinian conflicts and led to Hamas taking control of the Gaza Strip by mid-2007, creating a separate Palestinian administration from the West Bank-based Fatah government. And since then, Israel has been fighting the radical, often violent faction for 18 years now in a new era of conflict involving missiles and terrorism.

B. Deaths of the Conflict The civilian population in Gaza has suffered extensively due to this prolonged conflict, experiencing severe destruction of infrastructure, widespread displacement, and significant loss of life. Recent data from the 2023 Israel-Hamas conflict highlights a dramatic escalation in both casualties and destruction.

The latest reports indicate at least 39,916 deaths, including 1,139 Israelis, and approximately 449,000 homes have been either partially or completely destroyed (OCHA). This represents a significant increase compared to previous conflicts.

This graph illustrating this data reveals the unprecedented scale of the 2023 conflict. The death toll of the current conflict far exceeds that of earlier conflicts, which showed around 2,500 deaths, compared to the current toll of approximately 40,000.

III.

How Biased Media Affects the Public A. Biased Articles & Possible Impacts

The role of biased media in shaping public perception, especially concerning the Israel-Hamas conflict, is profound. Media coverage significantly influences how the conflict is understood and perceived by the public.

On July 24, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu delivered a speech to the U.S. Congress, which was covered by various media outlets from differing perspectives. For instance, The Nation, a left-leaning publication, ran an article titled “Netanyahu’s Theater of the Grotesque.” This piece, which referred to Netanyahu as a ‘mass killer’ and condemned his presence in Congress as an ‘abomination,’ demonstrates a highly critical and emotional response to Netanyahu’s policies. Conversely, Breitbart Media, representing a right-leaning perspective, portrayed Netanyahu as “the democratically elected American ally” and criticized efforts to disrupt his speech. This portrayal emphasizes Netanyahu's role as a key ally and defends his right to address Congress without interference.

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The impact of such biased media coverage is substantial. Research shows that continuous exposure to biased media can shift individuals' perspectives towards more extreme viewpoints. “Media Bias and Influence: Evidence from Newspaper Endorsements” by Stefano DellaVigna and Ethan Kaplan (2007) revealed that repeated exposure to biased news can transform neutral individuals into those with strongly biased perspectives. This effect is compounded by the hostile media phenomenon, where individuals with pre-existing biases become more entrenched in their views when exposed to biased media, even if the media coverage is relatively balanced. This polarization limits the capacity for constructive dialogue and fosters a climate of hostility, which can escalate into hate and violence.

B. Problems with Social Media Social media further amplifies these issues. Pro-Palestinian hashtags on TikTok, such as #freepalestine, have reached a wider audience than top ten mainstream news sites combined. Data shows that for every view of a TikTok video with a pro-Israel hashtag, there are 54 views of videos with pro-Palestinian hashtags in the US (Time Magazine). This disparity highlights how social media platforms can propagate biased narratives and misinformation. For example, false content has circulated widely, including footage from a sports club in Cairo misrepresented as Israeli military action and video game clips presented as real conflict footage (AFP Fact Check). The influence of celebrities also exacerbates the problem. For instance, Justin Bieber shared a “Praying for Israel” post with a photo of destroyed buildings in Gaza instead of Israel. The fact that “Blue-Checked” users on X produce a startling 74% of the platform’s most viral false and unsubstantiated claims peddling both antisemitic denials of atrocities as well as doctored footage meant to stoke Islamophobia is also a factor that aggravates the problem. This kind of misinformation, spread by high-profile individuals, has a considerable impact due to their large followings.

Research indicates that the effects of biased media and misinformation on public attitudes are significant. About a quarter of Americans follow news about the Israel-Hamas war extremely or very closely, while nearly four in ten follow it somewhat closely (Pew Research Center). This high level of engagement means that biased media coverage and misinformation can significantly shape public perceptions.

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Furthermore, data shows a notable increase in perceived discrimination against various groups as a result of the conflict. 57% of Americans believe discrimination against Jews has increased, 38% perceive a rise in discrimination against Muslims, and 36% see increased discrimination against Arabs since the conflict began (Pew Research Center). This shift in perception underscores the role of biased media and misinformation in fueling social divisions and polarization.

C. Biased Articles & Minority Groups The previous data shows that Americans perceive an increase in discrimination against Israel. This perception might foretell the implementation of policies seen as anti-Israel, while this can also influence or reflect public support for policies that are seen as pro-Israel because the public sees that Israel is discriminated against, maybe, ‘too much’ based on their experiences on Tik Tok, or other media. In a row, biased perceptions from biased media as shown, otherwise known as slant, fear the public and polarize them.

In 2023, Israel claimed that around 10% of all UNRWA1 staff in Gaza, or about 1,200 people, have sided with Hamas or the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. This news rapidly raised the issue of the effectiveness and transparency of UNRWA across the globe. Soon, in January 2024, the US and other major donors announced that they were suspending or reviewing their donations to UNRWA, questioning UNRWA’s ability to help refugees.

Especially in the US, from January to March, news that tackled this issue was reported nationally.

Fox News covered this issue with the title: Israeli Lawmakers Seek to Ban UNRWA Over Support for Hamas and declared it a terrorist entity. Analyzing this news with Trulens2, it is discovered that this article has a conservative bias – 70% of conservation3. Another example could be seen from The Wall Street Journal titled: Intelligence Reveals Details of U.N. Agency Staff's Links to October 7 Attack.

Analyzing this with Trulens, it could be found that this is inclined to side with Israel as well – 60% of conservation. Not only the mentioned examples but also other news coverages show their biased viewpoint. In other words, they have shown their slant to Israel. In fact, according to research, US media skews anti-Palestinian. With these biased articles on the internet, on March 19, 2024, the US, providing between 300 and 400 million dollars annually, decided to continue a ban on US funding for UNRWA. The decision to defund the UNRWA could be seen as a policy decision influenced by pro-Israel sentiments, especially the biased media. The research found that negative news influences government decisions via both informational and monitoring roles. Biased media can shape public perception and opinion by presenting information in a skewed manner. This, in turn, can influence policymakers who often consider public opinion when making decisions. Also, media coverage, especially if biased, can highlight certain issues while ignoring others. This selective emphasis can influence which topics become priorities on the policy agenda. Ultimately, these biased media presented above laid biased policies.

When the US and other countries that are heavily influenced by the Israel report temporarily decided to pause the funding for UNRWA, Philippe Lazarrini, Commissioner-General of the UNRWA, posted on X that defunding UNRWA from the US and other nations reduced 50% of aid entering Gaza compared to the previous month. As the US contributed the least to UNRWA – 371 million dollars in 2023, and 121 million dollars in 2024 – after the conflict began, this would badly impact many people in the Gaza Strip since it is the key relief agency on which 2 million people depend as a lifeline in Gaza.

1 UNRWA, otherwise known as the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, is a UN agency that

supports the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees. In Gaza, currently, few international aid bodies can still operate and UNRWA is one of them.

2 Trulens is a tool connected to ChatGPT's open API, which allows the indication results to be detailed and well-supported with proper reasoning.

3 In the US, the conservatives, otherwise known as Republicans, are known for their strong support for Israel.

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Also, UNRWA is set to lose $65 million and this loss in funding leaves it unable to pay its 30,000 staff that serve almost 6 million Palestinians in Gaza. UN agencies even rallied around UNRWA. Furthermore, with the marginal ban on funding, as the US reported in March, UNRWA and Palestinian refugees would be more at the brink of risk.

A few months later from January, UNRWA itself asserted that Israel had not provided evidence of employees’ militancy. This assures that Israeli opinion is biased against UNRWA, or Palestanians and somewhat distorted. Under circumstances where fact is unclear, the USA's decision that obstructs the supply of relief to Palestinian refugees is heavily affected by the unbalanced viewpoints resulting from biased media, including articles and even TikTok that strongly stands for Palestine as mentioned.

IV.

Solutions to Enhance Support for Refugees

Through the past examples, we can tell that biased articles directly affect readers. Once readers gained unbalanced viewpoints through biased media, they reduced their support for refugees. Especially in the United States, where media organizations publish lots of anti-Palestine articles, people are likely to oppose the support for Palestine refugees. We believe that biased media is a major threat to sufficient support provided for refugees affected by the Israel-Palestine conflict, and there should be effective solutions to deal with the problem.

We suggest creating an NGO called “Neutrality Nexus Foundation(NNF)” to enhance support for refugees. Ever since its inception in 1945, the United Nations has been actively engaged with nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) and has recognized the importance of partnering with them to advance the organization’s ideals and help support its work. These organizations come from all over the world and work in many different areas including education, health, poverty eradication, human rights, gender equality, and indigenous issues. As United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said “Recovering better goes beyond governments”, we believe civil society has to engage in the problem-solving process as a whole, by joining NGOs. Neutrality Nexus Foundation(NNF) aims to reduce biased media online. To improve the accessibility towards neutral information and sources, NNF conducts several activities. The two major roles of NNF are creating and managing the AI platform, and providing education which teaches the proper way to search information online neutrally.

Firstly, NNF creates and manages the AI platform, called “NeutralSight”. NeutralSight offers a free inspection of online articles. When you put an article in the checker, it shows the percentage of neutrality of an article. Some apps have such functions, but there is no NGO that mainly focuses on operating the system. We thought that establishing an organization that only works to improve the accessibility to better information would be a key factor in preventing people from being exposed to biased perspectives.

Through this AI platform, people can check anywhere anytime if articles are reliable enough to be read.

At the top of the website homepage, NeutralSight displays top newspaper articles that have been assessed and found to have high neutrality. Although NeutralSight is free to everyone, it also offers a premium version with advanced analytics and double reviews from experts. When people use the premium version, experts are going to inspect the articles again, in addition to the initial inspection from AI. This way, NNF can engage in revenue-generating activities to maintain and support its operation.

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Youth can engage in this activity, either by being a member or a user of NeutralSight. Any youth, who is passionate about founding online apps, can join this NGO and operate NeutralSight. We expect high participation of youth since the experience of working as a member of an NGO can be a major career. On the other hand, youth can utilize NeutralSight as a user to access better information. When conducting research, or studying a particular issue, checking the neutrality of an article would be highly useful for students and youth to make better results and have proper understanding. We also expect high usage from youth, as they should write lots of reports and do homework during their school life.

We expect to have positive influences by creating NNF. As newspaper articles with high neutrality are located at the top of the homepage, organizations that publish articles with high neutrality will have more people reading their articles. Higher views mean higher profits. Therefore, media organizations will try to publish more fact-based articles, and this can positively affect the news market, as there would be increased neutral articles. And this also helps readers have a better understanding of issues, without any political or economic bias.

Secondly, NNF also provides education to people, by sharing tips for accessing balanced information themselves online. Since people can’t always use NeutralSight to check the neutrality of articles, and it is important to know the proper ways to search for information online themselves, education is another key factor in promoting people’s neutral perspective and understanding of issues.

We are going to show the significant role of words used in searching to prove education is needed. It is important to know that different results appear, depending on the words used in searching, regarding the same topic. We asked Chat GPT to learn about the Israel-Palestine conflict. However, we asked it with two different search queries, which were “current events in Israel and Palestine” and “Israeli defense against Palestine aggression”. The result of the first query presented the severity of the conflict without attributing blame, as it said “Since October 2023, intense fighting has led to significant casualties on both sides. Over 40,000 people have died, predominantly Palestines in Gaza.” However, the result of the second query presented Israel as defenders and Palestinians as aggressors, as it said “Israel employs advanced missile defense systems like the Iron Dome to intercept rockets fired from Gaza. This system has been crucial in minimizing civilian casualties and damage.”

Now, we can foresee the problems when we enter “Israeli defense against Palestinian aggression” into a search engine like Google because it will be highly likely to provide us with biased information like the result we got from Chat GPT. In other words, this disturbs people from ensuring quality education(SDG 4), because accepting biased information is the same as receiving a low-quality education. Improper search query also promotes stereotypes or discrimination against a group of people involved in specific issues. Reporting that emphasizes violence or extremism within Palestinian groups, without addressing the broader context of occupation, blockades, or socioeconomic hardships, can lead to negative stereotypes about Palestinians as inherently violent or radical. Therefore, this can disturb reducing inequalities(SDG 10). As a result, this encourages people to oppose the support provided to Palestine refugees, even if the civilians do not fault the conflict. This harms SDG 16(peace, justice, and strong institutions) since reduced aid for refugees obstructs conflict resolution and respect for the human rights of refugees.

We have analyzed the significance of using proper keywords when we search things in search engines.

Therefore, to promote appropriate searching methods for better results, NNF is going to provide education to help people find more neutral information and sources. NNF provides tips such as avoiding loaded or emotionally charged language, using balanced phrasing, incorporating multiple viewpoints, and checking source diversity when searching. The education is provided through YouTube videos on the NNF YouTube channel and offline lectures.

Youth can engage in this education. Any youth who is interested in education and providing useful and unbiased information can work here as an educator. Members inform tips to distinguish neutral articles without any kind of bias, in the forms of YouTube videos, and lectures. On the other hand, 105

youth can also watch the videos, listen to the lectures, and be aware of the ways to find reliable information.

To sum up, NNF contributes to solving problems regarding quality education and reducing inequalities. People will be able to access more neutral articles through the AI app and education. And this means individuals will develop a more unbiased perspective on the Israel-Palestine conflict. This shift in understanding will likely lead to increased empathy and support for refugees impacted by the conflict, contributing to SDG 16.

V.

Conclusion

In this study, we aimed to examine how biased media affects the public in general as well as in the case of the Israel-Hamas conflict along with the level of destruction in the conflict and propose solutions to mitigate overall problems in relevance with SDG 16: peace, justice and strong institutions. The 2023 Israel-Hamas conflict has caused unprecedented destruction and civilian suffering, far surpassing previous conflicts such as the 2014 Gaza War, with significantly higher casualties and extensive damage.

Palestinian refugees have become a major concern in this conflict as well. They, as minorities, could be easily impacted by biased media, as seen in Netanyahu's speech coverage and studies showing increased discrimination and solidified biases, leading to hate and violence against differing viewpoints. As a consequence, UNRWA was defunded due to biased information and news, discouraging support for Palestine refugees who are in urgent need. To enhance support for the inadvertent victims of biased articles, or refugees, we suggested establishing an NGO, otherwise called NNF. The Neutrality Nexus Foundation (NNF) aims to tackle the issue of biased media, which can significantly shape public opinion and reduce support for vulnerable groups like refugees. By creating the AI platform "NeutralSight" to assess the neutrality of online articles and offering educational resources on neutral information-seeking, NNF seeks to promote a more balanced understanding of the Israel-Palestine conflict and beyond. Through these efforts, NNF supports the achievement of quality education, reduces inequalities, and fosters peace and justice, ultimately contributing to a more informed and empathetic society.

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Experts reflect role of media in Rwandan genocide on its anniversary . (2021). Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/experts-reflect-role-of-media-in-rwandan-genocide-on-itsanniversary/2198351.

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Journal of Corporate Finance, Volume 70. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0929119921001784 Six months into the Israel-Hamas war...the situation in Gaza in statistics . (2024). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/korean/articles/ce483p5jl32o.

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Decline in Marine Biodiversity In the Waters of Jeju Island : Analysis and Suggesting Solutions using SDGs

TABLE OF CONTENTS I.

Background Research A. Introduction to Jeju B. Research Question C. Sustainable Development Goals: 13 & 14 i.

Relevant Targets and Indicators

D. Definitions of Key Terms II.

Problem Analysis A. Climate Change in Jeju B. Marine Debris in Jeju

III.

Proposed Solution Analysis A. Ocean-bound technological solutions i.

Seabin

ii.

The Ocean Clean Up

B. Plastic-Derived Microfilament C. Cow Additive IV.

Conclusion

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Abstract: Jeju Island, South Korea's largest island, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and unique environmental features, earning it a place as a UNESCO World Heritage site. However, this island's marine ecosystem faces serious threats due to climate change and pollution. Rising ocean temperatures and increased coastal pollution have led to significant declines in marine biodiversity, particularly affecting the diverse mollusc populations that once thrived in Jeju's waters. This research paper examines the specific factors contributing to the degradation of Jeju’s marine environment, focusing on the impacts of climate change and marine debris. The paper also explores innovative solutions aligned with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13 (Climate Action) and 14 (Life Below Water). Proposed strategies include ocean-bound technological solutions, plastic-derived microfilament innovations, and the use of cow additives to reduce marine pollution. The paper emphasizes the crucial role of youth in addressing these environmental challenges, advocating for active engagement and regional cooperation to protect Jeju's marine biodiversity. Through a combination of scientific innovation and community action, Jeju Island can overcome these environmental threats and contribute to a more sustainable future.

I.

Background Research A. Introduction to Jeju

Jeju Island, the largest island in South Korea, is located in the southern part of the South Korean peninsula and is known for its divine cuisine, female divers, and especially its unique environmental features. The island encompasses volcanic features, temperate grasslands, marine environments, and forests. As a consequence of its outstanding geological and ecological features for both land and water, Jeju has been registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2007. Additionally, Jeju is influenced by strong ocean currents and warm temperatures, creating a desirable environment for various marine species to inhabit, thus Jeju is known for its adverse faunal assemblages with 511 species and had an unusual predominance of molluscs, which accounted for over 60% of the total number of mollusc species found in the South Sea. However, the Jeju sea faces critical problems in the decline of its marine biodiversity due to a rapid increase in water temperature, coastal pollution, sea desertification, due to climate change.

B. Research Question ◼

What are the specific factors that contribute to the decline of marine biodiversity in the waters of Jeju island and how can youth contribute to solve the problem?

C. Sustainable Development Goals: 13 & 14 SDG 13, Climate action: Aims to address issues like global warming, extreme weather, and climaterelated disasters by focusing on urgent action to combat climate change and its impact. ◼ Target 13.2: Aims to integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning. Its indicator is the proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies.

SDG 14, Life Below Water: Aims to address issues like marine pollution, ocean acidification, and overfishing, by focusing on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. ◼ Target 14.1: Aims to prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds by 2025, particularly from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution. Its indicators are the Index of coastal eutrophication and plastic debris density.

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◼ ◼

Target 14.3: Aims to minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels. The indicator is the average marine acidity measured at an agreed suite of representative sampling stations.

Target 14.A: Aims to increase scientific knowledge, and transfer marine technology to improve ocean health and enhance marine biodiversity.

D. Definitions of Key Terms 1. Marine Biodiversity: The variety of life forms and ecosystems in ocean environments.

2. Marine Debris: Human-made waste that has been discarded or abandoned in the ocean.

3. Ocean Pollution: The contamination of the ocean by harmful substances, such as chemicals, plastics, and waste.

II.

Problem Analysis A. Climate Change in Jeju

The Jeju sea, renowned for its unique marine environment and rich biodiversity, is troubling changes. Over the past several decades, this area around Jeju has been severely impacted by climate change due to increasing levels of pollution, leading to an environmental noticeable decline in marine life. The Jeju sea is one of the regions globally where the effects of global warming have progressed the fastest over the past 30 years, and it is predicted that these changes will continue to intensify. The main reason for the rapid warming is the Kuroshio current, the world’s largest warm current characterized by high temperatures and salinity. Due to its geographical location, the Jeju Island’s sea is the first line toward the Pacific Ocean, making it particularly susceptible to the influence of the Kuroshio Current. This environmental factor is beyond human control and remains an unresolved problem. Consequently, the winter sea temperature in Jeju has risen by 3.6 degrees Celsius over the past 36 years. This warming trend has changed the native marine ecosystem, that fish species are increasing and the seaweed is decreasing.

An interesting contributor to rising global temperature is the cows in methane emissions.

Carbon dioxide is often the first thing that comes to mind when it comes to global warming, or climate change; but in fact, methane is actually more than 80 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. In particular, a significant portion of methane emissions come from the digestive process of cows, which is through burps and farts. Remarkably, a single cow emits approximately 280 liters of methane gas per day, which is equivalent to the daily emissions of a car. Recognizing the substantial impact of these emissions, efforts to reduce methane production are implemented not only around the world but also Jeju island.

The ceaseless changes in Jeju's marine territories are essentially influencing biodiversity biological systems. In 2019, the generation of ocean growth had dropped to around 1,800 tons, checking 123

a 92% decrease compared to the final 30 years ago. Also, there has been about 80% within the generation of ocean growth, tangle, and kelp in shallow water compared to a decade prior. The diminish in Jeju ocean growth populace had a swell impact on the marine environment, especially affecting clams and abalone, both of which are innate species of Jeju Island that depend on a run of ocean growth for food. Besides, there has been a noteworthy 32.5% decline within the generation of these species within the final decade as a result of the vanishing of diverse ocean growth.

Additionally, due to rapid temperature changes and ongoing pollution, only a small portion of the harvested seaweed can be commercialized, and the rest of the seaweed, excluding the commercialized portion, is not processed in a normal way and is thrown back into the sea, worsening the condition. The results of this repeated pollution and decline are not limited to simple numbers. The extinction of these species not only unbalances the ecological balance, but also affects the entire marine food chain, resulting in the gradual collapse of Jeju's marine ecosystem. The situation is therefore worsening as sea temperatures are still rising rapidly, resulting in significant declines in seagrass and marine life. This proceeding decline highlights the seriousness of the issue, which has been made worse by the need for viable measures to relieve the impacts of climate change. In 2019, ocean growth vanished as it were from the western portion of Jeju, but eventually in 2020, the whole island got to be progressively rare, signaling a worsening natural emergency.

B. Marine Debris in Jeju Marine debris in Jeju Island poses a critical threat to marine biodiversity and has seen dramatic increases in both its accumulation and ecological impacts over recent years.

A study conducted by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology in 2023 highlighted the impact of submerged marine debris on the macrobenthic fauna of Jeju's Jaguri coast. The study documented significant changes in the density and biomass of the species due to debris, hence the data table illustrates the impact of different types of debris on the species/ At locations with sandy or rocky bottoms, both with and without debris, Polychaeta, Arthropoda, Mollusks, and other groups exhibit varying average densities and biomasses. Generally, sites without debris exhibit higher densities and biomasses across most groups, indicating healthier and more diverse communities. Specifically, sites with sandy bottoms without debris (SA) and rocky bottoms without debris (HA) support significantly higher biomass and density, especially for Polychaeta and other groups. For example, the average density and biomass of Polychaeta are highest at HA (518.3/m² and 379.1/m²) and SA (100.0/m² and 131.8/m²).

On the other hand, sites with debris, such as SP-1 (sandy bottom with bottles), SP-2 (sandy bottom with cloth), and SP-3 (sandy bottom with net), generally show lower densities and biomasses. For instance, the average biomass for Polychaeta at SP-3 is significantly lower (82.7/m²) compared to HA and SA. This pattern is consistent across other groups, where debris-laden sites have diminished densities and biomasses. These observations suggest that the presence of marine debris, such as bottles, cloth, 124

and nets, tends to reduce the density and biomass of macrobenthic fauna, highlighting the detrimental effects of marine pollution on these ecosystems.

Furthermore, according to Marine Scientist Hyun-Sung Yang and his peers, the volume of marine debris around Jeju has been substantial, with 20,000 tons of marine debris found in the waters annually.

In 2021 alone, the amount of marine debris collected spiked to 22,082 tons, marking a 79.4% increase from the 12,308 tons collected in 2019. The increase in the amount of marine debris correlates with increased human activity and tourism. The daily amount of domestic waste has increased by 50% from 2011 to 2022. Specifically, the amount of daily domestic waste on Jeju Island has increased by 50.6%, from 764 tons in 2011 to 1150.9 tons in 2022, with waste generated by tourists accounting for nearly 40% of the total. Despite the South Korean government’s commitment to reduce marine debris by 33% through prevention, collection, and public awareness initiatives, challenges persist. On the top of that, the United Nations has also emphasized the global urgency of the issue, setting a goal to significantly reduce marine pollution by 2025. However, even with these efforts, plastic pollution continues to rise in some areas, posing threat to various marine species and habitats. This troubling trend underscores the critical need for more effective management strategies and international cooperation to mitigate the impacts of marine debris.

III.

Proposed Solution Analysis A. Ocean-bound Technological Solutions i.

Seabin

“If we have rubbish bins on land, why not in the water?”

The Seabin project, developed by Australian surfers Andrew Turton and Pete Ceglinski, addresses the escalating issue of marine pollution by providing an innovative, practical solution designed to capture floating debris in the ocean, docks, and yacht clubs. Motivated by their personal encounters with ocean wastes and a desire to protect marine environments, Turton and Ceglinski created the Seabin, a floating cylindrical device that operates similarly to a pool skimmer, using a submersible pump to draw in water and trap debris in a catch bag. This device not only captures larger pollutants like plastic bottles and bags but also microplastics as small as 2mm, along with surface oils and detergents that are hard to capture manually. The project aims to mitigate marine pollution and foster environmental awareness by engaging local communities in the maintenance and data collection process, thereby contributing to broader environmental research and policy development efforts.

Just like the trash cans you see on the street, Seabins work with the same principle, using air pressure to suck up trash, oil, fuels, and other pollutants floating in the ocean. The Seabin project utilizes a floating cylindrical device equipped with a submersible pump to draw water from the surface, trapping floating debris in a catch bag while allowing clean water to flow back into the marina, dock, or yacht club where it is installed. This innovative mechanism effectively captures a wide range of pollutants, including plastic waste, microplastics down to 2 mm, and surface oils. Since its inception, Seabins have been strategically placed in numerous locations worldwide, including Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia, to address localized marine pollution. Monitoring of test Seabins has demonstrated significant results, with each unit capable of collecting up to 1.5 kg of debris per day, leading to substantial reductions in visible litter and contributing valuable data on pollution types and sources. This data not only aids in local environmental management but also supports global research efforts aimed at mitigating marine pollution.

ii.

The Ocean Clean Up

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The objective of the organization is “Dirty river comes in, clean river comes out.” The Ocean Cleanup organization has placed over 10 interceptor boats around most of the ocean regions in the world. This initiative stems from their research indicating that 1,000 rivers are responsible for 80% of ocean plastic entering the oceans. The solar-powered interceptors are strategically located in these rivers. The marine debris flows into the system while boats can still pass. The barrier directs waste to the mouth of the interceptor, where a conveyor belt extracts the debris from the water onto a giant shuttle. Using smart software, the shuttle distributes the waste into one of six dumpsters located on a separate barge. Once full, the barge is brought back to shore, emptied for recycling, and reattached for further collection. At top performance, the interceptor can extract more than 100,000 kilograms of trash per day.

B. Plastic-Derived Microfilament

Adidas introduced their new way of producing running shoes in 2015. They collaborated with Parley to produce sustainable products. During the process, they were able to find a new way to easily make their products sustainable. They decided to create shoes that are generally made with non-recyclable materials with recyclable materials. To make this happen, they collected over 2,810 tons of marine plastic to produce microfilaments, which is a type of thread. The plastic is crushed into flakes, heated, cooled into pellets, and spun into polyester filament to make the sneaker's upper part. They were able to utilize microfilaments as the key material to create shoes that had functions that were identical to common running shoes. If this method is implemented by multiple brands, it could significantly reduce plastic waste ending up in the ocean. To effectively launch the Adidas microfilament strategy on Jeju Island, we propose leveraging the local community by recruiting individuals or volunteers to collect marine plastics. This strategy avoids the need for establishing new factories on the island for shoe production and promotes sustainable plastic collection. By engaging the community in these efforts, we can significantly reduce the amount of plastic along Jeju's coastlines and in its waters. This will not only prevent further loss of biodiversity but also facilitate the production of more microfilaments, enhancing the overall impact of our initiative.

C. Cow Additive The unnecessary seaweed and marine algae from their stems being thrown back into the sea, researchers are trying to find out wider uses of algae that are thrown back into the ocean. To address this issue, we need to lower the Earth's temperature by controlling the key contributors to global warming, particularly methane gasses, which are largely caused by cattle emissions. In order to reduce the amount of methane gas emitted by cows, the Food and Agriculture Organization, also known as FAO, and a start-up company from the U.S. called Symbrosia have started to change what the cows consume. Symbrosia has spent two years developing ‘SeaGraze’, a plant-based feed additive made from seaweed, seagrass, and other seaweed species grown and cultivated in-house. Through testing, Symbrosia has found that this SeaGraze can absorb up to five times more carbon dioxide than rainforests, which can be added to livestock feed to reduce methane. In 2020, a farm in New York actually used a feed additive made from red seaweed, since using red and brown algae in the feed reduces unnecessary floating marine debris and reduces the amount of methane gas resting on the animals. The seafood feed additive was found to reduce methane emissions from livestock by 80%. Accordingly, the possibility of greenhouse gas reduction projects using seaweed have increased, and the results show that the ability to photosynthesize makes them a CO2-sequestering plant. This approach not only reduces methane gas but also eliminates red and brown algae floating that is not being used. This has a significant impact on reducing the temperature of the ocean as well as treating red and brown algae floating in the sea. While this is a promising solution, there could be some potential side effects when cows consume this feed additive. Since the experiment is relatively new, its long-term effects have not been fully proven. If the feed causes health issues in cows, it may also negatively impact humans. Specifically, if cows develop side effects, consuming their beef could pose health risks to humans as well. Therefore, thorough testing and monitoring are essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of the feed before widespread implementation.

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IV.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Jeju Island is confronting genuine natural issues caused by climate change and pollution which are undermining the island's wealthy biodiversity and one-of-a-kind marine environment. Due to rising ocean temperatures and expanded contaminated waters, Jeju Island's marine life and ocean growth are significantly diminishing, posing a genuine risk to the island's environmental adjustment. To address these issues, it is essential to take action in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 13 and 14). Solutions and innovative approaches such as The Ocean Cleanup, Adidas, and Symbrosia provide strategies to mitigate these impacts. Success in these solutions will require continued global collaboration, scientific research, and the adoption of sustainable practices.

Additionally, protecting Jeju's marine environment for future generations also depends on youth and regional cooperation now. By implementing innovative solutions through strong community engagement and youth efforts, Jeju Island will be able to effectively respond to marine pollution and climate change issues and pave the way for a sustainable future.

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네델란드 청소년들은 어떻게 일할까 #7 오션 클린업! 바다 쓰레기를 치우자! (2018, December 14). 서울시공익활동지원센터. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://www.seoulpa.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=npo_aca&wr_id=4020&sfl=wr_14&stx=%ED%95%B4%EC %99%B8 Adidas x Parley - Run for the Oceans India Edition Produced 100% Plastic Free by 70EMG. (2018, 7 4). Event Faqs. https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-15184/adidas-x-parley--run-for-the-oceans-india-edition-produced100-plastic-free-by-70emg Go, W. (2022, 07 05). "이미 서식지 80% 파괴 ... 돌고래 사라진 제주바다는 재앙". "80% of habitat already destroyed... The disappearance of dolphins from Jeju Sea is a disaster". https://www.mediajeju.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=338910 Goal 14 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14#targets_and_indicators HOW WE TURN PLASTIC BOTTLES INTO SHOES: OUR PARTNERSHIP WITH PARLEY FOR THE OCEANS. (2021, March). https://www.adidas.com/us/blog/639412-how-we-turn-plastic-bottles-into-shoes-ourpartnership-with-parley-for-the-oceans Increasing Pollution On Jeju Island - 포항공대신문. (2022, November 13). 포항공대신문. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://times.postech.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=22292 Insider, B. (Director). (2023). How Adidas, Asics, and Other Shoemakers Deal With Waste | World Wide Waste | Insider Business [Film]. Business Insider.

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밥도둑 김, 미역은 사실 도둑이 아니라 도우미였다. 지구를 지키는 해조류들?! | N. (2023, April 28).

SK 네트웍스. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://blog.sknetworks.co.kr/18987 The Ocean Cleanup (Director). (n.d.). Explaining the Interceptor | Cleaning Rivers | The Ocean Cleanup [Film]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm1rH70wfJo The Seabin Project: collaborating to bring manufacturing home - ADVANCED MANUFACTURING GROWTH CENTRE. (n.d.). Advanced Manufacturing Growth Centre. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://www.amgc.org.au/news/the-seabin-project-collaborating-to-bring-manufacturing-home/ Yang, H. S., Kim, T., Lee, K. T., Kim, T., Baker, D. M., & Kang, D. H. (2023). Use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures to Monitor Changes in the Marine Environment in Jeju, South Korea: A Brief Review. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12601-023-00108-z#citeas YTN (Director). (2025). 위기의 제주바다...기후변화·쓰레기 '신음' / YTN ["Jeju Sea in crisis... Groaning under climate change and trash / YTN"] [Film]. YTN. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4zRov82BZY

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A Multifaceted Analysis Of Gender Equality TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Introduction

II.

Gender Discrimination under an Economical Lens A. Income Inequality/Gender Pay Gap B. Laws Restricting Women’s ability to work

III.

Gender Discrimination under Social Lens A. Freedom to Dress: The Importance of Personal Expression and Rights

IV.

Solutions

V.

Conclusion

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Abstract: Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue, affecting various aspects of life, particularly in the economic and social spheres. Despite global efforts, including United Nations initiatives like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Beijing Platform for Action, gender discrimination continues to hinder progress toward true equality. This paper examines gender discrimination through both economic and social lenses, highlighting critical issues such as the gender pay gap and restrictions on women's employment due to outdated laws and social norms. The study also explores the limitations placed on women's freedom of personal expression, particularly in dress, which is often constrained by religious and cultural norms. By analyzing the economic impacts of gender discrimination, such as income inequality and occupational segregation, the paper underscores the importance of achieving gender equality to unlock women's full economic potential. It also addresses the social implications of restricting women's rights to personal expression, using examples from countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran, where dress codes are imposed by religious traditions. The paper calls for a reevaluation of laws, customs, and religious practices that infringe on women's rights, advocating for a society where everyone is free to pursue their career paths and express themselves without discrimination. The proposed solutions emphasize the need for targeted interventions by policymakers and stakeholders to promote gender equality and protect human rights for all.

I.

Introduction

When drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations banned the use of the word 'man' to describe all human beings. Additionally, the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1953) and the Beijing Platform for Action define the concept of gender mainstreaming as the most important element for gender equality and women's empowerment. Additionally, 1975 was designated as International Women's Year. Various efforts have been made to promote women's human rights. In this way, the United Nations has had a significant impact on women's human rights since the beginning.

According to the World Bank, 104 countries have labor laws that limit the jobs women can hold and when or where they can work. This is estimated to influence the career choices of 2.7 billion women.

However, gender inequality is still a big issue that affects many parts of our lives. Even women and men do the same thing, women sometimes in some countries are paid less and this is called the gender pay gap. In many countries, women also face some laws that limit the jobs they can do. Some women also want to be treated in the same way as men and get the same jobs, but it is unfair that this part is limited. Another gender inequality problem is that women are told what they can and cannot wear in some places due to religion. This limits the personal expression for them. These kinds of gender inequality problems show that we still need to achieve gender equality and eliminate gender discrimination. We all need to work together to ensure everyone is treated fairly, regardless of gender.

II.

Gender Discrimination under an Economical Lens A. Income Inequality/Gender Pay Gap

The persistent gender pay gap remains a troubling reality in our society, with women globally earning, on average, 23% less than men do. This unequal distribution and disparity of earnings is driven by systemic biases that devalue women's skills and contributions, often relegating them to lower-paying jobs. Even when women break through the "glass ceiling," they often find themselves earning less than male peers with similar qualifications. Key factors contributing to this stubborn pay disparity include occupational segregation, where women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-paid sectors and roles, as well as direct gender-based discrimination in hiring, promotion, and compensation decisions.

Additionally, the unequal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work, which still falls primarily on women's shoulders, limits their ability to advance in the workforce and maximize their earning potential.

These gendered social norms and structural barriers interact to create a vicious cycle, reinforcing women's economic marginalization.

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This global crisis is highly relevant to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 5 on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls. Closing the gender pay gap is essential for ensuring women can access decent work, achieve financial independence, and have equal opportunities for career advancement. To this end, the researchers propose a comprehensive policy package, including measures such as minimum living wages, universal social protection, familyfriendly workplace policies, and strengthened pay transparency and equity audits.

Overcoming this inequality requires the addressing of deep-seated social and cultural stereotypes that reinforce traditional gender roles. While progress has been slow, effective solutions involve a multifaceted approach, including establishing a higher minimum wage, providing universal social protections, and encouraging men to take on more caregiving responsibilities. Only through concerted efforts to tackle the complex, underlying factors of gender inequality can we hope to achieve true gender parity in the workplace.

B. Laws Restricting Women’s Ability to Work: More than 100 countries around the world have laws that continue to restrict women's employment.

These laws limit the career opportunities for 2.7 billion women around the world by limiting the jobs and working conditions women can do. Countries such as Russia have reduced but not completely abolished restrictions, while countries such as Afghanistan, Yemen and Iran have strict controls on women's employment under Sharia law, requiring women to require permission from their male guardians to work. These restrictions not only violate basic human rights but also have wider economic and social consequences, including economic losses and social instability. In other words, women's labor participation is important for national economic growth and social development. For example, there is said to be a positive correlation between increased labor market participation of women and GDP growth in countries such as Saudi Arabia. In addition, international initiatives such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention, which strive to restore and protect women's labor rights, recognize the injustice of these outdated laws and religious practices and recognize the unfairness of these outdated laws and religious practices, regardless of gender. We need a more equitable society where everyone can pursue the career they want.

III.

Gender Discrimination under Social Lens A. Freedom to Dress: The Importance of Personal Expression and Rights

In Saudi Arabia and Iran, Women are required to follow strict dress codes based on Islamic rules. In Saudi Arabia, women must wear a long black abaya in public, and while the hijab is commonly worn, enforcement has become less strict recently, especially in major cities. However, in Iran, the rules are stricter, requiring women to wear a hijab and modest clothing like a long coat. These rules are strictly enforced by the morality police, and women who do not follow them can face fines, public scolding, or even arrest. The government uses these dress codes to control how women behave in public, and breaking these rules can lead to serious situations. Many women and activists in Iran are fighting for the right to choose their clothing, arguing that these restrictions limit personal freedom. A survey by the Iranian Social Project in 2020 found that 72% of Iranians believe women should not be forced to wear hijabs or abayas, no matter what region they are in. The struggle for freedom in dress is part of a broader fight for gender equality, and there have been many incidents, especially involving young women, where harsh enforcement has led to tragic outcomes. Respecting all religions is important, but no one should face gender discrimination or punishment for their clothing choices.

IV.

Solutions A. Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, International 136

Labour Organization (ILO) 110(Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951), 111(Discrimination Convention, 1958): The Convention on the political rights of women is an international treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1953. This convention aims to guarantee women's political rights and eliminate political discrimination based on gender.

The Beijing platform is a comprehensive global policy framework aimed at achieving gender equality and women's empowerment. It was adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, which was organized by the United Nations.

B. Establishing universal social protection and a higher minimum wage have proven effective in narrowing the gender pay gap. Ensuring a living wage for low-wage workers, who are disproportionately women, provides significant benefits.

Combining these policies with universal social protections like paid family leave and subsidized childcare further boosts women's earning potential. The most effective approaches to closing the gender pay gap involve multi-faceted interventions addressing both structural and social factors, such as family-friendly workplace policies and encouraging men to share caregiving responsibilities.

V.

Conclusion

The persistent gender pay gap remains a critical global issue with far-reaching consequences for women's lifetime earnings, financial security, and overall economic empowerment. This study highlights the complex factors contributing to this inequality, including occupational segregation, direct gender-based discrimination, and the unequal distribution of unpaid care work. Addressing this issue is essential for achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 5 on gender equality. By providing rigorous, evidence-based analysis, this study can guide policymakers, employers, and stakeholders in designing targeted interventions. While progress has been slow, renewed commitment and concerted action can help accelerate progress toward pay equity and greater gender equality in the labor market, crucial for upholding women's rights and unleashing their full economic potential worldwide. Similarly, human rights are fundamental entitlements that should be protected regardless of gender, race, age, disability, or language. Restricting women's employment opportunities and suppressing their economic activities is a clear violation of these basic rights. Outdated laws and religious beliefs that hinder women's rights must be critically examined and reformed. If religious practices and laws infringe upon human rights, they undermine their justice and relevance. It is essential to create a society where everyone can pursue their chosen career paths and live freely, while still respecting the bounds of legitimate religious and legal frameworks. In the context of personal expression, dress codes in Saudi Arabia and Iran, though rooted in Islamic traditions, have become significant issues in the fight for gender equality and individual freedom. Many women in these countries are challenging these restrictive dress codes, advocating for their right to choose how they dress. This struggle for freedom in dress is part of a broader fight against discrimination and for self-expression. It underscores the need to balance respect for religious traditions with the protection of individual rights. Therefore, Customs, laws, and religions that violate a person's human rights all need to change.

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Works Cited Income inequality. (n.d.). OECD. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/en/data/ indicators/income-inequality.html 2024 gender pay gap report (GPGR). (n.d.). Payscale. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.payscale.com/research-and-insights/gender-pay-gap/ Equal pay for work of equal value. (n.d.). UN Women. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/csw61/equal-pay Take five: At the current rate or progress, no equal pay until 2069. (2017, February 24). UN Women.

Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/ stories/2017/2/take-five-chidi-king-equalpay&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1723353343334893&usg=AOvVaw0U Assessing the gender pay gap in the finance sector. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2024, from Take five: At the current rate or progress, no equal pay until 2069. (2017, February 24). UN Women. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/2/take-five-chidi-kingequal-pay&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1723353343334893&usg=AOvVaw0U 'Sharia law' being revived in Afghanistan... Reasons for concern about women's human rights. (2021,August 19). BBC News Korea. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/korean/international-58256340 Yemen: Warring Parties Restrict Women's Movement. (2024, March 4). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/04/yemen-warring-parties-restrict-womens-movement Bae, J. (2019, July 13). Saudi woman imprisoned by 'Mahram'. Choseon Media. Retrieved August 11,2024, from https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/07/13/2019071300151.html The untold stories of Afghan women. (2022, December 13). BBC News Korea. Retrieved August 11, 2024,from https://www.bbc.com/korean/63926801 Yu, H. (2024, January 26). UN: "Taliban regulates external activities of unmarried and unaccompanied women." Yonhap News. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240126065800009 Wood, J. (2018, August 13). 104 countries have laws that prevent women from working in some jobs.World Economic Forum. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/104-countrieshave-laws-that-prevent-women-from-working-in-some-jobs/ Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don't Have Same Economic Rights as Men. (2022, March 1). World Bank Group. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/01/nearly2-4-billion-women-globally-don-t-have-same-economic-rights-as-men Singh, A. (2024, April 30). Laws that limit women's employment in India. India Development Review. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://idronline.org/article/gender/laws-that-limit-womens-employment-in-india/ Letablier, M. T. (2022, June 20). Legislation on women's work in Europe (A. Gharibian, Trans.).Digital Encyclopedia of European History. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/gender-and-europe/earning-a-living/legislation-women%E2%80%99swork-in-europe

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[Human Rights]. (2023, December 10). United Nations. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. (2008, January 1). UN Women.

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The Week: (2021, August 26) Restrictive regulations remain despite social reforms giving women long-fought rights https://theweek.com/60339/things-women-cant-do-in-saudi-arabia Shin. (2022, November 2) Arrested for not wearing a hijab properly...even violent https://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2022/11/02/2022110200081.html Tess, L. (2023, August 30) As the anniversary of Amini’s death nears, here’s how to help the “Woman. Life.

Freedom.” movement https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/jina-mahsa-amini-death-what-to-do/ Azam, J. (2018, February 24) Iran: Stop Prosecuting Women Over Dress Code https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/24/iran-stop-prosecuting-women-over-dress-code Rothna, B. (2022, November 16) Iranian Women’s Demands for Freedom Must Be Heard https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/11/16/iranian-womens-demands-freedom-must-be-heard Reuters. (2018, March 19) Saudi women should have a choice of whether to wear an abaya robe https://www.reuters.com/article/world/saudi-women-should-have-choice-whether-to-wear-abaya-robe-crownprince-idUSKBN1GV18K/

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Difficulties and Impacts of Natural Disasters South Asian Region Refugees Face in Different Types of Settlements

© UNHCR/Frederic Noy

Soobin Chun, BC Collegiate Anna Seojin Park, Seoul International School David H. Kim, Seoul Foreign School Yeheon Jeong, Carmel Catholic High School 143

Difficulties and Impacts of Natural Disasters South Asian Region Refugees Face in Different Types of Settlements TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

Explanations: Brief Explanations of the Ground Situation for Refugees, Natural Disasters, and the South Asia Region

II.

Case Studies: A. Kutupalong Refugee Camp, Bangladesh i.

Landslide Incident

B. Beldangi Camp, Nepal i.

Fire Incident

C. Kheshgi Refugee Village, Pakistan i.

Flood Incident

III.

Overarching Key Issues of Refugee Camps

IV.

Stakeholders: Key Organizations and Groups that Make a Difference

V.

Relevance to SDGs - Categorized through the 5P Principles

VI.

Solutions A. Innovative Approach B. Youth-Led Action Plans

VII.

Conclusion

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Abstract: The South Asia region faces severe challenges related to the refugee crisis, exacerbated by densely populated urban areas, underdeveloped rural regions, and frequent conflicts. Refugees in this area endure harsh living conditions, marked by a lack of basic freedoms, heightened risks of persecution, and statelessness. Natural disasters such as wildfires, landslides, and floods further compound these difficulties, severely impacting the already precarious conditions within refugee camps. This paper examines the situation of refugees in South Asia through case studies of Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, analyzing the key issues that plague refugee camps, including inadequate infrastructure and vulnerability to environmental hazards.The research also highlights the need for improved construction practices in refugee camps, advocating for the use of better-quality materials and advanced building techniques to enhance the resilience of these shelters against natural disasters. By investing in the infrastructure and safety of refugee camps, we can better protect these vulnerable populations and contribute to a more sustainable and just world.

I.

Explanations: Brief Explanations of the Ground Situation for Refugees, Natural Disasters, and the South Asia Region

Introduction to the Problem of Pressing Refugee Crises in South Asia In South Asia, the region is characterized by densely populated urban slums, underdeveloped rural areas, and frequent intense conflicts between neighboring countries. These conditions make life particularly harsh, leading to various violations of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Refugees, in particular, are subject to inhumane living conditions, facing heightened risks of persecution, statelessness, and exploitation.

Basic freedoms enjoyed by citizens in stable societies are almost entirely inaccessible to them, further emphasizing the pressing nature of the refugee crisis in this region.

Our Specific Target on Refugees A refugee is a displaced individual who, driven by a well-founded fear of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group, seeks sanctuary beyond their homeland's borders, yearning for safety and the restoration of dignity. In comparison with typical citizens, refugees' individual human rights are often not protected.

They face heightened risks without the guarantees of safety, legal recognition, and basic freedoms enjoyed by others. As members of the global community, countries have a moral responsibility to assist refugees because every person has an inherent dignity and worth protected by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Consequently, addressing the refugee crisis is crucial in a sustainably developing world like today.

Our Focus on Natural Disasters Natural disasters such as wildfires, landslides, and floods are all major incidents that severely impact refugee communities, hindering progress on all the SDG goals.

Rebuilding shelters and facilities after a fire requires significant financial resources, which could be more effectively allocated if secure materials were used initially, minimizing the risk of fires and reducing the frequency and cost of rebuilding efforts. Therefore, our focus on natural disasters highlights the need for proactive measures in reducing the vulnerabilities faced by refugee communities.

II.

Case Studies A. Kutupalong Refugee Camp, Bangladesh

Kutupalong Refugee Camp is a large-scale, temporary refugee settlement located in Cox’a Bazar, Bangladesh. As of July 2023, at least 931,960 Rohingya refugees lived in 33 camps in Bangladesh’s border district of Cox’s Bazar. The sprawling network of camps, which is prone to landslides, covers a tiny area of about 24 square kilometers. This makes Cox’s Bazar one of the most densely populated refugee camps in the world and more than 1.5 times more populated than Dhaka, the world’s most densely populated city.

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(Size of the refugee camp) The Rohingya are a mostlyMuslim ethnic group who have lived in Buddhist-majority Myanmar for centuries. They have faced persecution at the hands of the military since the country’s independence in the late 1940s. In 1982, a citizenship law excluded the Rohingya as one of the 135 official ethnic groups in Myanmar and barred them from citizenship, effectively rendering them stateless. As a result, Rohingya families were denied basic rights and protection, making them vulnerable to exploitation, sexual and gender-based violence and abuse.

Refugees live in makeshift shelters made of bamboo and tarpaulin. These structures provide minimal protection against the elements, especially during the monsoon season and cyclones, leading to frequent damage and the need for repairs. Families live in compact quarters, using communal toilets and water facilities. The camps are extremely overcrowded, with limited space per person. This high density exacerbates problems related to sanitation, health, and personal security. Access to clean water and adequate sanitation is limited. Many refugees rely on communal latrines and water points, which can be insufficient for the large population. Poor sanitation increases the risk of waterborne diseases. Health services are available through various humanitarian organizations, but they are often stretched thin.

Common health issues include respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and malnutrition. Mental health services are also limited but critical, given the trauma experienced by many refugees. Educational opportunities exist, particularly for children, but are insufficient.

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(How they build refugee housing with bamboo) Landslide Incident On June 19, 2024, a massive landslide hit the Katupalong Refugee camp. The monsoon rains in June 2024 were intense and prolonged, causing the already saturated soil in the refugee camps to become unstable. These rains overwhelmed the natural drainage systems, contributing to soil erosion and landslides.

Furthermore, the camps, including Kutupalong-Balukhali Expansion Site, are situated on hilly and unstable terrain. The topography of the area, characterized by steep slopes, made it particularly susceptible to landslides. The natural landscape, combined with the dense population, intensified the impact of the rains.

Especially, the makeshift shelters in the camps, constructed from bamboo and tarps, were often built on unstable slopes or poorly prepared ground. This construction exacerbated the risk of damage from landslides, as the structures were not resilient to the shifting earth.

B. Beldangi Camp, Nepal Beldangi Camp is a protracted refugee camp located in Jhapa District, Nepal. As for the infrastructure of the camp, there are graveled rows separating the sectors and toilets are located between each pair of rows. Two secondary level schools, five primary schools, and two lower secondary schools managed

by Caritas Nepal are also present on the campsite. The houses are thatch roofed huts, which are made from highly flammable material such as reed and straw. In terms of location, the camp is surrounded by forests to the north and east and is located near established infrastructure and towns.

To briefly sum up the population and layout of the camp, Beldangi consists of three settlements: Beldangi I, II, and III Extension. As of 2011, Beldangi I had 12,793 residents, Beldangi II had 14,680, and Beldangi III Extension had 8,470. Beldangi II is divided into nine sectors, each further divided into 4 units, totaling 36 units.

As for the condition of the refugee campsite, basic services are provided, though often inadequate.

There are economic challenges for the refugees as they are prohibited from engaging in incomegenerating activities, even within the camp. They are entirely dependent on international support for survival. Aid reductions have placed strain on families, particularly women. There are also concerns about sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) as women reported feeling unsafe walking alone at night.

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As of 2014, the camp population increased due to consolidation of other camps (such as Goldhap Refugee Camp). Inversely, many refugees have been resettled in other countries, reducing the population. Those remaining in the camp now struggle without consistent aid. Refugees often work as daily wage laborers to earn a living.

Bhutanese refugees primarily reside in Beldangi Camp. They fled from their home country due to political and religious persecution in the early 1990s. The refugees are primarily Lhotshampas, a group of Nepali-speaking Bhutanese people who faced discrimination and human rights abuses from the Bhutanese government. The Bhutanese government implemented policies that discriminated against the Lhotshampa community, leading to widespread human rights violations. Many Lhotshampas were forced to sign "voluntary migration forms" at gunpoint before receiving minimal compensation for their land and leaving the country. Thousands were unjustly persecuted in violation of their international human rights. Some were imprisoned and tortured for reporting on these human rights violations. The refugees fled to Nepal for safety, as they were not guaranteed safe passage, shelter, or food in Bhutan.

The crisis led to the displacement of over 100,000 Bhutanese people, with many ending up in refugee camps like Beldangi in eastern Nepal.

2007 Fire Incident in Beldangi 1 The fire broke out on the evening of November 9, 2007, in Beldangi 1, one of the seven camps housing Bhutanese refugees in eastern Nepal. The aftermath left many refugees in need of immediate assistance and shelter. The fire damaged or completely destroyed at least 68 huts, affecting the living conditions of nearly 430 refugees. Early investigation pointed to a conclusion that an accident started the fire rather than arson or other foul play. Such incidents are not uncommon in refugee camps due to the densely packed and flammable nature of the thatch roofed houses. Emergency relief efforts were mobilized to support the fire victims. Organizations like UNHCR rushed supplies to the camp to aid those affected by the fire.

(before the fire)

(after the fire) 148

2023 Fire Incident In December 2023, another fire occurred in the camp. Three houses were destroyed, and thus the estimated loss from this fire was around 500,000 Nepalese Rupees. Fortunately, there were no reported casualties. This fire was caused by an electrical short circuit in the house of a refugee. According to authorities, residents, police officers, and a fire engine from the Damak Municipality all assisted in putting out the fire.

(after the fire)

C. Kheshgi Refugee Village, Pakistan Kheshgi Refugee formed in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and thousands of Afghans fled their country by crossing the border into Pakistani territory. In doing so, they joined the more than 2 million Afghan refugees already residing in Pakistan who left their homeland after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the civil unrest after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989.

Many Afghans living in fear of persecution following the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021 fled to Pakistan, where they have been subjected to waves of arbitrary detentions, arrests, and the threat of deportation.

In October 2023, a phase 1 of the ‘Illegal Foreigners’ Repatriation Plan’ was announced with a 30day deadline for “undocumented” Afghan refugees to leave the country or be subject to deportation putting 1.4 million refugees at risk.

Refugees live in semi-permanent structures, often built from basic materials like mud, brick, and bamboo. While more durable than emergency tents, these shelters may still lack adequate insulation, ventilation, and protection from the elements. The village is densely populated, leading to cramped living conditions that can exacerbate health and sanitation issues. Access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities can be limited. Many refugees rely on communal water points and latrines, which can be insufficient for the large population, leading to health risks. Basic healthcare services are available but often under-resourced. Clinics may face shortages of medical supplies and personnel, impacting the quality and accessibility of care. Educational facilities exist, including primary and some secondary schools, but they often struggle with overcrowding, insufficient materials, and a lack of qualified teachers.

According to the government, Pakistan currently hosts nearly three million Afghans, with close to 2.4 million possessing some form of legal documentation. Of these, almost 1.5 million hold a UNHCR Proof of Residence card, and another 800,000 possess an Afghan Citizenship Card (ACC).

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Flood incident Nearly 600 mud houses built by Afghan refugees in Pakistan’s northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province have been washed away in recent flood, officials said on Monday, as members of the displaced community from the neighboring country said they were desperate for food and medicines.

Catastrophic floods of 2010 that left almost 2,000 people dead. This year(2022) monsoon floods have killed over 1,100 people already, while around 33 million have been affected by torrential rains and flash floods that have left 6.4 million people in need of shelter as well as food and other essentials.

UNHCR has already provided 10,000 tents and thousands of other relief items such as plastic tarpaulins, sanitary products, cooking stoves, blankets, solar lamps, and sleeping mats. Thousands of sacks have also been distributed to help households build sandbag defenses around their homes. The assistance is being given to host communities as well as refugee villages.

Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Committee (NDMA) and other aid agencies, UNHCR has been delivering emergency relief items in the worst hit western areas of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces since 2022, July.

III.

Overarching Key Issues of Refugee Camps

To crack down on the human rights violations displaced people face in South Asian refugee camps, we compiled a list of ten key problems that negatively affect the refugees. To start off, there is a lack of legal status and protection. Many South Asian countries have not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention or 1967 Protocol, leaving refugees without formal legal status or protections. Second, there is a restricted freedom of movement. Many refugees are confined to camps with limited ability to leave or work outside. As for limited access to basic services, unregistered refugees in particular face difficulties accessing healthcare, education, and other essential services. Next, refugees face economic hardship and exploitation. They are often prohibited from working legally, forcing them into exploitative informal labor. Thus, poverty and food insecurity are widespread issues in camps. For safety and security concerns, violence, including gender-based violence, is a problem in some camps.

Furthermore, natural disasters, the main focus of our paper, pose risks due to crowded living conditions.

The sick problem is the lack of durable solutions as there are limited opportunities for local integration, resettlement or safe return to countries of origin. Moreover, refugees are marginalized and come across discrimination from host communities and struggle to integrate. In addition, statelessness is still a problem because some refugee populations, such as the Rohingya, are stateless and lack basic rights.

The ninth challenge is that refugee women and girls face additional vulnerabilities and barriers to services. Lastly, refugees are at risk of arbitrary arrest and detention in some countries.

IV.

Stakeholders: UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO, FAO, WFP, and IOM

The UNHCR protects people forced to flee their homes as well as stateless persons by delivering lifesaving assistance in emergencies, safeguarding fundamental human rights, and helping to find long150

term solutions so they can find a safe place to call home. UNICEF plays a crucial role in improving the welfare of refugee children by providing educational support and essential medical services, such as vaccinations and emergency care. The WHO assists refugee camps with health issues by providing medical personnel and resources to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) support refugees in securing nutritious food. Additionally, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) ensures that refugees can migrate safely and adapt to new circumstances. NGOs also play a vital role by running education, training, and cultural exchange programs to help refugees integrate into new societies. An example of this cooperation can be seen in Cox’s Bazar following a fire. The 2024 Joint Response Plan for the Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis is a fundraising program aimed at providing food, health care, access to water, protection services, education, and livelihood opportunities, with a goal of reaching 1.35 million Rohingya refugees by raising $852.4 million. UNICEF mobilized medical teams to provide emergency assistance and volunteers to evacuate refugees from shelters. FAO supported 146,340 beneficiaries in Cox’s Bazar by providing technical expertise and resources for food security, livelihood diversification, and environmental management, focusing on transitioning from humanitarian aid to long-term sustainable interventions to enhance community resilience. Additionally, they developed the Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS) in collaboration with IOM and USAID. In response to the fires, IOM promptly dispatched ambulances, mobile medical units, mental health and psychosocial support personnel, and established emergency healthcare centers. In conclusion, the UN and other international organizations play crucial roles in protecting the rights of refugees and supporting them in leading a basic life. Their cooperation and support are vital for addressing refugee issues and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

V.

Relevance to SDGs

We linked our research to the SDGs through categorizing the relevant points into the 5P Principles (People, Prosperity, Planet, Peace, and Partnership).

For the first section of the 5P Principles, we combined the SDGS 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 to advocate for 1) an end in poverty and hunger for the refugees and 2) protect their dignity and equality in a 3) sanitary and healthy refugee camp environment. These are basic human rights protected by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and thus must be guaranteed to refugees.

In terms of Prosperity, we wanted to ensure prosperous and fulfilling lives in harmony with nature for the refugees living in the settlements. As refugees are continuously negatively impacted, first due to their initial cause for seeking asylum and once again due to unexpected natural disasters, our focus was on SDG 9. We studied the implementation of sustainable and durable infrastructure and different settlement types to measure and mitigate refugee shelters’ vulnerability to natural disasters.

For the Planet sector, we focused on the development of sustainable settlements and taking action to alleviate the effects of natural disasters affecting refugee camps, which in turn adversely impacts the planet. The rebuilding of camps after the toll of disasters such as wildfires, floods, and earthquakes must be executed through using sustainable materials. In order to maintain or improve the conditions of refugee camps, sustainable measures such as the “Green Refugee Camp” model introduced by UNHabitat in the New Urban Agenda can be put into practice.

The fourth “P,” or SDG 16 is about promoting peaceful and inclusive societies. This applies to our topic because it is important for people to be radically inclusive towards refugees through ensuring their human rights and dignity, addressing systemic injustices they face, and providing opportunities in various fields, including education and the workforce. Furthermore, for most refugees, the main reason they were displaced and forced to live into these settlements are conflict and war. By seeking peace to prevent such conflicts from happening in the future, the growing refugee problem could be solved.

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Partnership is essential to take action for our topic on refugees and their living situations. For example, NGOs and organizations across the globe, such as UNHCR and Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) could partner up by combining their efforts to improve the refugee camp conditions and allocate an adequate amount of resources. Aside from corporate partnerships and charity partners, the “funded partner” system is also available, where an organization that works on the ground situation receives support funds from a different group. Every type of union plays an important role in mitigating the refugee crisis.

VI.

Solutions and Action Plans A. Innovation: Implementing sustainable and sturdy material in refugee camp infrastructure with effective construction techniques

All of the refugee campsites discovered above are constructed using substandard materials and techniques, such as bamboo, regular tarpaulin, mud, reed, straw, and other inadequate resources. To transform these poorly built campsites into more durable and resilient shelters, it is essential to fundamentally change the very foundation upon which they are built. This involves not only improving the quality of construction materials but also implementing more advanced building techniques, ensuring that the camps can withstand harsh weather conditions and provide safer living environments for the refugees.

Construction Material Reinforced concrete, when properly reinforced with steel bars (rebar), is strong, durable, and resistant to high winds, floods, and earthquakes, making it ideal for building foundations, walls, and pillars in permanent or semi-permanent structures. Steel frames are similarly durable and flexible, capable of withstanding high winds and seismic activity, and are commonly used in the structural framework of multi-story buildings. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs), made from a mixture of soil, cement, and water, offer a strong, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution for walls, and can be reinforced with steel or bamboo for added strength. Gabion walls, constructed from wire mesh filled with stones or rubble, provide excellent drainage and resistance to erosion and floods, making them ideal for retaining walls, foundations, and erosion control structures. Ferrocement, a thin layer of concrete reinforced with a mesh of steel wires, offers durability and resistance to impact and water, and is suitable for constructing water tanks, roofs, and walls. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which are lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant, are used to reinforce concrete structures and as panels for walls and roofs. Finally, geotextiles, which are permeable fabrics, improve soil stability, prevent erosion, and provide drainage, making them useful in foundations, road construction, and erosion control.

Construction Technique Elevated structures, built on stilts or raised platforms, are effective in preventing flood damage, particularly in flood-prone areas like South Asia. Modular construction, utilizing prefabricated components that can be quickly assembled on-site, speeds up construction and ensures uniform quality and disaster resistance. Cross-bracing, incorporating diagonal braces in wall frames, increases resistance to lateral forces from earthquakes and high winds, thereby enhancing the structural stability of buildings. Seismic dampers, which absorb and dissipate seismic energy, reduce the impact on buildings and are particularly useful in multi-story structures to improve earthquake resistance.

Additionally, flood barriers and efficient drainage systems are essential in managing and diverting floodwaters away from structures, making them critical in protecting infrastructure in flood-prone regions like South Asia. Finally, flexible foundations, designed with materials that allow buildings to move slightly during earthquakes without collapsing, further enhance the earthquake resilience of structures.

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B. Youth-Led Actions: Workshops and Training Sessions, Reaching Out to NGOs, Fundraising Campaigns Youth could organize workshops and training sessions to educate refugees about fire safety, first aid, and natural disaster preparedness. Organizations such as the American Red Cross could be contacted for assistance with supplying educational material or for youth to get a certification first and then teach the refugees.

Youth could communicate or reach out to organizations such as the UNHCR and JRS to maintain or increase a steady flow of humanitarian aid. Our definition of “humanitarian aid” includes safe drinking water (SDG 6), an adequate supply of food for all refugees at the camp (SDG 3), and possibly new construction for some camps that are worn down or extremely vulnerable to fires and other natural disasters (SDG 9). Humanitarian aid as a whole would alleviate the problem of poverty as well (SDG 1). As a plus, Youth could request for an introduction of instructors, technology, and schools in camps that lack basic and primary education support for children through reaching out to aid organizations with funds from organized fundraisers. Technology is an option because if the area is too dangerous for educators to travel to in-person, then classes could be held online. This targets SDG 4 and addresses Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the right to education.

To support the issues at hand directly, fundraisers by youth is always a method. For more general humanitarian aid, youth can organize fundraisers both inside and outside of school and donate to large companies such as the UNHCR or UNICEF. To specifically focus on one part of the problem, such as the lack of quality education for refugee children, they can donate to organizations that specifically focus on eradicating the target problem. Groups that focus specifically on providing education to children in refugee camps include Save the Children, BRAC, International Rescue Committee, CARE, Plan International, Room to Read, and Relief International.

VII.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our research highlights the critical need for significant improvements in the construction of refugee campsites to enhance their resilience against natural disasters. The current reliance on substandard materials and construction techniques leaves these camps vulnerable to environmental hazards, compromising the safety and well-being of the refugees they are meant to protect. By adopting better-quality materials and implementing advanced building methods, we can fundamentally alter the structural integrity of these camps, providing more durable and secure shelters.

This approach not only mitigates the risks posed by natural disasters but also contributes to the overall stability and sustainability of refugee living conditions. The findings of this study underscore the importance of investing in the infrastructure of refugee camps as a means of safeguarding vulnerable populations and enhancing their quality of life.

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Works Cited Birendra, K., & Nagata, S. (2006). Refugee impact on collective management of forest resources: A case study of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal's Eastern Terai region. Journal of Forest Research, 11(4), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-006-0231-x dpicampaigns. (2023, May 31). Take action for the Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Effectiveness of various refugee settlement approaches. (2017). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f337eed915d7dfea66cdf/223-Effectiveness-of-VariousRefugee-Settlement-Approaches.pdf FAO. (2022). FAO in Cox’s Bazar: Building resilience to food insecurity and climatic shocks. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/bdb7b62a-c0da-4e5c-9a60-ef3650b955d5/content Hussain, A. (2024, July 10). Pakistan says registered Afghan refugees can stay for one more year. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/10/pakistan-says-registered-afghan-refugees-can-stay-for-one-moreyear#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20government%2C%20Pakistan,Afghan%20Citizenship%20Card%20( ACC).

Hussain, A. (2024, July 10). Pakistan says registered Afghan refugees can stay for one more year. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/10/pakistan-says-registered-afghan-refugees-can-stay-for-one-moreyear#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20government%2C%20Pakistan,Afghan%20Citizenship%20Card%20( ACC).

Kc, B., & Nagata, S. (2006). Refugee impact on collective management of forest resources: A case study of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal's Eastern Terai region. Journal of Forest Research, 11(4), 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-006-0231-x Last hope: The need for durable solutions for Bhutanese refugees in Nepal and India: IV. Life in the refugee camps in Nepal. (2024). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/bhutan0507/4.htm Munir, K. (2017, December 7). The refugee challenge: Pakistan’s repatriation policy – South Asian Voices.

South Asian Voices. https://southasianvoices.org/refugee-challenge-pakistans-repatriation-policy/ Pakistan: Government must stop ignoring global calls to halt unlawful deportation of Afghan refugees. (2024, April 4). Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/04/pakistan-government-musthalt-deportation-of-afghan-refugees/ Rehmat, M. (2022, August 30). Afghan refugees demand urgent assistance after losing 600 mud houses in Pakistan’s Northwest. Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2153001/pakistan Shelter, camp and settlement | UNHCR. (2023). UNHCR. https://emergency.unhcr.org/emergencyassistance/shelter-camp-and-settlement UN and partners seek $852.4M to support Rohingya refugees and Bangladeshi hosts. (2024, January 24).

UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/un-and-partners-seek-852-4m-support-rohingya-refugeesand-bangladeshi-hosts

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What forces are fueling Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis? (2017). Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-crisis What is a refugee camp? Definition and statistics | USA for UNHCR. (2021). USA for UNHCR. https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/camps/ What is life like inside the world’s biggest refugee camp in Bangladesh? (2023, August 25). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/8/25/what-is-life-like-inside-the-worlds-largest-refugee-camp What we do | UNHCR. (2024). UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do

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23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs

The Question of Existence-Unregistered Children in South Korea and China

Ain Kim, Shanghai Korean School

Table of Contents I.

Background

II. The Influence of War, Poverty, and Traditional Culture on Unregistered Children III. The Unregistered Migrant Children in South Korea IV. Rights of Undocumented Migrant Children in South Korea A. Limitation in Achieving Fair Education Regardless Nationality B. Policy Implementation in South Korea C. Healthcare Discrimination Due to the Unregistered Identity D. Economic Challenges Faced by Undocumented Migrant Children in Adulthood V. Unregistered Orphans in China A. Reasons Orphans Remain Unregistered B. Solutions Taken by the Chinese Government VI. Action Research VII. Conclusion VIII. Work Cited

I.

Background

As the 21st century has ushered in an era where the national system is established, everything is settled on paper. However, according to UNICEF's most recent 2019 statistics, one in four children in the world does not exist on document. Literally, they are not registered on paper, live without birth certificates, and are recognized by the government as non-existent. These unregistered children, along with their birth, violate the rights of education, healthcare, and economic expansion and move away from the legal utility. Marked "Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law," the right was already recorded in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1947.

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However, there has been some pretty pessimistic news regarding unregistered children even recently, as there are 166 million worldwide, according to the UN 2023 article. Therefore, UNICEF has set the goal of Birth registration for every child by 2030, which requires more international aid, state legislation, and people's attention. Focusing on Asia, this paper will check the actual unregistered status of orphans and migrant children in South Korea and China. Furthermore, the essay will explore the social discrimination unregistered individuals receive, the current policies and supplementary points, and future solutions for them.

II. The Influence of War, Poverty, and Traditional Culture on Unregistered Children The first part of this essay will explore the reasons why unregistered children exist around the world. After that, the essay will examine the human rights problems that persist even amidst economic development through cases of Korea and China.

One of the regions in the world with the highest number of unregistered children is Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in countries like Somalia, where ongoing conflict has led to a significant increase in the number of children without formal registration. The ravages of war disrupt not only the social fabric but also the essential systems required for birth registration, leaving many children unrecognized by the state. In such contexts, the chaos of conflict often overshadows the bureaucratic processes necessary for ensuring a child's legal identity, resulting in a generation of children who are invisible in the eyes of the law.

On the other hand, in Vietnam, the ethnic minority communities in areas like Ha Giang maintain a strong adherence to traditional lifestyles, which often leads to a neglect of formal birth registration.

These communities typically prioritize familial and cultural values over government procedures, resulting in a high prevalence of unregistered children. The emphasis on traditional family structures can create an environment where the importance of official documentation is underestimated, and the registration process is viewed as less critical.

The interplay of war, poverty, and traditional cultural practices creates a complex landscape that contributes to the high rates of unregistered children in these regions. In war-torn countries, instability and displacement hinder the ability of families to navigate bureaucratic systems, while in traditional communities, cultural norms may discourage engagement with governmental authorities. As a result, many children remain unregistered, lacking access to services such as education, healthcare, and legal protection.

Addressing the issue of unregistered children requires a multifaceted approach that considers those challenges posed by complex factors. Therefore,it is crucial for governments and organizations to work collaboratively with local communities to promote the importance of birth registration while also providing the necessary support to navigate the complexities of registration processes, especially in areas affected by conflict and traditional cultural practices. Only through such efforts will every child be able to obtain the opportunities they deserve.

III. The Unregistered Migrant Children in South Korea

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South Korea stands as a remarkable example of countries that underwent rapid economic development during the latter half of the 20th century, particularly from the 1980s to the 1990s.

Therefore, many people assume that unregistered children are a phenomenon confined to specific regions, such as Africa, and that their presence is considerably less in developed countries like South Korea. However, a press release from the National Assembly in October 2021 revealed a startling statistic: between 2010 and 2014, there were 9,603 children without resident registration in South Korea.

Given the country's relatively small population, this figure represents a significant number of children living without the protection of the law.

Moreover, the statistics suggest that while it is estimated that approximately 3,196 unregistered migrant children currently reside in South Korea, the actual number may be closer to 20,000. These children often belong to families of illegal immigrants, which complicates their situation further. The fear of deportation prevents their parents from seeking essential services, leaving these vulnerable children in a precarious position. Therefore, more comprehensive understandings are needed to provide targeted policies that address the rights of unregistered children in South Korea.

IV. Rights of Undocumented Migrant Children in South Korea A. Limitation in Achieving Fair Education Regardless Nationality The South Korean government has made strides in addressing the educational needs of undocumented migrant children by allowing them to enroll in elementary and middle schools through amendments to the Enforcement Decree of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Furthermore, the discretion of school principals has enabled these children to transfer into high schools as well.

However, despite these advancements, undocumented migrant children still face distinct barriers in accessing a comprehensive educational experience.

These children are often excluded from educational subsidies and scholarship opportunities due to their lack of a foreign registration number. Additionally, they encounter restrictions regarding participation in various competitions, forbidden registration of athletes, and are not eligible for compensation from the school safety insurance fund. This exclusion extends to field trips and school excursions, which limits fully engaged school life. Moreover, even the volunteer hours they participated in cannot be proven, since the 1365 portal is not available without a registration number.

B. Policy Implementation in South Korea In response to these challenges, the Korean Ministry of Justice introduced guidelines in 2013, known as the "Support Measures for the Learning Rights of Undocumented Students", which aim to reduce crackdowns on undocumented migrant children attending school. The guidelines stipulate that even if their undocumented status is discovered, students and their parents will be exempt from deportation until they graduate from high school. However, this policy still confines these children to a precarious existence, as they are only allowed to remain in South Korea until they become adults, and after that, deprived of opportunities to envision a future within South Korean society.

It is essential to remember that before judging the legality of their situation, the general public of South Korea must acknowledge that these children did not voluntarily choose to engage in illegal activities. Many entered South Korea at a young age, following their parents, and have assimilated into Korean culture and language without any agency in the matter. Despite this, the South Korean government has limited its support to their high school education, mandating immediate deportation for them and their families once they reach the age of twenty. This policy not only negates the cultural 162

identity that these children have lived with for most of their lives but also perpetuates a cycle of discrimination.

Ultimately, while the South Korean government has taken some positive steps to improve the educational opportunities for undocumented migrant children, significant gaps remain.

C. Healthcare Discrimination Due to the Unregistered Identity The right to access medical services for the treatment of illnesses and the restoration of health is a fundamental necessity for the survival and development of children. However, the health insurance system—designed to facilitate access to medical services by alleviating the financial burden of healthcare costs—applies exclusively to South Korean children and migrant children who meet residency eligibility criteria. This leaves unregistered migrant children without essential healthcare coverage, creating an enormous gap in their access to vital medical services. Such disparities not only undermine the health and well-being of these vulnerable children but also highlight the pressing need for inclusive policies that ensure the right of healthcare of unregistered children.

D. Economic Challenges Faced by Undocumented Migrant Children in Adulthood Undocumented migrant children face a multitude of obstacles that persist even into adulthood, severely limiting their ability to integrate into society. Once they reach the age of majority, these individuals find themselves unable to obtain essential certifications, such as professional licenses or driver's licenses. Additionally, they are barred from opening bank accounts or registering for mobile phone services, excluding them from participating in everyday societal activities. This lack of access to basic tools for independence makes it nearly impossible for them to prepare for employment in their desired fields.

As a result, many undocumented migrants are forced to accept jobs that pay below the minimum wage, often working in silence out of fear of deportation. Their limited rights also extend to the digital realm, where they are unable to register for online shopping accounts, further isolating them from the conveniences and opportunities available to their peers.

The challenges these individuals face go beyond economic limitations. As mentioned before, they live in a constant state of fear, worried that seeking help or reporting injustices could lead to their expulsion from the country. This fear creates a barrier to accessing vital services and reporting incidents of abuse or exploitation, as they often feel that the risks outweigh the potential benefits of speaking out.

As previous research suggests, the current policies in Korea still reinforce barriers that hinder their full participation in society and limit their potential to realize their dreams within the country they have come to know as home. Therefore, it is crucial that further reforms are made to ensure that these children are granted the rights and opportunities they deserve, allowing them to thrive and contribute to their communities.

V. Unregistered Orphans in China A. Reasons Orphans Remain Unregistered Similar to Korea, many unregistered children, especially orphans, exist in China. One example is the case in the Qinghai region of China, where some ethnic minorities does not have sufficient sexual knowledge and awareness. Consequently, adolescent girls in these communities often engage in 163

indiscriminate sexual relationships, leading to a high incidence of unintended pregnancies. As a result, abortion is frequently treated as a commonplace solution.

However, when pregnancies are carried to term due to religious beliefs, many of these children are abandoned without birth registration. Abandoned infants discovered by the government are typically placed in orphanages, yet these facilities often lack proper care and protection, leading to instances of abuse. In some cases, concerned individuals choose to raise these children outside of the orphanage system, but under Chinese law, this practice is considered illegal. As a result, these children receive far less support and protection compared to their peers, lacking access to education, healthcare, and future economic opportunities. Thus, even when they reach adulthood, it becomes nearly impossible for them to seek government recognition or support without causing harm to their guardians.

Amidst these challenges, there are glimmers of hope. For instance, an individual in Anhui Province fought for seven years to secure official household registration, achieving recognition in 2017.

However, this lengthy process underscores the considerable obstacles that unregistered children face in obtaining legal status and basic rights.

B. Solutions Taken by the Chinese Government In response to such dire circumstances, the Chinese government has begun to simplify the birth registration process and introduce online registration systems to enhance accessibility. While the adoption process remains intricate—often requiring parental consent that many parents are unwilling to provide—new legislation has been proposed to allow for birth registration without the need for parental identification in special circumstances. Additionally, campaigns are being launched to raise awareness about the importance of birth registration, encouraging parents to prioritize the official recognition of their children.

Through these efforts, it becomes evident that even countries that have achieved significant economic growth struggle to guarantee the rights of unregistered children. Nonetheless, the implementation of various measures aimed at addressing these issues demonstrates a commitment to improving the situation and ensuring that these vulnerable children receive the support they need.

VI. Action Research After learning those facts, I developed a five-question questionnaire and shared it via QR codes on social media platforms to raise awareness among South Korean youth living in China. This initiative garnered 31 responses. The results showed that more than 80 percent of the students were aware that the international community recognizes the right to birth registration. However, a significant majority— approximately 73 percent—believed that the number of unregistered children worldwide is much lower than it actually is.

Interestingly, while the survey targeted Korean adolescents, many respondents also underestimated the situation in Korea, believing that the prevalence of unregistered children there is less severe than it truly is. Furthermore, most students mistakenly assumed that a universal birth registration system exists in South Korea.

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Participants were provided with their grades, answers, and explanations immediately after submitting their responses. This process seemed to prompt a deeper reflection than anticipated, as they typically answered one or two questions correctly, heightening their awareness of the real circumstances faced by unregistered children. It also encouraged them to consider what actions could be taken to support these vulnerable individuals.

VII. Conclusion "To be or not to be, that is the question." Shakespeare's quote ironically reflects the ambiguous status of unregistered children. While some may have never considered this issue before, the essay underscores that birth registration is a matter of survival and a fundamental aspect of one's authentic existence. The inability to document the beginning of life suggests that the end may also go unrecorded.

Consequently, this results in the loss of essential rights, including access to education, healthcare, and opportunities for economic participation—rights that every human being deserves. Therefore, ensuring the recognition of every individual's existence should be the cornerstone of human rights that the international community must strive for. Through global partnership and a shared sense of responsibility, we should envision a future where parental shortcomings do not penalize their kids and where the circumstances of parents do not dictate the futures of their children.

VIII. Work Cited "More than Half of World’s Unregistered Children under 5 in Africa.” UNICEF, www.unicef.org/car/en/pressreleases/more-half-worlds-unregistered-children-under-5-africa-unicef. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

“One in Three Children Do Not Officially Exist, UNICEF Reports | UN News.” United Nations, United Nations, news.un.org/en/story/2013/12/457572. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

“The Right to Education - UNICEF UK.” Rights Respecting Schools Award, 27 Apr. 2022, www.unicef.org.uk/rights-respecting-schools/the-rrsa/the-right-to-education/.

VietNamNet News. “Cảnh Sắc KỲ vĩ Rừng Núi, Sông HỒ BA Miền Bắc - Trung - Nam.” VietNamNet News, vietnamnet.vn/canh-sac-ky-vi-rung-nui-song-ho-ba-mien-bac-trung-nam-2165002.html. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

국가인권위원회인권웹진, www.humanrights.go.kr/webzine/webzineListAndDetail?issueNo=7604358&boardNo=7604343. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

두 자녀 정책 이후 중국의 출생 및 사회정책 변화, www.kihasa.re.kr/gssr/assets/pdf/190/journal-8-봄107.pdf. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

베트남, dl.kotra.or.kr/pyxis-api/1/digital-files/c16960ef-f2e0-018a-e053-b46464899664. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

이주배경 아동청소년 기본권향상을 위한. “프레시안 이주배경 아동청소년 기본권향상을 위한 네트워크.”프레시안, www.pressian.com/pages/author/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A3%BC%EB%B0%B0%EA%B2%BD+%EC%95%84% EB%8F%99%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84+%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EA%B6%8C%ED%9

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6%A5%EC%83%81%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8 C%ED%81%AC?page=1. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024. “태어났지만 세상에 존재하지 않는 아이들. 유니세프, ’보편적 출생등록’을 위해 더 많은 투자 필요해.” 국제인권 뉴스레터, www.moj.go.kr/sites/moj/ebook/human/202002/sub4.html. Accessed 12 Aug. 2024.

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Analyzing Child Marriage Problems and Suggestions for Solutions

Bomi Lee, Seoul Global High School

Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic B. The Current Situation C. Importance of Solving Child Marriage Problem II. Impact of Child Marriage A.

Impact on Individual i.

Health Issues ii.

Education Issues iii.

Economic Issues iv.

Relationship issues B. Impact on Society C. Linkages with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) III. Causes of the problem A. Economical Background B. Social Background C. Weak Legal Enforcement D. Importance of Government Intervention IV. Conclusion A. Summary of Findings B. Youth Engagement in Addressing the Issue V. Work Cited

I.

Background A. Introduction to the Topic 167

Child marriage also known as early marriage, is a pre-modern practice of forced marriage of young children for economic, cultural, and customary reasons. According to the definition given by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner (UN OHCHR, n.d.), child marriage is any marriage where at least one of the parties is under 18 years of age. This includes not only formal marriage but also informal unions such as cohabitation. Although by definition they are not gender-specific, in practice, it is classified as a women's agenda because the majority of victims are women.

Today, it is strictly prohibited by law in many countries. Since it not only violates the rights of the individual but harms the victim's overall life, consequently negatively affecting society. Nevertheless, it still occurs with a high frequency in certain regions. Africa, South Asia, and Latin America are some examples. (Gum, Yujin, & Kim, Chongsup, 2023) I became more interested in the issue of child marriage after participating in the activities of the Hope to the Future Association, and this study aims to investigate the cultural background of child marriage and the obstacles to it that were discussed during the activities and explore ways to address them.

B. The current situation According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), The practice of child marriage is slowly declining. The prevalence of child marriage is decreasing globally, with the most progress in the past decade seen in South Asia, where a girl’s risk of marrying in childhood has dropped by more than a third, from nearly 50 percent to below 30 percent. Still, the total number of girls married in childhood stands at 12 million per year, and progress must be significantly accelerated to end the practice by 2030 – the target set out in the Sustainable Development Goals. Without further acceleration, more than 100 million additional girls will marry before their 18th birthday by 2030. (UNICEF, 2023) Additionally, this problem can be exacerbated by the climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to a report by Save the Children, two-thirds of child marriages are taking place in areas of high climate risk. By 2030, 931 million people, 60 percent of girls in the world, will experience extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, and heat waves, and climate change is expected to increase child marriage in addition to other existing threats and inequalities. Furthermore, It has also been shown that it can be exacerbated by the impact of international public health emergencies such as the COVID168

19 pandemic.(Alqahtani, J. & Alqahtani, I., 2022) The COVID-19 pandemic has raised the risk of child marriage via five main pathways: interrupted education, economic insecurity, disruptions in healthcare services, death of a parent, and disruption to programs and services aiming to prevent child marriage (UNICEF, 2021) C. Importance of Solving Child Marriage Problem Child marriage is widely viewed as a human rights abuse that violates several inter-national basic human rights norms, such as the right to enter freely into marriage through the giving of ‘free and full’ consent, and the right to bodily and sexual integrity (United Nations DevelopmentProgram [UNDP], 2015:as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021)The reason these practices are considered violence is that they are not freely agreed upon by both parties.(Biza et al., 2008, p. 21:as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).

According to Nhantumbo et al, child marriage is "a phenomenon directly linked to the process of female identity formation that emphasizes women's subordination" and is linked to gender-based violence, excluding girls from their rights and limiting their possibilities for the future. (Nhantumbo et al., 2010, p. 23:as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).

It's not just about protecting victims in the short term, it's also important for the long-term sustainable development of society. This is because child marriage can slow development by lowering the educational attainment of society's members, perpetuating poverty, and having far-reaching effects on the health and relationships of society's members.

II. Impact of Child Marriage A. Impact on Individual Children are harmed in many ways by child marriage, especially women. In addition to mental and physical harm, it also affects their education, economic ability, and relationships. Furthermore, in countries where child marriage is prevalent, the number of individuals affected can translate into societal harm. i.

Health Issues

Child marriage puts girls at risk of sexual and reproductive health problems as they begin sexual activity at an early age: early pregnancy and childbirth for which they are not prepared, and risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS (Lubrino et al., 2016, p. 26: as cite in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021). Five out of 10 children who marry early give birth before the age of 18, and the experience of pregnancy and childbirth at a young age increases the risk of complications such as pregnancy poisoning and endometritis. Furthermore, newborns born to immature adolescents are at increased risk of low birth weight, malnutrition, and premature birth. (Save the Children, 2023) When girls become pregnant and give birth, they are at greater risk than adult pregnant women of postpartum haemorrhage, obesity, mental illness, foetal and neonatal death, obstetric fistula, and obstetric fistula due to poverty and malnutrition, lack of access to adequate prenatal care, and incomplete physical development. In particular, girls giving birth between the ages of 12 and 20 are more likely to have children who die before the age of five or suffer from health problems such as low birth weight and anemia.(Eunmi Kim et al., 2016) ii.

Education Issues

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Children who married early were four times more likely to be out of school than girls. (Save the Children, 2023) Girls who marry in childhood or adolescence are also statistically less likely to be educated. In Malawi, two-thirds of women with no formal education are girls who were married early, and only five percent of women with high school or higher education are girls who were married early. These statistics provide evidence that girls lose educational opportunities due to child marriage. (UNICEF, 2014) The attached graph is from UNICEF, which shows the difficulties that children who marry early face in getting an education. iii.

Economic Issues

Because child marriages are often arranged by parents against their will, many end in divorce, and many women enter female-headed households without any skills to earn a living. Furthermore, in an Islamic culture where divorce is extremely shameful, refugee female-headed households have very limited social activities and are often left out of the welfare system, even though they are among the most vulnerable and in need of support. (Re Hope, 2021) In other cultures, they may not have adequate education or skills, making it difficult for them to earn a living. iv.

Relationship Issues

Child marriages allow girls only low status and authority in the home, leaving them defenceless and exposed to abuse and domestic violence (Osório & Macuácua, 2013, p. 221: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021), Girls who marry are not only denied their childhood. They are often socially isolated – cut off from family and friends and other sources of support (UNICEF, 2014) This is because their studies are interrupted, they are mentally and physically weakened, and they are less accessible due to childcare and childbirth. Socially isolated children are less likely to be able to advocate for themselves in the event of future violence, and less able to stand up for themselves in the event of divorce. This is exacerbated by a lack of education.

B. Impact on Society Child marriage doesn't just affect the individual, it has long-lasting and far-reaching effects on society. Not only does it lead to the spread of other child marriages, but it also perpetuates poverty, spreads AIDS, and destroys families through domestic violence. This is exacerbated by the fact that girls are forced to drop out of school and do not receive a proper education. This, in turn, undermines the development of society as a whole and perpetuates the phenomenon. (Daily Good News, 2018) At the individual level, child marriage leads to school dropouts, high fertility rates, and the perpetuation of poverty; at the national level, it directly impacts a country's economic health and hinders the development of a productive and skilled workforce needed for national development (UNFPA, 170

2020, p. 12:as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021). Eliminating child marriage will have positive consequences for girls' lives and the development of their communities and nations, as it will ensure that they have access to education, sexual and reproductive health, and opportunities for personal development (UNFPA, 2020, p. 96:as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021). It is not just about development, but also about improving awareness of human rights and dignity in local and national communities.

C. Linkages with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) Because of these damaging impacts, the issue of child marriage has multiple linkages to the Sustainable Development Goals. The strongest link is with number 5, gender equality because it is linked to the gender related culture of men and women and the high division disproportionately affects women. We can also see that it is linked to number 1 no poverty, number 2 zero hunger, number 3 good health and well-being, and number 4 quality education.

III. Causes of the problem A. Economical Background Economic factors are a major reason for child marriage. In many cultures, child marriage is more common among the poor and in rural areas. When households face economic hardship, such as during a crisis, child marriage increases. (UNFPA, 2020, p. 100: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021) This can be better understood by looking at some examples of countries where child marriage occurs. In Bangladesh, the bride's family may send a dowry in child marriage, as they believe that the groom will provide for the young bride until she grows up (Good Neighbors, 2017). Also in Zambia, children are forced into marriage to ease the financial burden on the family. Here, the child receives a dowry from the prospective groom. (Daily Good News, 2018) In Mozambique, daughters are also used as a form of exchange (moeda de troca) to obtain money through their marriage.(Forum Mulher, 2017, p. 25: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021) The family that receives the girl gets her as a labourer for field or domestic work. It is a survival strategy for the community. (UNICEF, 2010, p. 155: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).

To explain this, in countries where child marriage is common, marriage is a trade of economic and labour power. The marriage of a child is treated like a transaction between individuals, and it becomes commercialised, making it a trading of goods rather than a symbol of emotional appreciation and agreement between two families.

B. Social Background There are many social causes of child marriage, including tradition, religion, the social stigma of premarital pregnancy, and specific family cultures. The most common cause is religious background.

In the Islamic world, Muslims are allowed to practise polygamy, So child marriage is common. (Daily Good News, 2018)While there may be some differences, in areas influenced by traditional Islam, differentiated gender roles are taken for granted and people naturally accept a structure where men dominate women and women obey. In traditional Islamic societies, women are socially expected to stay at home and may be directly warned by community leaders if they move around too much. The only freedom girls have is to attend school, but even that is easily restricted. This also contributes to the encouragement of child marriage.(Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023)

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The social context can also be seen as a result of the bad conventions that have been created by the persistence of poverty. As mentioned earlier, economic reasons are also a factor, as is the social context in which marriage is practised. For example, Afghanistan Has a particularly high rate of child marriage due to the influence of badd, a system of buying and selling women to settle disputes.(Daily Good News, 2018) In some cases, depending on the family's culture, families may choose child marriage as a misguided form of protection. While child marriage may reflect the influence of traditional gender relations and the value placed on women and girls by societal norms, parents may also choose child marriage as a way to prevent premarital sex and pregnancy to preserve the value placed on a girl's virginity (UNICEF, 2010, pp. 154-155: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).In some cultures, family honor is also important, and child marriage is used as a way to protect against the loss of virginity, as it is considered to be tantamount to dishonoring the family.(Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023) On the contrary, the family culture is also shaped to protect the family, as some people see it as a way to protect women with limited options (VOA News, n.d.: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021) In some cases, some parents perceive child marriage as a means of protecting their daughters from premarital sex and sexual harassment (UNFPA, 2012a: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021). And if they are unable to provide financial support, they often marry to secure the child's support from the husband's family.

This social context can also lead social groups to ignore international or legal constraints if they are strong enough. This is especially true in small, tightly-knit societies at the village level. This is because there is less effort to change the social consensus within a cohesive group.(Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023) C. Weak Legal Enforcement The international community, such as the United Nations, has warned countries with high rates of early child marriage and urged them to enact laws, and while some countries have made efforts to enact laws or actually address the causes of inequality, the laws are not well enforced at the practical level, so the practice persists.(Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023) In Bangladesh, for example, the government has implemented an anti-child marriage policy that aims to reduce the rate of child marriage to one-third of the current rate by 2021, completely ban marriages under the age of 15, and increase the penalty for child marriage 100-fold from the current 1,000 to 100,000 taka. However, in practice, this hasn't worked out well due to resistance from the population. This has led to exceptions such as "with parental permission in special circumstances" and even cases of officials turning a blind eye to illegal marriages or falsifying children's ages for money.

(Good Neighbors, 2017) Niger has very weak laws to stop child marriage, defining the legal age of marriage as at least 15 years old. Furthermore, the law allows virtually all girls to marry early, with an exception that allows girls to marry before the age of 15 with parental consent. To address this, the country has attempted to amend the law to raise the legal age of marriage to 18, but this has been blocked by traditional groups.

The lack of state enforcement of the law may also prevent it from being enacted in practice. (Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023)

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In the case of Honduras, unreported informal cohabitation is more common than officially licensed or registered marriages. Less than 10% of girls aged 15 to 17 living with a man report being legally married (Girls Not Bride, 2020, p. 2: as cited in Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023). These informal arrangements are not well captured in national data and are not legally protected, leaving girls even more vulnerable.

Even if a country actually enacts a law, it may not be effective for the opposite reasons, or the law itself may be weak and difficult to enforce. When legal enforcement is weak, no matter how hard a country tries to comply with international demands, there are limits.

D. Importance of Government Intervention In order to protect girls' human rights and address the issue of child marriage, international organisations, donors, and civil society organisations have been lobbying and advocating for the enactment of policies and laws against child marriage, and promoting educational and economic empowerment programs for girls over the past decade. (Wang, Sun Ae, 2021) In particular, UN Women, UNICEF, UNFPA, and major women's organisations and INGOs with a gender agenda have worked in solidarity and partnership to combat social norms and practices harmful to girls, including child marriage, through awareness-raising initiatives, life and skills education initiatives to address girls' economic poverty, and initiatives to reduce adolescent pregnancy rates. Governments, international organisations, and women's organisations have recognized that socio-cultural practices that harm women can only be eradicated by changing perceptions of fixed gender roles in communities, and have worked to promote gender equality, women's political participation, and women's social and cultural empowerment (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women [CEDAW], 2018, p.

13: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).

While the enactment of the Prevention and Elimination of Child Marriage Act of 2019 is significant, several countries with child marriage problems have already demonstrated that enacting legislation alone is not enough to eliminate and prevent the practice of child marriage. In order to truly eliminate child marriage, detailed laws and regulations must be created and enforced, community awareness of child and women's human rights must be increased, and service delivery and prevention systems must be established to protect girls and women exposed to the practice (UNFPA, 2020, p. 22: as cited in Wang, Sun Ae, 2021).

Efforts to change old customs and norms, especially at the local community level, seem to be the most important. While national and individual efforts and activities have been important, they have not been successful in terms of actual results, suggesting that the elimination of early marriage requires a proactive approach by governments at the community level, rather than a national or individual focus.(Gum, Yujin & Kim, Chongsup, 2023)

IV. Conclusion A. Summary of Findings To summarize, child marriage is a problem that violates the rights and safety of individuals, as it damages their mental and physical health, limits their education, and restricts their economic and social capabilities. It also needs to be addressed because the harms do not stop at the individual level, but also undermine the long-term development of society. The reasons for child marriage include economic backgrounds such as poverty, social backgrounds such as religion and customs, and weak 173

legal constraints that are not effectively enforced by governments. Therefore, it is expected that the most important way to solve this problem will be the efforts of countries that can push for change at the community level.

B. Youth Engagement in Addressing the Issue Although the concluding proposals suggest that national-level efforts are likely to be most effective, there is also a role for youth, who will be the main players in social decision-making in the future, to raise awareness among themselves and others and to participate in community decisionmaking. As early marriage is decreasing in areas with better educational and economic conditions, it is expected that youth in these areas will be able to recognize the seriousness and necessity of the problem and urge gradual change through the process of participating in decision-making in their communities.

Especially considering that the problem is not only directly economic but also inherited, it is expected that it can be gradually improved through sufficient communication with local communities. This is assuming that there has been collaborative change in other elements of the Sustainable Development Goals, such as the economy.

V. Work Cited A country that says 'married' and reads 'sold' _A story of early marriage in Bangladesh . (2017). Retrieved from https://blog.naver.com/gnikor/221131157238.

Alqahtani, J. & Alqahtani, I. (2022). CODIV-19 and child marriage: A Red Flag. Journal of Clinial Nursing, 31(7-8), E6-E7.

Child and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitariansettings#:~:text=Child%20marriage%20is%20any%20marriage,under%2018%20years%20of%20age.

Child marriage . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women [CEDAW], (2018, March 23).

CEDAW/C/MOZ/3-5, Advance Unedited Version. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/MOZ/INT_CEDAW_INR_MOZ_5982_E.p df Eunmi Kim, Min-A Kang, Ji-Hyun Kang, Kyung-Hyo Kim, Seung-Cheol Kim, Young-Joo Kim, Eun-Sil Kim, EuiJung Kim, Hyun-Soo Kim, Hye-Soon Kim, Mi-Hye Park, Eun-Ae Park, Dong-Cheol Seo, Kyung-Ha Yoo, Isara Lee, Sun-Nam Lee, Goo-Young Jung, Hye-Won Jung, Eun-Hee Ha, & Jae-Jin Han (2016). A Comprehensive Study of "A Better Life for Girls" and South Korea's Global Leadership. Journal of International Development Cooperation, 2016(1), 3-27.

Fórum Mulher (2017). Relatório anual 2017. Maputo, Mozambique: Fórum Mulher.

From vice to disaster...Zambia struggles with child marriage . (2018). Retrieved from https://www.goodnews1.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=83081.

Gum, Yujin, & Kim, Chongsup (2023). Quantitative Research on Early Marriage and S-shaped Multiple Equilibria model – Comparing South Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 42(1), 1-35, 10.17855/jlas.2023.2.42.1.1

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I don't want to pass on the scars of early marriage to my daughter. . (2021). Retrieved from https://re-hope.org/h000000181067/.

Lubrino, A., Buque, S., & Lipapa, E. (2016). Perfil de Género de Moçambique. Maputo, Mozambique: MGCAS. Nascimento, N., Costa, A., & Chapman, J. (2018). Characterizing male sexual partners of adolescent girls and young women in Mozambique: Findings from focus group discussions in Xai-Xai, Beira, and Quelimane districts. Chapel Hill, NC: Measure Evaluation.

Osório, C., Macuacua, E. (2013). Os ritos de iniciação no contexto atual: Ajustamentos, rupturas e confrontos.

Construindo identidades de género. Maputo, Mozambique: WLSA Moçambique. Retrieved from http://www.wlsa.org.mz/ritos-de-iniciacao-no-contexto-actual/ Save the Children. (2023). Global Girlhood Report 2023: Girls at the Centre of the Storm – Her planet, her future, her solutions (pp. n.p.). n.p.: Save the Children International.

UNFPA (2013, March 7). Child marriages: 39,000 Every day - More than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020. Joint press release by UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, UN Women, the United Nations Foundation, World Vision, Girls Not Brides, Every Woman Every Child, World YWCA and The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/ en/news/stories/2013/3/child-marriages39000-every-day-more-than-140-million-girls-will-marry-between-2011-and-2020 UNICEF. (2014). A Statistical Snapshot of Violence against Adolescent Girls (pp. 25-27). n.p.: UNICEF. UNICEF & United Nations Mozambique (2010). Pobreza Infantil e disparidades em Moçambique. Maputo, Mozambique: UNICEF & United Nations Mozambique.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2015). HumanDevelopment Report 2015. United Nations DevelopmentProgramme. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)(2021). COVID-19: A threat to progress against child marriage. UnitedNations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF).https://data.unicef.org/resou rces/covid -19-a-threa t-to-progress-against-child-marriage/

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Controversies between Corporations and Indigenous Communities in Canada

Bora Jung, Sookmyung Girls’ High School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Case Study: Trans Mountain Expansion Project A. Overview of the Complication B. Viewpoints on the Issue i.

Trans Mountain Corporation ii.

Indigenous Communities iii.

Possible Solution III. Related SDG A. SDG 10 B. SDG 13 IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

Defined as a group of original inhabitants of certain regions with unique tradition and distinct operation systems within the community, the indigenous people exist in many parts of the world, including America, New Zealand, Australia, Arctic regions, and northern Europe. Distinguished from other national populations of the world, the indigenous people retain individual characteristics and practices descended from their ancestors since the time immemorial. Canada is one of the nations holding original territories of the indigenous people. In Canada are three categories of the indigenous population: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. First Nations originate from the territories of Canada, especially the southern area of the Arctic. Métis stemmed from both Europeans and original inhabitants of Canada. Inuit people have their homeland in the Arctic region. First Nations, Métis, and Inuit are identified to be 1.8 million in Canada, making up 5% of the total Canadian population.

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Since ancient days, the indigenous communities dwelled in their territories, maintaining their customs and traditions. However, the arrival of newcomers to the territories of the indigenous communities made policies and enactments which brought out significant changes in the lives of the original inhabitants. The impacts the indigenous communities received include deterioration of general health conditions and environment, segregation, and cultural genocide. Even these days, the indigenous communities in Canada undergo similar results regarding the well-being of their health, environment, and heritage—with one of the primary causes being the businesses operated by corporations for resource development. The report explores the case showing continuous disputes regarding developments of the resources and their impacts on the indigenous people, also introducing opposite viewpoints on the point of the issue.

II. Case Study on Pipeline Construction A. Overview of the Complication Trans Mountain Corporation is a Canada-based operation whose main function is to transport oil products across Canada. The current pipelines of Trans Mountain transport crude oil and refined petroleum from Edmonton in Alberta to Burnaby on the West Coast of British Columbia. In 2012, the Trans Mountain Expansion Project was first addressed because of the oil boom followed by advanced technologies in the mining industry. With sufficient oil demand to support the expansion of the pipelines, the Trans Mountain Expansion Project was materialized in following years. The expansion project proposed the enlargement of the oil capacity of pipelines from 300,000 barrels a day to 890,000 barrels a day, additional constructions of pump stations, storage tanks, and tanker facilities, and an increase of tankers from 60 tankers a year to over 400 tankers a year.

Despite the planned project on expanding the original oil pipelines, the project faced opposition from people standing with protecting the environment and indigenous communities affected by the expansion project. However, with the support from the federal government of Canada, Trans Mountain Corporation became a part of the Canada Development Investment Corporation—a government-leading corporation—which receives financial assistance from the federal government. To overturn the progress of the expansion project, the attempt of the province British Columbia to block the project via provincial law and the indigenous communities such as Tsleil-Waututh Nation, Squamish Nation, and Coldwater Indian Band through legal actions were implemented but failed to put a stop to the progress of the expansion project. Making the situation worse for people disagreeing with the Trans Mountain Expansion Project, the Canada Energy Regulator accepted the request from the Trans Mountains to modify the project to be conducted in a way that poses more severe harm to the environment. The current status of the project is that the construction of additional facilities and pipelines is completed.

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B. Viewpoints on the Issue i.

Trans Mountain Corporation Defending itself from the fact that the Trans Mountain Expansion Project exacerbates climate change by not decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions and harms the environment, the Trans Mountain Corporation emphasizes the financial usefulness of the expansion project which provides Canadians with a better state regarding the economy of Canada. According to the research—Economic Impact Assessment of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project—conducted by the Trans Mountain, “operational expenditure of TMEP between 2024 and 2043 is estimated to contribute a total of $17.3 billion in gross output, $9.2 billion in GDP, including $3.7 billion in wages, and 36,066 person-year FTEs to the Canadian economy. In British Columbia, total impacts are estimated at 8.1 billion in gross output, $4.3 billion in GDP, $0.9 billion in wages, and 8,959 person-year FTEs. In Alberta, total impacts are estimated at $6.1 billion in gross output, $3.4 billion in GDP, $2.2 billion in wages, and 20,203 personyear FTEs (Trans Mountain, 2023, Corporation Economic Impact Assessment of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project, p.4).” The Trans Mountain Corporation further estimates the financial impacts of the expansion project on the indigenous communities that the project will contribute to providing energy sources to the indigenous communities which mainly obtain their energy sources from fossil fuel products such as oil. It also indicates the expansion project can create job opportunities for the indigenous people, which sustains the livelihood of the indigenous communities. link ii.

Indigenous Communities Considering their land sacred and full of cultural importance, the indigenous communities disagree with the Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Despite the completion of the project, the communities have continuously attempted to address the violation of indigenous rights by the Trans Mountain Corporation. One of the indigenous groups showing objection and unreasonableness of the project is the Stk’emlúpsemc te Secwépemc Nation (SSN). The Stk’emlúpsemc te Secwépemc Nation owns the territory from the time immemorial; their territory is now a place where the expanded pipelines are constructed. The construction and drilling site includes the lake called Pípsell by the indigenous group. The SSN states Pípsell as the keystone of its culture because of the creation story of the SSN. The place also includes other important cultural heritages and key elements for sustaining the traditional practices of the indigenous group, such as medical plants and ceremonial and prayer sites. The point the SSN considers the Trans Mountain Expansion Project unreasonable is that the project disrupts the original environment of its territory; however, the project has been in progress without the SSN’s consent on the project implemented on their own territory. To make the situation worse for the indigenous community, the Trans Mountain was approved by the Canada Energy Regulator to change the process of its project. Before the approval, the construction method was microdrilling which is costly yet posing less impact on the environment of the drilling site. Addressing the difficulties in costs and implementation of the drilling method, the Trans Mountain Corporation received approval to build the pipeline, using a more disruptive method. The change of the drilling method was not discussed with the SSN as well although the method is hazardous to the Pípsell lake and the rest of the environment which belongs to the territory of SSN. The complicated situation has even caused the divisions within the community, with especially Elders active in disagreeing with the project conducted in their land.

Another indigenous community that addresses the negative aspect of the expansion project is the Tsleil-Waututh Nation. The Tsleil-Waututh Nation is one of the indigenous communities which attempted to overturn the Trans Mountain Expansion Project through legal actions, yet their efforts were blocked by the supreme court. When the expansion project was on an impending completion, Rueben George, the spokesperson for the nation’s Sacred Trust Initiative, mentioned the project is devastating to the surrounding environment. He also offered evidence to his comments by stating the snowpack in 178

British Columbia and Alberta—the provinces including the routes of the pipelines—is highly low compared to the past and the natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and wildfires are on a trend of becoming more severe and frequent over time. He blames the fossil fuel industry for the low snowpacks and aggravated natural disasters, implying the oil industry taken charge of by the Trans Mountain Corporation contributes to exacerbating the climate change crisis which greatly affects the indigenous communities whose lifestyle has a deep relationship to the surrounding nature. Another impact of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project is an increase in oil tanker traffic since the project requires the number of oil tankers to increase from 60 per year to 400 per year. This introduces a worse situation for the endangered species as well as for the Tsleil-Waututh Nation whose territory has undergone a significant change due to urbanization.

iii.

Possible Solution A possible solution to mitigate the complication regarding the Trans Mountain Expansion Project is an active engagement of the indigenous communities in economic activities of the expansion project.

The government of Canada has shown an interest in promoting the active participation of the indigenous communities in the Trans Mountain Expansion Project since 2019. Other stakeholder groups have also exhibited interests in encouraging the engagement from the indigenous communities. The Project Reconciliation is one of the groups to regard the indigenous people’s participation as an essential factor to lead out the beneficial consequence for the original inhabitants of the territory. It proposes to fulfill the economic reconciliation by the Indigenous Sovereign Wealth Fund (ISWF). The ISWF operates by giving an early stage equity interest to the indigenous communities affected by energy transition projects and offering an opportunity of purchasing an increased equity interest when the project advances to reach the commercial-on-stream date. This process invites the indigenous people to be actively engaged in the discussion of decision-making on the projects such as the Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Consequently, the ISWF leads the indigenous people to acquire the full ownership of the Trans Mountain and receive payouts from the future profits.

III. Related SDG The Sustainable Development Goals—first adopted by the United Nations in 2015—have relationships with the current issue with the indigenous communities affected by the Trans Mountain Expansion Project.

A. SDG 10 179

One of the goals demonstrating a clear linkage with the case of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project is SDG 10: reduced inequalities. Due to the disparity in wealth, a specific group of people, having much less population than the group with less wealth, possess authorities used to flourish in the field of society and finances. The authorities they own also function to be largely engaged in the decision-making processes, often leading the voices of other portions of the population to be unheard.

In the context the report focuses on, the Trans Mountain Corporation makes important decisions without the approval from the indigenous communities. The corporation does not only possess more wealth but it also has a social impact which has an ability to influence important decision-making, creating a further inequality by not reflecting the thought of the indigenous people in the policies or project plans.

B. SDG 13 The violations of rights for the indigenous people to be heard are not limited to the social aspect but expanded to the environment, hence having a connection to the SDG 13: Climate Action. Built on the territory of the indigenous people, the construction of the pipelines and other facilities poses harm to the environment. The indigenous territory includes the lake Pípsell and other natural sites; the lake and the land are disrupted by the pipeline construction since the Trans Mountain Expansion Project utilizes the method of mining. Therefore, the environment is polluted, which has a linkage with climate change. Not only does the construction induce climate change, but the Trans Mountain Expansion Project itself exacerbates climate change. The aim of the expansion project is to lead the global oil industry, which requires an increased manufacturing of oil products. Since oil extraction and production are based on fossil fuels, climate change has worsened. Rueben George, the spokesperson for the nation’s Sacred Trust Initiative, has also mentioned the worse situation of climate change due to the impacts of the oil industries in his and other indigenous people’s lands.

IV. Conclusion Since the time newcomers arrived to the territory of the original inhabitants, the ability for the indigenous communities to thrive while keeping their traditions and practices is threatened. Contrast to the situation in the past where the government led the violation of the indigenous people’s rights to maintain their customs, the current situation of certain stakeholders having more power than the indigenous people is led by the corporations seeking for resource development. The case of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project is the example which demonstrates the state the current indigenous people confront. To expand the oil industry, the Trans Mountain Corporation has proceeded the Trans Mountain Expansion Project; however the project also brought out the problem that the indigenous people are not actively engaged in the decision-making process. The reason is not that the indigenous people lack eagerness to be a part of essential stakeholders, but because their ideas and opinions are not considered during the important decision-making processes. To increase the participation of the indigenous people, efforts are made. One of the efforts is the Indigenous Sovereign Wealth Fund (ISWF) which promotes the indigenous engagement through offering an equity interest to the indigenous communities under the influence of the expansion project, eventually giving the full ownership of the pipelines to the indigenous groups.

Although some groups propose projects for protecting the rights of the indigenous people from their opinions not put into the development projects which potentially disturb their traditional way of life, more efforts are necessary to fulfill economic and social reconciliation for the indigenous communities. Furthermore, resource development is not the only cause that threatens the traditions and practices of the diverse indigenous communities all across Canada; other factors exist as well, including climate change and the remnant of the history that the human rights for the indigenous people were 180

severely violated. For the indigenous people to maintain their original way of life, their voices should be heard in the decision-making, especially when the decisions heavily affect the lives of the indigenous people.

V. Work Cited Indigenous peoples in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2007, March 13). https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people Government of Canada; Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada; (2024, June 13).

Indigenous peoples and Communities. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100013785/1529102490303 Who are indigenous peoples? (n.d.-b). https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf Trans Mountain - Terminals. (n.d.-b). https://www.transmountain.com/terminals Trans Mountain - About Us. (n.d.-b). https://www.transmountain.com/about-us Trans Mountain - Our History. (n.d.-c). https://www.transmountain.com/history Wilkins, B. (2021, April 5). First Nations Land Defenders Take Direct Action Against Trans Mountain Pipeline.

People’s World. https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/first-nations-land-defenders-take-direct-action-againsttrans-mountain-pipeline/ Project reconciliation ISWF - project reconciliation. Project Reconciliation - A Path to Economic Reconciliation. (2023, August 24). https://www.projectreconciliation.ca/iswf/ Goal 10: Reduced inequalities. The Global Goals. (2024b, January 23). https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/10reduced-inequalities/ Goal 13: Climate action - the global goals. (n.d.-b). https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/13-climate-action/ Razavi, K. (2023, November 25). Indigenous rights collide with $35B Western Canada Pipeline expansion.

Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10103531/indigenous-rights-collide-with-35b-western-canadapipeline-expansion/ Razavi, K. (2023a, November 25). Indigenous rights collide with $35B Western Canada Pipeline expansion.

Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/10103531/indigenous-rights-collide-with-35b-western-canadapipeline-expansion/

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A Come Along of Social Unrest: Clean Water With Sustainable Production and Consumption

Catherine Daan (Kate) Kim, Chadwick International School Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic B. Connection of the Three SDGs C. The Issue: Insight to the Status Quo II. Case Studies: Inspirations and What to Avoid A.

Successful Cases i.

Innovative Low Cost Sorbents for PFAS Remediation ii.

Nanobubbles for Water Treatment B. Unsuccessful Cases i.

Water Wells in Africa ii.

WASH Projects III. Conclusion A. Solution Proposal i.

SPAWN (Solar Powered Aquatic Water Network) B. Expected Outcomes: SDG References i.

SDG 6 ii.

SDG 11 iii.

SDG 12 C. Final Statement IV. Work Cited

Abstract: This report explores the challenges of achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 11, and 12, which focus on clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities, and responsible consumption, respectively. Addressing these critical areas, the report aims to highlight the innovative SPAWN (Solar182

Powered Aquatic Water Network) as a possible solution to the pervasive issue of water scarcity.

SPAWN holds solar energy as a technique to desalinate seawater, providing a sustainable, chemicalfree method for producing freshwater suitable for drinking and irrigation. The system's design integrates smart monitoring technologies to optimize performance and minimize environmental impact, making it a scalable and cost-effective solution for regions in need. By improving water quality, supporting sustainable urban development, and promoting responsible resource management, SPAWN aligns with and advances multiple SDGs. The report also reviews successful and unsuccessful case studies related to water management, demonstrating the effectiveness of SPAWN and its potential to contribute to global water security and sustainable development.

I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), established by the United Nations in 2015, aim to address global challenges and achieve a better sustainable future by the year 2030. Among the goals, SDG 6, which states “Clean Water and Sanitation”, sets its focal point on ensuring pure water and its availability–the essence of human health and environmental sustainability. SDG 6, especially, branches out towards the other SDGs, making itself a pivotal portion in the full-achievement of the 17 objectives.

This report discusses the challenges associated with achieving SDG 6, connecting with SDG 11 and 12, to propose feasible solutions to combat the obstacles.

B. Connection of the Three SDGs The three considered SDGs–SDG 6, 11, and 12–are each labeled “Clean Water and Sanitation”, “Sustainable Cities and Communities”, and “Responsible Consumption and Production”, respectively.

These three objectives are greatly interconnected, forming an ultimate aim in the pursuit of sustainable development. Access to clean water (SDG 6) is fundamental to the health and functionality of cities and communities (SDG 11) where urban areas, in particular, face increasing pressures due to population growth and climate change. Issues like these only offer a strain of water resources and a challenged sustainable infrastructure. Ensuring reliable water services is essential for maintaining the livability and resilience of cities. Moreover, responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) are critical in managing water resources efficiently. Industries must adopt practices that minimize water waste and population, contributing to the long-term availability of clean water. This applies in the other way as well; when there is not enough aqua-provision, agriculture may not thrive. Promoting the resolution of the webbed SDG relationships, the proposed solution will be pointedly be tackling the following targets:

●

SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) ○ [6.3] Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally ○ [6.5] Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate ○ [6.a] Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

●

SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) 183

○ ○

●

[11.1] Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums [11.7] Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) ○ [12.2] Achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources ○ [12.4] Achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

C. The Issue: Insight to the Status Quo Water scarcity is a significant challenge in numerous parts of the world. According to the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), an estimated 2.4 billion people are living in water-stressed countries (2020). Water scarcity becomes an issue when communities are not able to meet their hydroneeds ascribed to “insufficient supplies and inadequate infrastructure” (CFR). Water pollution and contamination from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources poses a major threat to achieving clean water supplies. In a rapidly developing world, where industry activity is principal than ever, industry-pollution contribution is a substantial issue. Mass-producing companies often discharge wastewater that are “toxic, reactive, carcinogenic or ignitable” (RSC). Once these enter greater bodies of water, without proper management strategies pollution will pose “dreadful environmental effects”.

The agricultural field plays a part in water pollution as well. Agricultural runoffs–soil being washed away by rain–carry fertilizers and pesticides. Once they are washed off and delivered into nearby bodies of water, the pollutants initiate excess contamination. In addition, “as sea level rise drives saltwater farther inland, drinking water supplies of some coastal cities will be contaminated” (Lassiter), increasing the threats posed by salinization. With hydro-matters in place, an innovative solution is required.

II. Case Studies: Inspirations and What to Avoid A. Successful Cases i.

Innovative Low Cost Sorbents for PFAS Remediation PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that are persistent in the environment and can be harmful to human health. Their removal from water sources is a significant challenge. “Scientists at SUNY Research Foundation scientists have developed robust and inexpensive sorbents to remove these stubborn water contaminants in drinking water and treated wastewater at large-scale facilities and point of entry use” (Wilkinson). Low-cost sorbents are materials designed to absorb or adsorb PFAS from contaminated water. These sorbents can be made from various materials, including natural and synthetic substances. Typical options include activated carbon, clay minerals, and biochars. The idea of transferring or making a body of water change in its natural containment is a point of inspiration. ii.

Nanobubbles for Water Treatment Researchers at the New Jersey Institute of Technology have pioneered a method for water treatment using nanobubbles, which are tiny gas-filled bubbles measuring less than 200 nanometers in diameter. This innovative technique leverages the unique properties of nanobubbles to offer a clean, cost-effective, and chemical-free solution for purifying water. The success of this method lies in the nanobubbles' ability to enhance the efficiency of contaminant removal through several mechanisms: 184

increasing the surface area for reactions, facilitating the oxidation of pollutants, and improving the dispersion of gasses and chemicals within the water. Additionally, the stable nature of nanobubbles allows them to remain suspended in the water for extended periods, providing prolonged treatment effects. This approach not only reduces the need for hazardous chemicals but also lowers operational costs and minimizes environmental impact, making it a highly attractive solution for sustainable water management.

B. Unsuccessful Cases i.

Water Wells in Africa In Africa, it is reported that 60% of water wells fail due to poor maintenance and lack of access to quality replacement parts. This highlights the importance of sustainable water well development and the need for proper maintenance and operations training for local communities. Additionally, construction issues such as incorrect well depth and the use of low-quality materials contribute to the failure of water wells. When maintenance is not an aspect under certain insurance, attempts like these are surely high-risk. ii.

WASH Projects According to UNICEF, 30-50% of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) projects fail within two to five years, a high failure rate attributed to several critical issues. Poor planning and the implementation of inappropriate technologies often fail to meet the specific needs of the community, while insufficient stakeholder involvement can result in solutions that lack local support or understanding. Additionally, inadequate maintenance and lack of resources for ongoing support can lead to the rapid deterioration of infrastructure. For example, pit latrines, commonly installed to enhance sanitation, may remain unused due to unpleasant odors or become nonfunctional when full, particularly if there is no established plan for their regular emptying and maintenance. Beyond these operational failures, socio-economic factors, such as the inability of local communities to bear the costs of upkeep or to operate and repair the facilities, further exacerbate the problem. Effective WASH projects require comprehensive planning that integrates local knowledge, robust maintenance strategies, and active community involvement to ensure long-term success and sustainability.

III. Conclusion A. Solution Proposal i.

SPAWN (Solar Powered Aquatic Water Network) The SPAWN (Solar Powered Aquatic Water Network) operates by implementing solar energy to drive the desalination of seawater, transforming it into freshwater suitable for drinking and irrigation.

The system utilizes solar panels to accumulate sunlight, which is then converted into electrical energy.

The energy will then power desalination units, such as solar stills or solar-driven osmosis systems that remove salt (or impurities) from seawater. The desalinated water will be collected in storage tanks and then distributed for use. This network's efficiency could observe an upgrade through integration of smart monitoring systems that track solar energy production, water quality, and system performance. Realtime data collected through this method allows for adjustments along with optimizations to ensure consistent freshwater supply while minimizing operational costs and environmental impact. The SPAWN network thus provides a sustainable solution to combat water scarcity.

B.

Expected Outcomes 185

i.

SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) [6.3] SPAWN directly addresses this target by providing a chemical-free method for desalinating seawater, thus producing high-quality freshwater without the need for hazardous chemicals. By converting seawater into clean water, SPAWN helps reduce reliance on potentially polluted or untreated freshwater sources, thereby improving overall water quality.

[6.5] SPAWN contributes to integrated water resources management by providing a sustainable and renewable source of freshwater from seawater. The system's design can be adapted to local and regional needs, promoting efficient water use and resource management. In areas with shared water resources, SPAWN can offer a cooperative solution that alleviates pressure on freshwater supplies and supports transboundary water management efforts.

[6.a] The solution supports this target by offering a scalable and cost-effective desalination technology that can be implemented in developing countries. The system’s reliance on solar power makes it particularly suitable for regions with abundant sunlight but limited access to clean water, thus facilitating international cooperation and capacity-building in water management and sanitation.

ii.

SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) [11.1] SPAWN enhances access to safe and reliable water sources, which is crucial for upgrading living conditions in underserved areas and slums. By providing a sustainable source of freshwater, SPAWN supports the improvement of basic services and contributes to better housing and sanitation conditions.

[11.7] While the proposed solution primarily addresses water needs, its implementation can support the creation and maintenance of green spaces by providing a reliable water source for irrigation. This contributes to the development of safe, inclusive, and accessible public spaces that benefit all community members, including vulnerable groups.

iii.

SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) [12.2] The water management network promotes the efficient use of natural resources by harnessing solar energy—a renewable resource—to desalinate seawater. This method reduces dependency on traditional, resource-intensive water purification processes and encourages sustainable management of both energy and water resources.

[12.4] SPAWN addresses this target by providing a desalination solution that does not rely on harmful chemicals. By avoiding chemical additives and focusing on solar energy, SPAWN minimizes the environmental impact of water purification processes, thereby supporting the environmentally sound management of chemicals and waste.

The SPAWN (Solar-Powered Aquatic Water Network) initiative represents an advancement in addressing prevalent water challenges in the world through innovative and sustainable technology. By including solar energy, SPAWN provides a viable, chemical-free solution to confront issues relating to SDG 6. Connecting to other SDGs as well, this network paves the way for sustainable achievement of

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long-term water security. Expanding its reach, technology should continue to be utilized to refine ways the world has been approaching water scarcity.

IV. Work Cited Failing Fast Forward: Learning to Build Water Systems that Last - Global Washington. (2020, October 20).

Global Washington. https://globalwa.org/issue-brief/failing-fast-forward-learning-to-build-water-systems-thatlast/ Farrukh, & Farrukh. (2023, September 28). Innovative water technologies solutions to global water crisis. H2O Global News. https://h2oglobalnews.com/innovative-water-technologies-solutions-to-the-global-water-crisis/ Healing Waters Media. (2024, April 16). Reasons why water wells fail for developing countries. Healing Waters International. https://healingwaters.org/reasons-why-water-wells-fail-for-developing-countries/ Industrial Wastewater and its Toxic effects | Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater | Books Gateway | Royal Society of Chemistry. (n.d.). https://books.rsc.org/books/edited-volume/937/chapter/741366/IndustrialWastewater-and-Its-Toxic-Effects Klobucista, C. (2023, April 3). Water stress: a global problem that’s getting worse. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/water-stress-global-problem-thats-getting-worse Lassiter, A. (2021). Rising seas, changing salt lines, and drinking water salinization. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 50, 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.04.009 Technology - innovative Low-Cost sorbents for PFAS remediation. (n.d.). https://suny.technologypublisher.com/tech/Innovative_LowCost_Sorbents_for_PFAS_Remediation#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20the%20University%20at,different%2 0PFAS%20from%20contaminated%20water.

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The Importance of Compulsory Free Education: Addressing Inequality, Enhancing

Dahyun Jeong , Shanghai Korean School Table of Contents I.

Development, and Global Trends

II. Overview of the Educational Inequality III. The Importance of Compulsory Free Education and its Relevance to SDGs IV. Case study: South Korea V. International Trends on Compulsory Free Education VI. Conclusion VII. Work Cited

I.

Development, and Global Trends

In the modern world, education is recognized as a fundamental right and a cornerstone for sustainable development. However, despite global advancements, educational inequality remains a pressing issue, particularly in areas where access to education is limited or non-existent. In fact, these disparities often result in unequal opportunities for personal and professional development, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting social mobility. In this manner, compulsory free education directly addresses these inequalities by ensuring that every child, regardless of their socio-economic background, has access to education.

This essay explores the concept of compulsory free education, examining its definition, necessity, and connection to various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By analyzing the progress made in South Korea and international trends, this essay aims to highlight the impact of implementing compulsory free education and underscore its significance for global development, eventually leading to a sustainable society.

II. Overview of the Educational Inequality 188

To fully understand this issue, we should first know the global status of educational inequality.

According to the United Nations, from 2015 to 2021, primary and secondary school completion rates have been rising, but the pace is still very minute and uneven. Low- and lower-middle-income countries face a nearly $100 billion annual financing gap to reach their educational targets. For instance, Nigeria’s educational targets include achieving universal basic education and improving literacy. However, this financial gap of over 100 billion dollars affects various aspects of the education system, including the construction and maintenance of schools, provision of learning materials, teacher salaries, and other essential resources. As a result, many Nigerian schools suffer from overcrowded classrooms, a lack of basic infrastructure, and insufficient learning materials. This hinders the quality of education and limits opportunities for students, particularly in rural and underserved areas. To make matters worse, the pandemic caused learning losses in 4 in 5 of the 104 countries researched.

III. The Importance of Compulsory Free Education and its Relevance to SDGs As global educational inequality continues to worsen, the importance of compulsory free education is growing increasingly critical. Compulsory free education has two main characteristics: "compulsory" and "free". The term "compulsory" means that all children are required by law to receive education for a specified period, and parents must send their children to school. On the other hand, "free" means that education is provided at no cost, and students and parents should not bear any tuition fees or other educational expenses.

Compulsory free education is also closely linked to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). First, it plays a crucial role in addressing educational inequality, which is central to SDG 4: Quality Education. By ensuring that education is free and compulsory, barriers related to socioeconomic status are removed, allowing all children, regardless of their background, to attend school. This helps to bridge the gap between different social groups, providing equal educational opportunities and contributing to the reduction of disparities in access to quality education. Ensuring that every child has the chance to learn is fundamental for achieving SDG 4, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Second, compulsory free education significantly supports SDG 1: No Poverty and SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Education equips individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to improve their economic prospects, thereby contributing to poverty reduction. An educated workforce is more productive and innovative, which drives economic growth and stability. By fostering a skilled and knowledgeable population, compulsory free education helps to break the cycle of poverty and supports sustainable economic development. Additionally, education promotes social cohesion and stability, further reinforcing progress towards these goals.

IV. Case study: South Korea Historically, there is a notable example of a country that has achieved tremendous economic and social growth through compulsory free education: South Korea. Compulsory free education in South Korea was established in the aftermath of the Korean War, which ended in 1953. At that time, South Korea was recovering from extensive destruction and facing severe economic challenges. The government recognized education as a critical tool for national rebuilding and long-term development.

Subsequently, in 1954, the South Korean government introduced compulsory free primary education, which was later extended to include secondary education. The early implementation of compulsory free 189

education aimed to ensure that all children had access to basic education, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Over time, the scope of compulsory education expanded, and today, South Korea provides free education from elementary through high school.

Since the introduction of compulsory free education, South Korea has made remarkable progress in both economic and social development. The emphasis on education has been a key driver of a huge economic transformation from a war-torn country to a robust economy. South Korea's investment in education has led to a highly skilled and educated workforce, contributing to rapid industrialization and economic growth. The country is now known for its technological advancements and high level of innovation, with leading companies in sectors such as electronic devices and shipbuilding. In fact, The World Bank reports that South Korea’s GDP per capita has increased substantially since the introduction of compulsory free education, from $100 in 1953 to $33,000 in 2023. Not only economic development, but it has also shown tremendous social growth. Universal access to education has significantly improved literacy rates and educational attainment. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data, South Korea’s literacy rate is 99% for both adults and children, a percentage that is higher than the OECD average. Education has also played a crucial role in reducing social inequalities. By providing equal educational opportunities to all children, South Korea has fostered social mobility and contributed to a more equitable society.

V. International Trends on Compulsory Free Education Recently, more and more countries have recognized the importance of compulsory free education, and many have enshrined the right to free education, regardless of economic or social background, into law. Since the late 19th century, the principle of free public education up to high school has been established in the United States and most European countries. Currently, all 36 OECD countries provide free education up to the high school level.

For example, in the United States, the average compulsory education period across the 50 states increased from 11.3 years in 2000 to 12 years in 2015. Each state determines the age range for compulsory public education to ensure that all citizens complete high school education. Some states also use education finance policies, such as providing subsidies to local schools, to encourage high school completion. Specifically, New York was the first in the U.S. to introduce a policy for tuitionfree state and city colleges in 2017. Additionally, the University of Michigan began offering free college tuition to children from families with incomes below a certain threshold starting in 2018.

Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Education and Skills Act of 2008 introduced the "Raising the Participation Age" (RPA) system, which mandates continued education or training until the age of 18. This system, implemented gradually in 2013, aims to increase participation in education and training among teenagers and reduce the number of young people who are not in education, employment, or training (NEET).

Furthermore, French President Emmanuel Macron announced in a speech at the "Assises de la Maternelle" in March 2018 that the compulsory education starting age would be lowered from 6 to 3 years old starting in September 2019. This policy aims to address social inequality by ensuring that all children receive early childhood education, which significantly impacts future educational outcomes.

In Asia, Taiwan introduced the "12-Year National Basic Education Policy" in 2014, extending the compulsory education period to 12 years.

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VI. Conclusion In summary, this essay has explored the significance of compulsory free education, highlighting its critical role in addressing educational inequalities and its alignment with the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We have examined how compulsory free education ensures that every child, regardless of their economic or social background, has access to essential learning opportunities.

By providing free and mandatory education, societies can break the cycle of poverty, foster economic growth, and promote social equity.

The expansion of compulsory free education represents more than a policy—it symbolizes the boundless potential of humanity and our collective hope for a world where every individual can thrive.

It is through this vision that we can truly aspire to create a more enlightened, equitable, and prosperous global community.

VII. Work Cited Singapore's Primary and Secondary Education Coverage. edpolicy.kedi.re.kr/frt/boardView.do?nTbBoardSeq=&strCurMenuId=54&nTbCategorySeq=&pageIndex=1&p ageCondition=10&nTbBoardArticleSeq=823500&searchTopic=&searchObject=&searchCondition_D=36&se archKeyword_SD=&searchKeyword_ED=&searchCondition_W=6&searchK “International Trends in Compulsory Free Education.” Ministry of Education, Happy Education. happyedu.moe.go.kr/happy/bbs/selectHappyArticleImg.do?nttId=9375&bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000191 Finland's Primary and Secondary Education Coverage. edpolicy.kedi.re.kr/frt/boardView.do?nTbBoardSeq=&strCurMenuId=54&nTbCategorySeq=&pageIndex=1&p ageCondition=10&nTbBoardArticleSeq=823497&searchTopic=&searchObject=&searchCondition_D=36&se archKeyword_SD=&searchKeyword_ED=&searchCondition_W=6&searchK “DRC: Free Education at All Costs!” World Bank, 16 June 2020. www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2020/06/16/drc-free-education-at-all-costs “Education at a Glance.” OECD iLibrary. www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance_19991487 “Education.” World Bank. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education Goal 4 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4 World Bank Open Data. data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD

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The 1923 Crises and their Impacts on Weimar Germany: Insights under SDG 16

Eu Park, Northfield Mount Hermon School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Economic Impact III. Sociocultural Impact IV. Political Impact V. Conclusion VI. Work Cited

Throughout its existence, the Weimar Republic was in peril from the moment it was established.

The nation, built from the rubble of the Great War, had implemented a democratic government for the first time in its existence. To a great degree, the year 1923 played a significant role in shaping this republic’s unstable future. These events revealed inherent ineptitude in governance, contributing to the undermining of public confidence. Beyond immediate challenges, the continued economic instability and political unrest created ground for the emergence of völkisch movements. The magnitude of these events extends far beyond the historical timeline, as they set the stage for the subsequent political, economic, and social developments that would define Germany and Europe for decades to come. In the context of SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, the crises of 1923 offer critical insights into the vulnerabilities of governance and institutions. The challenges faced by the Weimar Republic during this tumultuous period highlight the importance of effective, accountable, and transparent institutions in maintaining peace and stability. This essay will scrutinize the significance of the events that happened in the Weimar Republic in 1923, focusing on how failures in governance and institutional strength contributed to the republic's downfall. Moreover, this essay will deduce that the Ruhr Invasion, Hyperinflation, and the Beer Hall Putsch, to varying degrees, tested the competency of the Weimar Republic and served as accelerating factors for the emergence of future political ideologies and leaders, thereby demonstrating the broader implications for peace and justice as outlined by SDG 16.

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One must first speak about the economic impact to discuss the significance of the crises that occurred in 1923. Hyperinflation, which was caused by a sequence of unexpected events, had serious consequences for the Weimar Republic. The rapid, excessive, out-of-control decrease in the value of money was the disastrous byproduct of the Ruhr invasion, mostly due to the expulsion of workers and the halting of taxation. Hyperinflation immediately struck the nation, making the German Papiermark virtually worthless. In 1921, the British pound used to be equal to 500 marks, but in November 1923, it escalated to 14,000,000,000,000 marks (Walsh, 2001). Until Stresemann came to office in August, the Weimar Republic lacked control over its economic affairs. The quote, “We don't want any Jew-confetti from Berlin” (Ferguson, 1975) from a peasant in Bavaria hints at two important and common aspects of the era: Hatred towards the Jews (which connects with the ‘Stab in the Back myth’ in the social impacts of the crises), and the outrageous rate of hyperinflation. From the perspective of SDG 16, the economic turmoil underscores the crucial role of strong and transparent institutions in maintaining economic stability and public trust, which the Weimar Republic has failed to accomplish. However, Gustav Stresemann, the new chancellor, implemented a new currency called the ‘Rentenmark’ while also establishing the ‘Reichsbank’. The new currency under the control of the centralized bank quickly restored confidence in the German economy both internally and internationally. This effort reflects the importance of institutional effectiveness in addressing and recovering from economic crises. Hitherto, the hyperinflation of 1923 seems to have had an acute but only a short effect on the Weimar Republic.

However, the after-effects of hyperinflation were prolonged enough to say that it played a significant role in the nation’s demise. After 1923, the Allies became aware that the Weimar Republic necessitated a moratorium to revive its economy. The Dawes Plan was significant in the context that it was devised to help the Weimar Republic with reparations by offering loans from American banks. This solution seemed to have beneficial effects on the German economy. By 1929, the German economy was right on track, having improved significantly in the last six years. However, the Great Depression occurred in October 1929, resulting in the total recall of the loans that were lent from America. The most serious flaw of the Dawes Plan was that it was covering up reparations with loans from America, which caused the economy to be dependent on America. Gustav Stresemann quotes, “The economic position is only flourishing on the surface. Germany is in fact dancing on a volcano. If the short-term credits are called in, a large section of our economy would collapse” (Wright, 2007). Stresemann’s apprehensions proved to be true when the Great Depression broke out shortly after his death, completely collapsing Weimar Germany’s economy once again. The dangers of economic dependence and the need for robust, selfsufficient institutions capable of weathering global economic fluctuations was once again proven by the Great Depression. In the Weimar Republic, The people had altogether lost trust and confidence plummeted. The Nazis took advantage of this situation, promising jobs and economic stability, preaching and misleading the population, eventually gaining 43.91% of the seats at the Reichstag, compared to 2.63% in 1928 (Nazi Path to Power, date unknown). Despite the serious implications that the hyperinflation and its aftermath had on the Weimar Republic, the outset of these problems was the Treaty of Versailles, in particular the reparations. Also, it could be argued that if the Great Depression hadn’t happened, less likely it would have been a disaster in the Weimar Republic, and instead, the American loans would have provided stability until the Weimar Republic could be able to repay them by themselves. Nevertheless, hyperinflation is still a major crisis of 1923, summarized best by the quote: “The greatest impact of the hyperinflation of 1923 may be the hardest to measure: how it turned Germans against each other, breeding the mistrust and animosity that made Nazism seem like such a good idea to so many people” (Bisno, 2023). This analysis demonstrates the necessity of strong, effective institutions in maintaining societal trust and preventing the rise of extremist ideologies, which in this case rooted from the Great Depression, aligning with the principles of SDG 16. In response to the economic crises faced by the Weimar Republic, one potential solution would have been the implementation of policies aimed at economic diversification and building a more resilient economy.

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Reducing reliance on foreign loans and investing in domestic industries could have helped the Weimar Republic create a more self-sufficient economy less vulnerable to external shocks, which would in turn, increase its institutional capability.

Within the sociocultural context, the Ruhr crisis of 1923, as well as other existing factors such as the War Guilt Clause, fostered widespread disapproval of the Weimar Republic and public mortification. This quote shows how a typical Weimar citizen would have felt during the invasion of the Ruhr: “There was widespread hunger, squalor and poverty and - what really affected us - there was humiliation” (Walsh, 2001). This sense of shame, which was deeply ingrained in the hearts of the German people, persisted throughout the whole Weimar Republic. From the perspective of SDG 16, the social unrest experienced during this period caused by the Ruhr crisis shows the crucial role of strong institutions in managing societal anger and promoting justice by being able to look after its own citizens and negotiate the wrongdoings against itself within the international community. The Ruhr invasion instigated hyperinflation, which directly impacted the daily lives of Germans and added an additional layer of resentment towards the French and the Allies, as the Germans could physically experience the effects of the crisis. Mass looting, as well as robbery, were abundant, with reports noting, “At Cologne yesterday outbreaks of looting were a frequent occurrence in spite of the activity of all the available police” (Hyperinflation, date unknown). This rampant instability questioned the trustworthiness of the Weimar government, which was already fragile after only five years of establishment. To reciprocate the effects of the social influence, the Weimar government attempted to encourage a liberal ‘new’ culture, making the Weimar Republic appear more liberal and tolerant compared to previous regimes. The so-called ‘Golden Era’ was when this new culture bloomed, creating a semblance of societal paradise in the Weimar Republic. However, the cultural reforms, which aimed to address the broader social discontent, failed to tackle the underlying issues and were perceived as superficial by many. Traditionalists and Kaiser partisans viewed the current state of the nation as indulgent and out of touch with core German values. The term ‘Kulturbolschewismus,’ meaning ‘Culture Bolshevism,’ was coined to criticize the perceived undermining of traditional values during this period. These socio-cultural conflicts demonstrate the need for inclusive policies and robust institutional frameworks to address societal grievances and foster social cohesion. The cultural renewal, while aimed at creating a hopeful new era, was more of a superficial fix that failed to mitigate the deepseated discontent among the populace. As a result, the resentment that brewed contributed to the rise of extremist ideologies. The quote, “It was a completely negative world, with gaily-coloured froth on top that many people mistook for the true, the happy Germany before the eruption of the new barbarism” (Grosz, 1946), encapsulates how the surface-level cultural reforms could not mask the growing social unrest. From this perspective, it is worth questioning the role of the Ruhr crisis in facilitating the resentment that the Germans were feeling. Even if it were not the Ruhr crisis, the ‘diktat’ presented upon the Germans in the Treaty of Versailles was enough to make the Germans dissatisfied.

Nevertheless, the Ruhr crisis significantly escalated the sense of anger and resentment within Germany.

The Weimar Republic’s failure to effectively address these socio-economic issues and build strong, inclusive institutions led to an environment ripe for extremist exploitation. This aligns with SDG 16's emphasis on the importance of effective governance and justice systems in maintaining social stability and preventing the rise of extremism. In response to the sociocultural crises faced by the Weimar Republic, one potential solution would have been the moderate implementation of policies rather than putting focus on the implementation of this new ‘liberal’ culture that has been. Also, the implementation of comprehensive social policies aimed at reducing inequality and fostering a sense of national unity, addressing the root causes of social unrest, such as economic disparities, could have helped create a more cohesive society after the war.

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In terms of politics during the Weimar Republic, the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 initially seemed to have minor impacts on the republic's political landscape. Although Adolf Hitler allied with the esteemed military general Ludendorff, the coup's failure demonstrated that, at that moment, there was limited popular support for the radical party’s agenda. The primary outcome of the Putsch was that Hitler gained public attention and realized he needed to navigate and manipulate the political system to gain power.

The Weimar Republic appeared politically stable at the time, largely unaffected by the radical rightwing movements that were yet to fully emerge. However, in retrospect with relation to SDG 16, which emphasizes the need for effective, accountable institutions and the rule of law, it is critical to understand that the Weimar Republic was indeed experiencing internal turmoil. The proportional representation electoral system, intended to foster democratic governance, revealed a significant flaw in the Weimar constitution. The resulting coalitions were often too fragile to reach effective compromises, leading to frequent changes in leadership that undermined stable governance. Despite these issues, the relative economic stability of the 'Golden Era' initially masked these institutional weaknesses. By 1929, the situation had dramatically changed. The Great Depression triggered widespread economic hardship, making the German populace more receptive to extremist rhetoric. The demand for a strong, decisive leader, reminiscent of the Kaiser’s era, became pronounced. Hitler exploited this situation with his political acumen, effectively using the economic and social crises to blame the Weimar Republic for its failures. His skillful manipulation of public sentiment and his ability to present himself as a solution to Germany's problems underscore the importance of robust and resilient institutions, as emphasized by SDG 16. Hitler’s trial in 1924, following the Beer Hall Putsch, also illustrates the complexities of justice and institutional integrity. Despite attempting to overthrow the government, Hitler received a relatively lenient sentence of five years, a reflection of both the judiciary's sympathy towards nationalist sentiments and the broader societal discontent with the Weimar government. The fact that highly educated judges could be swayed by the völkisch movement highlights a significant challenge in maintaining impartial justice and effective legal frameworks during times of crisis. Mein Kampf, written during Hitler's imprisonment, served as a blueprint for his future political strategy and exploitation of the Weimar Republic's weaknesses. While the Beer Hall Putsch itself had limited immediate effects, its timing, combined with the worsening economic conditions and Hitler’s adept political maneuvering, eventually contributed to his rise to power. The eventual downfall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Hitler exemplify how institutional fragility and ineffective governance, as demonstrated in Hitler’s trial, can lead to significant and often destructive political shifts. One potential solution for addressing political instability and reinforcing democratic institutions would be the reform of electoral systems and strengthening checks and balances. Implementing electoral reforms that promote stable coalitionbuilding and limiting emergency powers (Article 48) could have helped maintain democratic governance and prevent the abuse of authority.

In summary, the tumultuous events of 1923 profoundly influenced the Weimar Republic, leaving a lasting impact on Germany's political, economic, and social landscape. The economic crisis, marked by hyperinflation and the subsequent Great Depression, exposed critical vulnerabilities in the Weimar Republic’s economic policies and highlighted the detrimental effects of reliance on external financial aid. This economic instability played a crucial role in the erosion of public trust and the rise of extremist ideologies, as evidenced by the Nazi Party's growing influence. Socially, the Ruhr Crisis and the broader socio-economic conditions revealed the significant impact of inadequate governance and the failure to address public grievances effectively. The Weimar Republic’s attempts at cultural renewal, while wellintentioned, failed to address the underlying issues of economic hardship and social unrest. This gap in addressing core societal needs contributed to the rise of extremist movements and undermined the stability of the republic. Politically, the Beer Hall Putsch and the subsequent rise of Adolf Hitler underscored the critical importance of strong, accountable institutions and the rule of law. The failure 195

to effectively manage internal dissent, coupled with frequent changes in leadership and a flawed electoral system, exposed the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic’s political structure. The leniency shown to Hitler during his trial and the subsequent manipulation of public sentiment highlight the need for robust judicial systems and effective governance, as emphasized by SDG 16. Overall, the events of 1923 serve as a poignant reminder of the importance of building and maintaining strong institutions, upholding the rule of law, and addressing societal grievances to prevent the rise of extremism and ensure long-term stability. The Weimar Republic’s experience underscores the need for effective governance and justice systems to manage crises and foster social cohesion, reflecting the core principles of SDG 16. The lessons from this historical period remain relevant today, emphasizing the ongoing necessity of promoting transparent, accountable institutions and upholding justice to achieve sustainable and equitable development.

Work Cited Walsh, B. (2001). 6 Germany 1918-1945. In GCSE Modern World History. John Murray.

Fergusson, A. (1975). When money dies: The nightmare of the Weimar collapse. Kimber.

Wright, J. (2007). Gustav Stresemann: Weimar’s greatest statesman. Oxford University Press.

MHMC & Acoustiguide. (n.d.). Nazi path to power. Timeline. Retrieved October 21, 2023, from https://histoire.museeholocauste.ca/en/timeline/nazi-path-power Bisno, A. (2023, May 23). How hyperinflation heralded the fall of German democracy. Smithsonian Magazine.

Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-hyperinflation-heralded-the-fall-of-germandemocracy-180982204/ Hyperinflation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2023, from https://www.johndclare.net/Weimar_hyperinflation.htm Grosz, G., & Sachs Dorin, L. (1946). A little yes and a big no: Autobiography. New York.

King, D. (2018). The trial of Adolf Hitler: The beer hall putsch and the rise of Nazi Germany. Pan Books.

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Risks of Carbon Emissions and Impacts on Biodiversity with the Urbanization of South Korea and the Industrial Revolution of the United Kingdom

Eun Seo Shin, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Table of Contents I.

Introduction A. Introduction to the topic

II. Background knowledge A. Urbanization of the South Korea B. Industrial revolution III. Carbon dioxide emission A. Seriousness of carbon dioxide emission with chart IV. Impact on biodiversity A. B.

Impact on marine life by carbon emission Impact on humans and life on land by carbon emission

V. Conclusion A. Importance of youth VI. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

A. Introduction to the topic Today, the environment is an important and serious issue. Many organizations try to address this problem. For a long time, the environment has become more serious, not affecting humans. I could realize its seriousness through the UN Training Program. I could perceive the problem of ocean pollution. Carbon dioxide is well known as a climate crisis for us, but I would like to know the process of climate change from urbanization. Many countries had urbanization, and now they could be developed countries. However, the temperature of the Earth higher and higher means it had poor health in this procedure. Its problems will come back to biodiversity, and humans will be affected by their 197

behavior. So, we need to address this problem before it more and more serious. I will introduce the problem of CO2 with urbanization, its effect on biodiversity, and solutions.

II. Background knowledge A. Urbanization of South Korea I think urbanization’s role in climate change is being overlooked. For a long time, many countries have had urbanization, and now they can be an industrial country. However, in this process, the climate was poorer and poorer.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 202- urban areas collectively contributed about three-quarters of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. After the war, South Korea had rapid economic development from 1961 to 1996. At first, Korea was the poorest country because it was an agricultural society and did undergo some industrialization during the Japanese colonial rule. After independence, it can be an economic development. The development of five-year economic plans and the redirection of the economy from import substitution to exportedoriented industrial development is for economic growth. The main mechanism for economic development was government-led industrialization. President Park Jung-hee led the development of five-year economic plans and the creation of Chaebol groups or business conglomerates helped economic development. Through this process, urbanization started in 1960. People immigrated to Seoul, the city. Before economic development, it was an agricultural society, so they lived on farmland, in rural. However, people started to work in offices, and most offices were in Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Now, 40% of the population of Korea live in Seoul. They face serious problems for the national economy, environment, transportation, and development. In 1996, South Korea joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, being internationally recognized as a ‘developed state.’ Urbanization gave me better things, but it couldn’t take its potential problems.

B. Industrial revolution The United Kingdom had had the Industrial Revolution. They went through a change in society and economy. They also moved to the city, and the population of city was highly increased. According to many factories, a small town changed to big city. The Industrial Revolution wasn’t a great story. It was compulsory for the laborers by the policy. They couldn’t be free. Coal has created air pollution, and it’s unsanitary and stinking on the streets. It seems an unclean city crowded with people. They used coal with steam engines. Also, overcrowded cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation, miserable housing conditions, and a lack of safe drinking water. Workers were able to take human rights through the labor movement. Industrialization increased economic output and improved the standard of living for the middle and upper classes, poor and working people continued to struggle. The 198

mechanization was an innovation for society, but it had made working in factories tedious, and many workers including children were forced to work long hours for pitifully low wages. It is also related to not only SDG 13, climate change, but also SDG 1, 2, 4, 6, 8. Human rights can include all of them. It made development of the city and contributed to present UK society.

III. Carbon dioxide emission A. Seriousness of carbon dioxide emission with chart The reason for the climate change caused by urbanization is CO2 emission. Human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are the primary drivers of the global rise in temperatures.

I could see that before the Industrial Revolution, emissions were very low.

This picture represents annual CO2 emissions. We can see it is more and more serious now. By 1990 it reached more than 20 billion tons. Emissions have continued to grow rapidly and we now emit over 35 billion tons each year. Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising mostly because of the fossil fuels that people are burning for energy. Fossil fuels like coal and oil contain carbon that plants pulled out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis over many millions of years; we are returning that carbon to the atmosphere in just a few hundred. Since the middle of the 20th century, annual emissions from burning fossil fuels have increased every decade, from close to 11 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year in the 1960s to an estimated 36.6 billion tons in 2023 according to the Global Carbon Budget 2023.

If more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are scared of the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. When sunlight reaches Earth, the surface absorbs some of the light’s energy and reradiates it as infrared waves, which we feel as heat. The waves go up into the atmosphere and will escape back into space if unimpeded. As CO2 absorbs infrared energy, it vibrates and re-emits the infrared energy back in all directions. About half of the energy go into space and another half of it returns to Earth as heat, contributing to the greenhouse effect. It is the main reason for global warming.

It is one of the most serious problems of the climate crisis. All organizations related to the climate crisis said the temperature of Earth needs to be low. The reason carbon dioxide has such a big impact on global temperatures is that hotter air can hold more water vapor. Water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas, which further enhances the greenhouse effect. The main reason for carbon dioxide is the industrial revolution including fossil fuel.

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IV. Impact on biodiversity A. Impact on marine life by carbon emission Biodiversity suffers from carbon emissions. Some animals were extinct in recent years, and other creatures and forests are endangered. It will affect humans soon. First, I would like to notice the seriousness of marine life. It affects biodiversity in the ocean. This picture represents the impact of ocean snails. Left is a healthy shell with normal pH, it has a transparent shell with smoothly contoured ridges. But the right shell is exposed to more acidic, so it means lower pH and corrosive waters are cloudy, ragged, and pockmarked with weak spots.

Global warming causes ocean warming. Coral bleaching is caused by a warm ocean. Coral reefs’ extreme susceptibility to warming seas makes them one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change. Higher ocean temperatures and ocean heatwaves are the main triggers of coral stress and bleaching. When waters get too warm for corals, they release their colorful microalgae, turning a skeletal white. Some corals glow by naturally producing a protective layer of neon pigments before they bleach. If bleaching events are prolonged or happen too frequently with not enough time to recover in between, significant coral mortality can occur, sealing the fate of coral reefs.

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B. Impact on humans and life on land by carbon emission If it continues, all animals and humans will be in danger from society. According to FAO and WHO, an increase in pests will increase the chances of animals and people contracting the disease, and adversely affect health, such as stress. Animals won’t be able to live in their original habitat because of global warming. Glaciers for polar bears will also disappear. Some animals need to change their habitat, way of life, and feed. Global warming can change the speed and timing of their food growth, and the temperature of their habitat. As such, there is not much time left until the dangers of the ecosystem that we have only heard of are realized. White owls that live in northern Europe are turning brown as snowcovered areas decrease. According to BBC News on December 5, 2019, a North American research team analyzed 70,000 bird samples and found that almost all birds have smaller bodies and larger wings.

It means adapting to climate change and evolving by dispersing body temperature by reducing movement energy and increasing surface area.

V.

Conclusion

A. Importance of youth The climate crisis will give us a cruel society. I could know the seriousness of carbon emissions and its impact on humans and society. The history of global warming began Industrial Revolution. It was caused by humans, but innocent lives suffer from climate change. The history of carbon emissions is long, and now it’s time to close it. The situation on this planet is so desperate. In this situation, the effort of youth is also important. Their awareness and action will change the world. They can make NGOs act for climate crisis such as YOUNGO. Their efforts may seem small, but they are the ones who will lead the future and will play a very important role in addressing SDGs, such as Climate Action. I would like to suggest AI that can check the air and make it clean in our society. I think youth have better ideas than only one person, sometimes they can suggest greater ideas than adults. I hope youth don’t think only adults can do something. They are an important member of society, and society needs them. I wish they find what they can do and act for the climate change.

VI. Work Cited Population Change and Development in Korea, Asia Society, August 7, 2024 https://asiasociety.org/education/population-change-and-development-korea South Korea’s Economic Development, 1948-1996 Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History,Augusthttps://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore9780190277727-e-271#acrefore-9780190277727-e-271-div1-5 Venture in Korea: Performance & Prospects - KDI - Korea Development Institute - RESEARCH – Reports https://www.kdi.re.kr/eng/research/reportView?pub_no=86 CO2 emissions, Our World in Data, January 22, 2024 https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, NOAA Climate.gov, April 09, 2024 https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide Expert comment: Urbanization’s role in the climate crisis is being, University of Oxford https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2024-01-29-expert-comment-urbanisation-s-role-climate-crisis-being-overlooked Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates – HISTORY, History.com

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https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution Visual Features: Status of Coral Reefs of the World, UNEP, September 30, 2021 Visual Feature | Status of Coral Reefs of the World (unep.org)

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Challenges of Education of Completing the Course of Antibiotics in South Korea and its Solution Harang Kim, Branksome Hall Asia Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the antibiotics B. Global trend II. Objectives A. Understanding of Korean reactions to antibiotics B. Relevant targets of Sustainable Development Goals III. Problem Analysis A.

Debates on antibiotics among doctors i.

Support the intake of antibiotics ii.

Support less intake of antibiotics iii.

Pro-antibiotics B. Impact of No Education on Antibiotics in Korea i.

Impact on health ii.

Impact on knowledge of the future generation C. Situation in other countries IV. Proposed Solutions A. B.

Public Advertisement Primary Education

V. Conclusion A. Summary B. Extension of the Solutions / Future Research VI. Work Cited

I.

Background A. Introduction to the antibiotics

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Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria. They work by either killing the bacteria or stopping them from multiplying, which helps your body fight off the infection.

It's important to know that antibiotics don't work against viruses, so they won't help with illnesses like the common cold or flu.

These drugs can be naturally produced by microorganisms like fungi or bacteria, semisynthetically modified to enhance their effectiveness, or fully synthesized in laboratories.

Antibiotics are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections like pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and serious conditions like sepsis. They are also sometimes used preventively before surgeries. Importantly, antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, and improper use can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance, making future bacterial infections harder to treat.

B. Global trend Globally, antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, with the World Health Organization (WHO) identifying it as one of the top ten global public health threats. The over-prescription and misuse of antibiotics, coupled with the lack of patient adherence to prescribed courses, contribute significantly to this problem. Countries around the world are grappling with these challenges, with varying degrees of success in promoting the correct use of antibiotics through education and policy initiatives.

In the American region of the world, it is widely accepted and educated that when the doctor prescribes antibiotics, it's crucial to take them exactly as directed, even if it start feeling better before you finish the course. Not doing so can lead to antibiotic resistance, which means the bacteria can change and become resistant to the medicine, making it harder to treat infections in the future. However, in Asian region, such as South Korea, education for children and parents on the proper way to take medications is not mandatory. This lack of mandatory education on antibiotics is contributing to the misuse of these medications in current trends. In South Korea, there is a prevalent belief that excessive consumption of medication can be detrimental to health, with antibiotics often perceived as particularly harmful. This perception poses challenges for pharmacists when it comes to prescribing antibiotics, even when their use is medically necessary. According to interviews from Koreans, while they usually believe it's appropriate to take all of the prescribed medication when given a 2-3 day dosage, if they receive a prescription for a week or two, they typically stop taking the medication once they no longer feel unwell, even though they should continue to take it.

II. Objectives A. Understanding of Korean reactions to antibiotics According to the Health Josun news article, it reflects a growing concern in Korea about the overuse of antibiotics, particularly in children and adults. There is increasing awareness of the need to avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions due to the potential for long-term health consequences, such as obesity, diabetes, dementia, and cancer. Korean readers are likely responding to the article with a heightened awareness of the importance of using antibiotics judiciously and under proper medical guidance. It is true that Koreans think that there would be lot of side effects and additional diseases 204

occuring. Howvever, medical staffs are trying to find the way to prove that compeleting the course of antibiotics are crucial for eveyone’s health.

B. Relevant targets of Sustainable Development Goals SDG 3, focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. It aims to reduce maternal and child mortality, combat communicable and non-communicable diseases, and achieve universal health coverage by 2030. The goal also emphasizes the importance of mental health, substance abuse prevention, and reducing environmental health risks. SDG 3 is essential for improving quality of life and fostering sustainable development globally.

Target 3.3: SDG 3 Target 3.3 aims to end the epidemics of major communicable diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria by 2030. Not finishing a course of antibiotics contributes to antibiotic resistance, making it harder to treat and control these diseases. This resistance can undermine efforts to achieve Target 3.3, as it complicates the fight against infections and the spread of communicable diseases. Proper antibiotic use is essential for the success of this goal.

SDG 4, focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. It aims to provide free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education, increase access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education, and eliminate disparities in education access. SDG 4 also emphasizes the importance of developing skills for employment, promoting sustainable development, and fostering global citizenship.

Target 4.7: SDG 4 Target 4.7 aims to ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development. It emphasizes education for sustainable development, which includes health literacy. Educating individuals about the importance of completing antibiotic courses is essential to preventing antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health threat.

III. Problem Analysis A. Debates on antibiotics among doctors Recently, there are lot of rising issues of debating over antibiotic usage World wide. Here are recent debate that has been done in the UK: Should We Stop to Prevent Resistance?

Stopping Use: Taking antibiotics unnecessarily is more dangerous as it kills beneficial bacteria.

Continuing Use: Continuing the course minimizes the risk of recurrence, but evidence for stopping mid-course is insufficient.

Raising Issues: There is agreement on the need to re-evaluate the treatment duration, with further research necessary.

The common knowledge that all prescribed antibiotics should be consumed to prevent resistance is being challenged by a recent controversy in the UK. Even if symptoms improve after three days, the remaining four days of a week-long prescription should be taken. However, a claim that contradicts this long-held belief has recently emerged in the UK, causing a stir.

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Proclaims

The usual advice to complete the prescribed course of antibiotics is rooted in the fear of resistance. If the medication is stopped prematurely, the remaining bacteria may undergo genetic mutations to survive, becoming resistant. However, a recent paper published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) directly opposes this conventional wisdom. Professor Martin Llewelyn, an infectious disease specialist at Brighton and Sussex Medical School, argues that there is little evidence to support the claim that stopping antibiotics prematurely increases resistance. He suggests that taking antibiotics beyond what is necessary may actually heighten the risk of resistance in the long run. For example, the standard two-week prescription of the antibiotic 'β-lactam' for treating pyelonephritis is, according to Professor Llewelyn, not based on solid evidence. Moreover, continuing antibiotics after bacteria have been eliminated can harm beneficial symbiotic bacteria in the body, such as those in the gut, which help prevent harmful resistant bacteria from proliferating.

Rebuttal Many infection specialists have strongly criticized this provocative claim, warning that stopping antibiotic use is a very dangerous action. They point out that while the paper argues against the full course of antibiotics, it does not provide clear guidance on how much to reduce the dosage.

Additionally, they argue that more concrete evidence is needed beyond symptom improvement to justify stopping the medication. Professor Eom Joong-sik of Gachon University Gil Medical Center called the paper "controversial," emphasizing that completing the prescribed antibiotic course is crucial not only to reduce resistance but also to minimize the risk of recurrence. He explains that if antibiotics are stopped as symptoms improve, the bacteria that have not been completely eradicated may become active again, potentially leading to more severe symptoms. If the disease recurs, treatment must start from the beginning rather than simply resuming where it left off, leading to more difficult and prolonged treatment.

Pharmacist Jeong Jae-hoon of J Pharmacy agrees that although using antibiotics for a shorter period might help reduce resistance in the long term, the paper in question does not specify exactly how much shorter the period should be.

B. Impact of No Education on antibiotics in Korea i.

Impact on Health Lack of education on the importance of completing antibiotic courses can lead to severe health consequences, including the development of resistant infections that are harder to treat, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates. ii.

Impact on Knowledge of the Future Generation Without proper education, future generations may inherit practices that contribute to the worsening of antibiotic resistance. This could undermine public health efforts and lead to a scenario where common infections become untreatable. As mentioned above, prevalent belief that excessive consumption of medication can be detrimental to health, with antibiotics often perceived as particularly harmful. This idea is engraved to our old anssestors, which makes a big impact on their child’s education about intaking medicines. If their child gets a education about how to intake medicines properly, usually their parents or grandparents says that the education is wrong. This will impact our next generation, and make the situation even worse.

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C. Situation in Other Countries - A Comparative Analysis i.

United States In the United States, there is significant public health education focused on the dangers of antibiotic resistance. However, challenges remain due to varying levels of adherence to guidelines among healthcare providers and patients. ii.

Japan Japan has implemented strict guidelines on antibiotic use, coupled with public education campaigns. Despite these efforts, the country still faces challenges due to cultural practices that favor over-the-counter medication use. iii.

United Kingdom The UK has made strides in reducing antibiotic prescriptions through comprehensive public health campaigns and strict regulatory measures. The focus on educating both the public and healthcare professionals has been key to their success.

IV. Proposed Solutions A. Public Advertisement Public awareness campaigns in South Korea should be intensified, focusing on the dangers of antibiotic resistance and the importance of completing prescribed courses. These campaigns should utilize various media platforms, including television, social media, and print, to reach a wide audience.

B. Primary Education Incorporating education on antibiotics into the primary school curriculum is essential. This would ensure that children understand the importance of responsible antibiotic use from an early age, fostering a generation that is better equipped to combat the challenges of antibiotic resistance.

V. Conclusion A. Summary The challenges of antibiotic use in South Korea are significant, with cultural and educational factors contributing to the misuse of these critical medications. The connection to SDG Goals 3 and 4 highlights the importance of addressing these challenges through both public health initiatives and educational reforms.

B. Extension of the Solutions / Future Research 207

Future research should explore the effectiveness of different educational strategies in changing public attitudes towards antibiotics in South Korea. Additionally, studies should examine the impact of policy changes on prescription practices and patient adherence to antibiotic courses.

VI. Work Cited Health chosun. (2017). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from Chosun.com website: https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2017112101941 Coughlan, S. (2021, January 19). Oxford research tackles threat of antibiotic resistance. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from Bbc.com website: https://www.bbc.com/news/education-55710528 Health chosun. (2021). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from Chosun.com website: https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2021021902369 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019ar-threats-report-508.pdf Jones, C. M., & Smith, A. J. (2018). The impact of public health campaigns on antibiotic use in the United Kingdom. Journal of Public Health, 40(4), 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy072 Kim, H. Y., & Park, S. K. (2021). Cultural influences on antibiotic use in South Korea: A comparative study.

Asian Journal of Global Health, 6(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.3126/ajgh.v6i2.35211 World Health Organization. (2019). Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509763 Yamada, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2017). Antibiotic use and resistance in Japan: A public health perspective. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 70(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2016.435 United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals: 17 goals to transform our world. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ Chung, J. W., & Lee, M. H. (2020). Primary education's role in promoting antibiotic stewardship in South Korea. Educational Research Review, 12(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.101022

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Climate Action and Marine Disruptions: The Case of Nomura's Jellyfish and Shark Sightings in South Korea

Heerim Kang, Yongin Seongseo Middle School Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the topic B. The Severity of Climate Change Threatening Marine Ecosystems II. Climate Change and Marine Disruptions A. Marine Cases Exacerbated by Climate Change i.

Nomura jellyfish and Shark Appearance B. Cause and Reasons C. Solutions i.

Sustainable Development Goal 13 III. Conclusion A. Overview of the Severity of Climate Change Threatening Marine Ecosystems B. Point out Solutions to Figure out the Problem IV. Work Cited

In recent months, since July 2024, In Korea, there has been a noticeable increase in jellyfish appearance and shark sightings along the coastline. These incidents are not just random occurrences.

They are clear signs of a broader environmental crisis of climate change. The rise of global temperatures, driven by human activities, is having a profound impact on marine ecosystems, leading to shifts in the behavior and distribution of marine species. As a result, these marine creatures are increasingly coming into contact with humans and some have harmful effects, leading to more frequent and potentially dangerous encounters. Then, what are the causes and consequences of these changes, emphasizing the urgent need for climate action in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal SDG13, which focuses on combating climate change and its impacts?

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The connection between climate change and the recent rise in jellyfish stings and shark sightings is undeniable. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, various industrial processes, and more have led to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions. These gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which causes global warming. This warming doesn’t just affect the air.

It also impacts the oceans, which absorb much of this excess heat. The consequences of these changes are far-reaching and alert the behavior and distribution of marine species.

Nomura’s jellyfish, a species traditionally found in the warmer waters near Jeju Island, is a prime example of how climate change is transforming marine ecosystems.

As sea temperatures rise, these jellyfish have begun migrating northward, appearing in areas where they were previously uncommon. Therefore, Even in areas where there were no jellyfish, jellyfish appeared and stinging accidents became more frequent. The warmer waters not only provide a more suitable environment for their survival but also speed up their reproductive rates. Some jellyfish can lay around 100 million eggs in such conditions, leading to a population explosion.

This increase in jellyfish populations directly impacts human safety, with more people being stung, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe medical emergencies, especially among children and other vulnerable groups. Similarly, the rise in shark sightings along Korea’s coast, particularly in regions like Busan and Gangwon Province, highlights the broader effects of climate change on marine life. Sharks, which are not usually found in Korean waters, are now venturing into these areas due to the disruption of their traditional habitats caused by rising sea temperatures. The movement of these apex predators into new regions poses a direct threat to human safety and indicates significant disruptions in marine ecosystems.

The presence of sharks in these new areas signals that marine species are being forced to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The increasing frequency of jellyfish stings and shark sightings reflects a larger, more troubling trend: the ongoing disruption of marine ecosystems due to climate change. These disruptions are not limited to a single species or region; they are part of a global pattern affecting biodiversity, food security, and human livelihoods. The health of marine ecosystems is crucial for maintaining the balance of life in the oceans. When these ecosystems are disrupted, the effects can ripple through the entire food chain, leading to species loss, declining fish stocks, and the degradation of vital habitats like coral reefs.

The migration of species like jellyfish and sharks to new areas is a symptom of these broader changes.

As marine species are forced to adapt to changing environmental conditions, they increasingly come into closer contact with human populations, increasing the likelihood of negative interactions.

This not only poses immediate risks to human safety but also threatens the long-term sustainability of coastal communities that depend on fishing, tourism, and other marine-based industries. The root cause of these changes is the ongoing climate crisis, and addressing this crisis requires urgent and sustained action at all levels. The rising numbers of jellyfish stings and shark sightings in Korean waters underscore the urgent need to address the root causes of these changes: global warming and climate change. SDG 13 calls for immediate action to combat climate change and its impacts, including efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, strengthen resilience to climate-related hazards, and integrate climate change measures into national policies.

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For Korea, this means not only continuing efforts to reduce carbon emissions but also implementing specific strategies to protect its marine environments. One immediate step is to improve monitoring and response systems for jellyfish and shark sightings. This could involve better tracking of marine species’ migrations, public education campaigns to raise awareness of the risks, and enhanced medical response capabilities for those affected by stings and bites. Additionally, protecting marine habitats through the establishment of marine protected areas can help preserve biodiversity and support the natural resilience of ecosystems. However, while these measures are necessary, they are only shortterm solutions. The most critical action in the long term is to address the underlying cause of these changes: global warming. This requires a collective effort to transition to renewable energy sources, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and implement sustainable practices across all sectors of society.

International cooperation is also essential, as climate change is a global issue that transcends national borders. By aligning its efforts with SDG 13, Korea can play a leading role in the global fight against climate change, helping to protect its people and its natural heritage for future generations.

The increase in jellyfish stings and shark sightings along the Korean coast is a stark reminder of the urgent need to address climate change. These incidents are not isolated but are symptoms of a larger environmental crisis that is affecting ecosystems and human communities worldwide. By taking decisive action in alignment with SDG 13, Korea can contribute to the global effort to combat climate change, protect its marine ecosystems, and safeguard the well-being of its population. The time to act is now, before the impacts of climate change become irreversible, threatening not only the marine environment but also the future of human society.

Work Cited Korea JoongAng Daily. (2024, June 16). Fishers, beachgoers feel the sting as giant jellyfish threat grows.

Retrieved from https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-06-16/national/socialAffairs/Fishersbeachgoers-feel-the-sting-as-giant-jellyfish-threat-grows/2066123 The Korea Times. (2024, August). Retrieved from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/08/113_312446.html Korea JoongAng Daily. (2024, August 7). Jellyfish surge sparks fear during Korea’s peak beach season.

Retrieved from https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-08-07/national/socialAffairs/Jellyfish-surgesparks-fear-during-Koreas-peak-beach-season/2108064 Maeil Business News Korea. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.mk.co.kr/en/society/11078307 KBS News. (2024). Retrieved from https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=5461279 Ocean Panel. (n.d.). Ocean solutions to climate change. Retrieved from https://oceanpanel.org/publication/ocean-solutions-to-climate-change/ World Resources Institute. (n.d.). Ocean-based climate change solutions. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/insights/ocean-based-climate-change-solutions

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How Biomedical Engineering Could Provide Solutions for Healthcare and Well-being in Asia's Least Developed Countries Hwanhee Yun, Branksome Hall Asia Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering B. Healthcare Challenges in Asian LDCs II. Objectives A. Overview of Biomedical Engineering Applications Globally B. Linkages with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) III. Analysis of Healthcare Systems in Asian LDCs A. Case Studies i.

Inadequate Acess to Clean Water in Bangladesh ii.

Maternal and Child Health in Rural Nepal iii.

Malaria in Myanmar IV. Existing Biomedical Engineering Solutions for Asia A. Solar-powered Water Purification Systems B. Low-cost Ultrasound Machines C. Diagnostic Kits & Mobile Health Units V. Conclusion A. Policy and Practice Implications for LDCs B. Future Directions and Potential Innovations by Youth VI. Work Cited

I.

Background

A. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Biomedical engineering (BME) is a field of engineering, which focuses on the engineering principles and problem-solving techniques of biology to improve human health and healthcare systems.

BME is applied in diagnosis and analysis to treatment and recovery, creating artificial body parts, and engineering and 3D printed organs. Since BME supports innovation in health care, creating tools and technology that enhance patient outcomes, increases life expectancy, and enhances quality of life, it makes BME an important area of engineering. Biomedical engineers have significantly improved the 212

process of diagnosis, treatments, and management of diseases by creating solutions. Such as, enhanced diagnostic tools, artificial body parts, and imaging systems. Additionally, Biomedical engineers typically work in hospitals, research labs, and production facilities to create these highly developed solutions that are implemented globally. As previously mentioned, biomedical engineers are involved in the design and development of medical devices, which include everything from implants and prostheses to diagnostic tools like scanning devices. Furthermore, they bypass limits on medical innovation through research in areas like tissue engineering, biomaterials, and regenerative medicine.

They also have a wider responsibility to guarantee the efficacy, safety, and dependability of medical equipment in clinical settings. They guarantee that these devices abide by the relevant standards and assist in establishing safety criteria.

Although BME has the potential to completely transform healthcare, the process of applying the technology and solutions differ based on the regional aspect due to differences in infrastructure, technology, and availability of resources. Therefore, BME continues to bypass limits and set the standard for advanced, individualized medical care in developed nations. On the other hand, the application in low-income and developing nations is not proceeding as much, due to lack of financial support to prevent most urgent health issues.

B. Healthcare Challenges in Asian LDCs Least developed countries (LDCs) in Asia, such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Nepal, face significant vulnerabilities related to their health due to many external aspects. Some examples are extreme climates, inadequate infrastructure, lack of sanitation, lack of financial support, etc. The health threats worsens in the LDCs of Asia mainly due to lack of resources to adequately prepare for and address these challenges. The well-being of these populations is at risk from various infectious diseases and injuries, such as fatalities and injuries. Furthermore, many Southeast Asian countries suffer from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as principally cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, which impose a major and growing burden on health and development.

II. Objectives A. Overview of Biomedical Engineering Applications Globally One of the most effective biomedical engineering applications is the creation of new biomaterials and prosthetics. For example, biomaterials interact with the body for medical implants, such as heart valves, hearing loss implants, artificial joints, etc. These types of innovations led to the creation of more durable, functional, and biocompatible solutions for patients globally. Now, the current focus is on creating cost-effective and accessible solutions that can benefit a wider population, including those in low-income regions, such as the LDCs in Asia.

Another successful biomedical engineering application is the creation of radiology technologies, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasounds, which are critical for non-invasive diagnostics.

These innovations in the field of radiology lead to earlier detection of diseases, more accurate diagnoses, and better treatment planning.

Similarly, the implication of biomedical engineering of creating biological tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a successful application. The tissue engineering aims to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs. For example, techniques like 3D bioprinting, stem cell therapy, and the development of artificial organs create significant attributions in improving patient outcomes. These

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advancements are important in addressing organ shortages and improving recovery from injuries and diseases.

B. Linkages with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) Sustainable Development Goal 3, good health and well-being, aims to ensure healthy lives and improve wellbeing for every individual, regardless of age. The targets of goal 3 includes reducing maternal and child mortality, ensuring universal heath, combating infectious diseases, etc. Indeed, BME will play a pivotal role in achieving these targets in the LDCs that have limited resources and infrastructure.

III. Analysis of Healthcare Systems in Asian LDCs A. Case Study 1 - Inadequate Access to Clean Water in Bangladesh In Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, which is an underdeveloped region, access to clean water and proper sanitation is limited, leading to significant health challenges. Due to the region containing mountainous terrains and isolated to the other communities, this hinders the establishment of water infrastructure to be difficult, hence forcing residents to rely on unfiltered water from sources such as rivers, streams, and wells. By relying on untreated water sources, the population suffers from waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea. Furthermore, resulting in malnutrition and contributing to poor overall health. A study conducted by scientist Shyamal Karmakaron on the Kaptai reservoir, one of Southeast Asia's largest man-made freshwater lakes, highlights the severity of the water quality issue in the region. The study sampled water at various depths and locations within the region and found that concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), potassium (K+), total phosphorus (P), and suspended solids exceeded levels for adequate fish living environment, indicating significant contamination. The water quality also varied along the seasons, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand were observed during the rainy season which is shown in table 1. Additionally, due to urban pollution, the level of the reservoir of suspended particles and nutrients is dangerously high.

<Table 1. Water quality of Kaptai reservoir in Chittagong Hill Tracts>

The results of table 1 highlight the critical need for actions to preserve and enhance the region's water quality in order to protect public health in the region and promote the reservoir's sustainable use.

B. Case Study 2 - Maternal and Child Health in Rural Nepal

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In the rural parts of Nepal, one of the most severe public health concerns is the high maternal and child mortality rates, which is exacerbated by a variety of reasons, such as limited access to healthcare facilities, inadequate medical equipment, and a shortage of trained healthcare workers.

Generally, the mountainous terrain and remote locations of many communities in Nepal makes it more difficult for pregnant women and young children to receive and visit healthcare centers in the golden time. A research conducted by the Ministry of Health and Population in Nepal found that over 36% of women in rural areas give birth without the assistance of medical professionals, which increases the possibility of difficulties during labor and can result in higher death rates. They also came to the conclusion that, during the five years prior to the survey, the under-5 mortality rate was greater in rural regions, which had 38 deaths per 1,000 live births, than in urban areas, which had 30 deaths per 1,000 live births. For the ten years before preceding the study, childhood mortality generally decreased with rising mother education and household wealth. The under-5 mortality rate differs by ecological zone: in the hill zone, it is 31 deaths per 1,000 live births, whereas in the mountain zone, it is 55 deaths per 1,000 live births.

The accessibility of medical supplies is also a concern in the rural regions of Nepal. For example, ultrasound machines, which are basic supplies that many health posts and rural clinics lack and are necessary for keeping track of the health of both mother and child during pregnancy. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 50% of Nepal's rural health facilities lack even the basic obstetric equipment, which significantly restricts mother and child healthcare. They also found that there is a significant medical professional shortage in Nepal, with only one doctor for every 150,000 people living in rural areas as opposed to one for every 850 in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

The refusal of physicians to work in rural areas exacerbates the problem, resulting in many rural health facilities operating with insufficient workers and without basic supplies for longer periods of time.

Due to these conditions mentioned above, maternal and child health outcomes in rural Nepal continue to lack. For example, according to UNICEF, the under-five mortality rate in Nepal is 32 deaths for every 1,000 live births, and the number is significantly higher in rural regions. Based on data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the maternal mortality ratio is also concerning, with 186 deaths for every 100,000 live births. The greatest rates are found in the most isolated and underserved regions..

C. Case Study 3 - Malaria in Myanmar Malaria is a chronic and severe problem in Myanmar, especially in the country's remote areas where access to healthcare is extremely restricted. Additionally, the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the disease is becoming a worrying trend. In fact, Myanmar has one of Southeast Asia's highest rates of malaria, and faces particular difficulties that make the battle against this fatal illness more difficult.

Likewise, access to healthcare is difficult in many remote areas in Myanmar, particularly in the heavily forested areas and areas near the borders of Thailand, Laos, and China. According to a report from the World Health Organization (WHO), residents in certain areas have to walk for several days in order to reach a hospital. Due to a lack of access, many malaria cases are either ignored or treated, which can 215

result in serious complications or even death. The difficulty in delivering medical treatment and medications to these isolated places is exacerbated by the fact that they frequently lack infrastructure.

Furthermore, it has been determined that drug-resistant strains of malaria, including Plasmodium falciparum, which is resistant to artemisinin, the main medication used to treat malaria, are spreading throughout Myanmar.

Furthermore, one of the greatest threats to the control of malaria is the introduction of artemisinin-resistant malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion, which includes Myanmar, according to the World Health Organization's Global Malaria Programme. Artemisinin combination treatments (ACTs) have been reported to have up to 50% treatment failure rates in certain areas. Since antimalarial drugs (ACTs) are now the most effective therapies for malaria, resistance to these drugs could significantly raise the morbidity and mortality rates associated with malaria.

IV. Existing Biomedical Engineering Solutions for Asia A. Solar-powered Water Purification Systems In Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Kenya, solar-powered water purification systems have been implemented to address the severe scarcity of clean water. Solar-powered water purification systems operate by harnessing solar energy through photovoltaic panels, which convert sunlight into electricity.

This electricity powers the purification process, allowing filtration to happen. Next, water from local sources, like rivers or lakes, is pumped into the system, where it undergoes filtration to remove contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals. The purified water is then stored in tanks for safe distribution. In regions like Turkana, where access to potable water is a challenge, these systems have proven effective. Biomedical engineers have created and managed these systems to the specific needs of the Turkana region, ensuring they are robust enough to withstand the harsh climate and easy to maintain by local technicians. As a result, these communities now have a reliable source of clean water, drastically improving water security, sanitation, and overall health outcomes and alleviating the burden on local healthcare facilities, allowing them to focus on other health needs not related to waterborne diseases.

B. Cost-effective ultrasound machines Biomedical engineers have developed portable ultrasound machines and low-cost fetal monitoring devices that can be easily used in remote areas. These devices enable healthcare providers to perform essential prenatal screenings and monitor fetal health without requiring pregnant women to travel long distances to urban centers. For example, the portable ultrasound machines The implementation of these technologies in the remote mountainous regions of Nepal, particularly in areas like Humla and Jumla has significantly improved maternal and child health outcomes by allowing for earlier detection of complications and timely medical interventions. As a result, maternal and child mortality rates have significantly decreased in these regions, demonstrating the profound impact of bringing advanced medical technology to remote and underserved areas.

C. Diagnostic Kits & Mobile Health Units Biomedical engineers have developed rapid diagnostic kits and mobile health units equipped with tools for diagnosing and treating malaria in remote areas. These kits are user-friendly, requiring minimal training, and deliver quick, accurate results. In Myanmar, the introduction of these rapid diagnostic kits has significantly enhanced the detection and treatment of malaria, aiding in the control of outbreaks and curbing the spread of drug-resistant strains. Mobile health units have further expanded healthcare access to some of the most isolated communities. Additionally, biomedical engineers have 216

introduced portable diagnostic devices like blood glucose monitors and handheld ECG machines for use in rural health centers. These devices are not only affordable and easy to operate but also require little maintenance. In Laos, the availability of these portable devices has greatly improved the management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by enabling early detection and continuous monitoring, leading to better management of chronic conditions, fewer complications, and improved patient outcomes.

V. Conclusion The integration of biomedical engineering (BME) into healthcare systems in Asian LDCs presents significant opportunities to address critical health challenges among various regions. Policymakers in these regions must prioritize the development and implementation of policies that support the adoption of BME innovations, such as solar-powered water purification systems, low-cost medical devices, and mobile health units. These technologies have proven effective in improving healthcare accessibility and outcomes, particularly in remote and underserved areas. Since the LDCs lack finance, receiving financial support by fostering partnerships with international organizations, local governments can secure the necessary resources and extend the scale of these innovations across wider populations.

Additionally, there is a growing need to empower and engage youth in these regions to contribute to the future of BME. The next generation of adults possess the creativity and adaptability required to develop new solutions tailored to the unique challenges faced by the LDCs. By providing investment in education and training programs focused on BME and related fields will equip the next generation with the skills needed to drive further advancements in healthcare. Encouraging youth-led initiatives and providing platforms for young engineers to collaborate and share ideas can accelerate the development of cost-effective and sustainable healthcare solutions, ultimately leading to improved health and well-being in LDCs. Thus, the future of BME in these regions lies in the hands of young innovators who have the power to make a significant impact on global health.

VI. Work Cited Asian Development Bank. (2021, October 21). Chattogram Hill Tracts Inclusive and Resilient Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/projectdocuments/51296/51296-002-iee-en.pdf World Health Organization (WHO). (2022, May 18). Advancing health data for SDG measurement in Nepal.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/strengthening-healthdata-measure-sdg-progress-nepal World Health Organization (WHO). (2019, December 2). Building resilience of health systems in Asian LDCs to climate change. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news/item/02-12-2019-buildingresilience-of-health-systems-in-asian-ldcs-to-climate-change Chen, C. (2023, May 18). Drug-Resistant Malaria Is Up 1,000 Percent in Myanmar. Think Global Health.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/drug-resistant-malaria-1000percent-myanmar Cleland, J. (n.d.). Maternal and child health services in rural Nepal: does access or quality matter more?

PubMed. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10837046/

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De Maria, C., & Lantada, A. D. (2022, April 28). Biomedical engineering in low- and middle-income settings: analysis of current state, challenges and best practices. NCBI. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9045883/ U.S. Agency for International Development. (n.d.). Global Health | Regional Development Mission for Asia.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.usaid.gov/asia-regional/global-health Islam, S. (2011, January). Water quality of Kaptai reservoir in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.

ResearchGate. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305530950_Water_quality_of_Kaptai_reservoir_in_Chittagong_Hill_ Tracts_of_Bangla-_desh Karki, C. (2024, April 2). In rural Nepal, an ultrasound machine builds community trust in health care. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rural-nepalultrasound-machine-builds-community-trust-health-care Medical Action Myanmar. (n.d.). Malaria. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://mam.org.mm/healthcareand-research/malaria The DHS Program. (n.d.). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [FR336]. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr336/fr336.pdf World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Noncommunicable diseases - SEARO. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases Patan Academy of Health Sciences. (n.d.). Nepal at a Glance. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.pahs.edu.np/about/about-nepal/ Ramesh, S., Kachroo, K., Naresh, N., & Jena, M. (2022, December 10). Biomedical Engineering Profession – An Overview and Global Comparison of Staffing Criteria and Workforce. ResearchGate. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372507882_Biomedical_Engineering_Profession__An_Overview_and_Global_Comparison_of_Staffing_Criteria_and_Workforce Simkhada, B. (n.d.). Major problems and key issues in Maternal Health in Nepal. ResearchGate. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5249099_Major_problems_and_key_issues_in_Maternal_Health_in_ Nepal UNICEF. (2020, March 22). Troubled waters: responding to climate change in Turkana. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.unicef.org/kenya/stories/Responding-to-climate-change-in-Kenyas-semi-arid-regions The DHS Program. (n.d.). 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey [SR275]. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR275/SR275.pdf Wang, W., Xu, C., & Yoo, J. (2023, November 19). Advanced technologies for biomedical applications by emerging researchers in Asia‐Pacific. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10658477/ Michigan Technological University. (n.d.). What Is Biomedical Engineering? Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.mtu.edu/biomedical/department/what-is/

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Ole Miss Biomedical Engineering. (n.d.). What is BME? – Biomedical Engineering. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://biomedical.olemiss.edu/what-is-bme/ World Health Organization. (n.d.). Help prevent malaria. Malaria surveillance – key to help prevent malaria.

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The Impact of COVID-19 in America and Its Implications for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Hyesoo Yoo, Branksome Hall Asia Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Section 1: The Health Impact of COVID-19 and SDG 3 A. Impact on Healthcare Systems B. Increase in Mortality Rates and Long-term Health Impacts C. Disruption of Routine Healthcare Services D. Mental Health Crisis III. Section 2: Economic Impact and SDG 8 A. Unemployment Rates and Economic Downturn B. Widening Income Inequality C. Impact on Small Businesses D. Government Stimulus Measures E. Long-term Economic Implications IV. Section 3: Education Disruption and SDG 4 A. Transition to Online Learning B. Impact on Low-income and Minority Students C. Long-term Implications for Educational Attainment D. Policy Responses and Future Strategies V. Section 4: Inequality and Vulnerable Populations A. Disparities in Health Outcomes B. Economic Inequality and its Exacerbation by COVID-19 C. The Disproportionate Impact on Women and Children VI. Section 5: Environmental Impact and SDG 13 A. Temporary Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions B. Increase in Waste and Environmental Degradation C. Disruption of Global Climate Action D. Opportunities for a Green Recovery VII. Section 6: Policy Responses and Re-alignment with the SDGs A. Overview of American Pandemic Response Measures B. Evaluation of Stimulus Packages C. Recommendations for Policy Changes D. The Role of International Cooperation and Multilateralism VIII. Conclusion 220

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the USA halting any progress toward meeting the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this paper, we examined the impacts of COVID19 on key Sustainable Development Goals in America by SDG mission area: health (3), economic growth and decent work (8), education for all quality learning opportunities at all levels including literacy and numeracy across a lifetime to foster positive personal societal change consistent with sustainable development—especially among men women youth peacebuilders people living disabilities in every country reversing inequality through international partnerships social inclusion national planning policy implementation laws regulations accountability management coordination data collection monitoring protection planet biodiversity combating global warming even as pressures increase related demographic drivers if consumption patterns unsustainable ways air land ocean freshwater resources ecosystems fisheries plants animals food agriculture regulation alignment with regional climate-change mitigation objectives localized Regional Centers International Futures models framed help promote habitat preservation moving toward more resilient less vulnerable strategies resilience sustaining political systems improving governance democratic reforms checks balances issue advocacy nonviolent activism principles actions effective empowered elected governments nonprofit philanthropic donations. The coronavirus pandemic has further exacerbated and revealed underlying inequalities, overwhelmed health care systems around the world, disrupted education and triggered devastating economic contractions. The paper provides specificities on case studies and analyses policy responses with recommendations for a more comprehensive, inclusive recovery plan to help reorient the U.S. towards SDGs. Strategic actions are required to address the setbacks caused by the pandemic and to ensure that the U.S. can still achieve these critical global targets by 2030.

I.

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in late 2019, quickly evolved into a global crisis, affecting millions of lives and dramatically altering the trajectory of national and global development. In the United States, the virus has led to over 34 million confirmed cases and over 600,000 deaths as of mid2021. The pandemic has not only caused a public health emergency but has also triggered an economic recession, disrupted education, and exacerbated existing inequalities. These effects have posed severe challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.

The SDGs represent a comprehensive agenda for sustainable development, encompassing goals such as eradicating poverty, improving health and education, reducing inequality, and combating climate change by 2030. The pandemic has, however, significantly impeded progress toward these goals, particularly in developed nations like the U.S., where the effects have been profound.

This paper aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the United States and analyze how it has hindered the nation's progress toward achieving the SDGs, focusing on health (SDG 3), economic growth (SDG 8), education (SDG 4), inequality (SDG 10), and climate action (SDG 13). By examining the challenges faced and the policy responses enacted, this paper will provide insights into the setbacks caused by the pandemic and discuss potential strategies for ensuring that the U.S. can still meet these critical global targets. Through a detailed analysis of various sectors, the paper will highlight the urgent need for a concerted effort to address these challenges and realign national policies with the SDGs.

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II. Section 1: The Health Impact of COVID-19 and SDG 3 A. Impact on Healthcare Systems COVID-19 placed an unprecedented strain on the U.S. healthcare system, revealing significant shortcomings in healthcare infrastructure and preparedness. Hospitals across the country were overwhelmed with patients, leading to critical shortages of beds, ventilators, and personal protective equipment (PPE). According to the American Hospital Association (2021), hospitals lost over $200 billion in revenue due to the pandemic in 2020 alone, as elective procedures were canceled to accommodate the influx of COVID-19 patients.

The strain on healthcare workers was also immense, with many experiencing burnout, mental health issues, and even leaving the profession. The shortage of healthcare professionals, particularly in rural areas, exacerbated the crisis, leaving many regions without adequate medical care. This situation underscored the need for investment in healthcare infrastructure, training, and support systems to ensure resilience in the face of future pandemics.

B. Increase in Mortality Rates and Long-term Health Impacts The mortality rate associated with COVID-19 has been staggering, particularly among the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that excess deaths in 2020 exceeded the official COVID-19 death toll by nearly 20%, indicating that the pandemic's impact on mortality was even greater than reported (CDC, 2021). The long-term health consequences for COVID-19 survivors, often referred to as "long COVID," have added another layer of complexity to the healthcare crisis, with patients experiencing symptoms like fatigue, respiratory issues, and neurological problems months after recovery (Carfì, Bernabei, & Landi, 2020).

This ongoing health crisis has significantly set back progress towards SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all. The pandemic has highlighted the need for robust public health systems, better preparedness for health emergencies, and greater investment in health infrastructure.

C. Disruption of Routine Healthcare Services The pandemic also disrupted routine healthcare services, with many patients delaying or forgoing medical care due to fears of contracting the virus. This led to a significant decline in vaccination rates for diseases such as measles and influenza, raising concerns about potential outbreaks of other preventable diseases (Santoli et al., 2020). Additionally, cancer screenings, dental visits, and the management of chronic diseases were severely impacted, potentially leading to worse health outcomes in the long term.

A study by the Commonwealth Fund (2020) found that routine cancer screenings dropped by as much as 90% during the early months of the pandemic, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment that could have significant long-term consequences. The disruption of these essential health services has set back progress on many health-related SDGs, emphasizing the need for resilient healthcare systems that can maintain essential services even during crises.

D. Mental Health Crisis The mental health crisis exacerbated by the pandemic is another critical issue. A survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that nearly 40% of adults in the U.S. reported symptoms of anxiety or depression during the pandemic, a significant increase from previous years (KFF, 2021). The isolation,

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economic uncertainty, and loss of loved ones contributed to a spike in mental health issues, which has put additional strain on an already overwhelmed healthcare system.

The pandemic also highlighted the disparities in access to mental health services, with many low-income and minority communities facing significant barriers to care. The long-term effects of this mental health crisis could have far-reaching implications for public health, productivity, and overall well-being. Addressing this crisis requires not only immediate intervention but also long-term strategies to improve access to mental health services and support systems.

III. Section 2: Economic Impact and SDG 8 A. Unemployment Rates and Economic Downturn The economic impact of COVID-19 was immediate and severe, with unemployment rates skyrocketing to levels not seen since the Great Depression. By April 2020, the unemployment rate had surged to 14.8%, with over 20 million Americans losing their jobs (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020).

The pandemic disproportionately affected service industries such as hospitality, retail, and travel, which employ a significant portion of the workforce.

The loss of jobs not only led to financial hardship for millions of families but also had broader implications for the economy. Consumer spending, which drives a significant portion of the U.S. economy, plummeted during the early months of the pandemic. This decline in spending, combined with business closures and supply chain disruptions, contributed to a sharp contraction in GDP. B. Widening Income Inequality Income inequality, already a pressing issue in the U.S., was further exacerbated by the pandemic. Low-income workers, particularly those in essential but low-paying jobs, faced the brunt of the economic downturn. Meanwhile, wealthier individuals and corporations were often better able to weather the storm, with the stock market recovering quickly after the initial shock.

A report by the Institute for Policy Studies found that billionaires in the U.S. saw their wealth increase by $1.3 trillion during the first year of the pandemic (Collins, 2021). This stark contrast between the experiences of the wealthy and the economically disadvantaged has raised concerns about the long-term implications of the pandemic on social and economic inequality.

The widening income gap poses a significant challenge to achieving SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), which aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. The pandemic has highlighted the need for policies that address income inequality and support vulnerable workers.

C. Impact on Small Businesses Small businesses, which are critical to the U.S. economy, were particularly hard hit by the pandemic. Many were forced to close permanently due to the prolonged economic shutdowns.

According to a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, the number of active small business owners in the U.S. fell by 22% from February to April 2020, the largest drop on record (Fairlie, 2020).

The decline in small businesses had a ripple effect on local economies and contributed to the growing unemployment crisis. Many small businesses, particularly those in the retail and hospitality 223

sectors, struggled to survive even with government assistance. The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) provided loans to help small businesses retain their employees, but many businesses still faced insurmountable challenges.

The closure of small businesses has long-term implications for economic diversity and resilience. Small businesses are often a key source of innovation and employment, and their loss could have lasting effects on the U.S. economy.

D. Government Stimulus Measures In response to the economic crisis, the U.S. government implemented several stimulus measures, including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which provided direct payments to individuals, enhanced unemployment benefits, and loans to small businesses. These measures provided temporary relief, but there are concerns about their long-term effectiveness and the sustainability of such large-scale government interventions.

The CARES Act, along with subsequent relief packages, played a critical role in stabilizing the economy during the early months of the pandemic. However, the long-term recovery will depend on sustained economic growth and job creation. The effectiveness of these stimulus measures in promoting long-term economic stability remains a subject of debate among economists.

E. Long-term Economic Implications The long-term economic implications of the pandemic are still unfolding. While the economy began to recover in 2021, with GDP growth rebounding, challenges remain. The pandemic has accelerated trends such as automation and remote work, which could permanently alter the labor market.

The increased national debt resulting from stimulus measures may pose challenges for future economic stability. The Congressional Budget Office (2021) projected that the federal debt could reach 102% of GDP by 2021, a level not seen since World War II. Managing this debt while promoting economic growth and addressing inequality will be a significant challenge for policymakers.

IV. Section 3: Education Disruption and SDG 4 A. Transition to Online Learning The shift to online learning was one of the most significant disruptions caused by the pandemic.

Schools across the country were forced to close their doors, and millions of students transitioned to remote learning. However, this shift was fraught with challenges, particularly for students without access to reliable internet or digital devices.

A report by the Pew Research Center found that 18% of students in the U.S. lacked reliable access to high-speed internet or devices needed for online learning, exacerbating existing educational disparities (Pew Research Center, 2020). This digital divide was particularly pronounced in low-income and rural communities, where students faced significant barriers to accessing online education.

The sudden shift to online learning also posed challenges for teachers and administrators, who had to quickly adapt to new technologies and teaching methods. Many educators reported feeling unprepared for the transition, leading to inconsistencies in the quality of education provided.

B. Impact on Low-Income and Minority Students 224

The digital divide disproportionately affected low-income and minority students, who were more likely to lack access to the necessary technology for online learning. This disparity contributed to significant learning losses, with some estimates suggesting that students may have lost as much as a year of academic progress, particularly in math and reading (Kuhfeld et al., 2020).

The pandemic also exacerbated existing inequalities in the education system. Students from affluent families were more likely to have access to private tutors, educational resources, and supportive learning environments, while low-income students faced greater challenges in adapting to remote learning.

These disparities have raised concerns about the long-term impact of the pandemic on educational attainment and social mobility. Achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education), which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all, will require significant efforts to address these inequalities.

C. Long-term Implications for Educational Attainment The pandemic's disruption to education could have long-term effects on educational attainment.

Many high school students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, faced difficulties in accessing higher education due to financial constraints and the challenges of remote learning.

A report by the National Student Clearinghouse found that undergraduate enrollment in the U.S. declined by 4.5% in the fall of 2020, with community colleges experiencing the largest drop (NSC Research Center, 2020). This decline in enrollment could have lasting effects on the workforce and the broader economy, as fewer students pursue higher education and career opportunities.

The long-term implications of these disruptions are concerning, as they could widen existing achievement gaps and limit future opportunities for affected students. Addressing these challenges will require targeted interventions to support students and ensure that they have the resources and opportunities needed to succeed.

D. Policy Responses and Future Strategies In response to the challenges posed by the pandemic, various initiatives were launched to address the digital divide and support students. For example, the CARES Act allocated $13.2 billion to K-12 schools to support remote learning and other needs. However, experts argue that more comprehensive strategies are needed to address the long-term impacts of the pandemic on education.

Investments in digital infrastructure, teacher training, and targeted support for disadvantaged students will be critical in ensuring that all students have access to quality education. The pandemic has highlighted the need for a more resilient and equitable education system that can adapt to future challenges.

V. Section 4: Inequality and Vulnerable Populations A. Disparities in Health Outcomes COVID-19 exposed and exacerbated deep-rooted inequalities in the U.S., particularly in terms of health outcomes. Racial and ethnic minorities, including Black, Latino, and Indigenous populations, experienced higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death compared to white Americans. A CDC 225

report highlighted that these disparities were driven by a combination of factors, including socioeconomic inequalities, lack of access to healthcare, and a higher prevalence of underlying health conditions (CDC, 2021).

The pandemic also revealed significant disparities in access to healthcare, with minority communities often facing barriers to testing, treatment, and vaccination. These disparities have raised concerns about the broader implications of the pandemic for health equity and the achievement of SDG 10 (Reduced Inequality).

B. Economic Inequality and Its Exacerbation by COVID-19 The economic impact of the pandemic further exacerbated existing inequalities. Low-wage workers, particularly those in essential jobs, were disproportionately affected by job losses and economic hardship. Meanwhile, wealthier individuals and corporations were often better able to navigate the economic downturn.

The pandemic also had a disproportionate impact on women, particularly in terms of employment and caregiving responsibilities. Many women were forced to leave the workforce to care for children or elderly relatives, contributing to a widening gender gap in employment.

These disparities underscore the need for policies that address the root causes of inequality and support vulnerable populations. Achieving SDG 10 will require a concerted effort to address these challenges and promote social and economic inclusion.

C. The Disproportionate Impact on Women and Children Women and children were particularly vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic. The closure of schools and childcare centers placed additional caregiving burdens on women, leading to significant disruptions in their employment and economic stability.

A report by McKinsey & Company found that women were 1.8 times more likely than men to lose their jobs during the pandemic, primarily due to the additional caregiving responsibilities they faced (McKinsey & Company, 2020). The pandemic also had a significant impact on children, particularly those from low-income families, who faced disruptions to their education and increased risks of food insecurity and abuse.

Addressing these challenges will require targeted policies that support women and children, particularly in terms of access to childcare, education, and social services.

VI. Section 5: Environmental Impact and SDG 13 A. Temporary Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions The pandemic led to a temporary reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as lockdowns and restrictions on travel and industry led to a significant decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A study by the Global Carbon Project estimated that global CO2 emissions fell by 7% in 2020, the largest annual decrease on record (Friedlingstein et al., 2020).

However, this reduction was short-lived, with emissions rebounding as economies began to reopen. The temporary nature of this reduction highlights the need for sustained efforts to address 226

climate change and achieve SDG 13 (Climate Action), which aims to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Increase in Waste and Environmental Degradation While the pandemic led to a temporary reduction in emissions, it also resulted in an increase in waste, particularly in the form of single-use plastics and medical waste. The surge in demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) and disposable items, such as masks and gloves, contributed to a significant increase in plastic waste.

The pandemic also disrupted global supply chains, leading to increased reliance on single-use packaging and materials. These trends have raised concerns about the long-term impact of the pandemic on environmental sustainability and the need for policies that promote sustainable production and consumption.

B. Disruption of Global Climate Action The pandemic also disrupted global climate action, with many international climate conferences and negotiations postponed or canceled. The delay in global climate talks has raised concerns about the ability of countries to meet their climate commitments and the broader implications for global climate action.

The pandemic has highlighted the need for a more resilient and coordinated global response to climate change. Achieving SDG 13 will require renewed efforts to accelerate climate action and ensure that the world remains on track to meet its climate goals.

C. Opportunities for a Green Recovery Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, there are also opportunities for a green recovery that prioritizes sustainability and resilience. The economic recovery from the pandemic provides an opportunity to invest in clean energy, sustainable infrastructure, and green jobs.

Many experts have called for a "green recovery" that aligns economic stimulus measures with climate goals. Investing in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation could not only support economic recovery but also contribute to long-term sustainability.

VII. Section 6: Policy Responses and Re-alignment with the SDGs A. Overview of U.S. Pandemic Response Measures The U.S. government's response to the pandemic included a range of measures aimed at mitigating the health and economic impacts of the crisis. These measures included public health interventions, economic stimulus packages, and social support programs.

The CARES Act, passed in March 2020, was one of the largest economic stimulus packages in U.S. history, providing over $2 trillion in aid to individuals, businesses, and healthcare providers.

Subsequent relief packages expanded on these measures, providing additional support to those affected by the pandemic.

B. Evaluation of Stimulus Packages

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While the stimulus packages provided critical support during the early months of the pandemic, there are concerns about their long-term effectiveness and the sustainability of such large-scale government interventions. The stimulus measures helped stabilize the economy and prevent a deeper recession, but they also contributed to a significant increase in the national debt.

There are also concerns about the distribution of aid, with some critics arguing that the stimulus measures did not do enough to address the needs of the most vulnerable populations. Ensuring that future stimulus measures are equitable and inclusive will be critical in promoting long-term recovery and resilience.

C. Recommendations for Policy Changes To realign with the SDGs and ensure a sustainable recovery, policymakers must take a holistic approach that addresses the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of the crisis. This includes investing in healthcare, education, and social services, as well as promoting sustainable economic growth and climate action.

Policymakers should also focus on addressing the root causes of inequality and supporting vulnerable populations. This could include measures such as expanding access to healthcare, increasing support for low-income workers, and promoting social and economic inclusion.

D. The Role of International Cooperation and Multilateralism The pandemic has highlighted the importance of international cooperation and multilateralism in addressing global challenges. Achieving the SDGs will require coordinated efforts at the national and global levels, as well as partnerships between governments, civil society, and the private sector.

International cooperation will be critical in ensuring that all countries have access to vaccines, medical supplies, and other resources needed to combat the pandemic. It will also be essential in promoting global climate action and ensuring that the world remains on track to meet its climate goals.

VIII. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound and far-reaching effects on the United States, touching virtually every aspect of life and significantly impeding progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The pandemic exposed and exacerbated existing inequalities, strained healthcare systems, disrupted education, and caused significant economic downturns. It also highlighted the urgent need for resilient healthcare systems, equitable economic policies, and coordinated global efforts to address the challenges posed by the pandemic.

The health impact of the pandemic, particularly on vulnerable populations, has set back progress on SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), while the economic downturn has posed significant challenges to achieving SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). The disruption of education has threatened progress on SDG 4 (Quality Education), and the exacerbation of inequality has hindered efforts to achieve SDG 10 (Reduced Inequality). The environmental impact of the pandemic, while mixed, underscores the need for sustained efforts to achieve SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Despite these setbacks, there are also opportunities for a sustainable and inclusive recovery. The pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to realign national policies with the SDGs and to invest in a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable future. Policymakers must take a holistic approach that 228

addresses the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of the crisis and promotes long-term recovery and resilience.

Achieving the SDGs will require coordinated efforts at the national and global levels, as well as partnerships between governments, civil society, and the private sector. The U.S. must continue to prioritize the SDGs in its recovery efforts and work to ensure that all citizens have the resources and opportunities they need to thrive.

As the world begins to recover from the pandemic, it is essential to recognize that the challenges posed by COVID-19 are not unique to this crisis. The pandemic has highlighted the interconnectedness of global challenges and the need for a comprehensive approach to sustainable development. By realigning with the SDGs and investing in a more resilient future, the U.S. can not only recover from the pandemic but also build a more sustainable and equitable world for future generations.

IX. Work Cited American Hospital Association. (2021). COVID-19 financial impact on hospitals and health systems. Retrieved from https://www.aha.org/system/files/media/file/2021/05/AHA-COVID19-Financial-Impact-Report-May2021.pdf Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Unemployment rate and employment-population ratio. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/unemployment-rate.htm Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., & Landi, F. (2020). Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA, 324(6), 603-605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Provisional death counts for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm Collins, C. (2021). U.S. billionaire wealth surges to $1.3 trillion since pandemic began. Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved from https://ips-dc.org/u-s-billionaire-wealth-surges-to-1-3-trillion-since-pandemic-began/ Commonwealth Fund. (2020). How COVID-19 has affected cancer screening rates. Retrieved from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2020/how-covid-19-has-affected-cancer-screening-rates Fairlie, R. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business owners: Continued losses and the partial rebound in May 2020. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27462 Friedlingstein, P., et al. (2020). Global carbon budget 2020. Earth System Science Data, 12(4), 3269-3340. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020 Kaiser Family Foundation. (2021). The implications of COVID-19 for mental health and substance use.

Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mentalhealth-and-substance-use/ Kuhfeld, M., Tarasawa, B., Johnson, A., & Lewis, K. (2020). Learning during COVID-19: Initial findings on students’ reading and math achievement and growth. NWEA. Retrieved from https://www.nwea.org/research/publication/learning-during-covid-19-initial-findings-on-students-readingmath-achievement-and-growth/

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McKinsey & Company. (2020). COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/covid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-theregressive-effects National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. (2020). Fall 2020 undergraduate enrollment. Retrieved from https://nscresearchcenter.org/stay-informed/ Pew Research Center. (2020). As schools close due to the coronavirus, some U.S. students face a digital ‘homework gap’. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/16/as-schools-close-due-tothe-coronavirus-some-u-s-students-face-a-digital-homework-gap/ Santoli, J. M., Lindley, M. C., DeSilva, M. B., Kharbanda, E. O., Daley, M. F., Galloway, L., ... & Messonnier, N. E. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine pediatric vaccine ordering and administration— United States, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(19), 591-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e2 World Bank. (2021). Global economic prospects. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects

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Bioluminescence and Biomimicry: Crafting a Sustainable World for the Blind

Ja-hyun Koo, BC Collegiate

Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Bioluminescent Plants A. The Potential of Bioluminescent Plants B. The First Bioluminescent Plant C. Advancements in Luminescent Plant Research III. Sustainable World for the Blind IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been accelerated, shedding light on one of the most pressing challenges of our time: energy supply. As Industry 4.0 materializes, where the boundaries between reality and virtual reality (VR) blur through the integration of artificial intelligence and advanced communication technologies, the demand for rapid information processing and substantial energy consumption inevitably surges.

Historically, our modern civilization has heavily relied on fossil fuels; however, the overuse of these resources since the Second Industrial Revolution has culminated in global warming, one of humanity's gravest crises. Additionally, the finite nature of fossil fuels poses a looming threat, with oil, coal, and natural gas reserves predicted to be exhausted within 46, 122, and 64 years, respectively. In response, many nations have turned to nuclear power as an alternative, yet this has proven far from ideal. Environmental pollution and genetic mutations in organisms near nuclear plants, such as the discovery of a 32-legged octopus in South Korea's Southern Sea, underscore the dangers. The catastrophic events at Chernobyl and Fukushima, which deprived thousands of lives, further 231

demonstrate that current technology may not be fully equipped to manage the risks associated with traditional energy generation methods.

With the future of civilization hanging in the balance, addressing energy challenges is imperative.

While many countries are investing heavily in renewable energy as a solution, this essay proposes a different approach - optimization of energy efficiency. Energy efficiency, the concept of using less energy to achieve the same results, offers a promising path forward. A significant portion of energy is lost in conversion processes, with fluorescent lights wasting around 95% of their energy as heat and even LEDs losing 85%. By increasing energy efficiency, we can make strides toward sustainable energy management. However, is it possible to reduce energy loss in all light-emitting devices using current technology? Recent research into bioluminescent organisms, which can convert natural chemical energy into light with remarkable efficiency, suggests a potential breakthrough. Furthermore, this exploration goes beyond merely reducing energy consumption; it envisions a future where innovations like bioluminescent pathways not only contribute to sustainability but also enhance the quality of life for the visually impaired, crafting a world where energy efficiency and accessibility go hand in hand.

II. Bioluminescent Plants A. The Potential of Bioluminescent Creatures Bioluminescent creatures are organisms that produce light through a chemical reaction within their bodies. Research on these organisms has gained significant attention due to their high luminous efficiency, reaching up to 90% (Anamika Singh - sciencedirect.com, 2018). This efficiency is achieved through a chemical reaction in a specialized organ, where, unlike artificial light, no thermal energy is wasted. This phenomenon is often referred to as "cold light." Bioluminescent creatures are found in both terrestrial and marine environments, with marine life being more common. Examples include lightemitting mushrooms, specific bacteria, fireflies, fish, jellyfish, crustaceans, and cephalopods.

The principle behind bioluminescence is relatively simple: a substance called luciferin emits light when it oxidizes to form oxyluciferin. This reaction requires a luminescent enzyme called luciferase and co-factors such as calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium (Mg2+), which are abundant in seawater. Surprisingly, approximately three-quarters of marine organisms are bioluminescent (Byliz Langley - link, May 2, 2019). Although the molecular structure of luciferin varies among bioluminescent organisms, the fundamental principle of light generation through oxidation remains consistent across species.

B. The First Bioluminescent Plant In 2017, Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT, created a plant that glows in the dark using a technology called plant nano-biological engineering. This involved inserting nanoparticles containing the luminescent enzyme luciferase into watercress, enabling the plant to emit faint light for about four hours. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop plants that can shine brightly enough to illuminate entire work environments, potentially replacing streetlights with luminescent plants.

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"The vision is to make a plant that will function as a desk lamp—a lamp that you don’t have to plug in. The light is ultimately powered by the energy metabolism of the plant itself," says Michael Strano, the Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and senior author of the study (Anne Trafton - link, December 12, 2017). Lighting, which accounts for about 20% of global energy consumption, seemed like a logical next target.

“Plants can self-repair, they have their own energy, and they are already adapted to the outdoor environment,” Strano notes.

The MIT team packaged each component of the bioluminescence process into different types of nanoparticle carriers, all made of materials classified as “generally regarded as safe” by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. These carriers help the components reach the right parts of the plant while preventing them from reaching toxic concentrations.

Currently, the optimized light emission time is 3.5 hours, and the amount of light emitted by a 10 cm watercress plant is only one-thousandth of what is needed for reading (Anne Trafton - link, December 12, 2017). Despite these limitations, it is anticipated that light intensity and duration can be improved by optimizing enzyme concentration and emission rates. Furthermore, if a simple technique for applying nanoparticles to plant leaves can be developed, a breakthrough in replacing all indirect light sources (e.g., streetlights) with luminescent plants could be achieved. Additionally, research is underway to create plants that can naturally turn off their light based on environmental conditions, such as changes in sunlight, by injecting luciferase inhibitors.

C. Advancements in Luminescent Plant Research A second luminescent plant was featured in Science Advances on September 8th, 2021. An MIT research team developed a plant capable of glowing in the dark by absorbing light from the sun or LEDs. This innovation garnered significant public attention because these plants, equipped with special nanoparticles, can shine for 50 minutes with only a 10-second charge. In this context, "charging" refers to exposure to sunlight or LED light.

The new light-emitting plants produce light approximately ten times brighter than the first generation of plants developed in 2017. Professor Michael Strano, who continued this research, explained, "I wanted to create a luminescent plant with particles that could absorb and store some of the light and gradually release it." The new nanoparticles used in this study contain strontium aluminate, an inorganic compound that absorbs and emits light by capturing visible and UV light.

To prevent damage to the plants, the research team coated the strontium aluminate with silica and injected it into the stomata—the plant’s air passages. This method involved accumulating nanoparticles, only hundreds of nanometers in diameter, between the cells forming the mesophyll through the stomata pores. The researchers tested this procedure on various plants, including basil, 233

watercress, taro, tobacco trees, and daisies. In all five species, the nanoparticles absorbed sunlight and LED light, storing the energy as "photons" and slowly emitting it later.

On average, plants exposed to LED light for about 10 seconds emitted light for up to an hour, with particularly bright light during the first five minutes.

The plants could consistently recharge if exposed to sunlight for at least two weeks, and they continued to perform photosynthesis normally after the nanoparticle injection. Remarkably, 60% of the nanoparticles injected could be extracted and reused in other plants. The research team highlighted that "This is a big step toward plant-based lighting" (Anne Trafton - link, September 17, 2021). This study represents a significant advance in using renewable energy from plants as a light source. Currently, the team is working on combining the luciferase particles from the 2017 study with the photo phosphor particles, aiming to create plants that can generate brighter light for extended periods.

III. Sustainable World for the Blind Did you know that most blind people can still see? There is a widespread misconception that blindness means a complete lack of visual perception, leading people to feel excessive pity for those who are blind. However, many blind individuals can "see" in unique ways thanks to a phenomenon known as blindsight. Blindsight occurs in people who are cortically blind, meaning their blindness is due to damage to the visual cortex in the brain, rather than the eyes themselves. Although these individuals are unable to consciously perceive visual stimuli, they can sometimes respond to visual information, such as detecting movement or navigating around obstacles, without being aware of it.

Typically, visually impaired individuals with some residual vision can still recognize the outlines of objects with even a faint streetlight, or at the very least, perceive light and move towards it. However, everything changes when these individuals are placed in complete darkness. In such environments, they are likely to become completely blind, and practical risks increase significantly.

Fortunately, our society has made significant efforts to help the blind live without any handicaps or inconveniences. For example, neon signs on traffic lights in Seoul provide a bright visual cue at night, ensuring the safety of the blind. Additionally, trails specifically designed for the blind have been constructed in Namsan, South Korea, allowing them to exercise and maintain their physical health.

There are even annual running competitions for the blind in Namsan, which is strong evidence that our society cares for these individuals. However, what happens if the sun sets and complete darkness dominates the world?

Imagine a world where the paths, streets, and public spaces are gently illuminated with bioluminescent light, offering a constant, soft glow that guides individuals, especially those with visual impairments. It would be the fastest way of providing partial sight to visually impaired individuals. The proposed innovation of crafting a sustainable world for the blind stems from the idea that achieving a sustainable future by marginalizing the blind is meaningless. The skeleton of the proposed innovation comes from bio-mimicking dinoflagellates - a bioluminescent plankton that provides glowing trails, guiding marine creatures to navigate through dark ocean waters. By mimicking this natural 234

phenomenon, developing urban pathways embedded with bioluminescent materials that enhance the safety and mobility of the visually impaired will be attainable. The innovation is akin to catching two birds with one stone, not only securing a sustainable future but also ensuring that this progress is inclusively designed, achieving sustainability together with the blind as integral participants.

Recent advancements in synthetic biology have enabled researchers to increase the brightness and duration of bioluminescent emissions in plants by inserting nanoparticles containing luciferase, the enzyme responsible for bioluminescence, into their tissues. By optimizing the concentration of luciferase and other cofactors, these engineered plants could emit consistent light throughout the night, providing a natural, energy-efficient alternative to traditional streetlights. Furthermore, these bioluminescent plants could be strategically placed along sidewalks, crosswalks, and public spaces, creating a network of glowing pathways that guide the visually impaired safely through urban environments.

In addition to genetically engineered plants, we propose the integration of advanced photoluminescent materials into urban infrastructure. These materials, such as strontium aluminatebased nanoparticles, have the ability to absorb and store energy from sunlight or artificial light and gradually release it as visible light. By embedding these nanoparticles into concrete, asphalt, or other building materials, we can create surfaces that glow in the dark without the need for external power sources. This bioluminescent infrastructure could be implemented in areas with high pedestrian traffic, particularly where visually impaired individuals are likely to navigate, such as near public transportation hubs or in parks. By combining natural bioluminescence with cutting-edge material science, this innovation not only addresses the energy efficiency challenge but also promotes inclusivity, ensuring that the visually impaired can move safely and independently in any environment.

IV. Conclusion The energy challenges facing our society are becoming increasingly urgent. It is crucial not only to produce energy but also to manage it efficiently. Numerous untapped resources, such as the vast potential of bioluminescent organisms, remain largely unexplored. Considering that humans have only charted 5% of the ocean (UNESCO) and that around three-quarters of marine creatures are bioluminescent, we may find solutions to our energy crisis in nature.

To navigate this period of change, we need thorough research and development driven by a love for nature and humanity, alongside creative ideas that transcend traditional scientific boundaries. While developing artificial energy through renewable sources is essential, harnessing energy directly from nature could be even more impactful. In envisioning a sustainable future, inclusivity must remain at the forefront. The proposal to craft a world where bioluminescent pathways guide the visually impaired is not just a technological advancement but a moral imperative, ensuring that the pursuit of sustainability does not marginalize any group. In the future, we might see a world where eco-friendly, efficient energy is utilized through plants that photosynthesize during the day and glow at night, illuminating paths and cities in a way that empowers all, including the blind, to navigate safely and independently without the need for electricity.

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V. Work Cited 5 facts about blindness and the blind. (n.d.). Www.letsenvision.com. https://www.letsenvision.com/blog/5-factsabout-blind-people-and-blindness Diaries, M. (2018, October 18). The Marine Diaries. The Marine Diaries. https://www.themarinediaries.com/tmd-blog/what-s-lighting-up-the-depths-of-the-ocean Jones, R. (2023, July 26). What Do Blind People see? Light and Color Perception.

Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-do-blind-people-see Shakhova, E. S., Karataeva, T. A., Markina, N. M., Mitiouchkina, T., Palkina, K. A., Perfilov, M. M., Wood, M. G., Hoang, T. T., Hall, M. P., Fakhranurova, L. I., Alekberova, A. E., Malyshevskaia, A. K., Gorbachev, D. A., Bugaeva, E. N., Pletneva, L. K., Babenko, V. V., Boldyreva, D. I., Gorokhovatsky, A. Y., Balakireva, A. V., & Gao, F. (2024). An improved pathway for autonomous bioluminescence imaging in eukaryotes. Nature Methods, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-023-02152-y The Glow Below: Bioluminescence in the Sea - Dive Training Magazine. (n.d.). Dive Training Magazine | Scuba Diving Skills, Gear, Education. https://dtmag.com/thelibrary/bioluminescence-in-the-sea/

바다에 오로라가? 빛나는 바다, 해양발광생물. (n.d.). 네이버 블로그 | 해양수산부 공식 블로그. https://m.blog.naver.com/koreamof/222485839010 Bioluminescence - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/bioluminescence Gordiichuk, P., Coleman, S., Zhang, G., Kuehne, M., Lew, T. T. S., Park, M., Cui, J., Brooks, A. M., Hudson, K., Graziano, A. M., Marshall, D. J. M., Karsan, Z., Kennedy, S., & Strano, M. S. (2021). Augmenting the living plant mesophyll into a photonic capacitor. Science Advances, 7(37). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe9733 Langley, L. (2019, May 2). How Bioluminescence Works in Nature. Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/bioluminescence-animals-ocean-glowing Luminous Efficacy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/luminous-efficacy

세계일보. (2021, June 23). 설마 그 영향? 한국선 다리 32 개 달린 문어…일본은 “돌연변이” 참개구리. 세계일보. https://www.segye.com/newsView/20210623517822 The next generation of glowing plants. (n.d.). MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://news.mit.edu/2021/glowing-plants-nanoparticles-0917 Trafton, A. (2017, December 12). Engineers create plants that glow. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://news.mit.edu/2017/engineers-create-nanobionic-plants-that-glow-12

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Diverse Factors of Educational Disparities and Solution Suggestions: Focusing on Partnerships and Information Sharing

Jeeyul Jung, Seoul Global High School

Table of Contents I.

Background: Relevance to SDGs A. SDG 4: Quality Education B. SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

II. Research Findings A. Causes of Educational Disparities i.

Gender Inequality ii.

Lack of Infrastructure iii.

Lack of Teachers iv.

The Shadow of War B. Solutions to Narrow the Education Gaps i.

Reinforcement and Reform of Policies ii.

Supply of Basic Amenities III. Case Studies A. Togo’s Unique School Uniforms B. The Higher Education Sustainability Initiative (HESI) IV. Solution Suggestions A. Global Partnerships B. Information Sharing for LEDCs V. Conclusion VI. Work Cited

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Abstract: This study seeks for the most effective and acceptable solutions to reduce educational disparities aligning with SDG 4 and 17. For elaborate suggestions, it analyzes the fundamental factors that deepens the educational gaps between areas in various aspects: social, cultural, regional, religious, and more. It also covers the case studies that prove the validity of the research findings and feasibility of suggested solutions. Finally, it addresses the solution suggestions for the agenda, focusing on the construction of global partnerships and information sharing systems for Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).

I.

Background: Relevance to SDGs A. SDG 4: Quality Education [4.1, 4.5, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c] Acknowledging the main factors not being restricted to only one field but covering various aspects will be a primary step for the approach of SDG 4.

This study takes the overall targets of SDG 4 into consideration, especially the five of them above. It seeks for the equal access of education for all girls and boys in upgraded educational facilities and asks for the expansion of teacher training programs.

B. SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals [17.2, 17.3, 17.9, 17.16] Even though the main focus of this study is on the fourth SDG, it also includes the fulfillment of the targets of SDG 17. As one of the further solutions, this study suggests the active establishment of global partnerships. This is based on the recognition of the fact that all SDGs are related with slightly different focuses but with the same goal: the sustainable development of the world.

II. Research Findings A. Causes of Educational Disparities i.

Gender Inequality

According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 23% of girls are out of primary school compared to 19% of boys worldwide. When they become adolescents, the exclusion rate for girls becomes 36% compared to the figure of 32% of boys. This shows that the educational gaps can be even caused by social, conventional, and religious factors.

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ii.

Lack of Infrastructure

Schools in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) or rural areas lack basic amenities such as clean water, stable electricity, safe classrooms, and textbooks. Without these basically needed elements, students can’t be provided with quality classes in a stable, safe, and sustainable environment. Some regions even lack the school itself, which makes the children in the region nearly unable to commute to their school everyday. iii.

Lack of Teachers

The quality education that grows students to competent members of our society starts from and highly depends on teachers. For this reason, the high-level training of teachers is crucial for the fulfillment of the targets of SDG 4. However, areas with the lowest level of literacy and education lack the teachers and training programs that provide chances for them to prepare classes with higher quality.

According to UIS, sub-Saharan Africa is at the highest risk. As both teachers and classrooms are far fewer than students in school, classrooms are overcrowded and there is no clear separation in grades.

The urgent action is needed as the school-age population in Africa is at rise. iv.

The Shadow of War

Another reason that hinders students from going to school is ongoing war. At the present moment, a number of conflicts take place worldwide, and children in those areas are even unable to go outside. They don’t have any energy, time, or money to go to school, rather they should find a way to survive day by day.

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B. Solutions to Narrow the Education Gaps i.

Reinforcement and Reform of Policies As gender inequalities, prejudices, stereotypes, racism, and sexism are conventional in some areas or even legalized by statute of the region, it is crucial to specify the equilibrium and stamp out the discrimination in the field of education through legal procedures to the greatest extent possible. The biggest challenge is dealing with strong religious customs in certain countries, which requires consistent efforts such as active communication and negotiation with clerics. ii.

Supply of Basic Amenities As mentioned above, it is the supply of basic elements lacking in LEDCs’ schools such as water, electricity, clothing, safe building, and teachers that should be primarily ensured. This can be efficiently done by making the best use of local resources and new technologies.

III. Case Studies A. Togo’s Unique School Uniforms McGriff, who were shocked by the fact that 129 million of girls worldwide are out of school and school uniform is one of the most unaffordable supplies for them established ‘Style Her Empowered (SHE).’ According to CNN, studies have proved that providing free uniforms can reduce dropout rates by 16 percent, and this solution was the start of McGriff’s project. She found out that simply offering school uniforms freely is inefficient and children grow at a high speed, so SHE designed the uniform that can grow. Additionally, all of the fabric scraps can be recycled into reusable menstrual pads, which can also solve the lack of sanitary supplies for girls. Through this project, many girls in Togo became able to go to schools and get quality education. This case is a great instance of bridging educational gaps through supply of basic amenities and technological ideas.

B. The Higher Education Sustainability Initiative (HESI)

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According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), the Higher Education Sustainability Initiative (HESI) is a partnership between several United Nations entities and the higher education community. HESI organizes an annual global forum to the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) which reviews the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. Recently, ‘HESI Global Forum 2024: The Future of Higher Education for Sustainable Development’ took place on 15 July, 2024. During the forum, multi-stakeholder discussion on the intersection of education, innovation, and sustainability was done. It also contributed to shaping advocacy efforts and action plans for the pursuit of sustainable development in higher education. This case includes the political efforts to bridge educational gaps mentioned above.

IV. Solution Suggestions A. Global Partnerships To actualize the solutions that have been set as soon as possible, active cooperation between all nations is most important. “All” nations include both More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) and LEDCs, regardless of their GDPs, regions, or sizes. When the whole world recognizes the severity of the current status of educational disparities caused by complex factors and need for action, minor steps would be able to be followed progressively. Specifically, partnerships can include encouraging funding for LEDCs areas in risk, which will resolve the biggest financial problems. This can start from global communication through forums such as above-mentioned HESI. B. Information Sharing for LEDCs Another effective way to increase the world’s education level and literacy rate is to construct an organized education system in each country. Nearly all of MEDCs, including South Korea, Finland, France, and Japan, have built stable and well-ordered education systems. By building a information sharing system and helping LEDCs to erect the systems accustomed to each nation, the world’s approach to overall rise in education level will become far sooner. This is beneficial not only for LEDCs but also MEDCs as education of youths in LEDCs will increase the supply of labor in the international market in the long term. Moreover, it can be a great chance for MEDCs to build reliable relationships with partner countries.

V. Conclusion Educational disparities worldwide are derived by complicated factors including gender equality, lack of infrastructures and teachers, and the shadow of war. The most feasible and well-known 241

solutions for them are political actions and supply of basic amenities. However, referring to these research findings, this study suggests two further solutions: global partnerships and information sharing for LEDCs. These actions will benefit both MEDCs and LEDCs in short and long terms, contributing to the fulfillment of SDG 4 and 17.

VI. Work Cited THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. (n.d.). https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

Gender equality in education. (2019, December 2). UNESCO UIS. Retrieved from https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/gender-equality-education.

Teachers. (2019, October 3). UNESCO UIS. Retrieved from https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/teachers.

Scaling up education reform: addressing the politics of disparity. (n.d.). Charles Sturt University Research Output. Retrieved from https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/impacts/scaling-up-education-reform-addressing-the-politics-of-disparity.

Herre, B., Rodés-Guirao, L., Roser, M., Hasell, J., & Macdonald, B. (2024, March 20). War and Peace. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace.

HESI Global Forum 2024 - The Future of Higher Education for Sustainable Development | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.).

Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/HESI/2024GlobalForum.

Toner, K. (2024, July 19). In Togo, these school uniforms are at the center of a movement offering girls and women a chance to build better lives. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/19/world/school-uniforms-africa-education-cnnheroes/index. html.

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The role of digital accessibility to mitigate inequality for people with disabilities in Korea

Jiwoo Seo, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Table of Contents I.

Introduction

A. The importance of digital accessibility for disabled people B. The purpose of this research II. Research Background A. B. C.

Digital gap level of disabled people Introduction of related existing studies Presentation of the necessity of this research

III. Results and Discussion IV. Conclusion A. Summary of the research B. Proposal of the research’s limitations and suggestions for future research V. Work Cited

I.

Introduction A.

The importance of digital accessibility for disabled people

Digital plays a big role in our daily lives. Digital products are various types of products and services that operate based on electronic data. This digital product not only includes hardware and software products like smartphones or applications. It also includes digital contents such as e-books and online educational programs, and digital services such as social media platforms. From this, we can know that lots of things are coexisting with us as a digital and giving a big influence to our lives. So, mostly we can not do anything without the digital products and the accessibility of the digital is really an important element in living. And we have to remember that the ‘digital accessibility’ means the digital products and also the ability to handle and utilize it. Let’s take an example. When we want to get a job, usually, we will check the job listing website or various related platforms to find the 243

information. Then, write and submit the resume by the computer, using lots of applications and programs. But what if we are in a situation where the digital accessibility is very low? Even though you have a computer to do this, you will face lots of barriers. As a simple example, you don’t know what websites will afford you about the information of companies that are searching for employees.

Consequently, you will have a penalty to get a job. Therefore, the lack of digital accessibility will lead to a poor quality which we can not do something we want. Thus, increasing digital accessibility will be the main task as important as improving social awareness that can provide the same opportunities to the socially disadvantaged.

B. The purpose of this research Digital accessibility is a crucial factor in reducing inequalities, so there are lots of policies or studies which were previously done. So, this research will deal with the past policies that were executed to increase digital accessibility and find out why the digital information gap still exists, that is, its limitations, and suggest more effective directions to resolve these problems.

II. Research Background A. Digital gap level of disabled people According to the 2022 Digital Information Gap Survey, assuming that the level of digital informatization of the general public is 100%, the degree of digital informatization in disabled people is only 82.8%. The important point of this survey is that the digital information access level is 96.7% which doesn't make a big difference with general people, but the level of utilization and ability have a big gap, they have levels of 81.5% and 75.2%.

(Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea, (2023, March 23).

2022 Digital Information Gap Survey)

I mentioned that ‘digital accessibility’ does not mean only the access of the digital, it also means the ability to use and utilize it. By this survey, we can know that digital accessibility, which can cause a serious inequality problem, is still remaining in our society, and the level of it is even high.

B. Introduction of related existing studies

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In the past, Korea made most of the policies about supplying the information and communication equipment to ease up the difference of digital information. We can easily find the reports about the equipment or financial support but it is hard to find the support to improve their abilities. And this is why we couldn't stamp out this cycle of inequality related to the digital gap. The fundamental problem is that disabled don’t know how to use it or can’t use it in their daily lives.

C. Presentation of the necessity of this research.

As I mentioned, the digital informatization access level is 97.6%, very high. It means that the reason the digital gap still exists is the lack of ability to use the digital products such as hardware, software, application, social media etc. Not the lack of digital products. But the previous policies in section 2.1 are not compensating this problem. It doesn’t mean that supplying the digital products is not important.

Of course it’s essential. But before the supply, we have to make the environment that can use it. And this is the reason that this research is necessary for this topic because it will suggest new ways to solve it which include ‘how to increase the ability?’

III. Results and Discussion To solve the digital gap which needs to reduce the inequality of disabled people, we need to provide something that can improve their abilities and environments to use digital products. This 3.1 section will suggest the solutions related to this.

In our team project, we suggested a very innovative idea, ‘Multi-Stakeholder’. And evaluated that is really unique and effective. I think this will also be very effective to this topic, so I will use this idea again in this first solution. When the disabled people want to show their ability such as coding, painting, cooking, etc, they have less opportunity to do it compared with general people, and this is the fact. But if they have the same ability to use the digital, the opportunity will increase to show their own abilities.

For example, they can apply to a national funded program or contest that can use their own abilities on the internet. But there are less programs or contests for disabled people than non-disabled people. And they also have less accessibility to digital so it’s hard to find all this information for them even though it will be a bigger help for them than non-disabled group. To give a high accessibility to them in this field, making a formal website or application which provides all the information of the contests or funded programs or something like that will be helpful. Therefore, I want to suggest the ‘website to all the disabled persons’. Government can make and develop this website, and make some policies or financial supporting programs which will be inserted in the website. Other stakeholders also can do something that will be included in the website. International organizations can hold a world competition, and do an international campaign that notifies this website. Private sectors can provide job opportunities. Youth can participate in programs suggested by the government or international organization.

Second solution is making equipment that physically supports the disabled people. The disabled who have physical difficulties can not get big benefits by the first solution. To solve this problem, we can develop a new technology which will help them to participate the digital society, like a wheelchair that moves according to one’s mind, so that they can be free about the physical constraints and use the digital products to make their dream come true.

IV. Conclusion A. Summary of the research.

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To sum up, there are lots of difficulties for the disabled. Solving the digital gap is also a part of this inequality problem, but it is sure that this can have a big impact on our society. So we have to give attention to their lives and the new developments like section3 to support them.

B. Proposal of the research limitations and suggestions for future research.

The limitation of the government website is that it is not something that individuals can solve.

So I want to suggest making a private website. Even though it will be small, it will have a big influence in our society. In the case of future technology, nobody knows when it will be developed, so it has a big limitation. To solve this problem, we should make a better environment in daily lives by providing detailed explanations of digital products, sending letters about the supporting programs of contests to the disabled directly.

V. Work Cited Dongseok Lee (2023, June 1), The reality of digital divide for the disabled and suggestions for bridging the gap https://www.peoplepower21.org/welfarenow/1940355 Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea, (2023, March 23). 2022 Digital Information Gap Survey Results retrieved from https://www.msit.go.kr/bbs/view.do?sCode=user&mId=99&mPid=74&bbsSeqNo=79&nttSeqNo=3173535

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Impact of Medical Waste Disposal Issues on the Environment and Businesses in Korea

Jiyun Baek, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic B. Importance of Proper Medical Waste Disposal Methods II. Objectives A. Overview of Medical Waste Disposal Issues in Korea B. Problems with Medical Waste Disposal Facilities and Methods C. Linkages with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) III. Impact of Medical Waste Disposal Issues in Korea A. Environment lens B. Society lens IV. Solutions A. Alternative Solutions for Medical Waste Disposal B. Proper Medical Waste Disposal C. Eco-friendly Medical Waste Disposal Technology D. Increasing Medical Waste Treatment Facilities E. Regulation of Healthcare Companies V. Conclusion A. Summary of Findings B. Youth Engagement in Resolving the Issue VI. Work Cited

Items used to treat people can harm people in return. This is about medical waste. Medical waste refers to waste generated by medical activities, ranging from used needles and syringes to dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials. Types of medical waste largely include quarantined medical waste, hazardous 247

medical waste, and general medical waste. Hazardous medical waste is further divided into tissue logistics waste, pathological waste, damaging waste, biological/chemical waste, blood-contaminated waste, and human tissue.

When medical waste is generated, it is immediately placed in a dedicated container, sealed, stored in a dedicated storage facility, and transported through a dedicated vehicle that only transports medical waste. Finally, it is incinerated in a dedicated incineration facility or processed through a sterilization/crushing facility. Among medical waste treatment methods, there are incineration, chemical treatment, melting, pyrolysis, and high-temperature steam sterilization. Of the medical waste in Korea, 93% is incinerated, 6% is treated with wastewater, and the remaining 1% is treated by sterilization and grinding, and most are consigned to incineration.

There are about 14 medical waste incineration facilities in Korea, and they are even concentrated in some areas. Treatment facilities are old, with an average of 15.5 years of use and a median of 17.8 years. In particular, 71% of all incineration facilities are over 15 years old. Medical waste has increased by approximately 1.6 times over the past five years from 144,000 tons per year in 2013 to 226,000 tons per year in 2018 due to the increase in elderly patients and elderly care hospitals due to the aging population and the tendency for general waste to be mixed with medical waste. increased. There are still only 14 treatment facilities nationwide, and as a result, the facility operation rate was operated at an annual average of 117% in 2018. Medical waste can only be processed in dedicated incinerators under the Waste Management Act, so it cannot be utilized in general incinerators even if there is room for it.

SDG 16 aims to solve social problems through laws and institutions. Therefore, a legal framework and the role of strong regulators to ensure effective medical waste disposal are essential to achieve the goals of SDG 16. When laws and regulations are well developed and enforced, they increase transparency and accountability in medical waste disposal, which can contribute to protecting public health and preserving the environment. Additionally, these regulations must be applied equitably and need to be strengthened to achieve environmental justice, especially in developing countries. As such, the issue of medical waste disposal is directly linked to SDG 16, which can help build fair and peaceful societies and promote environmental protection. Increasing the transparency and effectiveness of medical waste management through strong institutions and the rule of law is an important step toward a safer and more sustainable future.

Medical waste also causes environmental destruction. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), medical waste accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased plastic pollution in the oceans tenfold. The increase came from the need for personal protective equipment (PPE), use of testing kits and vaccine administration. Additionally, compared to general waste, medical 248

waste has a higher risk of environmental pollution due to its infectious and toxic characteristics. If medical waste is left untreated or improperly disposed of, it pollutes the environment and causes harm to all people living nearby. Biological and chemical waste contaminates groundwater and waterways, endangering aquatic life and damaging agricultural irrigation systems. Rodents, birds and other animals are also more likely to spread parasites and bacterial infections when exposed to medical waste.

Medical waste also has an impact on people. Damaging waste, such as used needles, can cause injury and spread disease, and pharmaceuticals can release antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, mercury, and dioxins into the environment. Improper disposal of medical waste has been linked to the spread of HIV, hepatitis B and C, parasitic infections, tuberculosis, lung infections, skin infections, and cholera. Air pollution is linked to heart disease, stroke, increased hospitalization and premature death. Water pollution spreads pathogenic microorganisms that cause waterborne diseases such as giardiasis, leptospirosis and salmonella.

In order to use medical waste in a safer and more environmentally friendly way, there are ways to improve recycling and disposal methods and regulate them. In fact, only 15% of all medical waste is a source of infection or classified as hazardous waste, and the remaining 85% is food containers, packaging materials, and tools used to examine non-infectious patients. This is similar to waste discharged from homes or businesses. Nowadays, the use of disposable medical devices is taken for granted out of safety considerations, but it may be a good idea to clean, disinfect, and sterilize medical tools as in the past. Additionally, Doctors Without Borders introduced the medical waste disposal device Steriplus through two pilot projects in 2019. Steri Plus is a machine that crushes medical waste, sterilizes it, and turns it into household waste. Steri Plus can be an alternative to existing waste incineration methods that cause air pollution, and can also solve the problem of lack of incineration facilities that our country is currently experiencing. The method of use is to first crush medical waste and then sterilize it with high-temperature steam at 135 degrees Celsius. It takes about 10 to 20 minutes to process once, and can process disinfectants, bandages, and disposable medical devices such as needles or scalpels from medical facilities. Existing medical institutions are also putting a lot of effort into considering the environment. For example, many companies around the world have declared ESG (Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance) management and are making diligent efforts to reduce environmental pollution. Currently, several large hospitals, including Seoul Asan Medical Center and Severance Hospital, have declared ESG management. In addition, efforts are being made to reduce environmental damage through regulations on medical waste, such as RoHS (Restricted Hazardous Substances), which regulates the use of six chemical substances, and regulations on the use of DEHP, which was used in PVC such as tubes.

Young people can take the lead in raising awareness about the risks of medical waste and how to properly dispose of it. You can raise awareness of medical waste problems and solutions through schools, universities, and social media campaigns, and lead educational programs in your community.

Additionally, because younger generations are tech-savvy, they can develop innovative technologies to 249

improve medical waste disposal. For example, you could create a new software or hardware solution for the safe handling and recycling of medical waste, or come up with an idea to improve an existing system. Finally, young people can participate in policy-making processes and advocate for a strong legal framework and regulation on medical waste disposal. You can organize and participate in petition drives or campaigns calling for stronger regulations and legislation at the community or national level

Work Cited Medical waste meaning (2019, March 4). Albaro. Retrieved August 8, 2024, from https://www.allbaro.or.kr/04_wmedi/wmedi_intro.vm# Doctors Without Borders participates in reducing environmental footprint with innovative medical waste treatment facility 'Steri Plus'. (2022, June 9). Medecins Sans Frontieres. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://msf.or.kr/article/steriplus-transforming-waste-management-in-the-field-iraq Hwang, E. (2023, April 7). Guidelines for safe management and disposal of medical waste. Korea Waste Association. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from http://www.kwaste.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board17&wr_id=194 Can medical waste be disposed of in an environmentally friendly way? (2020, August 22). BBC News Korea.

Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/korean/53872392 Kim, Y. (2022, February 17). 'Medical waste', we need to think about environmentally friendly medical devices in preparation for the pandemic. Medical Device Newsline. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from http://www.kmdianews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=53987 Lee, D. (2022, November 10). Effective Medical Waste Management for Sustainable Green Healthcare (S. M. Lee & P. B. Tchounwou, Ed.). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9690095/ Protecting Health through Health Care Management. (2016, March). World Health Organization. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/hae---regional-forum(2016)/hcwmanagement-factsheet-rfhe.pdf?sfvrsn=6d59d7e_2 Global analysis of health care waste in the context of COVID-19. (2022, February 1). World Health Organization. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039612 Medical Waste Pollution in the U.S. (n.d.). US Bio Clean. https://usbioclean.com/medical-waste-pollution-u-s/ Yoon, C. (2022, March 21). A Review of Medical Waste Management Systems in the Republic of Korea for Hospital and Medical Waste Generated from the COVID-19 Pandemic. MDPI. Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/6/3678 Al-qaisi, T. M. (2023, February 23). The Importance of ESG and How Companies Can Embrace It. Linked in.

Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-esg-how-companies-can-embracetareq-al-qaisi

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How AI Can Contribute to Global Education

Matthew Dongwhi Kim, International School of Beijing Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to SDG4 B. Progress towards SDG4 II. Unlocking the Potential of AI Education A. The Beijing Consensus B. Specific Applications i.

Education Management ii.

Learning and Assessment iii.

Empowering Teachers III. Evaluating the Feasibility of AI Solutions A. Lack of Awareness B. Lack of Access to Internet i.

ROAM-X Indicators C. Lack of Digital Skills IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

I.

Background A. Introduction to SDG4

Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

It encompasses a range of targets designed to ensure that all individuals, regardless of background, have access to quality education and lifelong learning opportunities. This includes ensuring every child completes free and equitable primary and secondary education, expanding access to early childhood education, improving adult literacy and numeracy, increasing access 251

to affordable technical and vocational training, and more. This research paper will look at the world’s progress in promoting SDG 4 goals along with the development of AI technology, primarily based on UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) reports.

B. Progress Towards SDG4 The current progress toward achieving these goals appears unpromising. Studies and surveys from UNESCO highlight that numerous developing countries continue to face significant challenges.

Indeed, the graph below from the 2023 UNESCO progress report illustrates that the percentage of students reaching or exceeding the universal minimum proficiency level remains insufficient. COVID19 has undoubtedly exacted a heavy toll on education systems in poorer countries, where distance learning solutions were limited and less effective. Such statistics underscore the urgent need to enhance global learning conditions.

(Percentage of students at or above minimum proficiency level at the end of primary school, reading and mathematics, selected low- and middle-income countries, 2019–21)

II. Unlocking the Potential of AI Education A. The Beijing Consensus The Beijing Consensus was adopted during the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education in Beijing, 2019. It is the first-ever document to offer guidance and recommendations on AI usage to achieve the Education 2030 Agenda.

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The Beijing Consensus advises UNESCO Member States to adopt a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder approach when integrating AI into education, addressing its opportunities and challenges. For example, it advises introducing AI technology to educational management systems, enhancing–though not replacing–teachers through targeted capacity-building programs, and offering lifelong learning systems not restricted by spatial or temporal constraints. Additionally, the consensus calls for evidence-based policy planning using relevant data, preparation of the workforce with AI skills, and the promotion of equitable, inclusive, and ethical use of AI. This includes fairness across all demographics and prioritizing gender equality.

B. Specific Applications According to the UNESCO paper published in 2021, AI can be used primarily in four ways: education management and delivery, learning and assessment, empowering teachers and enhancing teaching, and lifelong learning.

This paper will delve into the first three usages. i.

Education Management AI is revolutionizing school management by streamlining various functions, such as analyzing academic and behavioral data to identify performance patterns, personalizing instruction, and optimizing schedules. This technology also aids in financial management by automating processes, detecting irregularities, and improving budget efficiency. Additionally, AI enhances communication with parents through chatbots, enables predictive analytics to anticipate student performance trends, and automates routine administrative tasks.

In fact, several AI-based education management information systems (EMIS) are already in use. For example, Swift, developed by Swift eLearning Services in India, analyzes learners’ challenges and successes to create personalized learning pathways. In the US, the ALP system also uses AI to build individual student profiles, aggregating information on students’ interactions, preferences, and achievements to tailor unique educational experiences. The usage of such technologies can be expanded over other countries to maximize the efficiency of school learning systems. ii.

Learning and Assessment Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are among the most established and widely used applications of AI in education, having been researched for over 40 years and attracting the most investment. They provide personalized, step-by-step tutorials in structured subjects like mathematics and physics, adjusting the difficulty of tasks and offering guidance based on real-time data about students’ strengths, weaknesses, and engagement levels. Today, there are over 60 commercial ITS available, including Alef, ALEKS, Byjus, Mathia, Qubena, Riiid, and Squirrel AI, being integrated into platforms such as Moodle, Open edX, and Khan Academy.

An interview with Ye-Jin Choi, a South Korean entrepreneur, demonstrates a more specific real-life example of the application of AI in learning. With a background as a tutor and cognitive therapist, Choi recognized that many children, especially those with learning differences, lacked adequate educational resources. To address this gap, she leveraged her expertise and partnered with skilled developers to create DoBrain, an AI-based learning platform designed to provide engaging and 253

interactive educational content through mobile technology. Since its launch in 2017, DoBrain has impacted over 600,000 children worldwide. DoBrain was supported by Samsung and Generation17, an initiative in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Choi’s project demonstrates that, by reaching out, young influencers may contribute to solving educational disparities and advancing crucial educational goals.

Despite their benefits, ITS also have some limitations. They often focus on guiding students through predefined content rather than fostering broader learning methods such as collaborative or discovery-based learning. Additionally, the extensive use of ITS can reduce face-to-face interaction between students and teachers. To address this, innovations like Lumilo use augmented-reality smart glasses to provide teachers with real-time insights into student performance and behavior. iii.

Empowering Teachers and Enhancing Teaching AI can enhance the productivity of teachers and the quality of lessons. There is a growing recognition of the need to develop AI applications that automate repetitive and non-cognitive tasks like assessment, plagiarism detection, and administrative duties: according to the World Bank, AI is shown to increase worker productivity by 14% and greatly impact novice and low-skilled workers. Applied to the educational sector, this would ultimately allow teachers to focus more on high-quality instruction and relationship-building with students.

AI plays a crucial role in managing asynchronous discussion forums, thereby enhancing the quality of online education systems. These AI-based tools are adept at sorting posts, addressing basic inquiries, and employing sentiment analysis to assess student emotions. This not only helps human tutors maintain effective communication but also demonstrates the potential of AI in handling basic tasks and understanding student needs. For instance, “Jill Watson,” an AI assistant created at Georgia Tech, was designed to handle forum interactions and respond to common questions.

In some remote areas in China, a “Dual Teacher Model” is being implemented, where expert teachers deliver lectures via a video link, and less experienced local teachers provide additional support.

AI could potentially enhance this model by assisting the local teacher with various tasks, such as providing professional resources and monitoring student performance. An example of this is the “LeWaijiao AI classroom,” which aims to assist human teachers in their roles without compromising them.

Although AI tools could reshape teaching roles, the exact nature of this change is still unclear. One limitation of the wider implementation of this technology would be that teachers will need to acquire new skills to effectively work alongside AI and engage in ongoing professional development to enhance their human and social capabilities.

III. Evaluating the Feasibility of AI Solutions Evaluating the feasibility of applying AI in educational settings involves assessing its potential benefits and practical challenges. AI has the promise to transform educational practices by personalizing learning, automating administrative tasks, and providing insightful data analytics, but its implementation requires careful consideration of various factors, including technological infrastructure, ethical implications, and the readiness of educators. As UNESCO’s global education monitoring report states, good, impartial evidence on the impact of education technology is yet in short supply. Hence, the TechOnOurTerms campaign urges decision-makers to assess whether its application would be 254

“appropriate, equitable, evidence-based, and sustainable. This section will explore several obstacles to be addressed before the implementation of AI technology.

A. Lack of Awareness Many governments and authorities remain unaware of AI's potential. A UNESCO survey reveals that less than 10 percent of schools and universities have formal AI guidelines, highlighting that many institutions still struggle to understand and implement AI effectively. This suggests it will take several more years for the world to fully adapt to AI technology, and only then can we expect its effective integration into education.

B. Lack of Access to Internet A significant drawback of AI systems is their reliance on internet connectivity, which is still lacking in many regions worldwide. In fact, many countries are yet to have a system to assess the progress towards internet universality: according to a UNESCO report in 2023, one of the benchmark indicators with the lowest submission rates was school internet connectivity (32%). The situation in Africa is particularly concerning. The 2024 UNESCO progress report on Africa shows that the school internet connectivity index has seen the slowest development, with only 34% of countries making progress. Additionally, data is missing from 56% of countries, again highlighting that many nations have yet to set targets for improving internet access.

(School internet connectivity in primary education: classification of country progress towards the 2025 benchmark values (right) and Baseline(2015), latest value (2022), actual and needed trajectory (right))

i.

ROAM-X Indicators To establish an effective standard to assess internet universality, UNESCO began conceptualizing ROAM-X Indicators in 2013–an acronym for Rights, Openness, Accessibility to all, and Multi-Stakeholder participation.

These principles will guide the development of the Internet in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals.

ROAM-X principles are yet to be utilized worldwide, however. The map below illustrates nations’ progress in internet universality according to the ROAM-X principles. It reveals not only slow global development but also significant gaps in data. This underscores the urgent need for increased global focus on improving internet accessibility.

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C. Lack of Digital Skills Digital skills are unevenly distributed across the globe. In 2021, for example, 54% of adults in the EU possessed at least basic digital skills, compared to just 31% in Brazil. There were significant disparities again within Brazil: urban residents had twice the digital skills of those in rural areas, employed individuals had three times the skills of the unemployed, and those in the highest socioeconomic group had nine times the skills of those in the lowest groups. Moreover, the gender gap in digital skills is also significant: countries like Belgium, Hungary, and Switzerland had fewer than two women per ten men with programming skills, while in Albania, Malaysia, and Palestine, nine women per ten men possessed this skill. The 2018 PISA study found that 5% of 15-year-olds with strong reading skills and 24% with weaker skills were vulnerable to phishing scams.

Although formal education is not the main source of digital skill attainment, it remains as an important factor for poorly informed individuals, as basic literacy and numeracy skills are closely linked to digital skill acquisition. In 2018, Europeans with tertiary education were twice as likely (18%) as those with upper secondary education (9%) to use free online training or self-study to enhance their digital skills.

IV. Conclusion In conclusion, while the progress towards SDG4 remains underwhelming, the emergence of AI offers a promising avenue for revitalizing global education. This paper has delved into AI's potential in education management and delivery, learning and assessment, empowering teachers and enhancing teaching. However, challenges such as lack of awareness, limited internet access, and insufficient digital skills must be addressed before its effective application. Future research should focus on overcoming these barriers and further exploring innovative solutions to maximize AI’s impact on global educational outcomes.

V. Work Cited Dantas, D. (2024, April 23). Artificial Intelligence in Schools: Benefits for Educational Management.

Biopassid.com. https://www.biopassid.com/post/artificial-intelligence-in-schools.

Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “Goal 4.” Un.org, 2022, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4#targets_and_indicators. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Global Education Monitoring Report Team. “Global Education Monitoring Report Summary, 2023: Technology in Education: A Tool on Whose Terms?” 2023.

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“SDG 4 Mid-Term Progress Review: Progress since 2015 Has Been Far Too Slow.” 2023.

Samsung. “Generation17 Introduces Young Leader Yejin Choi | Samsung.” YouTube, 4 May 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGAep7lYKHk. Accessed 10 Aug. 2024.

UNESCO. “Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education.” UNESDOC, 2019, unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368303. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024 “First Ever Consensus on Artificial Intelligence and Education Published by UNESCO.” Unesco.org, 25 June 2019, www.unesco.org/en/articles/first-ever-consensus-artificial-intelligence-and-education-published-unesco.

Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

“ROAM-X Indicators.” Unesco.org, 2022, www.unesco.org/en/internet-universality-indicators/roam-x.

Accessed 10 Aug. 2024.

“UNESCO Survey: Less than 10% of Schools and Universities Have Formal Guidance on AI.” Unesco.org, 6 Jan. 2023, www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-survey-less-10-schools-and-universities-have-formal-guidanceai?hub=32618. Accessed 10 Aug. 2024.

UNESCO Education Sector. “AI and Education: Guidance for Policy-Makers.” 2021.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics , and Global Education Monitoring Report Team. “SDG 4 Scorecard Progress Report on National Benchmarks: Focus on Teachers.” 2024.

“SDG 4 Scorecard Progress Report on National Benchmarks in Africa.” 2024.

Wilichowski, T., & Cobo, C. (2023, August 17). “AI-powered teacher training: Promise or pitfall?” World Bank Blogs, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/education/ai-powered-teacher-training-promise-or-pitfall

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Nepal’s Endless Disastrous Cycle Ryan Choi, Northfield Mount Hermon School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Climate Change and Agriculture III. Deforestation and Environmental Consequences IV. Socio-Economic Impacts V. Policy Responses and Challenges VI. Proposed Solutions VII. Conclusion

Nepal is a country in South Asia surrounded by India. It has a topography of mountains and hills, and it has social and cultural diversity. However, the sector has been under immense pressure due to climate change, the brittleness of the economic model, and policy dysfunction. As climate changes intensify global temperatures and continue with more unexpected weather patterns, agriculture in Nepal, characterized by its dependency on annual monsoon rains, is being affected. This essay identifies the diverse issues affecting Nepalese agriculture, assesses the policies that may have been advanced to address these issues, and tries to find solutions to them while tracing agriculture's relevance to sustainable development in Nepal.

The study found that over the last three decades, there has been a change in climate in Nepal, with the maximum temperature increasing by 1. 8°C annually. This temperature change is more than a number; it means a tangible risk to the country’s agriculture, the flow of which is easily affected by even the slightest fluctuation in weather conditions. The warming is accompanied by fluctuations in rainfall regimes, which are unsuitable for forecasting and scheduling planting and harvesting among the farmers. A significant characteristic of Nepali agricultural activities is that over 80% of the rainfall is received in the monsoon season, which extends from June to September. This makes the agricultural sector somewhat vulnerable to changes in weather patterns because it relies on the monsoonal rains.

Any deferral in the onset or shortening of monsoon can lead to droughts, while too much rain can lead to floods, which are the worst enemies of crops and are known to cut down yields drastically. Thus, it is possible to state that climate change has implications for temperature and other parameters. Due to demands in agricultural land, lumber, and the development of infrastructure, the rate of deforestation has increased and, therefore, hurts the environment. Deforestation results in soil erosion and inadequate water supply and hampers climate because it enhances temperatures. That is, when forests are cut down, carbon sequestered in trees is released into the environment and the rate of climatic change increases.

Finally, deforestation rejects the traditional homes of many presences, a factor that decreases the species 258

diversity. The high temperatures and altering rainfall distribution also mean that pests and diseases gain an ideal breeding environment, as most are well adapted to higher temperatures and more humidity.

Frequent invasions of various social insects and diseases, such as rust and blight, disrupt farming. Other effects of pest increase include lower yields and greater application of pesticides that harm the environment and human health. Thus, the impact of climate change on agriculture, for instance, in Nepal, is not only the occurrence of environmental nature and consequences but also socio-economic ones. Reduced productivity within the agricultural sector means that farmers cannot recover the costs of implementing agrarian practices; the result is Leah that farming is considered nonlucrative, and many farmers have ditched farming in search of another source of income. This leads more rural workers into urban areas and abroad, thus continuing the cycle of cutting on production personnel and, consequently, productivity, escalating cases of poverty. The erosion of agriculture is also a threat to community welfare since a of people who used to work in the sector are left jobless, consequently depriving rural areas of increased poverty levels.

To tackle these, the Nepali government has implemented social policies to help modernize agriculture and sustainable development. Renewable energy remains one of the central veins, and the government has made a pledge to achieve 100% renewable electricity since 2015. This change aims to decrease the exploitation of fossil resources and the impacts of global warming. Further, the government has laid down sufficient milestones for hydropower development, with aspirations of attaining 6. 75 GW by 2028. Again, welfare payments such as subsidies provided to farmers often do not reach the correct targets and become sources of misuse. For instance, while the government has provided subsidies on seeds for wheat and paddy crops, the same has yet to be done to pulses and oilseed varieties, which are essential to small farmers in some belts. Besides, there is no channel to supervise the distribution and utilization of subsidies, and as a result, it is fraught with cases of inefficiency and embezzlement. The subsidy disbursement process is feudal and noncompetitive, favoring big players in the agricultural sector while the smallholders need to be included. Nepal's Political instability is also an advantage in implementing effective agriculture policies. Fluctuations in government and the inability of the policy authorities to maintain their programs in the long term cause instability in society, hindering the constant follow-through of various programs. Autonomy becomes an issue where institutions need help to detach policy-making from the current regime, resulting in the absence of set and well-coordinated strategies for addressing the nation's woes in agriculture. These political instabilities also hinder the government's ability to seek foreign investment and foster partnerships in the private domain, which is vital in creating new ideas and the growth of the agricultural sector. Some of the issues affecting the agricultural sector in Nepal are complex, and a highly integrated solution is needed. Some possible solutions discussed include how water, agriculture, and forests could be managed integratively. Applying these points, it is possible to state that due to the actively developing hydropower and promoting decarbonization, Nepal will be able to reduce the negative impact of climate change while receiving additional revenue and work opportunities. Water management is the other element of this holistic approach. Many people in Nepal lack proper access to drinking water because despite the nation having a good water supply and laws governing water usage, the supply is misutilized.

Constructing dams and reservoirs with better irrigation systems could allow for managing water supply and thus minimize the effects of droughts and floods. Furthermore, the measures towards afforestation could contribute to the restoration of the degraded land, proper water conservation, and soil erosion.

The other area of major vice is the distribution of agricultural subsidies. To avoid subsidizing the wrong people, the government can give deserving farmers e-vouchers or farm ID cards. The highlighted action would also help in the fight against corruption and guarantee that resources would be distributed much more efficiently. Also, the government may modernize subsidies aimed only at cereals and increase support for pulses and oilseeds, which are very important for small farmers in particular areas.

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Urbanization and industrialization also contain the possibility of providing solutions to the above drawbacks of agriculture in Nepal. Thus, the government should support the growth of sectors aside from agriculture; for example, manufacturing and services sectors will be able to create new jobs, which will help lessen the country’s dependence on agriculture. This concept has been used in other countries, such as South Korea’s Miracle on the Han River and Vietnam’s Doi Moi, which shifted their countries' economies, not to mention the millions lifted from the wretchedness. This means that hardly any of these changes threaten agriculture because, for instance, ‘urbanization’ has the potential to solve the whole issue. Hiring citizens in urban centers will reduce the surplus of rural labor, thus preventing dependency on agriculture and aiding in centralizing small farms and creating larger operating farms.

However, industrialization may bring new markets for agricultural produce and open up new opportunities for processing agricultural produce, thus enhancing the producers' earnings. By racing these solutions in the context of the SDG, it would be possible to link them more closely to the eighth SDG (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and the fifteenth SDG (Life on Land). In the context of sustainable agriculture and innovative technologies in Nepalese agriculture, it can be stated that through new technologies and approaches that enhance the sustainability of its agriculture, the country can set up new workplaces and intensify productivity, which will contribute to Nepal’s economic development while maintaining stability, protecting the land, water, and air resources as well as the genetic equipment of the country. Further, the government of Nepal should focus and act on the causes of climate change and come up with solutions, such as utilizing renewable sources of energy to help in the fight against climate change and protect the earth for future generations.

Technological advancement and international collaboration are also vital strategies for pursuing the objectives that affect Nepalese agriculture. The world has learned that through entering partnerships with global institutions and development partners, Nepal can have the means to put into practice and apply long-term agriculture-friendly technologies. For instance, heat-tolerant seed varieties and improved irrigation technologies can boost the adaptive capacity of Nepalese agriculture to climate change. The international community can also support Nepal's government in troops to combat with greenhouse effect and changeover to a global low-carbon society. Using GCF as a tool, developed countries are positioned to fund Nepal to invest in renewable energy, afforestation, and other methods of dealing with climate change. This support is critical for natural electricity and status change to fulfill its climate objectives and for supporting other associations in restraining global temperature increase to 1. 5°C. However, one needs to look at the role that technology could play in changing the Nepalese agricultural belt. Precision farming, a concept that seeks to strive the idea of farming with information that will enable farmers to improve yields while minimizing wastage, could be helpful when implemented by farmers. Precision agriculture is hence the real-time monitoring of the crop and soil conditions, as well as the climate, with the help of sensors, drones, and satellite images. Should farmers in the fields avail themselves of the basics of precision farming, they can make much better decisions on planting and irrigating the crops and when to harvest.

Further, access to technology through mobiles and other digital and electronic interfaces could ease access to such detailed market information to help farmers decide what to grow and when to sell/harvest.

Farmers could obtain essential data and forecasts through mobile applications, such as weather conditions, market rates, and pest invasion, hence cutting on risk and increasing profit. Digital platforms can also enable the provision of credit and financial products, including ways for farmers to fund agricultural innovation. Thus, technology's role in improving the Nepalese agricultural industry is enormous but contingent on the investment in requisite infrastructure and training. This means that the government and private sector must step up to the plate to ensure that farmers get access to what they need to be ‘up-skilled’ and sell the tools and knowledge they need to make these transitions. This 260

encompasses attributing resources towards supporting the rural broadband networks, technical support, and education on the use of broadband technology.

This paper reveals that Nepal’s agricultural sector is at a crossroads and threatened by climate change, limited resources, and poor policies. Although the institutions of the government of Ghana have been aware of some of these problems, there are still challenges regarding the implementation of some policies and the adequacy of resources. To overcome these challenges, Nepal needs to go for the integrated strategy that has to be achieved in agricultural subsidies, urbanization, and industrialization, as well as through international cooperation and technological innovations. Potential obstacles can be considered rather complex and composite, but they are still not impossible for Nepal’s agricultural industry to overcome. Speaking of what has not been done, it can be stated that if Nepal continues along the same path, the problem will only deepen. Thus, the country has to radically transform, introducing bolder and riskier measures to construct a stronger agricultural economy, allowing Nepalese farmers to experience success and stability even under challenging conditions. It is now Future Making time for Nepal to transform agriculture into a bright reality, empowered by coherent strategies and policies.

Sustainable development ensures that Nepal has the longer end of the stick in economic growth and the resources without which that development would be seen as useless by the people of Nepal. This is vital if Nepal’s agricultural sector is to be secured against acts of climate change and other global challenges that may affect it in the future.

Therefore, one could conclude that specific advancements in production depend on their ability to adapt to climatic changes, new economic conditions, and valuable policies in Nepal’s agriculture field.

Nonetheless, suppose the Nepali policymakers and the international supporters apply the correct strategies and approaches. In that case, there will be scopes for enhancing the standard of the Nepali people and making a better and more prosperous tomorrow.

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How to Accelerate the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institution

Sabin Kim, Seoul Global High School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Business Field and SDG 16 III. COVID-19 and SDG 16 IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

What would the world be like after the achievement of SDG 16? It would surely foster significant positive changes in the world: Institutions would be more transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of all people; all individuals and their rights would be respected and protected under the ideology of freedom, fraternity, and equality; and everyone can seek and obtain justice without discrimination. Largely, achieving SDG 16 is integral for building sustainable societies where peace, justice, and strong institutions are established.

Setting the goals in 2016, the world expected to perform the goals by 2030. However, the world is not on track to reach SDGs by 2030. Only 16 percent of SDG targets are progressing well, with the rest showing limited progress or even regression. Experts have revealed that another 32 years are needed to bring off the targets. As a consequence, the UN unfolds the achievable rate of SDGs in 2024, with shocking data.

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SDG 16 is one of the major challenges above all as well as stagnating its achievements. Other data also show that SDG 16 is concerned because of its marginal and moderate progress. In detail, SG’s progress report 2024 conducted by the UN concludes the progress of SDG 16 with the sentence, “Persistent threats to human security across the globe underscore the breakdown of peaceful and inclusive societies,” showing the enhancement of many of the targets in 16 worsened.

In this research, it is aimed to analyze why the progress of SDG 16 is marginal, and propose the solutions for the problems SDG 16 currently faces.

II. Business Field and SDG 16 In the world of capitalism which humans heavily depend on, companies are the major stakeholders. Many organizations, including NGOs, IGOs, and governments, have partnerships with companies with each expectation held, and the UN was one of them. The deal, or cooperation, succeeded in both benefits: the UN can have support from major stakeholders and for firms to stay competitive in the labor market, companies have to embrace sustainable values. IESE insight indicates that sustainability issues are an increasingly visible part of the business landscape. Below are the goals that companies have prioritized to date: The starting point is that, as you can see above, SDG 16 is one of the goals that are perceived as less important. This result, accordingly, demonstrates that firms as well as consumers don’t pay much attention to SDG 16. From this, one can infer: that for the success of SDG 16, it is integral to increase perception and awareness of SDG 16. Once consumers recognize the value of 16, just as of gender equality or good health, companies, which should be sensitive to the trend and consumers, would naturally take action on SDG 16, ultimately creating the virtuous cycle. To have the most efficient effect, the role of youth is crucial. In the first place, the business landscape starts caring for these values because young generations “are combining their passion and energy for sustainability with business fundamentals like never before” as IESE insight states. Thus, youth should perceive the value of SDG 16 higher as future consumers, company owners, and global citizens who want a better world.

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III. COVID-19 and SDG 16 For about 2 years, COVID-19 stopped nearly everything: the world, social affinity, and even SDGs. According to the research, up to 2022, SDG has not shown any, or minor progression. Among them, SDG 16 is more affected by COVID-19, leaving citizens with relatively high levels of perceived corruption (SDG 16.6), low freedom of expression (SDG 16.9), or high levels of insecurity (SDG 16.3).

The research concludes that particularly regarding the increased authoritarianism in response to COVID-19, the governance to strengthen rather than restrict freedom of expression and enhance the transparency of government responses to the pandemic are important in continuing to advance SDG 16.

This interesting research foretells that the UN must consider the exceptions, such as the pandemic, and propose countermeasures, especially regarding targets of SDG 16 that weren’t kept during COVID-19.

After all, the first step to enhancing something is to prevent bad events from happening. Thus, to alleviate the progress of SDG 16, it is required to take measures against risks that fear SDG 16.

IV. Conclusion In this research, I aimed to accelerate the achievement of SDG 16, suggesting two methods are provided: one is to increase the awareness and value of SDG 16 in the business landscape, and another is to prevent further regression by taking action ahead. By committing these actions, the world would be a better place for everyone just as described.

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V. Work Cited Down to Earth. (2024). World falling behind on Sustainable Development Goals like reducing hunger, poverty, UN warns. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/world-falling-behind-on-sustainable-developmentgoals-like-reducing-hunger-poverty-un-warns IESE Insight Reports. (n.d.). Agenda 2030 and the SDGs: Progress and challenges. https://insightreports.iese.edu/en/agenda-2030-sdg/ Nature. (2023). Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals has been slowed by indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247023-00846-x Today ESG. (2024). 2024 Sustainable Development Goals Index Report. https://www.todayesg.com/2024sustainable-development-goals-index-report/ United Nations Statistics Division. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2024/secretary-general-sdg-report-2024--EN.pdf

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Challenges of Accessing Education in Low-Income Communities and Its Impact on Poverty Seohyun Lee, Seoul Scholars International Table of Contents I.

Background Research

A. Introduction to the Topic B. Importance of Education in Alleviating Poverty C. Research Questions and Objectives II. Objectives A.

Overview of the Role of Education in Poverty Alleviation

B. Connection with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) III. Problem Analysis A. Challenges of the Education System in Low-Income Communities B. Lack of Technological Access and Digital Literacy C. Insufficient Funding and Resource Allocation in Low-Income Schools IV. Proposed Solution Analysis A. Improving Infrastructure and Access to Education in Low-Income Areas i.

"Pratham’s Read India Program" in India B. Implementing Technology-Based Learning Programs to Enhance Digital Literacy i.

"One Laptop per Child" (OLPC) in Peru C. Increasing Government and Private Sector Investment in Education i.

South Africa’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives in Education V. Conclusion VI. Work Cited

I.

Background Research

A. Introduction to the Topic Access to education is one of the most basic elements given to people around the world. However, in many low-income communities, access to this basic element is severely limited by serious problems.

Not only are these problems hindering students' educational achievements, but they are also depriving them of the knowledge and skills they need to improve their economic status, further exacerbating poverty. In this report, I will explore the specific barriers these low-income communities face in

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accessing basic elementary education, analyze the broad impact these barriers have on worsening poverty, and analyze solutions to them.

B. Importance of Education in Alleviating Poverty It is known that one of the most effective tools to reduce the problematic poverty around the world is education. It provides secure battery employment operations, impossible health outcomes, and participation fully in society. For low-income people, education helps in many aspects, economically and socially. However, education is not evenly distributed, and people in low-income communities find it impossible to even collect money for education. Addressing this situation is essential to achieving poverty reduction goals.

C. Research Questions and Objectives The report aims to understand what challenges low-income communities face in accessing education and what problems these challenges pose to the persistence of poverty. The research will answer the following questions: 1)

What are the main problems with accessing education in low-income communities?

2)

How can a lack of educational access sustain poverty?

3)

What solutions can be implemented to overcome these problems and reduce poverty?

II. Objectives A. Overview of the Role of Education in Poverty Alleviation Education is the best way to reduce poverty. The majority of people can get better jobs through it. These stable positions help students to earn higher incomes and live better lives. However, in lowincome communities, there are so many cases where students do not have enough schools to study, the facilities are old, and there are not enough teachers in the schools. Classrooms are too crowded, and teachers often do not have adequate education, making it difficult for them to get a proper education.

These problems result in students losing quality education, which causes the vicious cycle of poverty to continue.

B. Connection with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The SDGs aim to not only give everyone the same chance to study and reduce inequality in the world but also consider climate change too. Among these SDGs, SDG 1 is to create no poverty in the world, and SDG 4 is people should get the same quality of education so that everyone has the same amount of education and learning opportunities. In fact, education is pivotal to reducing poverty. Based on SDG 1 and SDG 4, to achieve these goals, we have to focus on how low-income communities get the learning opportunity.

III. Problem Analysis 267

A. Challenges of the Education System in Low-Income Communities There are a lot of challenges that low-income communities get from inferior education. For example, underfunded and unable to provide the resources necessary for effective learning, some of the teachers are untrained, the class is too small compared to the number of students, and some of the students have to walk more than 3 hours to go to the school. According to this situation, even though they get an education, it might not be helpful for them to escape the cycle of poverty.

Explanation: The low-income communities suffer from inefficient education systems that often serve them.

First, having multiple students in a small classroom reduces student-teacher interaction, and when children are taught by less-trained teachers, they are more likely to receive incorrect information.

Additionally, the lack of basic educational materials, such as learning aids, to help students with their education can hinder children as they enter high school or college.

B. Lack of Technological Access and Digital Literacy In this increasingly digital world, digital is also becoming an essential component in education.

However, most people in low-income communities are unable to use digital learning such as computers and internet access properly due to a lack of digital programs.

Explanation: Low-income countries are not familiar with digital culture compared to people in other wealthy communities. This is why most students do not have access to digital education. Low-income children will not be able to adapt to digital culture and will be at a great disadvantage when they grow up later.

During COVID-19, most of the schools switched face-to-face into online classes, which can make it more difficult and complex for low-income children to access education.

C. Insufficient Funding and Resource Allocation in Low-Income Schools Low-income children who do not have a proper education lack essential resources such as textbooks, educational materials, and well-managed facilities. This lack of funding does not only affect educational items, but also causes less educated teachers to point to children due to lack of pay. As a result, it can be seen that children from low-income families are not receiving the necessary support to escape poverty.

Explanation: The lack of funding is causing serious problems for children from low incomes. Without sufficient funding, they will not be able to learn from even a well-educated teacher. As a result, underfunded schools fail to provide adequate education to their children, resulting in a losing value in education and a vicious cycle of poverty in these communities.

IV. Proposed Solution Analysis A. Improving Infrastructure and Access to Education in Low-Income Areas One of the most effective ways for low-income countries to solve problems in education is to improve local school infrastructure. In order to improve this, each country's government should also give support to low-income children by corporate organizations. First, it includes providing proper 268

education and safe learning environments for children and providing them with proper classroom environments to equip them with educational materials for school. Also, improving transportation to and from school for children who take three hours or more to get to school can help increase attendance for students in remote areas.

Example: "Pratham’s Read India Program" in India

(Photo: Francisca de Iruarrizaga | J-PAL, (The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), n.d.)

In one of several successful cases, Pratham, an Indian NGO, has improved access to education and infrastructure in low-income areas. Through the "Read India Program," Pratham has worked hard to establish schools where children can learn freely, provide educational materials, and also educate local educators. This initiative has had a good impact on millions of children. It has provided adequate education for children and has also helped children living far away get a proper education. The program's success has been evident in its improved learning and increased enrollment rates in several Indian states.

B. Implementing Technology-Based Learning Programs to Enhance Digital Literacy Creating digital learning programs in low-income communities is essential to bridge the gap between low-income children and the average person. These programs provide access to computers, tablets, and internet services, and provide educational programs to students and teachers to develop digital skills. These digital learning schools can enhance children's diverse learning experiences and better prepare students for future jobs where digital is more advanced.

Example: "One Laptop per Child" (OLPC) in Peru

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One successful example is Peru's "One Laptop per Child" which is one of the most successful examples of providing digital learning to low-income communities, greatly benefiting children. The purpose of the program is to provide every child with a connected laptop that is much cheaper and lower than its original price, so that they can study digitally and improve their educational opportunities. The program has distributed over 800,000 laptops to rural and low-income schools in Peru. The program has helped bridge the digital gap by providing students with access to essential skills and digital learning resources. It has also created a more interactive and participatory learning environment, showing that

children's educational outcomes are much better than before.

C. Increasing Government and Private Sector Investment in Education The most necessary and important way to solve the educational problems of low-income families is to invest in them by the government or companies in education. Government investment in education for low-income families can really go a long way in securing what schools need to provide quality education. In addition, companies can bring additional funding and expertise, especially in areas such as technology and teacher education. By collaborating with these governments and companies, they can help create an education system that is equitable to all students in the world, regardless of their socioeconomic background.

Example: South Africa’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives in Education

There are several successful cases of funding donations, one of which is the investment of several large corporations in education through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in South Africa.

Companies such as Sasol and Vodacom have worked with governments to lavishly fund educational programs that low-income children can do, build schools, and provide scholarships to underprivileged students. For example, the Vodacom Foundation has started and started offering several educational projects to children, including Vodacom e-School, which provides a free online learning platform for all students in South Africa to freely access the programs. These corporate investments not only helped close the educational gap for low-income children but also ensured that low-income students received the support they needed to succeed academically.

V. Conclusion In summary, low-income communities face significant challenges in accessing quality education, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. Addressing these issues through improved infrastructure, like Pratham’s Read India Program, implementing technology-based learning, as seen in Peru’s One Laptop per Child initiative, and increasing investment from governments and the private sector, such as in South Africa’s CSR efforts, are crucial steps.

These targeted solutions can help ensure that all students, regardless of their economic background, have equal access to education, which is key to breaking the cycle of poverty and building a more equitable future.

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VI. Work Cited Rueckert, P. (2019, August 13). 10 Barriers to Education That Children Living in Poverty Face. Global Citizen.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-barriers-to-education-around-theworld-2/ Woods, D. (2023, October 5). Closing the Digital Divide: Bringing Technology to Low-Income Communities.

Outreach International. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://outreach-international.org/blog/closing-thedigital-divide-bringing-technology-to-low-income-communities/ Inequality in Public School Funding | American University. (2020, September 10). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from School of Education Online website:https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/inequality-in-public-schoolfunding/ Chastang, P. (2009). Introduction. Tabularia. https://doi.org/10.4000/tabularia.464 Dutt, S., Kwauk, C., & Robinson, J. (n.d.). PRATHAM’S READ INDIA PROGRAM TAKING SMALL STEPS TOWARD LEARNING AT SCALE. Retrieved from https://prathamusa.org/website-admin/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/FINAL-Read-India-Case-Study-1.pdf Robertson, A. (2018, April 16). OLPC’s $100 laptop was going to change the world — then it all went wrong.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from The Verge website: https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17233946/olpcs-100laptop-education-where-is-it-now CSR in South Africa - Business in South Africa. (2014, December 25). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from Business in South Africa website: https://www.businessinsa.com/mvo/#:~:text=CSR%20refers%20to%20the%20generally,and%20the%20environ ment%2C%20among%20others.

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Artificial Intelligence and SDG 4 in China: Enhancing Accessibility, Personalization, and Lifelong Learning Seoyeon Kim, Shanghai Korean School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Enhancing Educational Accessibility III. Improving Educational Quality IV. Promoting Lifelong Learning V. Challenges and Ethical Considerations

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is playing a transformative role in advancing SDG 4 in China by enhancing educational accessibility, quality, and personalization. Through the application of AI technologies, China is making significant strides in providing equitable and high-quality education across its diverse population. However, to fully realize the potential of AI in education, it is important to address the associated challenges and ethical considerations, ensuring that the benefits of AI are accessible to all and contribute to the broader goal of lifelong learning. As China continues to integrate AI into its educational systems, it is poised to make substantial progress toward achieving SDG 4 and fostering an inclusive and equitable educational landscape for all its citizens.

I.

Introduction

Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), established by the United Nations, aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. In China, a country with a vast and diverse population, achieving SDG 4 presents both significant challenges and opportunities. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into educational systems is emerging as a transformative force in addressing these challenges and advancing the goals of SDG 4.

II. Enhancing Educational Accessibility and Personalization One of the foremost ways AI contributes to SDG 4 in China is by improving access to quality education, particularly in remote and underserved areas. China's vast geography and significant ruralurban divide often mean that educational resources are unevenly distributed. AI technologies, such as 272

online learning platforms and intelligent tutoring systems, are bridging this gap by providing students in remote regions with access to high-quality educational materials and instruction.

For instance, the Chinese education technology company, Squirrel AI, utilizes AI to deliver personalized tutoring to students across China. As Wang Dantong, CEO of Squirrel AI, notes, "AI allows us to provide tailored educational experiences that adapt to each student's learning style and pace, regardless of their location" (Wang, 2022). This personalized approach ensures that students in remote areas can benefit from the same level of educational support as those in urban centers.

AI-driven tools can offer personalized learning experiences tailored to individual students' needs and learning paces. For example, adaptive learning systems use AI algorithms to analyze students' strengths and weaknesses, adjust the difficulty of lessons, and provide targeted exercises to address specific gaps in knowledge. As reported by China Daily, "AI-powered adaptive learning technologies are revolutionizing education by delivering customized content and feedback that meet the unique needs of each student" (China Daily, 2023). This level of personalization helps ensure that each student receives the support they need, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status.

III. Improving Educational Quality and Efficiency AI is also playing a crucial role in enhancing the quality of education in China. Intelligent assessment tools, powered by AI, can automate and streamline the evaluation of student performance.

These systems provide detailed insights into students' learning patterns and progress, enabling educators to make data-driven decisions to improve instructional strategies. According to a study published in the Journal of Educational Technology & Society, "AI-based assessment tools enable teachers to gain deeper insights into student learning, facilitating more effective teaching interventions" (Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2023).

Moreover, AI can support teachers by automating administrative tasks, such as grading and attendance tracking, allowing educators to focus more on teaching and engaging with students. AIdriven analytics can also help in monitoring and evaluating educational outcomes, providing valuable feedback to educators and policymakers on the effectiveness of various educational initiatives.

IV. Promoting Lifelong Learning and Skills Development In the context of lifelong learning, AI technologies are instrumental in supporting continuous education and skills development. China’s rapid economic development and technological advancements necessitate ongoing learning and upskilling. AI-powered platforms and online courses offer flexible learning opportunities for individuals seeking to acquire new skills or enhance existing ones. As Xu Zhigang, an education policy expert at Peking University, states, "AI-driven platforms are essential for providing lifelong learning opportunities that are accessible and relevant in a rapidly evolving job market" (Xu, 2023).

Furthermore, AI can facilitate lifelong learning through personalized recommendations and adaptive learning pathways. For instance, AI systems can suggest courses and learning materials based on individuals’ career goals, previous learning experiences, and current skill levels. This personalized approach ensures that learners are constantly engaged and motivated to pursue relevant educational opportunities throughout their lives.

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V. Addressing Challenges and Ethical Considerations While the integration of AI into education holds significant promise, it also raises several challenges and ethical considerations. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, which can be exacerbated by unequal access to technology and internet connectivity. In addressing SDG 4, it is crucial to ensure that AI-driven educational tools are accessible to all students, including those in economically disadvantaged regions.

Additionally, the use of AI in education must be accompanied by careful attention to data privacy and security. Educational data collected by AI systems must be protected to safeguard students' personal information and maintain trust in the technology. The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education emphasizes, "Ensuring the privacy and security of student data is critical to maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of AI applications in education" (International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2024).

Moreover, the implementation of AI in education requires thoughtful consideration of its impact on teachers and students. It is essential to strike a balance between leveraging AI for educational improvement and preserving the human elements of teaching and learning that are vital for holistic development.

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Military Mechanisms of the United Nations and Its Relation to SDG 16

Sia Yun, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. The United Nations and Its Role Regarding Peace III. The League of Nations and the United Nations A. Formations and Objectives of League of Nations B. Structure of the League of Nations C. Transition from the League of Nations to the United Nations IV. Failure of the League of Nations; Focusing on the Context of the Manchurian Crisis A. Background and Events of the Manchurian Crisis B. Analysis of the League’s Response to the Crisis C. Factors Leading to the League’s Failure V. Important Legal Instruments of the UN VI. Case Study; the UNSC’s Successful Resolution through Direct Military Intervention VII. The UNSC’s Contribution to SDG 16 VIII.

Conclusion

IX. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) has played a pivotal role in maintaining global peace and security since its establishment in 1945. Building upon the lessons learned from its predecessor, the League of Nations, the UN has developed a range of military mechanisms designed to address international conflicts more effectively. These mechanisms, including the deployment of peacekeeping forces and the empowerment of the UN Security Council (UNSC) to authorize military action, have been crucial in promoting global stability. The success of these efforts is particularly evident in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16), which aims to promote peace, justice, and strong 275

institutions worldwide. By examining the evolution of international organizations from the League of Nations to the UN, and through a case study of the 2011 Libyan Civil War, this paper explores how the military mechanisms of the UN contribute to achieving the objectives of SDG 16.

II. The United Nations and Its Role Regarding Peace The United Nations is a diplomatic and political international organization with the intended purpose of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions of member nations. Since its founding in 1945 after World War II, the UN has established several key organs, programs, and initiatives dedicated to promoting and preserving global peace.

III. The League of Nations and the United Nations A. Formation and Objectives of League of Nations The League of Nations is a former entity of the United Nations. The League of Nations was the first international organization founded with the primary aim of maintaining world peace and preventing future conflicts after the devastation of World War I. It was established on January 10, 1920, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war. The League of Nations had key objectives. The League aimed to prevent wars through a system of “collective security”. Member nations were expected to resolve their disputes through negotiation, arbitration, or judicial settlement rather than resorting to war. The League could impose economic sanctions or take military action against aggressor states. Promoting disarmament was another big goal of the League.

The idea was to reduce the number of weapons and military forces that nations possessed, thereby reducing the likelihood of war. The League had mechanisms for peaceful conflict resolution, including the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was designed to settle disputes between states based on international law.

B. Structure of the League of Nations The League of Nations consisted of the Assembly, the Council, the Secretariat, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Council was the executive body of the League, composed of permanent and non-permanent members. The permanent members included major powers like Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. The Council dealt with political and military issues, including disputes between nations.

C. Transition from the League of Nations to the United Nations The League of Nations was an ambitious attempt to create a lasting framework for peace and international cooperation, but its weaknesses and the reluctance of major powers to fully support it ultimately led to its failure. The League was effectively replaced by the United Nations (UN) after 276

World War II, with the UN being founded on October 24, 1945. The UN sought to avoid the League’s failures by establishing stronger mechanisms for international cooperation and conflict resolution, including a more powerful Security Council.

IV. Failure of the League of Nations; Focusing on the Context of the Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933) A. Background and Events of the Manchurian Crisis To examine the weaknesses of the League, it is important to know about the League's response to the Manchurian Crisis. While learning about the Manchurian Crisis in my IB history class, I found many flaws in the League that prevented nations from promoting world peace and security.

On the night of September 18, 1931, a small explosion occurred on a section of the South Manchurian Railway near Mukden. The Japanese military falsely accused Chinese soldiers of sabotage.

Using the explosion as a pretext, the Japanese Kwantung Army, already stationed in the area, launched a full-scale invasion of Manchuria. Despite the Chinese government’s protests, the Japanese forces quickly overran the region. Within a few months, Japan had taken control of all Manchuria.

B. Analysis of the League’s Response to the Crisis China appealed to the League of Nations on September 19, seeking international intervention to stop Japanese aggression and restore its sovereignty over Manchuria. In response, the League of Nations sent the Lytton Commission, led by British diplomat Lord Lytton, to investigate the situation.

The commission spent around 10 months gathering evidence and interviewing witnesses in both China and Japan. Then, The Lytton Report concluded that Japan was the aggressor and that its occupation of Manchuria was unjustified. It recommended that Manchukuo not be recognized as a legitimate state and that Japan should withdraw its forces. However, the process took so much time, and the response was not immediate. Japan kept expanding its territory, and the Manchurian Crisis is often seen as a precursor to the broader conflicts of World War II. 277

C. Factors Leading to the League’s Failure I found out the key factors of the League's failure to effectively respond to the Manchurian Crisis.

One of the key factors was the lack of “military power”. The League did not have its military force. It relied on member states to contribute troops and enforce its resolutions, which they were often unwilling or unable to do. This lack of military capability meant the League could not compel Japan to withdraw from Manchuria or prevent other acts of aggression. The League had to isolate Japan from all international trade and financial relations, according to Article 16 of the Covenant of the League.

However, major nations, such as Britain and France sought their interests, rather than taking action based on the covenant. France believed that the deterioration of the relationship with Japan was not beneficial. Also, as France had colonies in the Indochina regions, China’s loss of power would have been beneficial. Britain believed that Japan’s expansion into northern China might reduce the threat of Japanese expansion into a more sensitive region, Southeast Asia. In other words, Japan’s expansion was not an immediate threat to Britain’s interest. France and Britain both hesitated to invest resources in military actions due to their economic harness after the Great Depression. They also considered Japan as an ally to contain communist Russia. As there was a lack of support from the United States, the key power, as it pursued isolationism, and Britain and France focused on their interests, the League failed to take proper action. These problems arose due to the League’s absence of its military force and appropriate military mechanisms.

V. Important Legal Instruments of the UN

I realized that military mechanisms are an essential element in intergovernmental organizations.

Firstly, unlike the League of Nations, the UN has the authority to deploy peacekeeping forces. These forces, known as “Blue Helmets”, are composed of military and police personnel contributed by member states. While the UN still doesn’t have a standing army, these peacekeeping missions allow for rapid deployment to conflict zones to monitor ceasefires, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace agreements. Secondly, the UN Security Council (UNSC) has the power to authorize military action, including the use of force, to maintain or restore international peace and security. This can include imposing sanctions, establishing no-fly zones, and authorizing military interventions. The UNSC's resolutions are binding on all UN member states, giving the UN more practical power to respond to international crises. Lastly, the UN Charter established a more robust collective security mechanism compared to the League. Chapter VII of the UN Charter allows the Security Council to “take direct action”, including military intervention, if there is a threat to peace, breach of peace, or act of aggression. This legal framework provides the UN with greater authority to enforce international peace and security. In conclusion, the United Nations significantly improved upon 278

the weaknesses of the League of Nations by enhancing its ability to maintain international peace and security. Through the creation of peacekeeping forces, the empowerment of the Security Council to authorize military action and the establishment of a more effective collective security mechanism, the UN has become a more robust and capable organization. These advancements have allowed the UN to respond more swiftly and effectively to global crises, reinforcing its role as a key player in the preservation of international peace and stability.

VI. Case Study; the UNSC’s Successful Resolution through Direct Military Intervention

One of the key examples of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) successfully resolving an international conflict through direct military intervention is the 2011 Libyan Civil War. In 2011, Libya experienced widespread anti-government protests and armed rebellion against the autocratic regime of Muammar Gaddafi. The conflict quickly escalated into a civil war, characterized by intense fighting between Gaddafi's forces and opposition groups, leading to severe human rights violations and a humanitarian crisis. In response, the UNSC adopted Resolution 1973 on March 17, 2011. This resolution authorized the use of force, including military intervention, to address the humanitarian crisis and maintain peace in Libya. The resolution included measures such as establishing a no-fly zone, authorizing military action, and providing humanitarian assistance. Following Resolution 1973, NATO and allied forces initiated airstrikes in Libya, targeting Gaddafi’s military capabilities and supporting the opposition forces. This military intervention played a crucial role in weakening Gaddafi's regime and ultimately led to Gaddafi’s removal from power. As a result, the Libyan Civil War was brought to an end through military intervention, and a new government was established, reducing the violence and humanitarian crisis. Although instability and conflict continued in Libya afterward, the UNSC’s intervention was pivotal in the rapid conclusion of the civil war.

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VII. The UNSC’s Contribution to SDG 16 The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) military intervention in the Libyan Civil War made a significant contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16, which focuses on "Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions.” Sustainable Development Goal 16 aims to promote international peace and stability, justice, and the establishment of strong and transparent institutions. It emphasizes conflict prevention and resolution, respect for human rights, strengthening legal frameworks, and fostering transparent and accountable institutions. The UNSC's intervention in Libya contributed to these objectives in specific ways.

Firstly, the UNSC authorized military intervention through Resolution 1973, which played a crucial role in ending the civil war. This intervention, including airstrikes and the establishment of a no-fly zone, helped to reduce violence and conflict, thereby contributing to conflict prevention and resolution. The military actions directly addressed the ongoing civil conflict and facilitated its resolution.

Secondly, the UNSC’s military actions were instrumental in protecting civilians and mitigating human rights abuses. The establishment of a no-fly zone prevented further air attacks on civilian areas, while the overall military intervention helped to reduce human rights violations. This effort directly supported the goal of respecting human rights and protecting vulnerable populations.

Thirdly, the UNSC's intervention supported Libya's political transition by aiding in the establishment of a new government. This support contributed to building strong and transparent institutions, which is a core aspect of Goal 16. The intervention facilitated the process of creating a more stable and accountable governance structure in Libya.

Lastly, the cooperation between the UNSC and NATO highlighted the importance of international cooperation and partnerships. The joint efforts of various international actors to address the Libyan crisis reinforced the role of global collaboration in achieving peace and stability. This aspect of the intervention exemplified the strengthening of international cooperation and partnerships, a key component of Goal 16.

In contrast, the League of Nations faced significant limitations in military intervention. It lacked its own military force and had limited authority to enforce resolutions or mandate military actions. The League's reliance on voluntary contributions from member states for military action often resulted in inadequate responses to conflicts. In comparison, the UNSC overcame these limitations by utilizing its authority to authorize and implement military interventions effectively, thereby advancing Sustainable Development Goal 16 more robustly.

Overall, the UNSC's military intervention in Libya was pivotal in advancing the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 through its efforts in conflict resolution, human rights protection, institutional support, and international cooperation.

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VIII. Conclusion In conclusion, the United Nations has significantly strengthened its ability to maintain international peace and security by learning from the failures of the League of Nations and developing more robust military mechanisms. The deployment of peacekeeping forces, the authority of the UN Security Council to authorize military interventions, and the establishment of a comprehensive collective security framework have enabled the UN to respond more effectively to global crises. The case of the 2011 Libyan Civil War illustrates how these mechanisms can contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16 by promoting conflict resolution, protecting human rights, and supporting the development of strong and accountable institutions. The UN’s efforts in Libya demonstrate the importance of international cooperation in advancing global peace and stability, highlighting the role of the UN as a key player in the pursuit of a more peaceful world.

IX. Work Cited United Nations Geneva. (n.d.). The Covenant of the League of Nations. Retrieved from https://www.ungeneva.org/en/about/league-of-nations/covenant United Nations. (n.d.). Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VII: Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/uncharter/chapter-7 Rogers, K., & Thomas, J. (2015). The move to global war: Course companion. Oxford University Press.

Wikipedia contributors. (2024, August 11). United Nations. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations Flag-United-Nations-Logo [Logo]. (n.d.). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-United-Nations-Logo.jpg The National WWII Museum. (2020, June 10). The League of Nations: Wilson's League for Peace. The National WWII Museum. Retrieved from https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/league-of-nations Allsop, S. (n.d.). Japan and the Manchuria Crisis. Mr. Allsop History. Retrieved from https://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/japan-and-the-manchuria-crisis.html Ensure IAS. (n.d.). UNSC – United Nations Security Council. Ensure IAS. Retrieved from https://ensureias.com/blog/international-relations/unsc-united-nations-security-council Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Libya revolt of 2011. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Libya-Revolt-of-2011 Rochow, T. (n.d.). SDG 16: Not good enough? Transform Defence. Retrieved from https://transformdefence.org/a-short-introduction/military-spend-is-a-development-issue/what-should-behappening/sdg-16-not-good-enough/

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Sustainable Plastic Waste Management in Urban Areas of Developing Countries

Subin Park, St. Paul’s School Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction of the Issue B. Why is this important?

C. Relation to SDG-12 II. Key Issues A. Inadequate waste collection and recycling infrastructure B. Widespread use of single-use plastics C. Ocean plastic pollution D. Lack of public awareness and government policies III. Potential Sustainable Solutions A. Promoting alternatives to single-use plastics B. Engaging local communities in waste reduction and cleanup C. Developing innovative recycling technologies IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

Plastic has grown to be a ubiquitous item in our lives, but its production and disposal has led to significant environmental challenges. Plastic waste is a major component of municipal solid waste, and its improper management and disposal can lead to soil, marine, and air pollution. Plastic waste poses a severe threat to the environment and the overall ecosystem. The lack of technical skills for managing such hazardous waste, insufficient infrastructure for recycling and recovery, and a lack of awareness about rules and regulations are key factors and contributors to the increasing plastic waste issue.

Addressing this issue is crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of plastic pollution on the environment and human health. This issue is closely related to Sustainable Development Goal 12, otherwise known as SDG-12, which focuses on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Effective 282

management and resource recovery of plastic waste are essential to achieving the targets under SDG12, such as reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and by reusing. Certain countries often lack the technical skills, infrastructure, and resources to properly collect, sort, and recycle plastic waste. Additionally, open dumping and incineration practices in these regions can lead to further environmental pollution and health hazards. These challenges, particularly in developing countries, highlight the urgent need for comprehensive and sustainable solutions to manage the growing plastic waste crisis and mitigate its detrimental impact on the environment and human health.

According to the article "Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective Management", inadequate waste collection and recycling infrastructure is a major issue in plastic waste management. The lack of technical skills and capacity for managing hazardous plastic waste is a key challenge, particularly in developing countries. Many regions lack the necessary infrastructure, equipment, and trained personnel to properly collect, sort, and process plastic waste. This results in improper disposal and leakage of plastic waste into the environment. Secondly, there is insufficient infrastructure development for recycling and recovery of plastic waste. The article notes that a lack of well-developed recycling facilities and technologies hampers the ability to effectively reuse and recycle plastic materials. Without the necessary infrastructure to facilitate recycling, a large portion of plastic waste ends up in landfills, open dumping sites, or the natural environment.

Additionally, the article highlights that a general lack of awareness about rules and regulations for plastic waste management contributes to the problem. Governments, industries, and the public may not fully understand their responsibilities and the proper procedures for managing plastic waste in a sustainable manner. This lack of awareness further exacerbates the challenges posed by inadequate waste collection and recycling infrastructure. Overall, the deficiencies in waste management systems, recycling capabilities, and public education are significant barriers to tackling the issue of plastic pollution. Addressing these infrastructural and capacity gaps is crucial for developing effective plastic waste management strategies and transitioning towards a more sustainable, circular economy for plastics.

The widespread use of single-use plastics is a major issue in plastic waste management. Single-use plastics, such as plastic bags, food wrappers, and water bottles, account for 40% of the plastic produced every year. These products often have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they can persist in the environment for hundreds of years. This throw-away culture has led to an overwhelming amount of plastic waste that is difficult to manage, especially for these developing countries where waste collection systems are inefficient or non-existent. Every year, about 8 million tons of plastic waste escapes into the oceans from coastal nations, which is the equal to setting five garbage bags full of trash on every foot of coastline around the world. Another major issue from the effects of single-use plastics are microplastics; these are tiny plastic particles less than one-fifth of an inch across, that have been found in every corner of the planet, from the highest peaks to the deepest ocean trenches. These microplastics are not only accumulating in the environment, but also making their way into our food systems and bodies, raising concerns about potential human health impacts. Improving waste management and recycling, and reducing the production and use of unnecessary single-use plastics are crucial to addressing the global plastic pollution crisis.

Ocean plastic pollution has become a global crisis that is causing immense harm to marine ecosystems and wildlife. Billions of pounds of plastic can be found in swirling convergences, making up about 40% of the world's ocean surfaces. This staggering amount of plastic waste is expected to outweigh all the fish in the sea by 2050 at current rates. The pervasive nature of plastic pollution in our oceans is deeply troubling. Studies estimate there are now 15-51 trillion pieces of plastic in the world's 283

oceans, found from the equator to the poles and from Arctic ice sheets to the sea floor. Disturbingly, the EPA reports that "every bit of plastic ever made still exists" due to its extreme durability. This plastic pollution has a direct and deadly impact on marine life. Thousands of seabirds, sea turtles, seals, and other mammals are killed each year after ingesting plastic or becoming entangled in it. In fact, nearly 700 species are affected by this plastic litter. For instance, sea turtles can mistake floating plastic for food, leading to choking, internal injury, and starvation. Seabirds also ingest large amounts of plastic, reducing their stomach capacity and leading to starvation. The problem is only getting worse, as the fossil fuel industry plans to increase plastic production by 40% over the next decade. This means more toxic air pollution and ever-increasing amounts of plastic flowing into the oceans. Urgent and comprehensive action is needed to address this global plastic pollution crisis before it causes irreparable harm to marine ecosystems worldwide.

With our environment in critical condition, we must begin to consider some potential sustainable solutions to reduce the impact of plastic waste. By starting with promoting reusable alternatives is extremely helpful. Bringing reusable bags, bottles, cups, and containers when shopping or dining out can significantly reduce plastic waste. Businesses can also encourage this by allowing customers to use their own reusable items. Going beyond just single-use plastics, the goal should be to turn "single-use" into "multi-use" whenever possible by reusing and repurposing durable products. Product design is also important. Items should be designed with circularity and end-of-life considerations in mind, using renewable, recycled, and recyclable materials. Sourcing locally and avoiding air-freight can further reduce the environmental impact across a product's life cycle. What works best will depend on the local infrastructure, consumer behaviours, and cultural norms. A one-size-fits-all approach will not be effective. By taking a holistic, life cycle perspective and empowering both businesses and consumers, communities can work towards phasing out single-use plastics in favor of more sustainable alternatives.

Based on the information provided in the research article from ScienceDirect, a potential sustainable solution can be the developing innovative recycling technologies for plastics. The article highlights the growing global issue of plastic waste and the need for more effective recycling solutions.

It notes that current mechanical recycling methods have limitations in terms of the quality and properties of the recycled materials, which can restrict their applications. To address this, the researchers propose the development of advanced recycling technologies, such as chemical recycling and enzymatic degradation. Chemical recycling processes can break down plastic polymers into their monomeric building blocks, which can then be repolymerized into high-quality new plastics. Similarly, enzymatic degradation utilizes naturally occurring enzymes to selectively break down specific plastic types, enabling the recovery of pure polymer streams for reuse.These innovative recycling approaches have the potential to create a more circular economy for plastics, where waste materials are continuously recycled and reused, reducing the need for virgin fossil-fuel-based plastic production. By investing in the research and implementation of these advanced recycling technologies, industries and policymakers can work towards a more sustainable future for plastics.

The plastic waste crisis poses a significant and multifaceted challenge that requires comprehensive and coordinated solutions. Poor waste management infrastructure, insufficient recycling capabilities, and lack of public awareness are key barriers to effective plastic waste reduction, particularly in developing countries. The prevalence of single-use plastics and the growing problem of microplastics further exacerbate the environmental and public health impacts. To address this crisis, a global approach is necessary. Promoting reusable alternatives, redesigning products for circularity, and empowering both businesses and consumers to reduce unnecessary plastic usage are important first steps.

Additionally, increasing public education and awareness are crucial to ensure proper disposal and 284

recycling of plastic waste. Collaboration between governments, industries, and civil society is essential to implement these multifaceted solutions and work towards a future with significantly reduced plastic pollution.

Work Cited Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective Management. (n.d.).

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41742-023-00507-z#Sec7 Kibria, M. G., Masuk, N. I., Safayet, R., Nguyen, H. Q., & Mourshed, M. (2023). Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective Management. International journal of environmental research, 17(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00507-z The world's plastic pollution crisis, explained. (2024, February 22). National Geographic. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-pollution Ocean Plastics Pollution. (n.d.). Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/ #:~:text=At%20current%20rates%20plastic%20is,or%20getting%20entangled%20in%20it.

Public Awareness. (2023, August 6). Plastic Smart Cities. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://plasticsmartcities.org/public-awareness/ How to reduce the impacts of single-use plastic products. (n.d.). UN Environment Programme.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/ Sustainability of biodegradable plastics: New problem or solution to solve the global plastic pollution? (n.d.). ScienceDirect. Retrieved August 11, 2024,from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666086522000157

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A Global Commitment to a Better Future: UN-HABITAT and UNEP

Sunghyun Bak, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. The Sustainable Development Goals III. The United Nations: A Global Organization for Achieving the SDGs IV. UN-Habitat: Building Sustainable Cities and Communities V. UNEP: Leading Global Environmental Efforts VI. Conclusion

I.

Introduction

Today's world is confronted with urgent and interconnected challenges, from climate change and poverty to inequality and health crises. These issues not only jeopardize the well-being of millions but also threaten the stability of our global society. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have emerged as a crucial framework for addressing these problems, guiding international efforts to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable world by 2030. This essay will explore the vital role of the United Nations (UN) in advancing the SDGs, highlighting the organization's comprehensive strategies and the work of crucial UN agencies like UN-Habitat and UNEP as examples of how global initiatives are being translated into tangible action on the ground.

II. The Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a universal call to action, a comprehensive blueprint to guide nations toward a more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous world by 2030. These 17 goals, established by the United Nations (UN) in 2015, emerged from a comprehensive process that involved the collective voices of governments, civil society, and millions of individuals worldwide. As the world faces unprecedented challenges—from climate change to inequality and pandemics—these goals serve as a critical roadmap, integrating sustainable development's economic, social, and 286

environmental dimensions. The SDGs are not just abstract targets; they are grounded in the realities of human existence, aiming to eradicate poverty, promote peace, and ensure that no one is left behind.

III. The United Nations: A Global Organization for Achieving the SDGs The United Nations, as a global organization uniting 193 Member States, plays a pivotal role in driving the implementation of the SDGs. Its efforts involve policy development, capacity-building, advocacy, and monitoring, all aimed at advancing the global development agenda. The UN's work is coordinated through various specialized agencies, programs, and funds. For instance, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) focuses on poverty reduction and sustainable development, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) works on environmental issues, and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) concentrates on children's rights and well-being. Each of these entities contributes to different aspects of the goals.

The High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), an annual platform for reviewing progress, sharing experiences, and fostering partnerships, is one key mechanism through which the UN supports the SDGs. The HLPF serves as a critical space for dialogue among governments, civil society, and other stakeholders, ensuring that the SDGs remain at the forefront of global and national agendas. It also provides an opportunity to identify gaps and challenges in implementation, enabling countries to adjust their strategies accordingly.

The UN collaborates with governments to integrate the SDGs into national policies and strategies.

This involves providing technical assistance, policy advice, and capacity-building support to help countries align their development plans with the SDGs. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is crucial, offering expertise and resources to help countries tailor global goals to their specific contexts. For example, the UNDP might work with the government to prioritize health-related SDGs in a country with a high prevalence of a specific disease. The UNDP also assists in developing data and monitoring systems to track progress toward the goals, ensuring that countries can make informed decisions based on accurate and timely information.

Aside from its collaboration with governments, the UN actively engages with a diverse range of stakeholders, including the private sector, civil society, and academia. The SDGs are recognized as a shared responsibility, and the UN facilitates partnerships and collaborations that leverage the strengths and resources of different actors. For instance, the Global Compact, a UN initiative, encourages businesses to align their operations with ten human rights, labor, the environment, and anti-corruption principles, thereby contributing to achieving the SDGs. The UN also plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the SDGs and mobilizing action at all levels. The UN seeks to inform and inspire individuals, communities, and organizations to contribute to the goals through campaigns, educational programs, and public outreach. The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) is one such initiative that engages academic institutions, research centers, and civil society organizations in finding and promoting solutions to the challenges posed by the SDGs. Monitoring and reporting are essential components of the UN's work on the SDGs. The UN develops global indicators and data systems to track progress toward the goals, providing a basis for accountability and transparency. The SDG Global Indicator Framework is a comprehensive set of indicators that allows countries to monitor their progress and report to the international community. The 287

UN's annual Sustainable Development Goals Report provides an overview of global progress, highlighting achievements, challenges, and emerging trends.

The UN's role in achieving the SDGs is not limited to policy and advocacy; it also involves direct action. UN agencies, funds, and programs implement various projects and initiatives that contribute to the goals, often in partnership with governments and other organizations. These efforts span various sectors, from health and education to agriculture and infrastructure, reflecting the integrated nature of the SDGs. The UN's role is particularly critical in conflict-affected and fragile settings. The United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) work to address vulnerable populations' immediate needs while laying the groundwork for sustainable development. The SDGs provide a framework for building peace, promoting justice, and fostering resilience in these contexts.

IV. UN-Habitat: Building Sustainable Cities and Communities UN-Habitat, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, is a specialized agency promoting sustainable urban development. With more than half of the world's population living in cities, the challenges and opportunities associated with urbanization are more significant than ever. UNHabitat's work is closely aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, which aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

The role of UN-Habitat extends beyond merely addressing urbanization's challenges; it actively shapes the future of cities, ensuring that they contribute to the planet's overall sustainability. The agency works in various areas, including urban planning, housing, infrastructure, and environmental management, to create urban environments that are livable, equitable, and resilient.

One of UN-Habitat's key initiatives is the New Urban Agenda, a global framework adopted at the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in 2016. The New Urban Agenda outlines the principles and commitments necessary for sustainable urban development, emphasizing the need for integrated planning, participatory governance, and social inclusion. It serves as a critical tool for implementing SDG 11 and other related goals, providing a comprehensive vision for the future of cities.

UN-Habitat works with governments, local authorities, and other stakeholders to develop and implement urban policies and strategies aligned with the SDGs. This includes technical assistance and capacity-building support to help cities adopt sustainable land use, transportation, energy, and waste management practices. The agency also supports the development of affordable housing solutions, recognizing that access to adequate housing is essential for reducing poverty and promoting social inclusion.

In addition to policy and planning support, UN-Habitat implements concrete projects that demonstrate innovative approaches to sustainable urban development. For example, the agency has been involved in projects that promote using renewable energy in urban areas, improve public transportation systems, and enhance cities' resilience to climate change. These projects serve as models for other cities, showcasing the potential for sustainable urban solutions to contribute to achieving the SDGs. 288

UN-Habitat also plays a critical role in promoting urban resilience, which is essential for cities to withstand and recover from shocks and stresses such as natural disasters, economic crises, and pandemics. The agency works with cities to develop resilience strategies that address the physical, social, and economic dimensions of resilience, ensuring that cities can adapt to changing conditions and continue to provide essential services to their populations.

Another critical aspect of UN-Habitat's work is promoting social inclusion and reducing city inequality. This involves addressing the needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups, such as slum dwellers, migrants, and people with disabilities, ensuring that they have access to essential services, housing, and opportunities for economic participation. UN-Habitat's work in this area is closely linked to other SDGs, such as Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 5 (Gender Equality), and Goal 10 (Reduced Inequality).

UN-Habitat also contributes to achieving the SDGs by promoting sustainable urban mobility, which is critical for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air quality, and enhancing access to opportunities and services. The agency supports cities in developing integrated transportation systems prioritizing public transport, walking, and cycling and reducing reliance on private vehicles. This work is closely linked to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being).

Finally, UN-Habitat's work is guided by the principle of participatory governance, which is essential for ensuring that urban development is inclusive and responsive to the needs of all citizens.

The agency promotes the involvement of communities in urban planning and decision-making processes, recognizing that the success of urban policies and projects depends on the active engagement of all stakeholders. This approach is aligned with SDG 16 (Peace et al.), which emphasizes the importance of inclusive and participatory decision-making.

V. UNEP: Leading Global Environmental Efforts The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading global authority on environmental issues, playing a central role in advancing the environmental dimensions of the SDGs. UNEP's mandate is to coordinate the UN's environmental activities and assist countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. The organization's work is crucial for achieving SDGs related to environmental sustainability, such as SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).

UNEP's work is grounded in recognizing that the environment is the foundation of all human wellbeing and development. The organization's mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment, enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. UNEP's activities cover various environmental issues, including climate change, biodiversity, pollution, and resource management.

One of UNEP's most significant contributions to the SDGs is its work on climate change, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time. UNEP supports countries in developing and implementing climate action plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which are essential for meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. The organization also provides scientific assessments and policy advice to help countries understand and address climate change's impacts, promoting mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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In addition to its work on climate change, UNEP is a leading advocate for biodiversity conservation, which is critical for achieving SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

UNEP coordinates global efforts to protect and restore ecosystems, promote sustainable land use, and combat biodiversity loss. The organization plays a vital role in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), supporting countries in implementing the CBD's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

UNEP's work on pollution is another crucial contribution to the SDGs, particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Pollution is a significant threat to human health and the environment, and UNEP works to reduce pollution from various sources, including air, water, soil, and chemicals. The organization promotes developing and implementing policies and practices that minimize pollution and its impacts, such as cleaner production methods, waste management systems, and pollution control technologies.

UNEP also plays a critical role in promoting the sustainable management of natural resources, which is essential for achieving SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). The organization supports countries in developing policies and strategies for the sustainable use of resources such as water, energy, minerals, and forests, ensuring that these resources are used to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Another critical aspect of UNEP's work is promoting environmental governance, which ensures that environmental policies and practices are practical and equitable. UNEP works with governments, civil society, and the private sector to develop and strengthen environmental laws, institutions, and decision-making processes. The organization also supports the integration of environmental considerations into national development plans and policies, recognizing that sustainable development requires a holistic approach that balances economic, social, and environmental goals.

UNEP's work is guided by the principle of science-based decision-making, essential for ensuring that environmental policies and practices are based on the best available knowledge. The organization conducts scientific assessments and provides technical expertise to help countries understand environmental issues and develop practical solutions. UNEP's flagship publications, such as the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) and the Emissions Gap Report, provide critical insights into the state of the global environment and the actions needed to address environmental challenges.

In addition to its work at the global level, UNEP is actively involved in implementing environmental projects and initiatives on the ground. The organization works with countries and communities to demonstrate innovative solutions to environmental challenges, such as ecosystem restoration, renewable energy development, and sustainable agriculture. These projects contribute to achieving the SDGs by showcasing practical and scalable approaches to sustainable development.

UNEP also plays a leading role in raising awareness about environmental issues and mobilizing action at all levels. The organization conducts global campaigns and educational programs to inform and inspire individuals, communities, and organizations to take action for the environment. UNEP's World Environment Day, celebrated annually on June 5th, is one of the most significant global events for environmental awareness and action, engaging millions worldwide in activities promoting environmental protection.

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VI. Conclusion The Sustainable Development Goals represent a bold vision for the future that requires the collective efforts of all nations, organizations, and individuals. The United Nations plays a central role in advancing the SDGs through its various agencies and programs, providing leadership, resources, and support to countries and communities worldwide. UN-Habitat and UNEP are critical players in this effort, each contributing uniquely to achieving the goals. UN-Habitat's work promoting sustainable urban development is essential for building inclusive, resilient, sustainable cities. At the same time, UNEP's leadership on environmental issues is critical for protecting the planet and ensuring that development is sustainable. Together, these organizations exemplify the UN's commitment to creating a better world for current and future generations, demonstrating that sustainable development is possible and within our reach.

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Gender Politics Regarding SDG 5 Sungwon Son, Blair Academy Table of Contents I.

Introduction

II. Gender and White Nationalism III. Recruitment and Mobilization Tactics IV. Gender Dynamics in Nationalist Movements V. Gender in Online Extremism VI. Political Narratives and Gender VII. Reproductive Justice and White Supremacy VIII. Conclusion IX. Work Cited

Throughout the course, I have come to realize the profound intersection that exists between gender and white nationalism. A critical insight that I’ve come to realize from this course is the notion of how gendered anxieties and norms are exploited by white nationalist groups to recruit, mobilize, and retain their members. After reading many of the papers we discussed in class, I had the realization that I personally had witnessed many of the strategies these individuals leverage. In the readings from Isom et al. and Ebin, it is revealed that both white men and women are drawn to these movements through distinct yet overlapping motivations: this was especially interesting to me. I think the readings help me to understand that gendered perspectives are crucial for understanding the appeal and strategies for these white nationalist groups. I think in the future, I would like to explore how technology and the digitalization of the world has and will continue to impact the gendered nature of racism and nativism.

Another thing I particularly enjoyed about this class was the applicability it had to the real-world. I was able to connect theoretical concepts to real-world issues: for example, Lindgren’s analysis on Trump’s campaign was especially interesting. I was able to take experiences—like the occurrence of a presidential campaign or a protest against white nationalism—that I had and peel back a layer into the motivations and reasonings. In learning more about the gendered aspects of race inequality and rightwing populist groups, I was, in a way, empowered: the course gave me the knowledge and analytical tools to start to critically engage with the extremist ideologies. I’ve gained invaluable knowledge throughout the span of the course and I hope to continue to apply what I’ve learned in whatever future endeavors that I take part in!

In recent years, the rise of white nationalist and right-wing populist groups have threatened racial equality. Exploring the resurgence of these groups within the realm of gender is important: Gender is a crucial factor in understanding and responding to white nationalist and right-wing populist groups, as 292

these coalitions exploit gendered fears and norms to mobilize and maintain power. This essay explores these dynamics through the works of Isom et al., Ebin, and other key readings."

There is a major intersection between gender and white nationalism that is explored in much of popular discourse within these two realms. In the research titled, “The White Right: A Gendered Look at the Links Between “Victim” Ideology and Anti-Black Lives Matter Sentiments in the Era of Trump,” Deena A Isom and other researchers in South Carolina analyzed the gendered dimensions of nationalism, focusing and elaborating on how white men and women experience status threats differently. “White men [often] perceive their declining dominance as threat to their social status,” and so it is often the case that white men’s expectations of domination are threatened: this is the driving force behind many individuals’ decisions to participate in different white nationalist movements. The analysis of their work reveals that white womens’ motivations to join such groups are also similarly influenced by fears: oftentimes, white women are motivated by fears of losing their status relative to people of color and by a desire to uphold patriarchal norms. In both gender realms, fears and threats to their so-called “white identities” exist, but there are important distinctions between the two genders that makes it a crucial factor in understanding and responding to white nationalist groups. For example, while white men often join these groups out of a desire to reassert their dominance in a society where they perceive themselves as increasingly marginalized, white women are drawn to these groups by the promise of security and the preservation of traditional gender roles. Isom’s analysis in their research reveals that white women’s involvement in white nationalist groups oftentimes stems from a perceived need to protect their families and maintain a social order that privileges whiteness and traditional gender norms. The distinction between the two motivations—between white men and women—highlights the gendered nature of nationalist ideologies. Understanding these nuances is necessary and critical in ensuring the development of targeted responses to counteract racist and nativist ideologies throughout the world. In the article, “Threats to Women/Women as Threats: Male Supremacy and the Anti-Statist Right,” Chelsea Ebin’s perspective also similarly makes claims and attests to the idea that gender is an important factor in counteracting and exploring white nationalist individuals and groups. Their article explains and highlights how right-wing movements often marginalize women, viewing them as secondary to the male-dominated political and social order—this suggests the importance of linking these ideas to broader themes of gender and power in the realm of white nationalism.

It is also important to recognize the role that gender plays in the recruitment and mobilization of individuals in right-wing movements. In Sophie Bjork-James’ article, “Racializing misogyny: Sexuality and gender in the new online white nationalism,” she explores how online white nationalist communities use homophobia and anti-feminism to recruit members. Gender and sexuality, as evidenced, is utilized as a recruitment and radicalization tactic: by creating a toxic environment that aligns with white nationalist ideologies, these groups are able to draw in individuals—particularly young men—who feel alienated or threatened by changing gender norms. By framing feminism and LGBTQ+ advocacy as direct threats to traditional masculinity, white nationalist groups are able to create a narrative that disempowers these modern social changes. Bjork-James demonstrates that online spaces often leverage these gender anxieties to radicalize individuals, linking anti-feminism with broader nationalist goals.

This strategy not only solidifies the ideological commitment of existing members but also serves as a powerful recruitment tool, drawing in those who are searching for a sense of belonging and identity in a rapidly changing world. Lindgren’s analysis on Donald Trump’s campaign similarly creates narratives to appeal and mobilize individuals. He discusses how Trump’s campaign created narratives around motherhood and abortion that appealed to white women. He states that "Trump's rhetoric around motherhood appealed to fears of cultural displacement among white women." This, again, showcases

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the importance of factoring in gender when examining white nationalist motivations and recruitment tactics.

Loretta Ross’ understanding and perspective in his paper, “Demographically Doomed: White Supremacy, Electoral Power and Reproductive Justice,” offers a necessary understanding of how white supremacist ideologies are deeply related to gender fears, especially within the realm of demographic changes. Her research reveals that as the racial composition of a nation changes, white nationalist groups have started to work towards policies that directly target reproductive rights as a means of controlling population and maintaining white dominance; this includes taking aggressive stances against reproductive freedom—abortions—especially against women of color. Ross states that “reproductive justice offers a critical lens for understanding and combating white nationalist ideologies.” By linking reproductive rights to broader issues of racial and social justice, Ross calls for a comprehensive approach that addresses both the racial and gendered dimensions of right-wing extremism.

Ultimately, it is clear that gender plays a crucial factor in the discussion of white nationalism— whether that be in the realm of recruitment, mobilization, or even personal motivation. It is important to continue to explore the intersection of gender and white nationalism in future research, and incorporate gender-sensitive approaches when developing strategies to combat the resurgence of racist and nativist ideologies.

Work Cited Ross, Loretta. Demographically Doomed: White Supremacy, Electoral Power and Reproductive Justice.

Lindgren, Yvonne. “Trump’s Angry White Women: Motherhood, Nationalism, and Abortion.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3386416. Accessed 10 Aug. 2019.

Bjork‐James, Sophie. “Racializing Misogyny: Sexuality and Gender in the New Online White Nationalism.”

Feminist Anthropology, vol. 1, no. 2, 6 Apr. 2020, pp. 176–183, https://doi.org/10.1002/fea2.12011. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Berry, Jeffrey M., et al. “Race and Gender on Fox and MSNBC.” The Forum, vol. 18, no. 3, 1 Oct. 2020, pp.

297–317, https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2011. Accessed 10 Aug. 2024.

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The Role of Veterinary Medicine in Prevention and Response Strategies for Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Taeeun Lee, St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic i.

Definition and Importance of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases ii.

Impact on Global Public Health B. Importance of Studying the Role of Veterinary Medicine i.

Impact of Modern Veterinary on Prevention of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases II. Objectives A. Understanding the Role of Veterinary Medicine in Global Health B. Connection with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) i.

Connections with SDG 3 and SDG 15 ii.

Impact of Zoonotic Diseases and the Role of Veterinary Medicine C. Overview of Zoonotic Diseases D. Veterinary Medicine in Disease Prevention E. Veterinary Medicine in Disease Response and Control F. Regional Case Studies III. Conclusion A. Summary of Findings B. Implications for Policy and Global Health C. Future Directions for Veterinary Medicine IV. Work Cited

I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic Among the irresistible infections now happening in human society, the extent of those caused by infections beginning from creatures is expanding. These are zoonotic infections. Zoonotic illnesses are infections that are transmitted between vertebrates and people. The disease courses of zoonotic infections are coordinated contact with pathogens and disease by vectors, and they have a critical negative effect on worldwide open well-being. According to the U.S. Centers for Illness Control and Avoidance (CDC), more than 6 out of 10 irresistible illnesses have been detailed as zoonotic maladies that can be transmitted from creatures. For illustration, illnesses that have become social issues within 295

the past 20 a long time are all zoonotic maladies, such as SARS (bats) in 2003, the modern flu (pigs) in 2009, MERS (camels) in 2015, and monkeypox (monkeys) in 2019. In expansion, COVID-19 is one of the most noticeably awful zoonotic infections, causing colossal harm to humankind and causing financial and social chaos. The effect of zoonotic irresistible infections on worldwide open well-being is decided by numerous variables, and these components are regularly connected. Irresistible maladies such as COVID-19 spread quickly around the world, which is quickened by worldwide travel and tourism. The sudden spread of such maladies incorporates a tremendous effect on open well-being frameworks. In expansion, crevices in the well-being framework between nations and locales have a critical effect on open well-being. For illustration, a need for restorative offices and a workforce makes it troublesome to anticipate and treat maladies.

Subsequently, understanding and reacting to zoonotic irresistible maladies is basic, as the well-being of people, creatures, and the environment is closely interconnected.

B. Importance of Studying the Role of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary medication plays a critical part in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these zoonotic irresistible maladies. In the past, veterinary medication primarily centered on the well-being administration of personal creatures, though advanced veterinary pharmaceuticals have set themselves up as an imperative doctrine that contributes to open well-being, biodiversity security, and economic advancement. Before COVID-19, it was vital for people to control free infections that happened within the body of people, such as cancer and diabetes, so the part of therapeutic experts such as specialists and dental specialists was vital. On the other hand, after COVID-19, the role of veterinarians in areas such as zoonotic irresistible infections is slowly being emphasized. Specifically, veterinary virology distinguishes the causative operators of viral infections that happen in creatures and bargains with and actualizes strategies for diagnosing, avoiding, and treating illnesses. Veterinary pharmaceutical and veterinary virology are widely inquired about areas that bargain with major maladies of companion creatures, animals, and wild creatures. Hence, the role of veterinary pharmaceuticals will be more critical in the future to anticipate serious viral illnesses that harm worldwide well-being.

II. Objectives A. Understanding the Role of Veterinary Medicine in Global Health Veterinary medication serves as an imperative bridge between creatures and human well-being.

The interconnection between human and creature well-being may be a crucial viewpoint of the worldwide well-being environment, and veterinary pharmaceuticals avoid and control illnesses in creatures, subsequently diminishing the chance of maladies that can be transmitted from creatures to humans, and eventually securing open well-being. This is often particularly critical in present-day social orders where human contact with creatures increases. Veterinarians consider screening, and controlling episodes of zoonotic infections such as avian flu, rabies, and brucellosis. Early discovery and administration of infections in creature populations can altogether diminish the chance of transmission to people and relieve potential open well-being emergencies. Subsequently, veterinarians play a critical part in securing both creature and human populations, as well as actualizing preventive measures for maladies. Veterinarians moreover have the capacity and part to contribute to nourishment security.

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Veterinarians direct and secure the well-being and welfare of animals, which is a vital nourishment source for a noteworthy parcel of the world's populace. Veterinarians secure shoppers from foodborne maladies by altogether overseeing and checking animals to guarantee they are enough nutrients and disease-free, in this manner avoiding the spread of infections through nourishment taken care of. This part is particularly vital in zones where strict guidelines are required to avoid the spread of maladies globally.

Another thing is that, in expansion to malady anticipation and nourishment security, veterinary medication also plays a major part in public well-being. Veterinarians contribute largely in anticipating illnesses that can annihilate wild creature populaces and the more extensive biosphere, and in overseeing the effect of wild creatures on environments. For example, controlling infections that can alter biological systems that can be found in wild creatures. Illnesses caused by wild creatures can have a critical effect on human well-being, and the role of veterinarians is especially vital in a place where communities are closely associated with the characteristic environment.

B. Connection with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Several sustainable development goals, such as SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being and SDG 15: Life on Land, are straightforwardly related to veterinary medication. SDG 3, good health and well-being, states that it is the objective of the United Nations (UN) to ensure and develop well-being for each individual and community, notwithstanding of age. By dodging creature maladies, ensuring and suggesting the security of food safety, and advancing well-being security, veterinary medication makes a difference in accomplishing this objective. For example, when veterinarians control and anticipate infections in wild creatures, this straightforwardly decreases the frequency of zoonotic infections in people, in this manner decreasing the infection burden on worldwide wellbeing frameworks. They too work in zoos, which are the biggest contact point between people and animals, to frequently look at and inoculate each animal, making a difference in attaining SDG 3.

SDG 15: Life on Land secures maintainable utilization of earthbound biological systems, centering on ending biodiversity misfortune. Veterinarians contribute to this objective by checking and controlling infections in wild creature populations, making a difference to preserve the well-being of biodiversity and environments, and are essential for SDG 15, Life on Land. In other words, veterinary medication goes past caring for the companion creatures we commonly keep, and contributes to worldwide wellbeing. Veterinary medicine's commitment to SDG 3 and SDG 15 is imperative in advancing human well-being and protecting the well-being of the planet, emphasizing that the well-being of creatures, people, and the environment is profoundly associated.

C. Overview of Zoonotic Diseases As more than once said, COVID-19 is a representative example of the zoonotic infectious disease that has had the most noteworthy negative effect on society. COVID-19 is an irresistible illness that first emerged in China in late 2019 and after that spread around the world. The most common infection of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is accepted to have begun from bats and has been found to have been transmitted to people through numerous courses, counting nourishment. The infection quickly 297

spread around the world, causing widespread infection. As of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that there were 307,930 modern everyday-acquired cases of COVID-19 around the world, and more than 5,500 daily deaths, bringing the overall number of deaths around the world to 917,417.

Another case of a zoonotic illness is the Ebola infection. The Ebola infection primarily happened in West Africa and had a high mortality rate. The introductory disease with Ebola hemorrhagic fever is thought to have been transmitted through contact with the blood or body liquids of tainted monkeys or natural product bats, which can transmit the infection to people without appearing indications. On the off chance that people are tainted with the Ebola infection from creatures, it can at that point be transmitted from individual to individual. The West African Ebola infection episode from 2014 to 2016 caused more than 11,000 deaths and had a colossal effect on the neighborhood economy, society, and open well-being.

These quickly infectious zoonotic maladies have had a major effect on worldwide public wellbeing. In the case of COVID-19, millions of individuals were tainted and millions died in a brief period around the world. This sudden circumstance too caused precariousness within the public health. Healing centers and crisis rooms were overburdened each day notwithstanding the time and day, and the deficiency of restorative assets driven to social chaos. COVID-19 was an infection that shut down the world. Also, it was so gigantic that it was given a part of the critical investigation on how public health can react to such a large widespread increase.

Within the case of the Ebola infection, the public health in certain affected ranges was extremely influenced, and the helplessness of restorative offices and restorative staff was uncovered. In a few influenced communities, well-being administrations were nearly totally hindered, which brought about expanded mortality from other maladies. In this way, the public health emergency in society has created doubt and fear within the community, making it troublesome to reply successfully and rapidly.

In expansion, the effect of the zoonotic illness has been colossal in financial terms. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the world economy is encountering its slowest development rate since the financial emergency in the United States in 2009 due to COVID-19. In November 2019, the OECD anticipated that the financial development rate in 2020 would be 2.9%, but the figure fell short of the desired 2.4% in 2020. At the same time, as production lines ceased generation and laborers remained domestic to dodge being tainted with the infection, the financial development rate in 2020 is likely to inevitably drop to 1.5%. In expansion, the stock advertised its most exceedingly bad execution since the 2008 monetary emergency. In expansion, buyers abstained from going out shopping due to fears of being tainted with the plague, and both eateries and stores experienced a recognizable decay in client numbers. In February 2020, Chinese car deals fell by 92% compared to the same period last year. In this way, the zoonotic scourge has managed a tremendous blow to the worldwide economy, undermining the vocations of numerous individuals and making it troublesome to recuperate for a long time.

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The role of the veterinary is exceptionally imperative in avoiding and overseeing the spread of these zoonotic irresistible maladies. Veterinarians monitor and review the tests on people and animals through early discovery and avoidance of creature infections, and contribute to lessening the hazard of infection. For example, they check the well-being status of animals, and wild animals, regulate vital inoculations for each creature, separate tainted creatures, and anticipate the spread of maladies. In expansion, veterinary analysts ponder and analyze the causes and transmission courses of particular zoonotic irresistible illnesses, and give critical data for building up malady anticipation techniques. In conclusion, zoonotic irresistible maladies have displayed genuine open well-being and financial challenges to cutting-edge worldwide society, and the part of veterinary medication is most critical in anticipating them.

D. Veterinary Medicine in Disease Prevention Disease observation and early warning systems are observation systems planned to distinguish the event of irresistible maladies as early as conceivable by observing clinical side effect patterns that will show up within the early stages of an irresistible infection flare-up. They are an imperative component in public health and play an especially imperative part in responding to worldwide wellbeing dangers such as zoonotic illnesses. These cutting-edge systems issue notices within the early stages of malady flare-ups, empowering fast reactions and preventing the spread of zoonotic maladies between people and creatures. Veterinarians utilize these systems to screen irregular designs and wellbeing data inside creature populaces and to identify illness episodes that don't however have unmistakable indications. These systems play a vital part in wild cultivated creatures and empower fast reactions. Disease observation and early warning systems have changed to control maladies; sometime recently they spread to people and make an imperative commitment to anticipating large-scale pandemics.

Another solution is the Vaccine Development and Immunization Program. This can be the foremost successful means of infection anticipation, and immunizations, and within the veterinary field, they ensure the wellbeing of animals and people. Antibodies anticipate and halt the flare-up of infections, frame crowd insusceptibility, and anticipate the spread of infections inside the populace.

Inquiry on zoonotic illnesses found so distant has contributed enormously to the avoidance of creature maladies by creating modern immunizations and moving forward existing immunizations. For example, the rabies immunization program has played a major part in vitally lessening zoonotic infections caused by rabies around the world. Usually particularly basic for creatures that connected closely with people, such as animals and cultivated creatures. At long last, Public health education and awareness programs are as of now being actualized. Through these instruction programs, specialists, to be specific veterinarians, give critical data on zoonotic malady anticipation to ranchers, animal agriculturists, pet proprietors, and the common open, contributing to lessening the event of diseases. For illustration, they give a part of instruction on animal cleanliness and legitimate administration, the significance of immunization, and how to reply when animals get the disease. These programs offer assistance to recognize the dangers of illness. In conclusion, these programs are all parts that veterinarians ought to play in disease prevention. Through these arrangements, veterinarians secure public health and empower compelling reactions to worldwide well-being dangers.

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E. Veterinary Medicine in Disease Response and Control International cooperation plays a critical part in disease reaction and control. Within the veterinary field, certain expansive creature healing centers reinforce their reaction to worldwide public health dangers through collaboration with worldwide organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). These worldwide participation organizations utilize approaches such as “One Health” to mutually react to public health dangers. “One Health” calls for cooperative efforts at the nearby, national, and worldwide levels to attain ideal well-being for individuals and animals. i.

Separation and Treatment Strategies Separation is a fundamental preparation for preventing the spread of infection and overseeing the condition of contaminated creatures. Veterinarians avoid the spread of disease by segregating contaminated animals rapidly. Usually particularly vital for infections that are profoundly infectious and quick, and ensures the community. Whereas segregating, creatures suspected of disease are inspected and watched, and different medications are managed depending on the sort of infection. There are numerous treatment strategies, such as regulating anti-microbial and utilizing antiviral operators.

F.

Regional Case Studies i.

Territorial Case Considers The veterinary approach to zoonotic illnesses in each nation shifts significantly depending on the financial and social status of each locale. These contrasts are apparent in infection anticipation, administration, and treatment strategies. For illustration, in Africa, numerous agrarian laborers depend on animals, so the condition of animals is equivalent to that of people. In any case, numerous nations in Africa have limited veterinary foundations and assets. In this manner, Africa depends on conventional creature care, with bolster from NGOs playing a vital part. Asia is made up of nations with shifting levels of financial advancement, and their reaction and anticipation strategies to illnesses shift incredibly. Financially created nations such as Japan, Korea, and China have centered on preventive veterinary care. These nations utilize numerous cutting-edge advances such as immunization programs, infection observation, and instruction programs. They too center on avoidance of large-scale pandemics due to their expansive populaces. ii.

Comparison of Veterinary Approaches in Urban and Provincial Zones Veterinary approaches in urban and rustic regions are exceptionally distinctive. Urban ranges center essentially on pet care and public health. Since numerous individuals in cities keep pets, animal well-being care and illness anticipation are imperative. Hence, cities avoid illnesses through numerous treatment strategies such as immunization and standard well-being checkups. Too, because of the huge populace, they center on preventive approaches to decrease the plausibility of companion creature illnesses spreading to people.

On the other hand, rustic zones center on animal care. Veterinary care in the country centers fundamentally on animal care, malady anticipation, and breeding administration. Since rustic regions have constrained assets compared to cities, field veterinarians visit animal ranches to supply 300

administrations. Therefore, veterinary approaches and preventive strategies shift by locale and between urban and rustic zones depending on the financial and social characteristics of the zone. These differing qualities show that veterinarians give arrangements that are fitting for each region and environment, and are additionally an imperative figure in moving forward worldwide open wellbeing and creature welfare.

III. Conclusion In this paper, I analyze the imperative part that veterinary medication plays in worldwide open well-being. To begin with, zoonotic irresistible maladies, such as COVID-19 and Ebola, are having a genuine effect around the world, and a compelling reaction to them is imperative. Veterinary medication plays a critical part in illness avoidance through infection observation and Disease observation and early warning systems, Vaccine Development and Immunization Programs, and open well-being instruction programs through veterinarians. In expansion, worldwide participation, confinement, treatment of contaminated creatures, and infection administration are key components in illness reaction and control.

At last, we emphasized the requirement for veterinary methodologies custom-made to the characteristics and needs of each locale through contrasts in veterinary approaches by locale, such as Africa, Asia, and Europe, and between urban and provincial regions.

A. Arrangement Suggestions and Commitments to Worldwide Wellbeing To begin with, worldwide participation is fundamental for the anticipation and control of zoonotic irresistible infections. Participation with universal organizations such as WHO, FAO, and OIE will empower quick reactions to worldwide illnesses.

Moment, customized veterinary approaches custom-fitted to the characteristics and needs of each locale are required. Resource-poor districts such as Africa have to strengthen their veterinary foundation, whereas districts such as Europe have to reinforce malady prevention-centered veterinary pharmaceuticals. At long last, arrangements ought to be created that take into consideration contrasts in veterinary approaches between urban and provincial ranges. In urban regions, pat administration and public health are imperative, whereas, in country regions, animal administration ought to be the center.

B.

Proposition of future headings for veterinary pharmaceutical

Future veterinary medication is a vital hub of worldwide open well-being, and a few bearings are required. To begin with, the created infection observation framework utilizing computerized innovation and information ought to be reinforced. Such innovation ought to give the capacity to identify early signs of infection episodes more successfully and react rapidly. Moment, the part of veterinary medication in contributing to the security of feasible environments ought to be reinforced. In expansion, the capacity of veterinarians around the world ought to be fortified through universal participation and instruction. Through such reinforcing, it'll be conceivable to avoid and react viably to maladies at a worldwide level in malady anticipation and control. In conclusion, veterinary pharmaceuticals play a vital part in securing not only creatures but also people and the environment, and through this, it contributes to public health. Through this, we are going to be able to form a more beneficial and more maintainable world.

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IV. Work Cited (n.d.). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.who.int/ 수의바이러스학 - 수의과대학. (n.d.). 수의과대학. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://vet.snu.ac.kr/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4% ED%95%99/

수의공중보건학실험실<실험실 소개<교수진/실험실 | 수의과대학. (n.d.). 경상국립대학교. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.gnu.ac.kr/vet/cm/cntnts/cntntsView.do?mi=2119&cntntsId=1649

인간은 인수공통감염병의 피해자가 아닌 가해자다. (2024, June 29). 한겨레. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/science/science_general/1137725.html

코로나 19: 글로벌 경제 전망에 미치는 영향. (2020, February 14). 피델리티자산운용. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.fidelity.co.kr/articles/analysis-and-research/2020-02-14-investment-insightscoronavirus-impact-global-econ-1581659685164

코로나 19: 글로벌 경제 전망에 미치는 영향. (2020, February 14). 피델리티자산운용. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.fidelity.co.kr/articles/analysis-and-research/2020-02-14-investment-insightscoronavirus-impact-global-econ-1581659685164

코로나 19: 그래프로 보는 글로벌 경제 여파. (2020, March 5). BBC. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-51749042

코로나 19: 전세계 하루 코로나 19 신규 확진자 수 신기록 경신. (2020, September 14). BBC. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/korean/international-54143169 About One Health | One Health. (2024, July 17). CDC. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/index.html Buchholz, K. (2023, September 20). Infographic: Majority of Emerging Infectious Diseases Is Zoonotic. Statista.

Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/chart/30872/number-of-recognized-species-ofhuman-pathogens/ Goal 15 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15 Immunization and Vaccines Development. (n.d.). WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/programmes-clusters/IVD OECD Economic Outlook. (2024, May 2). OECD. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/05/oecd-economic-outlook-volume-2024issue-1_1046e564/69a0c310-en.pdf SDGs. (n.d.). SDGs | KnowSDGs. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://knowsdgs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sdg/3 Smith, T., & Young, T. (n.d.). One Health. Wikipedia. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Health The true death toll of COVID-19 estimating global excess mortality. (2021, May 20). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-ofcovid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality

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Wang, J. (n.d.). A Comparative Study on the Identification Methods of Urban–Rural Integration Zones from the Perspective of Symbiosis Theory and Urban Expansion Theory. MDPI. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1272 WDR 2022 Chapter 1. Introduction. (n.d.). World Bank. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2022/brief/chapter-1-introduction-the-economic-impacts-of-thecovid-19-crisis Wheeler, J. (2020, May 4). Therapeutics—how to treat phase separation-associated diseases. NCBI. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733670/ Zoonotic Diseases: Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans - MN Dept. of Health. (2022, November 10).

Minnesota Department of Health. Retrieved August 11, 2024, from https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/animal/zoo/index.html

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Russo-Ukrainian War and the Arms Trade between Russia and North Korea

Yeheon Jeong, Carmel Catholic High School Table of Contents I.

Introduction

A. Background of the Russo-Ukrainian War B. Overview of Russia and North Korea Arms Trade II. Geopolitical Implications A. B.

Impact on the Dynamics of the War Response of the International Community

III. International Law and Sanctions A. Legal Ramifications of the Arms Trade B. Role of International Sanctions IV. Diplomacy and Alliances A. Effect on Russia’s Diplomatic Relations B. Influence on North Korea’s Global Position V. Security Concerns A. Regional Security Implications B. Global Security Threats Linked to North Korea’s Involvement VI. Conclusion A. Summary of Key Findings B. Implications for Future Policy and International Relations VII. Work Cited

I.

Introduction

A. Background of the Russo-Ukrainian War The Russo-Ukrainian War began with a full-scale invasion by Russia in 2022. Russia justified the invasion by claiming that NATO's eastward expansion posed a serious threat to its security, but in 304

reality, it was driven by the ambitions of Putin and Russia. This war has caused a severe humanitarian crisis in the international community and has significantly impacted the global economy and political landscape. The world economy was shaken, and many countries expressed concerns. Russia faced various international sanctions from Western countries, making it difficult to secure military resources and leading to suffering in many areas. As a result, the needs of North Korea, which sought Russia's nuclear and missile technology, aligned with Russia's need for military supplies, leading to an arms deal.

B. Overview of Russia-North Korea Arms Trade The arms trade between Russia and North Korea began in earnest when Russia, short on war supplies such as artillery shells, strengthened its ties with North Korea and held a summit. North Korea provided Russia with military supplies such as ammunition and short-range missiles. This trade was conducted despite strong sanctions from the international community and served as an opportunity to further strengthen military cooperation between the two countries. North Korea has been a major player in illegal arms trafficking, which seriously violates the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

II. Geopolitical Implications A. Impact on the Dynamics of the War

North Korea's arms supply played a significant role in helping Russia secure the necessary military supplies on the Ukrainian battlefield. In fact, Russia used North Korean weapons on the battlefield, as confirmed by the United States and other Western nations. This illegal arms trafficking prolongs the war and heightens international tensions. In return for this trafficking, North Korea obtained foreign currency, weapons technology, and diplomatic support from Russia, all of which pose a significant threat to international security. With the war still ongoing as of August 2024, the arms trade between North Korea and Russia has become a major international issue, requiring a wise and swift response from the global community.

B. Response of the International Community The international community strongly condemns the arms trade between Russia and North Korea and is discussing additional sanctions. At the United Nations Security Council, the United States and its allies have called for various measures, including holding a Security Council meeting, to block this trade, stating that it clearly violates international law. However, Russia and North Korea have denied responsibility for this and are ignoring criticism from the international community.

III. International Law and Sanctions A. Legal Ramifications of the Arms Trade The arms trade between Russia and North Korea is an act that violates the UN arms embargo and raises serious issues under international law. This trade was carried out by Russia and North Korea despite their international isolation, and various strategies are being used to evade legal sanctions. The U.S. State Department has arrested individuals involved in the North Korea-Russia arms trade, and the South Korean government has taken steps to block these transactions.

B. Role of International Sanctions

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The international community is imposing strong sanctions to block this illegal arms trade, but questions are being raised about the effectiveness of these sanctions. North Korea and Russia are continuously expanding their arms trade while seeking ways to circumvent the sanctions.

IV. Diplomacy and Alliances A. Effect on Russia’s Diplomatic Relations The close relationship with North Korea has caused Russia to shift away from its existing diplomatic partnerships and toward strengthening relations with non-Western countries such as China and Iran. This is because Russia sought cooperation with the West after Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms and openness, but as Putin’s Russia sought to revive the former Soviet Union in the form of imperialism and invaded Ukraine, conflicts between Western countries deepened again. The possibility of a new Cold War has become very high, making a new Cold War almost inevitable.

B. Influence on North Korea’s Global Position North Korea is pursuing a strategy to escape international isolation through cooperation with Russia. With Russian support, North Korea intends to strengthen its nuclear weapons program and expand its influence in the international community. North Korea had hopes of restoring relations with the United States after the 2018 summit, but conflicts between the Trump administration and Kim Jongun have intensified again, and tensions have resurfaced. In this situation, North Korea has begun cooperation with China and Russia, and arms trafficking is one aspect of this cooperation. Through this cooperation, North Korea’s goal is to make its possession of nuclear weapons a fact and avoid Western restraint.

V. Security Concerns A. Regional Security Implications Military cooperation between North Korea and Russia poses a serious threat to the security of the Northeast Asian region. In particular, North Korea’s strengthening of nuclear weapons and missile capabilities poses a direct security threat to neighboring countries such as South Korea and Japan.

B. Global Security Threats Linked to North Korea’s Involvement North Korea’s arms trade also has a significant impact on global security. The military supplies provided by North Korea support Russia’s war capabilities, which clearly violates international law and has resulted in significant loss of life.

VI. Conclusion A. Summary of Key Findings The arms trade between Russia and North Korea has serious consequences in terms of geopolitics, law, diplomacy, and security. The international community needs to implement additional sanctions and make diplomatic efforts to resolve this issue.

B. Implications for Future Policy and International Relations Future cooperation between Russia and North Korea will require a strong response from the international community, which will be an important task for maintaining security in Northeast Asia and the world. It is essential to resolve this issue through international cooperation.

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VII. Work Cited Cha, V. (2024, June 17). A threat like no other: Russia-North Korea military cooperation.

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/threat-no-other-russia-north-korea-military-cooperation Terry, S. M. (2024, August 1). Russia struck a defense pact with North Korea. What does it mean?

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-north-korea-defense-pact Smith, J. (2024, July 1). US and allies slam North Korea-Russia arms trade at Security Council meeting. NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2024/07/us-and-allies-slam-north-korea-russia-arms-trade-at-security-councilmeeting The Diplomat. (2024, January 4). Legal barriers to the North Korea-Russia arms trade – and the loophole that could allow it to expand. https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/legal-barriers-to-the-north-korea-russia-arms-tradeand-the-loophole-that-could-allow-it-to-expand/ Military.com. (2024, August 2). South Korea blasts Russia-North Korea deal, says it will consider possible arms supplies to Ukraine. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/08/02/south-korea-blasts-russia-north-koreadeal-says-it-will-consider-possible-arms-supplies-ukraine.html

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The Gender Inequality of Adolescent

Yewon Chung, Shanghai Korean School Table of Contents I.

Background

A. Introduction to the Topic B. The Severity of Gender Equality Worldwide II. Objective A. Gender Inequality in Developing Countries & Matilda Effect B. Linkage with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) III. Ways to Improve Lives for Female IV. Conclusion V. Work Cited

I.

Background A. Introduction to the Topic

“Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression,” a profound assertion by Nelson Mandela, underscores the critical importance of women's rights in the broader pursuit of freedom and equality. This statement encapsulates that the quest for true freedom is intrinsically linked to women's liberation from systemic and pervasive oppression. Gender inequality— characterized by the disparities and imbalances between women and men—emerges as one of the most pressing issues addressed by the United Nations. This inequality is not merely a social injustice but a reflection of deeper, entrenched power dynamics that govern the structure of societies. These dynamics perpetuate gender-based disparities and reinforce the marginalization of women. The roots of gender inequality often lie in sexism, which encompasses a range of prejudices, discriminatory practices, and stereotyping based on an individual’s sex or gender. Sexism manifests in various forms, from overt discrimination to subtle biases that shape societal attitudes and behaviors. It results in unequal treatment and opportunities, perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage for individuals based on their gender.

Addressing gender inequality requires a multifaceted approach that challenges existing power

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structures, promotes equitable policies, and fosters cultural shifts toward gender justice. The broader goal of achieving genuine freedom for all can be realized through such comprehensive efforts.

B. The Severity of Gender Equality Worldwide Globally, all 146 countries have achieved an average score of 68.4% on the Global Gender Gap Index, indicating that 68.4% of the gender gap has been closed. This figure reflects significant progress towards gender equality, with improvements being made each year. Despite these advancements, it is estimated that we are still over 135 years away from achieving full gender equality and closing the global gender gap entirely. The journey towards gender parity remains complex and uneven, with various countries facing distinct challenges related to gender discrimination. Some nations grapple with entrenched social norms, institutional biases, and cultural practices that continue to hinder progress.

According to the World Economic Forum, Africa has one of the highest gender parity scores among regions, averaging 61.7%. This indicates notable progress in certain areas, yet significant disparities persist within and across countries. Addressing gender inequality requires sustained efforts across multiple fronts, including policy reforms, educational initiatives, and cultural shifts. As we continue to make strides towards closing the gender gap, it is crucial to recognize and address the diverse challenges faced by different regions and work towards equitable and inclusive solutions for all.

II. Objective A. Gender Inequality in Developing Countries & Matilda Effect Nevertheless, countries with lower GDP per capita often experience more pronounced disparities in health, education, and marital bargaining power. Afghanistan ranks among the lowest in the world on gender inequality indicators. According to the 2021 Gender Development Index, progress in gender equality has been inconsistent due to ongoing violence, the Taliban takeover, and the subsequent deterioration of conditions. The country was ranked 180th out of 191 in the Women's Peace and Security Index and fell last in 2023. Although honor killings are illegal, they remain widespread, and Afghanistan is estimated to have some of the highest rates of gender-based violence. It is reported that 35 out of every 100 women experience violence at the hands of an intimate partner.

Syria is also identified as one of the countries most affected by gender inequality related to conflict. The United Nations Human Rights reports that nearly 6 million people in Syria have died due to a lack of nutritional assistance, with 74% of these being women and girls. Additionally, Syria faces high rates of early and forced marriages, which contribute to increased instances of sexual violence and household disruption.

While it may seem that developing countries are burdened with all the issues of gender discrimination, there is still some sexual inequality in our society too. Matilda Effect, A bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists whose work is attributed to their male colleagues.

This clearly illustrates the lack of recognition for women's scientific achievements. This psychological phenomenon has existed since 1901, when 97% of Nobel Prize recipients were men. The proportion of recipients was 817 prizes to men and 47 to women.

According to research conducted related to Gender inequality, as recently as 2016, 40% of young women in sub-Saharan Africa and 30%in South Asia were married. This influences adolescent mortality and risk factors which is also harmful to the sexual and reproductive health of females. Furthermore, using the data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, it has been recorded that one out of four 309

adolescents were killed due to interpersonal violence deaths. This may have severe consequences for adolescents who are still in their developmental stage and could pose a significant threat to their lives.

B. Linkage with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) The pursuit of gender equality, as outlined in SDG 5, has seen progress over recent decades.

However, gender inequality remains a significant issue for adolescents globally. Rama, a survivor of gender-based violence from Qamishli, Syria, reflects on her experience: “For me, the safe space became more than a lifeline. It became my life, my one outlet from the madness, hatred, discrimination, and cruelty I was encountering daily.” This underscores the critical need to address gender equality for young people to ensure their safety and well-being.

Gender Equality is also related to many other SDG goals. First, it is interconnected with reducing poverty, which is part of SDG 1. Women’s poverty is indeed fueled by discrimination in the world of work and limited access. This means that the fundamental problem of poverty is Gender equality.

Gender equality can also intrinsically link with SDG 3, which is good health and well-being. In 2016, the World Health Organization announced a result that although women in the European Union live longer than men, they receive poorer health access than men. During the Pandemic, women, who were vulnerable to new diseases had suffered to death and were affected to an increased mortality rate.

Moreover, this topic can also affect SDG 4, the access to education. Globally, about 770 million people are illiterate, including 63% of women in the ratio. High-quality and comprehensive education is needed for them, and it can increase opportunities to influence equally. Educating women can also get information related to global issues, such as climate change and global warming, which can raise awareness and prevent the problem.

III. Ways to Improve Lives for Female To reduce gender inequity, it is important to support Women’s leadership and lead women’s participation. Equal participation of women around the earth and the opportunity to speak out their voices contributes to social development. Efforts to advance women's rights in Afghanistan have been ongoing, even under the communist government. For instance, the country ratified the Convention on 310

the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). This significant step led to the prohibition of the burqa, a strict dress code imposed on women.

Following the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent fall of the Taliban, the empowerment of women and girls became a major focus of Afghanistan’s reforms. The government committed to including women in its reforms and established the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Additionally, in 2004, Afghanistan passed the Elimination of Violence Against Women (EVAW) law, which various government departments and a majority of female prosecutors supported.

Between 2007 and 2022, GolRA developed several national plans. While these plans did not fully transform Afghanistan into a gender-equal society, they played a significant role in raising awareness about gender issues. According to one article, data reflecting progress on the Gender Equality Indicator under GolRA demonstrates how these efforts positively impacted the lives of many women, leading to improved conditions for a proportion of the female population.

Another group working as solving gender inequality is International Rescue Committee. They provide integrated protection services for women and children. They also offer child and women protection services and psychological counseling. So far in 2022, they have supported approximately 6.3 million people in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, and Libya.

Individuals must raise awareness about the issue of gender inequality. One effective way to do this is by sharing content related to women's equality on social media platforms like Instagram, which can help reach a broader audience. Engaging in conversations and spreading information about this topic is essential to ensure that more people understand the importance of gender equality. A notable example is Emma Watson’s speech on gender equality at the United Nations, where she delivered a powerful thirteen-minute address encouraging men to pledge their support for the feminist movement.

Her speech also launched the HeForShe campaign, which calls on men and boys to participate actively in the fight for gender equality. Through these efforts, individuals can contribute to the larger movement toward a more just and equal society.

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IV. Conclusion

“I know the world I want to live in. Help me build it, and I will never stop working,” says Ruba, an adolescent girl from Idlib. Her words are a powerful reminder of the urgency we must confront gender inequality. This pervasive issue continues to undermine the potential of individuals and communities worldwide, demanding our attention and our unwavering commitment to change. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that every girl, regardless of where she is born, has the opportunity to thrive in a world free from sexism and discrimination. As we dedicate ourselves to this challenge, we must work tirelessly to create a future where justice, equity, and dignity are the foundation of society.

Let us be the generation that builds a world where gender no longer determines one's opportunities and everyone can contribute to and benefit from a more just and equitable world.

V. Work Cited Bateman, K. (2022, March 3). 15 strategies helping to close the gender gap around the world. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/gender-gap-strategies-parity-diversity/ How is the world helping women bridge the gender gap? | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) UN Women. (2022, February 28). Five ways to build gender equality and sustainability. UN Women – Headquarters. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2022/02/five-ways-to-build-genderequality-and-sustainability Five ways to build gender equality and sustainability | UN Women – Headquarters UN Women. (2024, February 28). How can gender equality reduce poverty? UN Women – Headquarters. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2024/02/how-can-gender-equality-reduce-poverty How can gender equality reduce poverty? | UN Women – Headquarters Milford Morse, M. (2020, January 19). Five Things World Leaders Can Do Right Now to Advance Gender Equality. Unfoundation.org. https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/five-things-world-leaders-can-do-right-now-toadvance-gender-equality/ Five Things World Leaders Can Do Right Now to Advance Gender Equality | unfoundation.org Jayachandran, S. (2015). The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404 The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries | Annual Reviews Watson, E., Munoz, E., & Stringer, A. (n.d.). Full Transcript of Emma Watson’s Speech on Gender Equality at the UN Emma Invites All of Us to Fight for Gender Equality. https://www.un.int/iapr/sites/www.un.int/files/IAPR/full-transcript-of-emma-watson.pdf full-transcript-of-emma-watson.pdf (un.int) World Economic Forum. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2024/digest/ Global Gender Gap Report 2024 | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) Concern Worldwide US. (2022, August 15). 10 of the Worst Countries for women’s Rights. Concernusa.org. https://concernusa.org/news/worst-countries-for-womens-rights/ 10 of the worst countries for women's rights (concernusa.org)

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UNICEF. (2018). Gender equality. UNICEF; UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/gender-equality Gender equality | UNICEF The changing world of adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. (n.d.). Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2020-the-changing-world-of-adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-healthand-rights Working to safeguard the health, well-being and human rights of adolescents with WHO guidelines. (n.d.).

Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-10-2018-safeguard-the-health-well-being-and-human-rightsof-adolescents Gender inequality in early adolescence must be addressed for health and well-being throughout life. (n.d.).

Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news/item/20-09-2017-gender-inequality-in-early-adolescence-must-beaddressed-for-health-and-well-being-throughout-life AFGHANISTAN GENDER COUNTRY PROFILE 2024. (n.d.). https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/Gender-country-profile-Afghanistan-en.pdf OVERVIEW OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN SYRIA ADVOCACY BRIEF / 2021 LOCATION OF VIOLENCE IMPACT OF COVID-19 CONSEQUENCES COPING MECHANISMS REPORTED MORE FREQUENTLY WHOLE OF SYRIA GBV AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2024, from https://syria.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2021_gbv_advocacy_brief_-_english_-_fa1_0.pdf Cullen, P., Peden, A. E., Francis, K. L., Cini, K. I., Azzopardi, P., Möller, H., Peden, M., Sawyer, S. M., Nathan, S., Joshi, R., Patton, G. C., & Ivers, R. Q. (2023). Interpersonal Violence and Gender Inequality in Adolescents: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Data From 1990 to 2019. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.044 Why it is important for women to be equal in society. (n.d.). UNDP. https://www.undp.org/serbia/news/why-itimportant-women-be-equal-society

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23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs

Anna Seojin Park, Seoul International School Throughout the 23rd United Nations Training Program, I was struck by the depth and variety of content covered through various lectures, which ranged from a UN Virtual Tour to detailed lectures on specific SDG goals. The insights gained from these sessions not only broadened my understanding of global issues but also illuminated the intrinsic connections between certain goals and the term “sustainable development.” By reflecting on a few memorable lectures that resonated strongly with my interests and exploring effective initiatives that were executed to work towards the SDGs, I will share how the UN training sessions have deepened my commitment to take action for objectives such as global equity and development.

First, the lecture on the intersection between SDGs and human rights by an associate human rights officer at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights was particularly enlightening. The SDGs, designed to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all, cannot be fully realized without upholding human rights. This session highlighted how each SDG relates to specific articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). For example, SDG 4 (Quality Education) is directly connected to Article 26 of the UDHR, which asserts the right to education.

One exercise during the session involved mapping specific SDGs to UDHR articles, which solidified my understanding of how these global goals are grounded in the foundational principles of human rights. For instance, linking SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) to Article 20 of the UDHR (Freedom of Assembly and Association) revealed how fostering justice and strong institutions globally is crucial for safeguarding basic freedoms. This exercise also introduced the concept of indirect linkages, where one SDG might influence another, such as how the right to work (Article 23) in the UDHR underpins gender equality (SDG 5). These discussions underscored the complexity and interdependence of global challenges, driving home the point that sustainable development and human rights are not just complementary but mutually reinforcing.

This session profoundly impacted me, shifting my perspective from seeing SDGs and human rights as separate entities to understanding them as a unified framework for global progress. It made me realize that achieving SDGs is impossible without a strong commitment to human rights, and vice versa. This interconnection has become a lens through which I now view global issues, reinforcing the need for a holistic approach to development that prioritizes human dignity and equality.

Another lecture that left a lasting impression was on gender equality and the efforts of UN Women to address this critical issue. The sobering statistics presented, such as the estimate that achieving full gender equality at the current pace will take 286 years, highlighted the urgency and scale of the challenge. The session delved into various dimensions of gender inequality, from economic disempowerment to violence against women, and the role of SDG 5 (Gender Equality) in addressing these issues.

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The discussion on UN Women's mission was particularly inspiring, as it illustrated how targeted interventions can create significant change. For instance, their work with traditional and religious leaders to combat harmful practices including female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage demonstrates a culturally sensitive approach to advancing gender equality. This approach not only addresses the symptoms of inequality but also challenges the underlying cultural norms that perpetuate it. The lecture emphasized that gender equality is not just a women's issue but a human rights issue that requires the involvement of all, including men. The HeForShe campaign, which encourages men to advocate for gender equality, stood out to me as a powerful example of how collective action can drive societal change.

An important point of the speech was the multi-faceted strategy employed by UN Women, which includes policy advocacy, capacity building, and direct support to women in conflict zones. The training of women military officers for UN peacekeeping missions was a particularly compelling example of how empowering women can enhance the effectiveness of peace and security efforts. This reinforced the idea that gender equality is not only a moral imperative but also a critical factor in the success of broader development and peacebuilding initiatives.

Finally, one of the most memorable lectures was on Urbanization and SDG 11, which aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. The lecture highlighted the rapid urbanization that the world is currently experiencing, with projections indicating that by 2050, 75% of the global population will reside in cities. This trend underscores the importance of sustainable urban planning and management to ensure that cities contribute positively to global development rather than exacerbating existing challenges such as pollution, resource depletion, and inequality.

A key takeaway from this lecture was the critical role that cities play in the global economy and environmental impact. Cities are responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions and consume 60% of global natural resources. This statistic alone emphasizes the need for SDG 11 to be at the forefront of sustainable development efforts. The lecturer's statement, "Unhealthy cities make unhealthy humans," resonated deeply, as it encapsulates the broader implications of urban planning on human well-being.

The lecture also provided a comprehensive overview of the targets under SDG 11, which range from providing safe and affordable housing to reducing the environmental impact of cities and protecting cultural and natural heritage.

The discussion on slums and municipal solid waste management further highlighted the challenges faced by rapidly urbanizing areas. With one billion people living in slums, the need for transformation to ensure dignity and better living conditions for these populations is paramount. The lecture on the New Urban Agenda and the concept of SDG localization also stood out. The idea of transforming global goals into local realities, taking into account national frameworks and community needs, was particularly insightful. This approach ensures that the SDGs are not just abstract concepts but are translated into tangible actions that can make a real difference in people's lives.

In addition, another key point of the lecture was the importance of public spaces and the concept of tactical urbanism. Public spaces are vital to the social fabric of cities, providing areas for community interaction, recreation, and cultural expression. The lecture on the public space strategy in San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico, illustrated how cities can transform their public spaces to be more inclusive and accessible. The participatory process with the communities in San Nicolas de los Garza was particularly inspiring, as it demonstrated the power of involving local populations in urban planning. By identifying values such as versatility, walkability, and resilience, the city was able to design public spaces that 316

reflect the needs and aspirations of its residents.

Tactical urbanism, as discussed in the lecture, offers a practical and low-cost approach to urban development. The concept of making simple, yet impactful, interventions in public spaces using limited resources was a powerful reminder that sustainable urban development does not always require massive investments. The example of using paint to create new public spaces in Monterrey showed how creative solutions could lead to significant improvements in urban environments. This approach not only enhances the quality of life for residents but also fosters a sense of community and belonging.

This training program has had a profound impact on my understanding of global issues and my role in addressing them. The lectures on the SDGs were not just informative but also transformative, challenging me to think critically about how these global goals intersect with human rights and what they mean for my work and advocacy.

One of the key takeaways from this program is the need for a holistic and integrated approach to development. The interconnectedness of SDGs and human rights means that efforts in one area can have ripple effects across others. For example, promoting quality education (SDG 4) can empower individuals to exercise their civil and political rights, thereby strengthening democratic institutions (SDG 16). This realization has made me more committed to advocating for policies and programs that consider these linkages and aim for comprehensive solutions.

Furthermore, the program has inspired me to take a more active role in promoting gender equality.

The strategies employed by UN Women, such as engaging with community leaders and providing safe spaces for women in conflict, have shown me that change is possible, even in the most challenging environments. I am motivated to explore how I can contribute to similar efforts, whether through supporting local initiatives or advocating for gender-sensitive policies in my own community.

The program also deepened my understanding of the role that cities play in sustainable development and the need for innovative approaches such as tactical urbanism to address urban challenges. The emphasis on public participation and community involvement in urban planning was particularly impactful because it highlighted the power of collective action in creating more inclusive and sustainable cities.

In conclusion, the United Nations training program has been an eye-opening experience that deepened my understanding of global development and human rights complexities. The lectures on the UN and the SDGs have provided me with valuable insights and practical knowledge that I can apply in my work and advocacy. Moving forward, I am committed to promoting an integrated approach to development that prioritizes human rights, gender equality, and urbanization, recognizing that these are not just goals to be achieved but fundamental principles that must guide all our efforts to build a better world.

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Eunjin Lee, Shanghai Korean School It's often said that the greatest life lessons come from unexpected places. I learned unforgettable lessons throughout the 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs. Before the program started, I was apprehensive about whether I could do well and if I would be able to keep up. I felt anxious when I was working on the essay assignment, and I was also worried about the group activities because I didn't know any of my group mates. I was extremely overwhelmed when I found out that one member was out of our team, it felt like everything was falling apart for me. However, as soon as the UN program began, my expectations slowly changed.

One of my group mates had to leave for personal reasons, and when the rest of the team met in advance and decided to conduct the research together, I honestly felt that they were too eager and determined to win first place. As we started video conferencing by using Zoom before the program started, I realized that my first thoughts were somewhat accurate. To be honest, at that point, I wasn't sure what to do, so I just followed their opinion even though I had something to say. However, as time passed, I started to feel more comfortable talking with my thoughts and I even became more comfortable with speaking to my teammates.

Finally, when I met with our team mentors, it was nice to receive feedback to improve ourselves.

Even on the last day before the actual face-to-face presentation, the mentor on our team stayed with us until the end, supported us, and personally gave feedback on the presentation and ppt that we made.

Despite having only three members on our team, we all worked hard until the end, and the constant passionate support from the mentors began to change my initial frustration. The whole process was hard and exhausting for me, however, in the end, I was truly grateful for my participation.

When the 23rd Training Program started, I was fascinated by all the new things I learned about the UN, including college admissions, and the SDGs. I was especially fascinated when the lecture started with an introduction to the UN. Listening to the lectures from people who are working at the UN was very insightful and valuable. And there is one speech that motivated me the most, which is about UN water. Of all the lectures I listened to for 5 days, the lecture about UN water left the strongest impression on me, and I feel that I learned the most from this lecture too. Unlike the other lectures, this lecture was processed without PPT, so it felt like a conversation with a professor for me. The teacher explained his topic by using hand gestures and body movements for our better understanding. I learned a lot about how UN-Water is combined with other SDGs, what they do, and why it is so important.

Beyond the information about the UN, I also gained valuable insights into presentation techniques and body language.

In addition, I was interested and learned lots of information from the Ivy League Mentorship session. There were a total of two Ivy League Mentorship sessions, and the first session of Ivy League Mentorship inspired me more. Our mentor who proceeded to this session was a college student who is studying at Ivy League. He mainly taught us tips about entrance exams and interviews, which are very 318

needed for us right now. He made his point in three and explained it with personal experience and detailed examples.

As I said earlier, I was able to learn a lot through this program. I was able to receive useful information about how to cooperate with first-timers, how to mediate when there are differences of opinion, UN work, related SDGs, Ivy League college life and admission methods, routes to various international organizations, effective presentation methods, and body language. These lectures are directly related to my school life. Most of my school assessments including formative and summative assessments are based on presentations, therefore learning how to present, helps me to communicate with clear information and accent that the audience understands better. In addition, I can apply the critical thinking skills I developed here to deal with essays and other tasks with better topics and information.

In conclusion, the 23rd Training Program on the United Nations and SDGs was an invaluable experience that taught me unforgettable lessons not only about global issues and works in the UN but also about colleges and personal skills in academics. The challenges that our team encountered during this program, turned into our stepping-stones at last to fully exercise one's ability. In my personal opinion, through this program, I developed critical thinking and presentation skills and the importance of cooperation and open-mindedness. I am grateful to have this opportunity to participate in this program, which helped me grow academically.

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Junghoo Park, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy 1.1 The Trivial Spark The online training program on the United Nations ended a few days ago. I remember being asked my interest area from the SDGs during the interview before the program. To be honest, I didn’t have much knowledge about the SDGs, nor my own interests. That was why I decided to participate in the program in the first place—to explore myself.

For a long time, I didn’t have a dream. I didn’t know what I am interested in, what I wanted to do in the future, or what I was good at. So, I couldn’t answer the question truthfully. I told the teacher about what I came up to my mind at that moment. And the idea that popped up during the interview was about “education.” It is a very trivial beginning, but I believe it was the spark inside my mind.

1.2 Beginning of the Program When I saw the peers during the orientation, they all seemed to be much more enthusiastic and hardworking than I am, so I was afraid that I might not be able to get along. The teacher told us that we should be asking a lot of questions to lecturers, and work to our most potential with the group projects.

The part I was most concerned about was asking questions. I knew this program costs a lot of money and that it is a great opportunity to expand my perspectives. But I was still anxious about asking questions in front of so many people, who I met for the first time.

On the other side of my mind, I was excited to meet new people and learn things I wouldn’t be able to learn on my own.

On the first day, I was very concerned about the tight schedule. Expectedly, there were numerous lectures scheduled for each day. At first, everyone seemed to be having the same concerns, but as time passed, we got used to it eventually.

1.3 Introduction to the Topic On the last day of the program, I started brainstorming the ideas for my individual research paper.

There were a lot of things coming up to mind, but none of them gave me a rememberable impression.

Then, I recalled my goal throughout this program—to explore myself. So, I concluded that I would write a reflection paper based on the impacts the program had on my insights.

2.1 Reflection on the Lectures It was a long session and I certainly gained a lot of information. Most of all, I learned that there are countless number of departments in the United Nations, including ILO(International Labor Organization), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), ESCAP (United Nations Economic and 320

Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). Previously, I thought I should study international relations or politics to work at the United Nations. But surprisingly, no matter what your profession is, there is a place for you at the UN. In addition, contrary to my worries, I was able to ask many questions. Mostly, I asked about the lecturer’s opinion on my thoughts on the topic. Through the interactive Q&A sessions, I could understand the topic much deeper and it also helped me expand my ideas.

2.2 Reflection 2.2.(a) Teamwork I was informed that there will be a special opportunity given to the winning team. However, I what came up to my mind at first was, ‘It is simply impossible for our team to be in the first place, because we have never met before, I’m not really interested in education, nor do I have creative ideas.’

Then, I met my teammates, who seemed to be having the same thoughts. Although we only had five days to prepare for the presentation, we had no idea about what we are doing on the first day. All we did that day was get to know each other and understand our topic. We wasted a lot of time hesitating to speak up and the first day ended just like that.

On the second day, we tried to get closer to each other and start working on the presentation. We decided to work on the solutions for the educational gap between the rural and urban areas. We did a lot of research on the statistics and basic information on the status quo and how we can connect SDG 4 (Quality Education) to other SDGs, such as SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). Even though we did a lot of research and gained sufficient data, we still didn’t have an idea of what we are going to talk about.

On the third day, we finally started to get used to working together and began researching on what we really need. We looked for the successful and unsuccessful efforts made to reduce the educational gaps. Then, we analyzed the information and formed our own idea on how we can improve them. It was on the last day we developed our project ideas on our own solutions in detail.

2.2.(b) Group Project

When working in teams, there is always at least one person in a team who doesn’t work hard and get all the benefits for nothing. That was why I preferred working on my own in projects like these, especially when there is such a small amount of time.

Just like other projects that I worked on so far, we had a hard time forming a strong bond in our team. I already knew that great teamwork is the most important factor amongst all, but this project really showed me how it can make a huge difference on our attitudes and outcome.

When we were hesitant around each other, there wasn’t much progress. However, when we started to be comfortable with being together, we started to come up with plenty of creative ideas and the efficiency increased to almost triple times. We considered each other’s feedback seriously and made 321

corrections immediately; we didn’t complain about our deteriorating physical condition, because we knew we are all tired after a long session; we tried to cheer each other up, although we are so stressed out; we encouraged everyone to suggest any ideas that come up to their mind. All of these mixed into one and made a great team.

I’ve always believed there must be a good leader in a team for an outstanding outcome. But that was not true—great outcome comes with everyone in the team being the leader.

3. Conclusion There are mainly two things this program has gifted.

First, I learned the crucial definition of teamwork. Our team won the first place at the end of the program. I wouldn’t believe this is because we had exceptional ability in researching and forming ideas.

It is the teamwork that made us form a remarkable outcome as one and gave all of us valuable memories.

Second, I realized that “education” was not just a random idea that came up to my mind. The reason why I wanted to talk about educational gap during the interview was that I was thinking about it in my daily life and always wanted to study more about it. Throughout the program, I found myself paying more attention to the lecture when it was about education and global partnership and wanting to ask more questions on the topic. I thought I didn’t know what I was interested at, but now I see that I was trying the deny my interests, because I thought I should be working on more complicated areas, such as science engineering.

I believe this program has gifted me not only knowledge about the United Nations and an expansion of insights, but a better view of myself and our team.

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Junwon Son, The Taft School Before the course started, I was neither notified nor taught about the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Being completely lost, I opted to challenge myself in the course, relying only on my passion for altering and modifying the world. Meeting professionals worldwide who are elites in their fields taught me numerous lessons and values. This learning process, from being lost to gaining insights, was truly inspiring and motivated me to continue learning. For instance, UN-Water presented SDG 6 - Ensuring Clean Water and Sanitation-, escalating our awareness of developing countries.

Given the basic frame of what the world is currently facing, it was our youth’s time to utilize our creativity. The project was challenging, especially given the limited time and the fact that it was conducted over Zoom. Despite the time constraints, our group—composed of obligated and passionate young leaders—united and proposed an outstanding solution. This mission, to address the world's challenges was of utmost importance, and we felt its significance every step of the way. Our unity and collaboration in the face of these challenges made us feel connected and part of a collective effort.

Our group's primary focus was SDG 4, ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. There were countless categories of educational disparity, including urban areas and rural areas, ethnicity and race, sexual identities and genders, socioeconomic backgrounds and class status, and disabilities. Through research and discussion within the group, we settled on the educational disparity between urban and rural areas. Most of us were new to this topic. Subsequently, there were several obstacles we had to break through to reach our goal.

However, it wasn’t long before we realized we lived in a technology-dominated world. The answer we were looking for was closer than we ever thought. Understanding that technology, which we take for granted as an everyday object, is a luxury millions lack deepened my engagement with the project.

Soon, our whole framework was done. It was time to consider utilizing the technology to support educational equity.

First, we linked our topic to indicators such as SDG8: Decent Work and Economic Growth and SDG17: Partnerships for the Goals. This widened our perception of the topic, giving us a broadened approach. We then each researched the previously executed cases and classified them into unsuccessful and successful categories. This thorough research and classification process should instill confidence in the audience about the group's decision-making and problem-solving skills.

The process was coherent and fluid until our resolution discussion. This was harder than expected since we desired to add uniqueness to our youth's actions. Through various meetings, we devised our first ultimate solution: Offline Laptops. A project executed by MIT regarding Offline Laptops had already experienced failure, which was our primary concern. Still, we were determined to challenge ourselves without being deterred by past failures. This determination to challenge existing failures should inspire others to be resilient despite obstacles.

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This is a brief explanation of our first solution written by us: YOLC is a compact, memory-efficient educational tool designed to be installed on small devices and operated offline. Students can participate in developing this program in tandem with movements like the OLPC. YOLC covers essential topics for youth development, such as phonics, vocabulary, math, and science, providing fundamental knowledge within a limited memory capacity. The program will feature the “Children’s Books” section that includes storybooks and carefully selected scholarly articles to expand upon this knowledge.

Additionally, YOLC will integrate UN Studies to introduce students to the foundational objectives of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and inspire future SDG advocates. This approach addresses key challenges by prioritizing security and offline functionality, offering a reliable and effective solution for educational technology.

Another case that triggered our minds was the 3D-printed schools. We initially believed this approach best fits our “technology” theme and represents the current issue in rural areas. Given the motivation, we had to find the uniqueness we insisted on. For this particular approach, we focused on Liberia. Considering that Liberia is a developing country and lacks numerous resources, we utilized Liberia's geographical natural benefits.

Here is another explanation of this project: To make our proposal unique, we opted to modify a vital aspect of the original prototypes: the material. While using 3D printers for construction is well known, it requires ideal strength, durability, and sustainability. Through extensive research, we discovered that bamboo possesses optimal characteristics for this purpose and is readily available in Liberia. Utilizing bamboo fiber-based filaments in 3D printing offers numerous benefits, such as being a bio-based and eco-friendly material that is 100% recyclable; not contributing significantly to deforestation, as bamboo is the fastest-growing plant in the world; allowing for the printing of walls, floors, and roofs, unlike other 3D-printed constructions; and significantly reducing cost and labor. This approach would allow students to engage in academics in a more stimulating environment. By creating a well-constructed and accessible learning space, we aim to support the quality of education and educational equity in rural areas.

Finally, we crashed the most enormous wall of our project. However, our passion was more focused on the project's practicality. Even though we chose the most practical solutions as youth, it was still a significant cost for us. Knowing there is a minimal possibility of working out, we sent an email to the UN and Samsung for aid with the feeling of clutching at straws.

Through this project, I am confident that I’m familiar with SDG 4 and eager to expand my knowledge of other SDGs. Whether our solutions adapt to real life or not, this project taught me a valuable lesson regarding teamwork, youth actions, and supporting others. It was an honor to receive a grand prize for our effort, and this is an opportunity I would love to have once again.

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Hope to the Future Association Status

NGO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC)

Program

International understanding education programs and sustainable sponsorship programs offering various global citizenship-learning curriculum

Website

www.hopetofuture.org

Email

webmaster@hopetofuture.org

Contact

+82-2-6952-1616

Hope to the Future Association (HFA) is a non-profit organization registered under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. Since 2014, HFA has been associated with the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UN DGC) as a Civil Society Organization, and in 2018, it registered as an official member of United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) Korea, expanding its scope as an educational institution.

HFA's mission is to foster global competence and raise awareness about the importance of global citizenship education and international development among domestic and international youth. HFA provides guidance and academic inspiration with a global focus, empowering young people to become active global citizens who can positively impact their communities and the world.

To achieve its mission, HFA offers International Understanding Education Programs and Sustainable Sponsorship Programs. These programs provide a platform for youth to discuss and explore international issues, including the United Nations and its agenda regarding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). HFA believes that advocating for the United Nations and its agenda as a common goal is essential for creating a sustainable and peaceful world.

Overall, HFA strives to inspire and empower the global youth to become leaders and advocates for positive change through global citizenship education and a focus on international development.

01. Training Program at the United Nations - Conducts youth-focused training sessions at the UN Headquarters in Geneva and New York Features insightful lectures by senior UN officials and international experts - Enhances participants' understanding of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and key global issues within the UN's purview.

- Facilitates discussions with the UN Ambassador from the Republic of Korea.

02. International Model United Nations - 'Yale MUN & Yale MUN Korea' - Established a formal partnership with the Yale MUN Secretariat in February 2018 to organize YMUN Korea - Provides MUN training sessions led by UN Ambassadors and global experts, focusing on enhancing public speaking and diplomacy skills among youth ambassadors/delegates 326

03. Global Youth Forum on the United Nations - A four-day program designed to deepen participants' understanding of the UN and international organizations - Concentrates on the theme of 'Sustainable Development Goals and Peace’ 04. Global Leadership English Challenge - An English speaking and essay competition running since 2012 - Centered around the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 05. UN SDG Book Club Korea - Launched in 2020 as the first UN-affiliated book club in Korea, initiated through a proposal from UN Publications - Engages members with books recommended by the UN and features lectures by experts in literature and Sustainable Development Goals 06. Youth Solidarity Magazine 'Global Citizen' - Includes interviews with former ambassadors, professionals from international organizations, and ESG entrepreneurs - Features articles and content created by youth journalists 07. Donation Campaign for Children in Africa - 'Container of Hope' - Sends a 40ft container filled with translated English books, shoes, and school supplies to developing countries in Africa - Supplies and donations are collected through campaigns led by student volunteers

Cooperation / Sponsorship Organization Group Programmes Unit, Visitors Services, United Nations Department of Global Communications With kind cooperation and support and support of the DGC Group Programmes Unit, HFA is able to organize a diversified and a high-quality UN Training curriculum the Korean Youth every year. The Visitor Centre provides UN Expert briefings and guided tours to visitors from around the world.

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Under the principles of 'Freedom, Peace and Humanity,' 'International Mutual Understanding,' and the 'Future Shape of the Asia Pacific Region,' APU was established on April 1, 2000 with the aid of Oita Prefectur, Beppu City and more.

APU's philosophy is to create a university campus that produces graduates with the skills they need to contribute to international society based on the fundamental principles of the campus. APU has been one of the biggest sponsors of Hope to the Future Association since 2013.

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ⓒ HOPE TO THE FUTURE ASSOCIATION 2024. All Rights Reserved.

All photographs and textual content, including essays, featured in this report are the property of Hope to the Future Association, unless specified otherwise. Certain images and statistical data incorporated within student essays are credited to their respective sources, as noted within the document. While some materials may lack explicit references, their use is intended solely for educational and informational purposes. Unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or commercial exploitation of any content from this report without express permission from Hope to the Future Association is strictly prohibited.

Publish Date

August 23, 2024

Publisher

Hope to the Future Association

Address

4F., Dana Bldg., Bongeunsa-ro 176, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06125

Phone

+82-2-6952-1616

Fax

+82-2-538-5928

Email

www.hopetofuture.org

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