The Yale Model United Nations Conference (YMUN) remains a world-classinternationalrelationssimulation forhigh schoolstudents, whereyoungmindsfromacrosstheglobeconvergetodebatepressing global challenges. Held annually at Yale University, this four-day event encapsulates the essence of diplomacy, international law, and the United Nations' operational dynamics by immersing participants in a realistic simulation of UN proceedings. Delegates assume the roles of UN representatives and members of various international bodies, engaging in discussions that span security, economic development, and social progress. Through this immersive experience, YMUN not only equips participants with a nuanced understanding of global politics and effective problem-solving strategies but also hones their skills in negotiation, leadership, and collaboration.
The significance of youth participation in Model United Nations conferences like YMUN cannot be overstated. These simulations serve as a practical platform for young individuals to experience multilateral diplomacy and develop a deep understanding of international relations. By tackling real-world issues, delegates learn the art of negotiation, compromise, and consensus-building. Moreover, YMUN offers a unique opportunity for participants to refine their public speaking, research, and writing skills, fostering a deeper appreciation for global affairs. This hands-on approach not only prepares students for future careers in international relations but also instills a strong sense of global citizenship and a responsibility to address worldwide challenges.
YMUN’s commitment to academic excellence and global education is evident in its structured approach to simulating the United Nations and its agenda, with a particularemphasis on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By integrating SDG-related discussions into the conference framework, YMUN aligns its objectives with the broader mission of the United Nations. This alignment enriches delegates’ understanding of global priorities and positions them as active stakeholders in the international effort to promote sustainable development, peace, and prosperity.
The YMUN experience is further elevated by its unique setting at Yale University a historic and vibrant academic environment that has nurtured world leaders for generations. The signature "Yale Day" provides delegates with an exclusive glimpse into the life of a Yale student,withcommitteesessionsheldintheveryclassroomsthathaveshapedinfluentialminds. This immersive setting, along with the opportunity to interact with Yale students who serve on the Secretariat, offers delegates unparalleled insight into the university's rich academic and culturalheritage.Withcommitteesizestypicallylimitedto30delegates,theexperienceensures focused and engaging discussions, allowing every participant to play a meaningful role in the deliberation process.
AsYMUNcelebratesitsmilestone51stiterationthisyear,itcontinuestoupholditsfounding values of education, excellence, and teamwork. The conference challenges delegates to think critically, engage deeply with complex international issues, and foster a spirit of collaboration and mutual understanding among future global leaders. By providing a dynamic and enriching platform for emerging diplomats, YMUN is instrumental in shaping a new generation of informed, skilled, and empathetic leaders equipped to navigate and resolve the multifaceted challenges of our interconnected world.
Date
Shaping Global Leaders of Tomorrow
An international platform where high school students experience diplomacy, global affairs, and leadership
January 22 – 28 Yale University
High school students from 40+ countries
40+ committees covering diverse global issues
YMUN aims to empower students from high schools around the globe through deep and active engagement with complex global issues. At YMUN, delegates develop skills in diplomacy, cooperation, and critical thinking that motivate lifelong global citizenship. Delegates leave YMUN with the knowledge that they can make an impact and affect positive change in the world.
Why Choose YMUN?
https://ymun.org/
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow Engage with Yale
With our comprehensive chair recruitment and preparation procedure, we strive to create a fun, educational, dynamic committee experience for all delegates regardless of skill level. Our chairs are Yale students who are dedicated and passionate educators ready to be proactive with delegates. YMUN is also proud to provide both in-conference training and online preconference training.
Due to our commitment to learning, we hope delegates leave our conference with a greater awareness of global issues, equipped with the tools and motivation to make a difference. Through our keynote speaker, partnership with a nonprofit organization, and new out-of-committee learning initiatives, we strive to integrate impact, responsibility, and action into our conference events.
Unlike many other conferences, YMUN is hosted on Yale’s beautiful campus and allows delegates and advisors to experience what our university has to offer. Even if you are partcipating virtually, through Yale Day, the Global Exchange Program and our Showcase, delegates will meet Yale students and professors to not only learn about international relations, but also to gain insight into college life and beyond.
Committee Position
Name
and School
Anna Seojin Park, Seoul International School Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC), Australia
Catherine Daan Kim, Chadwick International School Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA), New Zealand
Edward Kim (Jiwoon Kim), Daewon Foreign Language High School
JCC: Earth - The Expanse, Sadavir Errinwright
Jahyun Koo, BC Collegiate
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), New Zealand
Jeeyoo Kim, Gyeonggi Global School
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), New Zealand
Jeeyul Jung, Seoul Global High School Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR), Australia
Jihu Jeon, Guangzhou Korean School
United Nations Office of LegalAffairs, New Zealand
Jimin Song, Daewon Foreign Language High School
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),Australia
Joowon Lee, Daewon Foreign Language High School
UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowerment of Women (UN Women), New Zealand
Jun Won Son, The Taft School Queen Elizabeth's Court, Sir Francis Walsingham
Junghoo Park, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy World Bank, New Zealand
Nakyoung Yang, Harbin Wanbang School Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD), New Zealand
Sein Yang, Daegu Girls' High School Arctic Council: Navigating Challenges in the Arctic Frontier, Sweden
Sia Yun, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Special Political and Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL), Australia
Yuna Kang, Chung Nam Samsung Academy Economic and FinancialAffairs Council (ECOFIN),Australia
Wiki, Contributors to Expanse. “Sadavir Errinwright.” The Expanse Wiki, expanse.fandom.com/wiki/Sadavir_Errinwright.
Sir Francis Walsingham, Spymaster General - Historic UK.” Historic UK, 24 Nov. 2023, www.historicuk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Sir-Francis-Walsingham-Spymaster-General. Ray, and Michael. “Queen Elizabeth’s Court Occultist.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/story/queen-elizabeths-court-occultist.
Uryupova, Ekaterina. “Climate Change and Challenges of Navigation in the Arctic: How Safe Are We?” The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, 8 Oct. 2024, www.thearcticinstitute.org/climate-change-challenges-navigation-arctic-how-safe-are-we.
Anna Seojin Park
Seoul International School
General Assembly | Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) |
Australia’s Efforts and Solutions to Combat Cybercrime
I. Description of Cybercrime
From 2023 to 2024, there were over 87,400 reports of cybercrime and a 17% increase in self-reported costs to individuals. In the present interconnected world, cybercrimes present serious risks to both individuals and organizations. In addition to the imperceptible and borderless nature of cybercrimes, disruptive technologies that threaten global security are continuingtobedeveloped.Thus,thisissueemphasizesaneedforanurgentinternationaleffort to protect digital infrastructure and mitigate the widespread effects of cybercrime.
II. The Commonwealth ofAustralia’s Position
Australia has committed to targeting the issue of escalating cybercrime through active participation in regional and international efforts. By launching the 2023-2030 Cyber Security Strategy, Australia is dedicated to strengthening its digital defenses and combating cyber threats to ensure the safetyof its citizensand infrastructure. Furthermore, Australia hasactively led Pacific Island nations’ initiatives by establishing the Pacific Cyber Security Operational Network (PaCSON) in 2018 to build cybersecurity resilience and collaborating closely on cybersecurity intelligence and operational efforts through the Five Eyes Alliance (withthe U.S., U.K., Canada, and New Zealand). The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) actively issues joint advisories and warnings as part of the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance. By backing UNGA Resolution 76/19 in 2021 and Resolution 68/243 in 2013, Australia has played a key role in discussions about responsible state behavior and confidence-building measures in cyberspace. Australia is also an active participant in the UN Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) and the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), focusing on promoting responsible state conduct online.
III. Suggested Solutions
(1)
Global Cyber Defense Network
This program would help create a connected network of Cyber Incident Response Teams (CIRTs) among member states. This network would facilitate the sharing of real-time threat intelligence, enhance rapid response capabilities for cross-border cyber incidents, and enable joint cybersecurity exercises and simulations. Trust and collaboration could be maintained by transparent protocols, intelligence sharing agreements, and reports.
(2) Digital Peace Corps
This program would recruit skilled cybersecurity experts to volunteer in developing countries to tackle cyber crimes on a regional and national level. It would allow these nations to develop their local cybersecurity capacity. This would encompass training government officialsandlawenforcementondigitalforensics,assistinginestablishingdigitalinfrastructure and cybersecurity strategies such as firewalls, and promoting cyber awareness among local populations. Equitable resource distribution will be ensured by keeping a transparent record of data-driven criteria for distribution and current progress in different countries, monitored by the UN.
(3) Cyber Diplomacy Initiative
This UN-led initiative would facilitate discussions between member nations on international cyber norms and treaties. It would also mediate disputes stemming from state-sponsored cyber activities and establish a neutral platform for collaboration between public and private sectors.
“Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 December 2021.” United Nations, A/RES/76/19, 8 Dec. 2021, documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/377/48/pdf/n2137748.pdf.
“Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 December 2013.” United Nations, A/RES/68/243, 9 Jan. 2014, documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/454/03/pdf/n1345403.pdf.
“Department of Home Affairs Website.” Department of Home Affairs Website, www.homeaffairs.gov.au/aboutus/our-portfolios/cyber-security/strategy/2023-2030-australian-cyber-security-strategy.
Rifkin, About Jeremy. “BIOTERRORISM AND AUSTRALIA - WHERE TO FROM HERE - JMVH.” JMVH, 29 Mar. 2023, jmvh.org/article/https-doi-ds-org-doilink-03-2023-26674276-jmvh-vol-8-no-3.
Magazine, Cybercrime. “Cybercrime to Cost the World $10.5 Trillion Annually by 2025.” Cybercrime Magazine, 18 Nov. 2024, cybersecurityventures.com/cybercrime-damages-6-trillion-by-2021.
Ogbara, Bola. “The UN’s Convention Against Cybercrime.” Digital Asset Redemption, 15 Nov. 2024, www.digitalassetredemption.com/blog/the-uns-convention-against-cybercrime.
Cybersecurity | United Nations - CEB. 1 Jan. 2025, unsceb.org/topics/cybersecurity.
“Cybersecurity for Development.” UNDP, www.undp.org/digital/cybersecurity-for-development.
The Urgency of Bioterrorism and Measures to Control Bioweapons
I. Description of Bioterrorism
The global biodefense market is projected to reach $28 billion in USD by 2032, reflecting the urgency of bioterrorism threats worldwide. Bioterrorism, which involves the premeditated use of biological agents to harm populations, remains a significant issue despite international bans on biological weapons. Due to advancements in biotechnology, the threat has evolved, with the production of more sophisticated and harmful bioweapons. In response, governments
and international organizations have intensified efforts to strengthen surveillance, response strategies, and legal frameworks.
II. The Commonwealth ofAustralia’s Position
As Australia recognizes bioterrorism as a global threat to security, it has built defense measures since the 1990s through a national biosecurity strategy. Australia has also led counter-acquisition efforts by establishing the Australia Group, an informal forum of 43 member nations focused on reducing the risk of the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons. The country is also a signatory of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and has adopted national legislation following the 1976 Crimes (Biological Weapons) Act to enforce these commitments. By backing international and UN-based initiatives such as the UN Security Council Resolution 1540, Australia has participated in addressing the threats posed by bioterrorism. Moreover, Australia ratified the Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA) Regulatory Scheme under the National Health Security Act of 2007, which seeks to eliminate bioterrorism risks by controlling access to hazardous biological agents.
III. Suggested Solutions
(1) Global Biosurveillance Initiative
An integrated network of real-time biosurveillance systems would detect threats through AIdriven monitors, a global biothreat observatory, and open-source risk maps. AI could analyze data from healthcare systems, agriculture monitoring, and environmental sensors to identify unusual disease outbreaks or biothreats. These monitoring procedures will only be carried out with the consent of all related parties. The global biothreat observatory would serve as a centralized data pool established by the UN that gathers information from member states, NGOs, and international organizations such as the World Health Organization. Open-source risk maps would be accessible to the public and alert them on emerging threats in real-time, promoting transparency and preparedness.
(2) Biodefense Rapid Response Teams
Multinational teams of experts would be deployed within 24 hours to any location facing a bioterrorism threat, providing on-site expertise for threat assessment and containment. These teams would provide portable advanced diagnostic tools for rapid pathogen identification, deliver prompt advice to local authorities on response strategies, and enhance coordination between affected countries and international organizations.
(3) Biodefense Diplomacy Corps
An international team of diplomats, scientists, and intelligence professionals would collaborate to mitigate bioterrorism threats through confidence-building measures and dualuse technology regulation. The Corps would promote confidence-building measures such as voluntary inspections of biological laboratories, exchange programs for biosafety researchers, andjointvaccineresearchinitiatives.Itwouldalsoprovideguidancetostatesonhowtobalance advancements in biotechnology with the need to prevent potential misuse.
UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) – UNODA. disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/sc1540.
. “BIOTERRORISM AND AUSTRALIA - WHERE TO FROM HERE - JMVH.” JMVH, 29 Mar. 2023, jmvh.org/article/https-doi-ds-org-doilink-03-2023-26674276-jmvh-vol-8-no-3.
Paul Neville MP. “091016_First_Weapons.” Permanent Mission of Australia to the United Nations, 16 Oct. 2009, unny.mission.gov.au/unny/091016_first_weapons.html.
“Australia Group (AG).” NTI, www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/australia-group-ag.
“Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database.” UNIDIR, bwcimplementation.org/states/australia.
“Domestic Health Response Plan for Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear Incidents of National Significance.” Australian Government Department of Health, Nov. 2018, www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/07/domestic-health-response-plan-for-chemicalbiological-radiological-or-nuclear-incidents-of-national-significance-cbrn-plan.docx.
Broertjes, Jorrit, et al. “Epidemiology of Pathogens Listed as Potential Bioterrorism Agents, the Netherlands, 2009‒2019.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 29, no. 7, June 2023, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2907.221769.
“Bioterrorism : A Public Health Perspective.” National Library of Medicine, 21 July 2011, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4921253.
Norton, Robert, et al. “Bringing New Technologies to Bear for Biosurveillance.” RAND, 25 Apr. 2024, www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/04/bringing-new-technologies-to-bear-for-biosurveillance.html.
Catherine Daan Kim Chadwick International School
ECOSOC | Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) |
New Zealand has consistently been recognized as a global leader in transparency and anticorruption efforts. Ranked among the least corrupt countries by Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, the nation’s success can be attributed to its strong frameworks for public sector integrity and openness. Major initiatives (to confront this issue) include:
TheestablishmentoftheOfficeoftheAuditor-GeneralandtheOmbudsmanwhereoversight of public institutions is provided, followed by conducting audits, investigating complaints, and offeringrecommendationstostrengtheninstitutionalintegrity;(IndependentOversightBodies)
The enactment of the Official Information Act (OIA) in 1982, guaranteeing public access to government information unless withholding it is justified on specific grounds;
The active participation in the OGP (Open Government Partnership), adopting action plans aimed at increasing transparency, citizen engagement, and technology-based governance solutions–recent initiatives include enhancing public access to government data and promoting civic participation;
The implementation of the Protected Disclosures Act in 2000, where whistleblowers can report corruption or unethical behavior without fear of retaliation.
Despite these significant steps, it recognizes that two core problems must still be addressed. First, chief among these is the global rise of corruption–high-level government embezzlement and misuse of international development funds–particularly in authoritarian regimes where oversight is minimal or nonexistent. Second, technology, while a powerful tool for transparency, presents risks such as cyber-attacks and data manipulation.
Resolution
To address this issue, New Zealand proposes a call for international development loans and aid packages, sponsored by institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, and regional
development banks like the African Development Bank (AfDB), to be contingent upon a country meeting specific transparency benchmarks. These benchmarks would include public access to financial records, adoption of whistleblower protection laws, and mandatory predisbursement audits conducted by third-party oversight bodies. Inspired by Ghana’s Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) model (2006-2022), which demonstrated the importance of domestic commitment, technical support, and civil society involvement, New Zealand recommends incorporating suspension mechanisms for disbursements upon detection of misuse and ensuring public involvement in monitoring.
Additionally, New Zealand advocates for adopting blockchain technology to manage public finances, addressing cybersecurity threats. Blockchain enables real-time transaction monitoring, promoting trust. Estonia’s Project E-Estonia, launched in 2008, successfully uses blockchain to secure government data, with phased implementation and strong digital literacy support. However, Sierra Leone’s blockchain-based voting faced challenges due to limited infrastructure, emphasizing the need for communal support. To aid least-developed countries (LDCs), New Zealand proposes a global technology transfer program under CEPA, sponsored by the World Bank and regional organizations, offering technical expertise and funding.
Estonian Blockchain Technology. e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/faq_estonian_blockchain_technology.pdf.
Aarvik, Per. “Blockchain as an Anticorruption Tool: Case examples and introduction to the technology.” U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, CHR. Michelsen Institute, July 2020, www.u4.no/publications/areblockchain-technologies-efficient-in-combatting-corruption.pdf.
New Zealand Legislation. “Official Information Act 1982.” New Zealand Legislation, 17 Dec. 1982, https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1982/0156/latest/DLM64785.html.
New Zealand Legislation. “Protected Disclosures (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act 2022.” New Zealand Legislation, 13 May 2022, https://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2022/0020/latest/whole.html.
Orcutt, Mike. “Sierra Leone’s ‘Blockchain Vote’ Sounds Neat, but Don’t Get Carried Away.” MIT Technology Review, 13 Mar. 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/03/13/144709/sierra-leones-blockchainvote-sounds-neat-but-dont-get-carried-away/.
Semenzin, Silvia. “Blockchain-Based Application at a Governmental Level: Disruption or Illusion? The Case of Estonia .” Oxford Academic Policy and Society, 12 Apr. 2022, https://academic.oup.com/policyandsociety/article/41/3/386/6566828.
“Home.” Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand, https://oag.parliament.nz. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
“New Zealand - Open Government Partnership.” Open Government Partnership, 23 Sept. 2021, https://www.opengovpartnership.org/members/new-zealand/.
“Open Government Partnership | Open Government Partnership.” Link to OGP Twitter Feed, https://ogp.org.nz/open-government-partnership. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
“Protected Disclosures (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act 2022 | Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission.” Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission, https://www.publicservice.govt.nz/publications/protected-disclosures-act-2022. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
Public-Private Partnerships and Advancing Development with New Zealand
New Zealand has long recognized the value of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in delivering high-quality infrastructure and fostering economic growth. Successful projects such as the Transmission Gully motorway (2022) and Pūhoi to Warkworth highway (2023) demonstrate effective collaboration, capitalizing on private investment and expertise. Treasury New Zealand established a dedicated PPP team to ensure firm project selection, transparency, and monitoring, setting a global benchmark for PPP governance. However, three key issues remain: insufficient government oversight, challenges in attracting private investment in less profitable sectors, and the environmental impact of infrastructure projects–especially when private entities prioritize cost savings over ecological preservation.
To address the issues, New Zealand proposes a Performance-Based Incentive Policy to address these challenges, ensuring that private companies in PPP agreements are paid incrementallyuponmeetingpredefinedbenchmarks:timelycompletion,budgetadherence,and high-quality infrastructure delivery. These benchmarks would be monitored by independent auditors, with governments retaining the right to withhold payments for unmet criteria. Additionally, private entities would be required to employ local labor and source materials locally. This policy builds on India’s Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) of 2016, which tied payments to project milestones, reducing risks and ensuring timely delivery. To enhance the model, New Zealand suggests requiring skill development programs for local workers and knowledge transfer for long-term project sustainability.
Secondly, New Zealand recommends a Risk Mitigation and Inclusive Incentive Framework to attract private investment inless profitable sectors, especiallyin affordable housingand rural infrastructure. This framework would include government-backed guarantees, tax incentives, and concessional loans to reduce financial risks for investors. To promote equity, it would prioritize indigenous-owned businesses, providing priority access to contracts, training, and
capacity-building support. A successful example is Canada’s Indigenous Infrastructure Initiative (ICII) of 2021, which empowered indigenous enterprises, although limited funding and bureaucratic delays hindered scalability. New Zealand proposes streamlining application processes and ensuring long-term funding through multilateral partnerships, such as with the World Bank and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
Finally, New Zealand proposes strengthening the Environmental Sustainability Compliance Framework for PPPs, building on the UK’s Thames Tideway Tunnel project. While it incorporated environmental criteria like carbon reduction and biodiversity programs, it faced challenges in monitoring and public engagement. New Zealand suggests introducing real-time environmental audits, involving local communities and NGOs, and setting clear recycling and waste management targets. Additionally, New Zealand recommends expanding circular economy practices, incentivizing private partners to adopt material reuse and sustainable waste management, ensuring long-term environmental sustainability in PPP projects.
Agency, Waka. “Transmission Gully Motorway | NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi.” NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi Logo, https://www.nzta.govt.nz/projects/wellington-northern-corridor/transmission-gullymotorway/#:~:text=It%20is%20one%20of%20the,is%20with%20Wellington%20Gateway%20Partnersh ip. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
Transport, Auckland. “Puhoi to Warkworth Road Revocation.” Auckland Transport, 3 July 2024, https://at.govt.nz/projects-initiatives/north-auckland-projects-and-initiatives/puhoi-to-warkworth-roadrevocation.
“Our Objectives and Functions.” The Treasury New Zealand, 20 Mar. 2018, https://www.treasury.govt.nz/about-treasury/who-we-are/our-objectives-and-functions.
“Public Private Partnerships.” The Treasury New Zealand, 19 Dec. 2024, https://www.treasury.govt.nz/information-and-services/public-sector-leadership/partnerships/publicprivate-partnerships.
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/implementing.pdf. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024. https://cdn.cib-bic.ca/files/Investment/EN/ICII-Overview-08-2022.pdf. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
Indigenous Community Infrastructure Fund. 7 Mar. 2023, https://www.sacisc.gc.ca/eng/1628172767569/1628172789746.
Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel. “Do Circular Economy, Public-Private Partnership and Carbon Policy Manage the Environmental Stress? Developed Countries’ Situation under the Prism of COP27.” Science Direct, 15 July 2024, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240584402409563X.
“Financing Indigenous Entrepreneurs: A Review and Research Agenda.” Australian Journal of Management, 20 Sept. 2024, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03128962241270823.
The solar system is now at a turning point, a moment in history that will determine the future of humanity's expansion into space. Once, Earthand Mars stood as beacons of human progress, meant to cooperate and developtogether. However, under the shadow of a deepening Cold War, they now keep each other in check, vying for dominance over the vast resources scattered across the asteroid belt and the outer planets. The division of resources, initially seen as a necessity for mutual survival, has now become a source of contention, fueling military buildup and increasing hostilities between the two superpowers. In their relentless pursuit of power, Earth and Mars have carved up the riches of the Belt, extracting vast amounts of ice, ore, and gas from the region. These resources are transported through an intricate network of supply chains, connecting the Belt’s mining stations to the industrial centers of both planets. However, this flow of wealth is not without its risks. The resource shipments move under the constant threat of piracy, rebellion, and sabotage, forcing both Earth and Mars to heavily militarize their trade routes. Each convoy of ice and minerals is escorted by warships, and each station is fortified, standing as a potential flashpoint for conflict. Tensions are running high, and the fragile balance that has kept the solar system from descending into full-scale war is on the verge of collapse.
At the heart of this brewing conflict lies Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt and a critical stronghold for controlling the region’s resources. Strategically positioned at the center of the Belt, Ceres functions as a major hub for water extraction, refining operations, and trade. Whoever holds Ceres wields enormous influence over the entire Belt’s economy, making it a coveted prize in the struggle between Earth and Mars. Currently, Ceres is under the control of the United Nations (UN), the governing body that oversees Earth's interests beyond its home planet. However, the Martian Congressional Republic (MCR) has long viewed Ceres as a key objective, waiting fortheright opportunitytotakecontrol. If Mars wereto seize Ceres, itwould not only gain access to vital resources but also disrupt Earth's supply chains, dealing a severe blow to its economic and military power. The potential consequences of such an event are enormous. Earth's already fragile economic system could spiral into deeper instability, while Mars would gain unprecedented leverage over the Belt and beyond. The struggle for Ceres is not just a contest between Earth and Mars it’s also a fight for influence over the Belt’s inhabitants, the Belters. The people of the Belt, born and raised in low-gravity environments, have long felt like second-class citizens under the rule of the inner planets. They labor in the hazardous vacuum of space, mining asteroids and refining raw materials, yet reap few of the benefits. To them, Ceres represents more than just a station it is a symbol of their fight for recognition, independence, and control over their own destiny.
Despite being the most powerful entity in the solar system, Earth is a nation in decline, burdened by its massive population and economic stagnation. Home to 30 billion people, the planet is overcrowded, with more than half its population unemployed and dependent on stateprovided basic assistance.This widespread joblessness has ledto growing social unrest,a sense of hopelessness among the lower classes, and a gradual erosion of political stability. The oncemighty industries of Earth are struggling to compete with the more efficient, technologically advanced systems of Mars, and some fear that Earth's dominance in the solar system may be slipping away. Faced with these challenges, the UN leadership views its control over Ceres and the Belt as essential to maintaining its influence. The continued extraction of resources from the Belt is critical for Earth's economy, and losing access to these supplies could accelerate its decline. Many withinthe UNbelieve that nowisthelastopportunity tocounterMars’s growing power, making the fight for Ceres an existential battle for Earth's future. If Mars is not contained now, it could surpass Earth in military and economic strength, potentially reducing Earth to a secondary power in the long term.
While Earth struggles with internal unrest, Mars is on the rise. With a smaller, more unified population, Mars has invested heavily in scientific research, military technology, and infrastructure. Its people are disciplined, driven by the dream of transforming their planet into a self-sustaining paradise, free from reliance on Earth. The Martian government, recognizing that technological superiority is key to securing its place as the dominant force in the solar system, has directed vast resources into developing next-generation warships, artificial intelligence, and advanced resource extraction techniques. However, Mars still lacks the raw materials needed to fuel its continued expansion. Unlike Earth, it does not have vast oceans or a breathable atmosphere, and despite its technological progress, it remains dependent on imports of water and vital elements from the Belt. Securing Ceres would allow Mars to reduce this dependency and strengthen its position against Earth. Some within the Martian leadership even advocate for aggressive expansion, arguing that Earth’s decline provides the perfect opportunity for Mars to cement itself as the new ruler of the solar system.
Caught in the middle of this struggle are the inhabitants of the Belt, known as Belters. For generations, they have lived and worked in space, harvesting the resources that fuel the economies of the inner planets. Despite their contributions, they remain politically and economically marginalized, treated as little more than a labor force by both Earth and Mars. Their resentment has given rise to the Outer Planets Alliance (OPA), a coalition of factions advocating for the Belt’s independence. The OPA is not a unified entity some of its members seek a peaceful resolution and self-governance, while others believe that only through direct action, including piracy and sabotage, can they achieve true freedom. The recent surge in terrorist attacks and hijackings in the Belt has further destabilized the region, and the growing influence of the OPA has made Earth and Mars increasingly anxious. Some suspect that Mars may even be secretly supporting the chaos, using it as a pretext to send its forces into the Belt and seize control. Meanwhile, Earth views the OPA as a dangerous insurgency that must be crushed before it gains more power.
The future of the solar system will be determined by which faction successfully secures its strategic objectives in this period of turmoil. Earth is trying to maintain its military superiority despite its declining internal stability, while Mars is leveraging its technological advancements to prepare for future expansion. The OPA, caught between these two giants, is seizing the opportunity to push for independence, further complicating the geopolitical landscape. With tensions at an all-time high, a single misstep could ignite an all-out war one that would devastate the fragile equilibrium of the solar system. Ceres, the Belt, andthe outer planets stand at the center of this struggle, and whoever emerges victorious will shape the course of human
history for generations to come. The question remains: will diplomacy and cooperation prevail, or will the solar system be plunged into a war that could determine the fate of humanity’s future in space?
II. DiplomaticAspects: Earth-Mars PeaceAgreement Signed
Currently, the conflict between Earth and Mars is spreading beyond mere military competition to disputes over survival and economic sustainability. The causes of this conflict stem from competition over essential resources, territorial expansion within the solar system, and political control over major regions. However, history has repeatedly shown that long-term conflicts over resources lead to economic devastation, social unrest, and long-term instability. Building relationships based on long-term resource sharing agreements and trade cooperation is essential to prevent the two planets from being wiped out by an all-out war. By strengthening their mutual dependence, Earth and Mars can secure their own sustainability while also securing essential resources for further expansion in the solar system.
Earth is still the most powerful industrial center in the solar system, and it has the largest population and vast agricultural resources, which can sustain long-term development. With various climates and fertile soils, Earth can mass-produce food and essential supplies, and a well-equipped industrial base can mass-produce spaceships, building materials, and electronic devices. Mars, on the other hand, possesses relatively advanced science and technology centered on space exploration and self-sufficiency technology. Mars' harsh environment has enabledsettlerstoinnovatequickly,resultinginadvancedlifesupportsystems,efficientenergy production technologies, and sustainable resource utilization technologies. However, both planets lack some key resources needed for sustainable growth. The asteroid belt is rich in rare minerals and metals, which are essential for technological advancement. In addition, it is expected that the exoplanet exploration mission will enable the acquisition of additional resources. However, as long as Earth and Mars perceive each other as hostile competitors, reliance on external resources will inevitably intensify the conflict and ultimately lead to economic collapse.
This structure of conflict is not new. History shows repeatedly that resource exploitation and economic competition have led to long-term instability. During the imperialist era of the 19th century, European powers expanded their economies by exploiting resources from colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. For example, Britain regarded India as a " gemstone of the British Empire," and itsmonopolyonIndian agricultural products and rawmaterials devastated the local economy. British policy forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton and indigo dyes, instead of food, resulting in massive famine and economic subordination. The harsh colonial rule led to several uprisings, including the Great Indian Rebellion in 1857, eventually facilitating India's independence movement. A similar example is the exploitation Belgium carried out in Congo. King Leopold II of Belgium, using Congo as a private colony, exported natural rubber and minerals in large quantities through forced labor. This resulted in the suffering of millions of Congolese residents, severely hindering the long-term development of the community. Similar is the current conflict between Earth and Mars. Earth and Mars are competing to mine the resources of the asteroid belt, and in the process, workers living in the asteroid belt, called Belters, recognize that their labor and resources are being exploited. Throughout history, this continued exploitation is likely to lead to large-scale revolts and independence movements, adding to the instability of the entire solar system.
In the event of a war, not only military damage but also economic collapse is inevitable. Bothplanetswillsuffersevereeconomicdamageifanarmedconflictcutsoffthemainresource
transport network between Earth, Mars, and the asteroid belt. Long-term wars add to the financial burden of massive military spending and cause supply chain disruptions, plunging both sides into economic chaos. This phenomenon was also evident in two world wars in the early 20th century. Before the outbreak of World War I, European powers engaged in a fierce arms race to maintain their economic and military dominance. However, the economic damage was enormous when the war began. Countries suffered from severe industrial collapse, food shortages, and enormous national debt, and post-war recovery took decades. Germany, in particular, suffered severe economic difficulties due to the enormous reparations made under the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the outbreak of World War II. If the current Cold War is expanded to an all-out war on Earth and Mars, similar consequences are likely. The cost of war will hinder scientific and economic development, and both planets will become vulnerable in the long run.
In order to prevent such disasters, Earth and Mars must strengthen diplomatic and economic cooperation. It is essential to sign a comprehensive trade agreement that shares key resources between the two planets. Earth can provide abundant food, water, and industrial materials, while Mars can provide advanced technology, rare minerals, and space development infrastructure. This allows the two sides to complement each other's scarce resources and build a more stable economic system.
Furthermore, interplanetary governance organizations, such as the United Nations Space Council, can be established to play a role in coordinating resource allocation and preventing exploitation. By implementing fair trade policies and ensuring that belters receive fair compensation, these organizations can de-escalate tensions and promote cooperation between allpartiesinthesolarsystem.Thisformofgovernancewillplayanimportantroleinpreventing the spread of separatist movements and maintaining long-term stability.
Should the current Cold War between Earth and Mars escalate into an all-out war, the consequences will be catastrophic for the entire solar system. Human development will be set back by decades, perhaps centuries, due to economic collapse, loss of life, and long-term instability.However, the twoplanets will be ableto achievesustainablegrowth iftheyestablish a mutually beneficial economic structure, conclude trade agreements that maintain stable resource flow, and establish diplomatic institutions for fair governance.
III. EconomicAspect: Building a Win-win Model between Earth and Mars
Earth remains the most dominant economic power in the solar system, yet its long-term stabilityisincreasinglythreatenedbyinternalissuesandslowingeconomicgrowth.Meanwhile, Mars is rapidly advancing in terms of technology and infrastructure, but it remains heavily reliant on Earth and the asteroid belt for essential resources. If this economic interdependence is not managed properly, both sides may find themselves in fierce competition over crucial resources, a situation that could ultimately escalate into full-scale war. However, history has demonstrated that economic cooperation and trade agreements can prevent conflicts and foster mutual growth. Instead of competing over limited resources, Earth and Mars should seek to build a cooperative economic model that maximizes benefits for both parties.
One of the first steps toward achieving this goal is supporting Mars in attaining economic self-sufficiency. Historically, economic dependence has been a major cause of conflicts between emerging and established powers. A prime example of this can be observed in the relationships between European colonial powers and their colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. The metropoles extracted resources from the colonies to strengthen their economies
but invested little in the development of the colonies themselves. This structural imbalance eventually led to independence wars and economic disputes. A similar pattern can be observed in the current relationship between Earth and Mars. Earth controls most essential resources such as air, water, and food, while Mars remains dependent on imports to sustain its population and industries. This dependency places Mars in an economically vulnerable position, compelling it to seek greater self-reliance in an attempt to reduce Earth’s influence. If Earth were to shift its policies from merely controlling resource supply to actively supporting Mars’s agricultural and industrial development, tensions between the two would likely ease.
A historical precedent that supports this approach is the Marshall Plan implemented after World War II. The United States provided economic aid to Europe not only for humanitarian reasons but also to curb the spread of communism and promote global economic stability. This aid helped Europe recover swiftly, leading to increased economic interdependence between the U.S. and European nations, which, in turn, fostered long-term cooperation. A similar strategy applied to Mars could yield comparable results. The more economically stable Mars becomes, the more active trade with Earth will become, making economic cooperation a more significant factor than military rivalry.
Another crucial step is establishing a structured trade system between Earth and Mars to enhance economic interdependence rather than competition. The free trade agreements (FTAs) that emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries illustrate the benefits of such an approach. For example, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), now the United StatesMexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), facilitatedtrade between theU.S.,Canada, andMexico, increasing economic interdependence among these nations. Prior to the agreement, their economies operated more independently, with significant trade barriers in place. However, once tariffs were eliminated and trade became more fluid, the three nations became more economically interconnected, shifting their relationship from competition to cooperation.
Applying this model to Earth and Mars would entail a structured trade agreement in which Earth supplies Mars with essential life-sustaining resources such as air, water, and food, while Mars provides Earth with rare minerals from the asteroid belt and advanced technological innovations. Such a trade structure would strengthen economic ties between the two planets, reducing the likelihood of military confrontations. Moreover, trade agreements typically include diplomatic and legal mechanisms for resolving disputes, preventing economic tensions from escalating into political crises. Similar to how NAFTA established dispute resolution mechanisms through economic councils and arbitration bodies, Earth and Mars could create an ‘Interplanetary Economic Council’ to regulate trade relations and mediate economic disagreements.
Beyond trade, another effective method of fostering cooperation would be the implementation of large-scale joint space development projects. The International Space Station (ISS) serves as an exemplary case in this regard. Despite their historical rivalry, the United States and Russia have cooperated on the ISS, conducting joint research and maintaining a shared presence in space, even during periods of political tension. If Earth and Mars were to invest in joint space projects rather than engage in an arms race, they could accelerate economic and scientific collaboration. Joint initiatives such as asteroid mining, terraforming research, and space-based industrial development would enable both sides to share economic benefits and recognize the necessity of cooperation over conflict.
Another historical case that highlights the effectiveness of economic integration in preventing conflicts is the formation of the European Union (EU). Europe had been plagued by wars for centuries, but economic unification increased interdependence among nations,
significantlyreducingthe chances offutureconflicts. Notably,Germany andFrance hadfought multiple wars in the past, but as their economies became more intertwined, the likelihood of war between them drastically declined. This demonstrates that economic cooperation can lead to political stability. Applying the same principle to Earth and Mars, a gradual integration of their economies while maintaining a balance of interdependence would be key. Over-reliance of one side on the other could create vulnerabilities, so ensuring mutual benefits and stability is crucial.
Ultimately, the current economic and political tensions between Earth and Mars represent both a challenge and an opportunity. History has repeatedly shown that economic collaboration and trade agreements can transform adversarial relationships into cooperative ones. If Earth and Mars choose economic partnership over military confrontation, they can establish longterm stability across the solar system. Supporting Mars’s self-sufficiency, structuring a wellregulated trade agreement, and investing in joint space development projects are not merely means to avoid conflict they are vital steps toward the collective advancement of humankind. By embracing this approach, Earth and Mars can evolve from competitors into partners, jointly contributing to the progress of civilization throughout the solar system.
IV. Social and CulturalAspects : Building a Cooperation Model on Earth and Mars
In order to build a sustainable cooperation model between Earth and Mars, it is essential to promote social and cultural exchanges beyond mere economic and military cooperation. Historically, cases of stable and long-term cooperation in the international community have demonstrated that cultural understanding and social cohesion, rather than simple resource sharing or economic interests, have been the foundation of lasting relationships. The relationship between Earth and Mars is no different. Mere resource trade or technological cooperation will not be sufficient to resolve fundamental conflicts; rather, mutual understanding and respect for each other’s culture and social structures must accompany these efforts. To achieve this, we must analyze past successful cases of international cultural and social exchanges on Earth and explore how these examples can be applied to the Earth-Mars situation.
From a cultural perspective, international cultural exchanges have historically played a significant role in mitigating conflicts between civilizations and laying the foundation for cooperation. For example, even during the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union maintained cultural exchanges in sports, arts, and music to promote mutual understanding. The 'Ping Pong Diplomacy' between the United States and China in 1971 exemplifies how cultural exchange can be a powerful tool in easing political tensions between nations. Additionally, within the European Union, the Erasmus program has facilitated educational exchange programs, allowing young Europeans to experience and understand each other’s cultures, thereby fostering cooperation. These cases suggest that various cultural exchange programs are needed to enhance understanding between Earth and Mars. For instance, a student and researcher exchange program between the two planets could allow individuals to directly experience each other's societies and cultures. Joint artistic and sports events could also be organized to promote mutual respect and friendship. Settlers on Mars could be exposed to Earth's diverse cultural heritage and traditions, gaining an appreciation for cultural diversity, while Earth’s inhabitants could learn about the unique cultural characteristics that have emerged from Mars’s distinctive ecological conditions, ultimately fostering the value of coexistence.
From a social perspective, building sustainable cooperative relationships has historically
depended on social interactions and community formation. One example is the European Union's approach, which ensured the free movement of labor between member states to foster cooperationbeyondjointeconomicpolicies.Thisledtoagradualculturalandsocialintegration as people from different backgrounds interacted and shared their experiences. Furthermore, international organizations such as the United Nations peacekeeping forces have contributed to maintaining social stability and peace in conflict-ridden areas, while refugee and development agencies have played a crucial role in rebuilding societies devastated by war and conflict. Considering these cases, social projects aimed at mitigating conflicts and fostering cooperation between Earth and Mars should be implemented. For instance, creating joint residential areas where individuals from both planets can live and collaborate would provide an environment conducive to mutual understanding. Another approach could be the development of social infrastructure projects that leverage the technological and logistical resources of both Earth and Mars to improve living conditions for Martian settlers. These initiatives would be vital in fostering trust beyond mere economic exchanges.
Moreover, systematic institutional support is necessary to facilitate cultural and social exchanges. For example, the European Capital of Culture initiative promotes cultural exchanges among EU member states by designating cities to host cultural festivals. Similarly, periodic cultural festivals or exchange programs between Earth and Mars could be established to enhance interaction. Additionally, educational programs should be implemented to help communities on both planets understand and respect each other’s social values. Providing opportunities for individuals to learn about each other’s histories and cultures would cultivate a sense of shared community, which is crucial for maintaining long-term cooperation.
In conclusion, resolving conflicts and building a sustainable cooperation model between Earth and Mars requires more than just economic interests; cultural exchanges and social solidarity must be prioritized. Historical evidence suggests that cooperation models based on cultural and social exchanges have contributed to long-term peace and stability. Thus, Earth and Mars should actively adopt such an approach. Through student and researcher exchange programs, joint artistic and sports events, social community projects, and cultural and educational initiatives, mutual understanding can be strengthened. Additionally, institutional policies and organizations should be established to support these efforts. By doing so, a sustainable cooperative relationship can be developed, moving beyond simple resource competition to form a more inclusive and stable partnership. This, in turn, will lay the groundwork for humanity’s collective prosperity in the solar system.
V. Conclusion
The conflict between Earth and Mars is not merely a military confrontation but an escalating struggle for survival and economic sustainability. Throughout history, disputes over resources and economic power have often led to short-term gains for some, but in the long run, they have brought devastating consequences for all involved. European colonial powers, for instance, thrived by exploiting their colonies, yet they ultimately faced resistance, independence movements, and economic decline. Similarly, the two World Wars erupted from fierce competition over power and resources, resulting in massive human casualties and economic ruin. Given these historical lessons, if Earth and Mars remain locked in a cold war and eventually descend into full-scale conflict, the consequences will extend far beyond these two planets, threatening the stability of human civilization across the entire solar system. To avoid repeating the mistakes of the past, diplomatic solutions must be prioritized, and a cooperative framework must be established to ensure that Earth and Mars can coexist and prosper together.
Both planets possess distinct strengths and weaknesses. Earth, as the birthplace of humanity, remains the most powerful industrial and agricultural hub in the solar system. Its vast populationandabundantnaturalresourcesallowittosustainlong-termeconomicdevelopment. Mars, on the other hand, has achieved remarkable technological advancements to adapt to its harsh environment, pioneering highly efficient self-sustaining systems. Rather than viewing these differences as sources of competition, Earth and Mars should recognize them as opportunities for mutual support and collaboration. If Earth can supply food and essential raw materials while Mars contributes its expertise in space development and access to rare extraterrestrial resources, both societies can benefit from a deeply interwoven economic structure that fosters sustainable growth.
However, economic cooperation alone will not be enough to eliminate tensions. History has shown that trade relationships, while beneficial, do not always prevent conflict. True cooperation is built on cultural understanding and social exchange. During the Cold War, despite the intense military and ideological rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, cultural exchanges through sports, music, and art helped ease tensions and build mutual understanding. A well-known example is "ping-pong diplomacy" between China and the United States, which played a crucial role in reshaping diplomatic relations between the two nations.IfsimilareffortsareappliedtoEarthandMars,therelationshipbetweenthetwoworlds can move beyond mere economic transactions toward genuine trust and partnership. Initiatives such as student exchange programs, joint research projects, and cultural festivals could provide platforms for meaningful engagement, fostering a shared sense of identity and mutual respect between the people of Earth and Mars.
Beyond cultural exchanges, even deeper societal integration will be necessary to ensure lasting peace. Looking at successful models of international cooperation, it becomes clear that economic partnerships alone do not create strong, enduring bonds people-to-people connections do. The European Union (EU) serves as a prime example of how economic integration, combined with human mobility and a shared sense of community, can reduce conflicts and encourage cooperation. A similar approach could be applied to Earth and Mars, with the introduction of policies that allow freer movement of people between the two planets. Establishing a "neutral cohabitation zone," where Earth and Martian citizens can live and work together, could also help bridge social divides and foster a sense of unity. Over time, such measures would transform the relationship between the two worlds from one of rivalry to one of genuine interdependence.
For such a cooperative model to succeed, long-term institutional mechanisms must be put in place. Temporary treaties or short-term agreements may ease immediate tensions, but they will not address the root causes of conflict. A stable, overarching governing body is needed to mediate disputes, oversee fair resource distribution, and ensure equitable economic policies between the two planets. Much like the United Nations (UN) has played a critical role in maintaining peace and international collaboration on Earth, a similar organization perhaps a "Solar Union" should be established to regulate interplanetary relations. This body could not only help prevent conflict but also advocate for workers' rights, manage trade policies, and address any economic imbalances that may arise.
Ultimately,IbelievethatcooperationbetweenEarthandMarsisnotjustameansofavoiding war it is an essential step toward advancing human civilization. If we examine our own history, the greatest periods of progress have been driven by collaboration rather than conflict. The flourishing of ancient civilizations was made possible by trade and cultural exchange, and in the modern era, international cooperation has led to scientific breakthroughs, technological advancements, and improved quality of life. Earth and Mars have a unique opportunity to set
aside competition and work together to build a better future. While political and economic tensions may not disappear overnight, a long-term commitment to trust-building and collaboration will pave the way for sustainable coexistence. Instead of being trapped in a cycle of power struggles and resource disputes, both planets must recognize their mutual strengths and invest in a future of shared progress.
In conclusion, the ongoing rivalry between Earth and Mars threatens to undermine the stability of both worlds and, ultimately, humanity's expansion into the solar system. However, by fostering an interdependent economic structure, promoting cultural and social exchanges, and establishing a long-term framework for cooperation, both planets can achieve sustained growth. If Earth and Mars succeed in integrating their economies, societies, and governance structures, humanity will take a significant step toward a more unified and prosperous future beyond Earth. Conflict is not the answer cooperation is the only viable path forward. Ensuring that Earth and Mars work together is not merely an option; it is a necessity for the long-term survival and advancement of our species.
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ECOSOC | United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) |
Jahyun Koo BC Collegiate
Gamification and Virtual Reality in Disaster Preparedness
I. Introduction
Gamification and virtual reality (VR) technologies represent an innovative leap in disaster preparedness, aligning with New Zealand’s commitment to fostering resilience in communities. These tools provide a valuable opportunity for individuals to act in emergency situations, allowing participants to gain experience by means of responding to realistic disaster scenarios in a controlled environment. Such advancements can act as a crucial measure to reduce the impact of natural disasters and to ensure community safety.
II. Background
New Zealand, a nation characterized by its diverse landscapes, faces a range of natural hazards, including earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and volcanic activity. The nation has consistently adopted innovative approaches to disaster risk reduction. Technologies like VR simulations can complement traditional training methods by enhancing user engagement and ensuring community members are equipped with actionable knowledge. The integration of VR and gamification aligns with global frameworks, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, which emphasizes people-centered approaches and the use of technology to reduce vulnerabilities and build resilience. Past initiatives, including the development of educational games like the “Stop Disasters!” simulation, have shown promising outcomes in raising awareness and preparedness levels.
III. New Zealand's Position
New Zealand advocates for the widespread adoption of gamification and VR technologies as part of disaster preparedness strategies. We emphasize that these tools must be accessible to all communities, especially in rural and underserved areas, to ensure equitable disaster resilience. As a global leader in disaster risk management, New Zealand strongly supports international collaboration to develop culturally inclusive and cost-effective solutions. These technologies must be scalable and adaptable to the diverse needs of member states.
IV. Concurrent Hardships
Acknowledging the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, New Zealand observes the necessity of a VR disaster preparedness program seeing the nature of calamities exacerbates based on the
short and long term responses. As well, concurrently, such VR technology has a critical issue on accessibility and affordability of these tools that remain excluded despite its potential to alleviate future crises.
V. ProposedActions
To ensure the successful integration of VR and gamification in disaster preparedness, New Zealand proposes the following actions: (1) To call for partnerships between public and private sectors to enhance VR disaster training modules among the spread of necessary technologies and (2) to launch digital literacy campaigns low income countries to create basic infrastructure for VR equipment and programs. First, to never repeat a catastrophic event such as the Christchurch earthquake, a cooperation between the public and private sector is necessary to form the basic components of an efficient VR disaster training program. The delegation encourages private sector investments to fund the widespread implementation of gamified training programs in schools, workplaces, and local government agencies. Provide incentives, such as tax breaks, for corporations contributing to disaster training technologies. Second, a launch of educational campaigns to enhance digital literacy and build capacity for the effective use of these technologies, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Specifically recommending the World Bank to fund the distribution of VR equipment in low-income countries, ensuring no community is excluded from these advancements.
Parsons, R., Daly, M., and Potangaroa, R. "Technology for Resilience: Addressing Rural Community Needs." Journal of Disaster Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2021, pp. 45–59.
Potangaroa, R. Enhancing Preparedness through Gamification. Resilient Cities Research, 2018.
Potangaroa, R., et al. "Post-Disaster Challenges in New Zealand: Lessons from Christchurch." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 5, 2013, pp. 12–24.
Schouten, B., Fedotov, A., and van den Broek, E. "Virtual Reality Applications in Disaster Preparedness Training." Journal of Emerging Technologies, vol. 12, no. 4, 2020, pp. 67–89.
United Nations. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. 2015, https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Stop Disasters! Educational Game. 2019, https://www.stopdisastersgame.org/.
Next-Gen Renewable Energy Systems in Post-Disaster Reconstruction
I. Introduction
Renewable energy systems are pivotal in ensuring sustainable recovery in the aftermath of disasters. For New Zealand, transitioning to decentralized energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal systems, provides an immediate solution for disaster response while promoting
long-term resilience. These systems minimize reliance on traditional fossil fuel-based grids, which are often severely disrupted in post-disaster scenarios. Alongside, the integration of renewable energy also aligns with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement, which emphasize sustainability and climate adaptation in recovery efforts.
II. Background
New Zealand’s unique geographical characteristics and exposure to natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and storms, have underscored the need for robust and resilient energy systems. The 2011 Christchurch earthquake revealed vulnerabilities in centralized power grids, as prolonged outages hindered emergency response efforts and delayed recovery. These experiences highlighted the importance of integrating decentralized renewable energy systems into disaster recovery frameworks. Globally, disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013) and Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico (2017) have demonstrated the critical role of renewable energy in post-disaster recovery. Solar microgrids and wind turbines provided immediate power to affected areas, enabling vital services such as water purification, communication, and healthcare to continue functioning.
III. New Zealand's Position
New Zealand strongly supports the integration of next-generation renewable energy systems in post-disaster reconstruction. Decentralized systems, such as solar microgrids and modular wind turbines, offer rapid deployment and adaptability to local conditions. These systems not onlyprovideimmediatepowertodisaster-strickenareasbutalsocontributetolong-termenergy security and climate resilience. New Zealand emphasizes the importance of global partnerships to facilitate knowledge-sharing, resource pooling, and technology transfer, particularly for developing nations. Addressing barriers such as high upfront costs and lack of technical expertise is essential to ensure equitable access to renewable energy solutions worldwide.
IV. Concurrent Hardships
Stating the importance of support to developing countries to adopt renewable energy, the international community faces the challenge of insufficient funds and support in pursuit for establishing sustainable energy practice. As well, an equivocal list for countries in high risk and low perception for the neediness of supplying renewable energy remains as a challenge to combat.
V. ProposedActions
Following the hardships above to advance the adoption of renewable energy systems in postdisaster reconstruction, New Zealand proposes the following actions. First, a call for creation of international fundstosupport anincentive systemfor private sector entitiesto rapidly deploy renewable energy systems tailored to specific disaster scenarios.This fund would provide subsidies and low-interest loans to accelerate the deployment of decentralized energy systems. Examples include portable solar panels with integrated battery storage and collapsible wind turbines for emergency use. Second, recommending a survey of equitable distribution framework and providing monitoring systems for enhancing performance. To equally navigate
the funds and support globally, a guideline to ensure priority to rural and underserved communities based on the risk assessment. Last of all, to empower communities to manage their energy infrastructure independently, New Zealand proposes a launch of training workshops aimed to build local capacity for maintaining and operating renewable energy systems.
Lu, L., Jin, S., and Shih, Y. "Renewable Energy Adoption in Post-Disaster Scenarios: Case Studies from AsiaPacific." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 45, 2020, pp. 101–122.
Parsons, R., Daly, M., and Potangaroa, R. "Community-Based Energy Solutions for Disaster Preparedness." Journal of Energy Policy, vol. 151, 2021, pp. 119–132.
Potangaroa, R. "Lessons from Christchurch: Energy Resilience in Post-Earthquake Recovery." Resilient Infrastructure, vol. 14, no. 3, 2013, pp. 45–57.
United Nations Development Programme. Innovation in Disaster Management: Leveraging Technology to Save Lives. 2020, https://www.undp.org/policy-centre/istanbul/publications/innovation-disaster-managementleveraging-technology-save-more-lives.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. 2015, https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris Agreement. 2016, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf.
Jeeyoo Kim Gyeonggi Global School
General Assembly | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) |
Climate Induced Refugees
I. Introduction
In the past decade, over 220 million individuals have been displaced due to climate-related disasters.1 New Zealand, as a Pacific island nation, is one of the most vulnerable states to the multifacetedconsequences of climatechange. Thefood and fibre sector, which constitutesover 80 percent of the nation’s total exports, faces escalating disruptions due to climatic events.3 The people, who have historically drawn their identity, livelihoods, and sustenance from the natural environment, the ramifications are deeply personal. This crisis transcends regional boundaries because climate change does not know borders. Emergence of internally displaced persons and climate-induced refugees represents a global challenge demanding collective action.
II. Persisting Challenges
New Zealand has implemented pioneering initiatives regionally and globally, including the issuance of climate refugee visas for Pacific Islanders and the enactment of the 2018 Climate Change Response Amendment Act.4,5,6 Yet, the growing population of unprotected individuals displaced by climate change underscores persistent gaps in international responses. The delegation identifies the principal obstacle to be the absence of an explicit framework to define refugee statuses. There is no existing agreement upon the conditions and entitlements of climate refugees in the same way as those fleeing conflict.7 Furthermore, a stark divide persists between those disproportionately affected by climate change and those primarily responsible for its drivers.8
III. Resolution
Recognizing such challenges, New Zealand has sought to address them by learning from past shortcomings and proposing feasible resolutions. New Zealand advocates for the formal revision of the definition of "refugee" as stipulated in the Geneva Convention to reflect the realities of the current climate crisis. To address potential challenges arising from indiscriminate refugee support, New Zealand also suggests that this committee develop a framework that categorizes refugee statuses based on the nature and drivers of their displacement, enabling tailored protections and resource allocations.
Building on its Carbon Zero 2050 initiative, New Zealand strongly supports the establishment of a collaborative mechanism to advance renewable energy initiatives to a global
level to prevent any more human activities from returning against themselves. The instrument puts emphasis on the cooperative aspects with private sector stakeholders, leveraging their capacity to reduce carbon emissions by a great deal, and also provide with additional support not achievable by NGOs or smaller units of individuals. By addressing both the immediate and structural dimensions of the climate crisis, these measures aim to mitigate the impacts of displacement while fostering sustainable, long-term solutions.
1. 2024 Global Report on internal displacement (grid) [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Dec]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.55363/IDMC.DAKY2849
2. Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec]. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/
3. Industries M for P. Situation and outlook for Primary Industries (SOPI) December 2024 [pdf, 8.6 MB] [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Dec]. Available from: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/66648Situation-and-Outlook-for-Primary-Industries-SOPI-December-2024
4. Fiennes L. New Zealand’s Climate Refugee Visa, a framework for Positive Change [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024]. Available from: https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago734244.pdf
5. Dempster H, Ober K. New Zealand’s “Climate refugee” visas: Lessons for the rest of the World [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/new-zealands-climate-refugee-visaslessons-rest-world
7. The concept of “Climate refugee” [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698753/EPRS_BRI(2021)698753_EN.pdf
8. Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 21]. Available from: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-fromclimate-change-and-adaptation-costs
International Aid and Collective Actions
I. Introduction
In accordance with the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), every individual is entitled to live free from fear of violence, persecution, and injustice.1 Yet, millions globally face continuous threats to their safety, forcing them to flee their homes and seek refuge in foreign lands. Alarmingly,80 percent of these displacedpersons remain trapped within conflict zones, while 70 percent of those who cross borders are hosted by low-income, developing nations that often lack the infrastructure to provide adequate support.2 The migration journey itself is fraught with peril, with over 63,000 deaths recorded over the past decade.3 The International Organization for Migration4 (IOM) has underscored
the urgency of addressing these tragedies, emphasizing that this loss of life is "emblematic of the importance of further intensifying the meaningful action to prevent deaths and address the enduring impacts these losses have had".
II. Concurrent Challenges
As a nation positioned at the heart of the Asia-Pacific region–where fatality rates for migratingrefugeesareamongthehighest–NewZealandhasconsistentlyadvocatedforregional stability.5 The country established the Pacific Access Category(PAC) visa to support neighboring states and is one of the few countries participating in the UNHCR’s refugee quota program.6,7 New Zealand has also developed robust support systems for refugee resettlement. The country's comparatively high standard of living and income levels relative to many host nations underpin its capacity to sustain such initiatives. Meanwhile, New Zealand is faced with sociodemographic challenges that have hindered economic and industrial growth.8
III. Resolution
Recognizing the shared challenges among many developed countries, New Zealand firmly asserts that breaking the cycle of violence and ensuring their opportunity to contribute as members of society are not merely humanitarian obligations but also pathways to national, regional, and global development. New Zealand proposes the establishment of safe migration routes to prevent further loss of life during refugee journeys. While the causes and the complexities of political and military factors may preclude a uniform solution, New Zealand calls for global cooperation for the initiation of lifesaving measures, including the provision of rescue vessels, food supplies, and medical assistance. Additionally, we recommend the development of international treaties regulating state obligations to protect refugees during transit. To address resettlement plans, New Zealand supports the formation of UN-partnered Interdisciplinary Education and Training programs driven by collaborative partnerships with private sector entities. By aligning the profit motives of the firms with humanitarian goals, these programs aim to create economic opportunities that benefit both host and donor nations.9 The active flow of capital and the creation of jobs would invigorate local economies, while mitigating human capital flight and introducing advanced technologies to host countries, leveragingtheir effortstoadapt to quick technologicaltransformations. This dynamic approach not only fosters a skilled workforce but also ensures sustainable development across borders. New Zealand is confident that these resolutions will simultaneously protect refugees, alleviate the burdens on host nations, and address future challenges developed nations face.
1. Universal declaration of human rights [Internet]. United Nations; 1948 [cited 2025 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
2. Refugee Data Finder [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/refugeestatistics
3. One in three migrant deaths occurs en route while fleeing conflict: Iom Report [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024]. Available from: https://www.iom.int/news/one-three-migrant-deaths-occurs-en-route-whilefleeing-conflict-iom-report
4. A decade of documenting migrant deaths: Data Analysis and reflection on deaths during migration documented by Iom’s Missing Migrants Project, 2014-2023: Missing migrants project [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Dec]. Available from: https://missingmigrants.iom.int/MMP10years
5. 2023 deadliest year for migrants in and from Asia-Pacific [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://roasiapacific.iom.int/news/2023-deadliest-year-migrants-and-asia-pacific
6. Pacific Access Category Resident Visa [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/visas/visa/pacific-access-category-resident-visa
7. New Zealand Refugee Quota Programme [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/what-we-do/our-strategies-and-projects/supporting-refugeesand-asylum-seekers/refugee-and-protection-unit/new-zealand-refugee-quota-programme
8. Demographic change [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan]. Available from: https://sportnz.org.nz/media/4300/futuresthink-piece-demographic-change.pdf
9. Refugees who set up businesses enrich NZ financially, culturally and socially [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024]. Available from: https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news-and-events/news/refugees-who-set-up-businessesenrich-nz-financially-and-culturally
Jeeyul Jung
Seoul Global High School
ECOSOC | Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) |
The Right to The Accessible, Affordable, And Quality Education Everywhere
In crisis situations, the right to education of refugees and displaced persons can be neglected. The destructionofinfrastructure,linguisticbarriers,lackofinclusive policiesin host countries, and lack of the workforce to educate students are several drivers of the crisis. Past UN conventions and interventions, such as the Refugee Convention (1951), Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), and the Global Compact on Refugees (2018), have acknowledged the severity of this agenda. The international community has also been deeply committed to addressing the agenda through partnerships between governments, organizations, and communities, which are the key stakeholders for solutions. Since education plays a large role in shaping identity, stabilizing crisis situations, helping students to be selfsufficient, and contributing to societal resilience, the Member States are asked to immediately deal with funding, inclusivity, and sustainability.
Australia is hosting nearly 60,000 refugees and 80,000 asylum seekers, mostly from the Middle East or Asia, and the nation has been committed to ensuring quality lives for them. In Victoria State, the Refugee Education Support Program (RESP), the Schools Support Program, and the Learning Beyond the Bell program foster clusters of schools and support them in implementing educational strategies for refugee students. Also, there are funding systems for those seeking asylum, such as the Camps, Sports and Excursions Fund (CSEF). In December 2023, the government announced the Australian Refugee Advisory Panel consisted of nine people with refugee backgrounds, aiming to bring refugee perspectives to the national policies and international community. However, there still exist some constraints. In the nation, there are five options for Refugee and humanitarian visas, with three of them allowing people to stay permanently in Australia, while the two remain temporary. These differences affect the fee of learning. For primary schools, all those who come to the nation on the visas above have no duty to pay for public schools. However, when it comes to higher education, people having temporary visas or yet seeking asylum are considered international students and thus imposed high fees to access quality education.
The government of Australia seeks actionable and realistic solutions to address access and equallevelsof educationforrefugees.Ashostcountrieshave exclusive deficienciesin policies, for instance, the extent of the Australian visa system, there should be policy improvements. The governments can expand free educational courses, financial support for schools, and employment of displaced people for educational continuity through partnerships with international organizations including UNHCR and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Save the Children and Refugees International. In schools, extending multicultural classes can help both resident and refugee students have an integrative perspective on different backgrounds. In addition, for refugee students suffering from confusion due to forced changes in environment or those who are unable to enter schools, digital courses can be implemented to teach them fundamental linguistic and cognitive skills. At the same time, the lack of teachers to lead refugee students is another barrier to solving the agenda. The nation suggests the internationalcommunityfosteranactivenetworkforinterchangesofteachersamongcountries, which can both solve the lack of the educational workforce and contribute to opportunities for more teachers and students. Adding on, as students having crisis experiences often suffer from traumas, active and qualitytrainingprograms ontheir student’s mental healthshould beopened to teachers.
Amina, Farrukh, et al. “How Refugee Students Gain a Sense of Belonging in Australian Primary Schools.” Monash University, 14 Apr. 2022, www.monash.edu/education/teachspace/articles/how-refugeestudents-gain-a-sense-of-belonging-in-australian-primary-schools. Accessed 11 Dec. 2024.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. “Migrant Settlement Outcomes, 2023 | Australian Bureau of Statistics.” Www.abs.gov.au, 27 Sept. 2023, www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/migrantsettlement-outcomes/latest-release. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.
Australian government. “Australia’s Education System | Study Australia.” Www.studyaustralia.gov.au, 2024, www.studyaustralia.gov.au/en/plan-your-studies/australias-education-system. Accessed 30 Nov. 2024. Australian Government Department of Home Affairs. “Afghanistan Update.” Www.homeaffairs.gov.au, www.homeaffairs.gov.au/help-and-support/afghanistan-update. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.
. “Immigration and Citizenship .” Immigration and Citizenship Website, immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-listing/resolution-of-status-851. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.
. “Ukraine Visa Support.” Www.homeaffairs.gov.au, www.homeaffairs.gov.au/help-and-support/ukrainevisa-support. Accessed 14 Dec. 2024.
“Australian Refugee Advisory Panel.” Australian Government Home Affairs, 2019, immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/refugee-and-humanitarian-program/about-the-program/about-theprogram/australian-refugee-advisory-panel. Accessed 22 Dec. 2024.
“Barriers to Education for People Seeking Asylum and Refugees on Temporary Visas.” Refugee Council of Australia, 3 Dec. 2015, www.refugeecouncil.org.au/barriers-education-seeking-asylum/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.
“Children | Australia for UNHCR.” Australia for UNHCR, 2024, www.unrefugees.org.au/ongoingcare/children/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.
“Department of Home Affairs Website.” Department of Home Affairs Website, 2019, www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/visa-statistics. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.
“Education | Australia for UNHCR.” Www.unrefugees.org.au, www.unrefugees.org.au/ongoingcare/education/. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.
“Education for Refugees - Refugee Council of Australia.” Refugee Council of Australia, www.refugeecouncil.org.au/education-info/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.
“Get the Facts about Refugees - Refugee Council of Australia.” Refugee Council of Australia, 14 June 2021, www.refugeecouncil.org.au/get-facts/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAg8S7BhATEiwAO2R6gtW5Qz6PSf7lefdzt13ll3aVrV5Ep0XlahMmHiWvH9I2y5FApiDSRoCci4QAvD_BwE. Accessed 31 Nov. 2024.
Goedhart, Dr Van Heuven, et al. “Non-Governmental Organizations.” UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/aboutunhcr/our-partners/non-governmental-organizations. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024.
Matthews, Julie. “Schooling and Settlement: Refugee Education in Australia.” International Studies in Sociology of Education, vol. 18, no. 1, Mar. 2008, pp. 31–45, www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09620210802195947, https://doi.org/10.1080/09620210802195947. Accessed 23 Nov. 2024.
Mulder, Dirk. “Australia Continues to Plan for a New Refugee Education Pathway.” The Koala - International Education News, 7 Apr. 2024, thekoalanews.com/australia-continues-to-plan-for-a-new-refugeeeducation-pathway/. Accessed 17 Dec. 2024.
“Refugee and Humanitarian Program.” Australian Government Home Affairs, 2019, immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/refugee-and-humanitarian-program. Accessed 31 Nov. 2024.
“Refugee Education Special Interest Group – Advocacy Network and Supporters of Refugee Education Interests across Community, Higher Education and Vocation Sectors.” Refugee Education Australia, 2023, refugee-education.org/.
Roads To Refuge. “Supporting Refugees on Arrival.” Www.roads-To-Refuge.com.au, 2020, www.roads-torefuge.com.au/refugees-australia/supporting-arrival.html. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.
“Supporting Students from Refugee Backgrounds.” The Victorian Government, 1 Feb. 2024, www.schools.vic.gov.au/supporting-students-refugee-backgrounds. Accessed 9 Dec. 2024.
United Nations. “Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.” OHCHR, United Nations, 28 July 1951, www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees. Accessed 31 Nov. 2024.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “UNHCR - the UN Refugee Agency.” Unhcr.org, 2013, www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.
Eclectic Reforms Needed for International Society to Address The Digital Divide
Digital Divide, which is a term referring to the gap between people or areas at different socio-economic levels in terms of their access to or knowledge of information and communication technologies (ICT), is getting severe worldwide, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. The access to digital services differ from individuals to individuals with different income, age, gender, geography, employment, and language ability. The factors causing these disparities include inadequate infrastructure, accessibility, affordability, and digital literacy rate. As the digital divide affects various fields from education to economic development, the United Nations and each country have been making progress to reduce it. The UN has announced the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) incorporating part of this agenda by SGD 9 and 10. Also, in 2020, the UN secretary general released a Roadmap for Digital Cooperation to suggest an outline of the agenda for countries and organizations.
Australians who are elderly or living in remote places are excluded from digital services,butthenationhasacknowledgedthe multifaceted impact of the problem and been committed to ensuring all people are included in digital transformation. In 2022, 11 percent of Australians didn’t have access or knowledge of affordable internet. The government has undertaken a number of projects to reduce the digital gap within the nation. The National Broadband Network (NBN) was announced in 2009 to implement internet access in Australia and narrow the digital divide, which led to 8 million homes and businesses having access to the internet in 2021. In 2020, the Australian Digital Literacy Skills Framework was released. Also, the Australian Research Council funded a four-year project from 2022 called Mapping the Digital Divide. The Digital Inclusion Standard of the nation and the Data and Digital Government Strategy (~2030) have been announced to ensure net neutrality. Australia has also dealt with digital education and skills. The Digital Education Revolution (DER) initiative in 2008 has contributed to the integration of ICT in schools, and the project Be Connected from 2017 to 2028 is improving digital skills for older Australians.
To close a digital gap within and out of Australia and the international community, the nation suggests three fundamental solutions. First, policies that can guarantee affordable and accessible internet for all should be implemented in each country. Member States can release a guideline specifying quality digital infrastructure, accessibility, affordability, and digital education that can be a foundation of national policies in countries lacking basic digital environments, such as South Sudan, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Lagos, Nairobi, and Dhaka, referring to successful cases in the United States, India, and Brazil. Second, digital education should take underserved areas more into consideration, including the nations under unstable governments or conflicts. As the learning, employment, and even consumption are shifting online,havingdigitalliteracyiscrucialeveninplaceswherepeoplecan’treacheasily.Students in those areas can be supported with the supply of digital devices and AI-powered educational tools within it, which can teach children without human teachers visiting them and can check
their learning. Lastly, the Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and networks between nations should be strengthened. Despite its crucial role for the agenda, current PPPs have limitations of prioritizing profits and lacking secure data privacy. Regarding these limitations, a central organization that connects a government and a business having common interest and evaluates the privacy policies can be established by the international society.
Australian Digital Inclusion Index. “Case Study: Mapping the Digital Gap - Digital Inclusion in Remote First Nations Communities.” Australian Digital Inclusion Index, 4 July 2023, www.digitalinclusionindex.org.au/case-study-mapping-the-digital-gap-digital-inclusion-in-remote-firstnations-communities/. Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.
Australian Government. “Towards 2030: Positioning Australia as a Leading Digital Economy and Society.” Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Apr. 2021, www.dfat.gov.au/aboutus/publications/trade-and-investment/business-envoy-april-2021-digital-trade-edition/towards-2030positioning-australia-leading-digital-economy-and-society. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
“Australian Network for Quality Digital Education.” University of Technology Sydney, UTS, 26 Sept. 2023, www.uts.edu.au/partners-and-community/initiatives/social-justice-uts/centre-social-justiceinclusion/australian-network-quality-digital-education. Accessed 21 Dec. 2024.
Barraket, Jo. “The Digital Divide in Telepractice Service Delivery.” Aifs.gov.au, Sept. 2021, aifs.gov.au/resources/short-articles/digital-divide-telepractice-service-delivery. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.
Clarke, Marcus. “Digital Education Revolution Program Review - Department of Education, Australian Government.” Department of Education, 2021, www.education.gov.au/australiancurriculum/resources/digital-education-revolution-program-review. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.
. “Digital Literacy Skills Framework - Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, Australian Government.” Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, 2021, www.dewr.gov.au/foundation-skills-your-future-program/resources/digital-literacy-skills-framework. Accessed 22 Dec. 2024.
“Current State.” Data and Digital Government Strategy, 2023, www.dataanddigital.gov.au/strategy/currentstate.
“Data and Digital Government Strategy | DDGS.” Dataanddigital.gov.au, 2023, www.dataanddigital.gov.au/. Accessed 24 Dec. 2024.
Doran, Stuart. Digital Divide in Australia: Overview. 7 Dec. 2024.
“Improving Digital Skills for Older Australians.” Department of Social Services, 21 Nov. 2024, www.dss.gov.au/improving-digital-skills-older-australians. Accessed 12 Dec. 2024.
“Overcoming the Digital Divide in Rural Areas | European School Education Platform.” SchoolEducation.ec.europa.eu, 7 Nov. 2023, school-education.ec.europa.eu/en/discover/news/overcomingdigital-divide-rural-areas. Accessed 30 Dec. 2024.
Parke, Erin. “How Are Australians without Internet Coping as the World Moves Online?” ABC News, 16 Oct. 2022, www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-16/australia-digital-divide-millions-cannot-accessinternet/101498042. Accessed 2 Nov. 2024.
“Research Sites - Mapping the Digital Gap.” Mapping the Digital Gap, 28 Nov. 2024, mappingthedigitalgap.com.au/research-sites/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2024.
United Nations. “Goal 9 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” United Nations, 2024, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.
. “Goal 10 | Reduce Inequality within and among Countries.” United Nations, 2024, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal10. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.
General Assembly | United Nations Office of Legal Affairs |
Jihu Jeon
Guangzhou Korean School
Regulating Advancements in AI and Autonomous Vehicles
I. Introduction
RegulatingAdvancementsinAIandAutonomousVehiclesmeansthedevelopmentofpublic sector policies and laws for promoting and regulating AI. The legal regulation of artificial intelligence and driverless cars has grown rapidly, and the delegation of NZ thinks it's something that hasn't yet been finalized in many countries. This is something that affects everyone and needs to be addressed as soon as possible. AI is already having a huge impact on our lives. AI such as ChatGPT and Siri are things that people often encounter and use every day, but these AI are formed by learning from existing data. Therefore, the things that humans have always had but are gradually improving can be seen again in AI. For example, if an AI is used to predict crime, it will most likely rate black people as having the highest predicted crime rate, which is a manifestation of white supremacy. Self-driving cars also bring convenience to our society, but they also create difficult choices.
II. New Zealand’s Position
In terms of AI, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment of New Zealand prohibits employees from using ChatGPTs or AI tools to protect MBIE data and privacy, but the company Omio is promoting the commercialization of Level 4 self-driving cars and developing services. As well, The government's Ministry of Internal Affairs GC is also working on guidelines for the use of AI in public services. New Zealand has a large gap in road and transportation infrastructure between urban and rural areas. In order to commercialize autonomous vehicles, it is necessary to improve facilities in rural areas, and as a country with a volatile climate with strong sunlight, strong winds, and heavy rain, it is necessary to prepare for malfunctions of autonomous sensors and algorithms.
III. Concurrent Issues
The widespread adoption of AI technology has brought numerous benefits, but it also poses significant challenges, including the spread of fake news and misinformation, which can lead
to serious social problems. Studies reveal that advanced AI systems often generate emotionally stimulating and persuasive fake content, highlighting the need for ethical considerations and regulatory measures in AI development. Furthermore, the application of AI in autonomous vehicles has shown promising results in reducing accidents compared to human drivers; however, increased risks during low-light conditions, such as dawn or dusk, expose the limitations of these systems in certainenvironments. Additionally,while AI has made life more convenient for many, it has also widened the accessibility gap, with economic and social disparities growing between users and non-users, underscoring the pressing need for equitable AI integration.
IV. Proposed resolution
To combat the spread of fake news and misinformation, the delegation of NZ will strengthen transparency and accountability in AI design and introduce algorithms that minimize the generation of false information. Furthermore, to solve the autonomous driving problem, the delegation of NZ will expand AI training data and improve models and modify the system design to enhance AI and driver collaboration during low-light hours. Lastly, to address the information divide, we will introduce free or low-cost AI to improve accessibility and expand digital education programs.
4-1 - LG 전자뉴스룸 . live.lge.co.kr/2209-lg-electronicpart-2/4-1-14.
Legal Implications of Space Exploration
I. Introduction
The legal implications of space exploration are defined by the principles of Space Law, which was established by the UN under the Outer Space Treaty adopted in 1967. Key legal principles include non-territoriality, freedom of exploration, and prevention of harmful pollution.Nowthe International Institute of Space Law (IISL), European Centre for Space Law (ECSL), Space Generation Advisory Council, etc. exist in harmony for a common pursuit of peaceful international cooperation. Yet to this advancement, uncharted rubrics for competition generates escalations into major conflicts and the lack of clear regulations restricts the fairness among countries to participate in the exploration.
II. New Zealand’s Position
To the frontiers of exploring space, New Zealand’s participation is notable. As the international space industry grew, a private company, Rocket Lab, set a record for the most rocket launches in a single year in 2024 with 16 launches. As well the government has also announced a national space policy: (Outer space and High- Altitude Activities Act – 2017). It aims to strengthen space technology infrastructure, foster human resources, and accelerate innovation. The problem with New Zealand is that the space industry is driven by private companies, not the state. The problem with this is that the state is responsible for any mistakes made by private companies. Our demand is for the UN to help the industry develop in an equitable and less disparate way, and oppose a policy centered on great powers.
III. Concurrent Issues
Powerful nations are monopolizing the space industry among with the exploration of space. The space industry is led by powerful nations like the U.S., Russia, and China. While private companies and collaborations are rising, resources are limited, keeping control with major powersandcallingforgreaterdemocratization. Alsotheprivatesectors,risingplayersinspace, often operateoutside existing rules andinternational law, raisingconcerns about regulation and fairness. In addition, due to the reckless space race, there are tens of thousands of tons of space junk in the Earth's atmosphere, most of which has been released by the superpowers. This threatens to make future space exploration impossible.
IV. Proposed Resolution
For the first problem’s solution, UNOOSA's technical assistance program needs to be expanded to reduce the gap, as the space industry is developed mainly by powerful countries About the second problem, Space Law was enacted with the state as the main actor, so the law for private companies is weak. There is a possibility that private companies' activities and mistakes could be attributed to the state, so policies are also needed. Lastly, the delegate of New Zealand argues that people also need a protocol for space waste. The lack of clear regulations and accountability for dumping trash in space has led to various countries dumping the trash that comes with the development of the space industry into space.
“고독하고위험한우주비행사의세계...AI 가든든한동반자로나서.” AI 타임스 , 30 Oct. 2021, www.aitimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=141277.
Daewon Foreign Language High School
General Assembly | United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) |
Schooling for Young Refugee Children
I. Introduction
More than just a loss of home, becoming a refugee means the loss of the opportunity of education. Many refugees, especially children, face the issue of lack of educational opportunity. A lack of schooling for these children can delay the development of critical abilities and overall lead to low quality of life. This paper argues that it is imperative to create an international support mechanism through global partnerships. The global population of refugees has been increasing rapidly. According to the UNHCR, the number of refugees in early childhood faceing disruptions in getting an education has tripled since the last decade. We must identify a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to provide educational opportunities to ensure that refugee children can develop critical cognitive abilities.
II. Background andAustralia’s Position
It is necessary to create an international support program through global partnerships. Governments and partners from both low-income and high-income countries are already developing innovative solutions to provide inclusive education for migrant and displaced children. In the past, Australia has implemented programs to support the education of refugees. The Refugee Education Support Program (RESP) launched in 2013, had a collaborative initiative aimed at improving education for students from refugee backgrounds by building schools and facilitating partnerships with families and communities. Schools from the region of Victoria have seen improvements in the academic levels with the refugees attending this program. With programs like this globally, the delegation of Australia believes, it can increase the quality of education that the refugees receive and let them contribute to the economy.
III. Concurrent Problems
Acknowledging the existing problems for the spread of young refugee education relies on three focal points. First, countries including the developed nations, stress the expensive cost of managing education programmes for the refugees. In 2020, fourteen major refugee-hosting countries paid over $23 billion in external debt interest. Secondly, as well, only a few countries which have enough resources have the ability to provide such effective programs. Many host countries, especially those with limited resources, struggle to provide adequate educational facilities for refugees. Last of all, those who do not identify as refugees, known as Asylum Seekers cannot be provided with these programs because they do not identify as refugees.
Jimin Song
IV. Proposed Resolutions
For effective response to minimize the education gap for children around the world, the delegation of Australia proposes three resolutions to the committee. First, the hardships from cost should be addressed through a call of efficient allocation of international funds to support existing programmes. The funds would incentivize the host country based on the number of educated refugees along with the inclusion of quality education. Secondly, international support mechanisms through global partnerships. This will benefit not only the refugees but also the countries that helped the refugees based on past studies and statistics. It is our responsibility to help the increasing number of refugees to get a better education and to restore human rights. Lastly, Australia addresses the need to advocate on the rubric of clarifying the Asylum Seeker status for the young population. The committee is recommended to include the Asylum Seekers to the provided education programs for the refugees within its nations.
Number of refugees is increasing. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends
Information on Refugee education support programs. Retrieved from https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:42584 https://www.schools.vic.gov.au/supporting-students-refugee-backgrounds Refugee hosting country costs. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.net/news/top-refugee-hostingcountries-spend-much-debt-interest-cost-educate-refugee-children-five-years Few countries have enough resources to host refugees. Revrtived from https://ijbmi.org/papers/Vol%2813%299/13090111.pdf
Child Soldiers
I. Introduction
Thousands of child soldiers are recruited every year to be sacrificed despite their age. There is continuous child soldier recruitment despite international humanitarian laws and efforts by organizations like the UN. Between 2005 and 2022, more than 105,000 children were verified as recruited and used by parties to conflict, although the actual number of cases is believed to be much higher. Children in armed conflicts face significant risks, including injury, disability, and death. The recruitment and use of child soldiers have devastating consequences, both for the children involved and for society as a whole. Thus, this problem demands urgent attention from the international community.
II. Background andAustralia’s Position
As a member of the international community, the Australian delegation strongly condemns the issue of child soldiers. Efforts are needed to adhere to the existing agreements such as the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child; UNCRC. However, as child soldiers are not being used within Australia, the country is striving to be a supportive nation that helps child soldiers in need. Australia has helped child soldiers by the Australian Aid Program supporting various projects aimed at preventing the recruitment of child soldiers and assisting in the reintegration of former child soldiers into society.
III. III. Concurrent Problems
First, The majority of child soldiers are forcibly recruited into armed conflicts, rather than volunteering. In 2017, the advocacy group Child Soldiers International estimated that more than 100,000 children were forced to become soldiers in state and non-state military organizations in at least 18 armed conflicts worldwide. Secondly, the human rights violations of child soldiers are severe. In conflict zones, violence is used both tactically and opportunistically by armed groups often subjected to sexual slavery, forced marriage, and other forms of sexual exploitation. Lastly, The lack of education that child soldiers face while in armed groups makes it hard for them to find jobs and fit back into society after conflicts.
IV. Proposed Resolutions
To reduce the usage of child soldiers and prevent human rights abuses, the delegation of Australia proposed three resolutions. First, It is recommended to prohibit the operation of child soldiers altogether. Additionally, a thorough investigation should be conducted into countries ororganizationsthatarecurrentlyoperatingbasedoncoercion,followedbytheimplementation of economic or international legal enforcement. Secondly, Considering that the human rights violations of child soldiers are not accurately documented, this committee should work to identify the exact locations of these violations and determine what support is truly needed. Therefore, it is proposed to establish a Child Soldier Human Rights Center. It is hoped that developed countries will pool funds to provide facilities and resources for education, offering quality education and reintegration programs for former child soldiers.
The number of forced child soldiers. Retrived from https://www.mei.edu/publications/begin-children-childsoldier-numbers-doubled-middle-east-2019
Australia's Australian aid program. Retrived from https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/save-childproposal.pdf
The number of child soldiers currently. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/protection/children-recruited-byarmed-forces
Human rights violations of child soldiers. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.net/blog/weapon-warsexual-violence-against-children-confli
Joowon Lee
Daewon Foreign Language High School
General Assembly | United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) |
Improving Access to Health and Reproductive Services for Women and Girls
Access to health and reproductive services for women and girls remains an important challenge. While life-affecting health and reproductive problems should not be discriminated against by gender, suburban and rural residents, refugees, and marginalized classes still face the difficulty of accessing these services. In addition, a lack of skilled healthcare workers is also pointed out as one of the critical issues. The main causes of this problem are limited transportation and poor healthcare infrastructure, and these restrictions limit access to healthcare. In addition, language and cultural differences between refugees and marginalized people further complicate the problem. The lack of educational programs to train healthcare professionals and insufficient financial support for medical services in remote areas are hindering solving the problem. This leaves many women and girls without essential reproductive health care and health care.
Globally, several organizations and resolutions have been implemented to address these issues. The United Nations adopted Resolution A/RES/69/150, which emphasizes ensuring reproductive healthcare for all, including vulnerable populations. In addition, Resolution A/64/588, which established UN Women in 2010, was a historic step towards improving women and girls' access to healthcare. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979, is considered an important tool in advocating for women's equal access to healthcare. In addition, the Every Woman Every Child program, launched in 2010, mobilizes resources to improve maternal health and reduce barriers to access to reproductive health services.
New Zealand is demonstrating its commitment to addressing health inequities through progressive policies. The government has introduced the He Korowai Oranga Strategy, which focuses on equitably improving health outcomes for Māori and other ethnic minority groups. It also provides financial assistance to low-income families through the Primary Health Care Strategy to increase access to healthcare. New Zealand is reducing teen pregnancy rates and raising awareness of reproductive health services through public campaigns. In partnership with non-governmental organizations, we have established mobile health clinics in rural areas to provide essential health services to medically underserved communities. We also invest in health worker training programs that include cultural sensitivity to meet the unique needs of diverse communities.
To address this issue, New Zealand should expand mobile clinics and telehealth services to bring healthcare to even the most remote communities. These clinics should be designed to
provide a range of services, including reproductive health education, contraception, and safe surgical procedures. To overcome linguistic and cultural barriers, hospitals and clinics should be staffed with bilingual healthcare providers and interpreters, and cultural competency training should be mandated for healthcare workers. Government-funded education programs on reproductive health should be introduced for refugees and marginalized populations to enable themto make informed decisions. Toaddress the shortageof skilledhealthcare workers, targeted funding should be provided for health professional training programs, with priority for placement in rural areas. To support these efforts, subsidies should be introduced for transportation services to hospitals, and a national education campaign should be implemented to dispel misinformation about reproductive health.
Every Woman Every Child. Every Woman Every Child: The Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health. 2010, https://www.everywomaneverychild.org.
New Zealand Ministry of Health. He Korowai Oranga: Māori Health Strategy. 2020, https://www.health.govt.nz.
UN Women. Establishment of UN Women. 2010, https://www.unwomen.org.
United Nations. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). 1979, https://www.un.org.
United Nations General Assembly. Ensuring Reproductive Healthcare for All (A/RES/69/150). 2014, https://www.un.org.
Bridging the Education Gap for Women in Rural Areas
Education is a fundamental human right and a key element of individual capacity building and social development. Despite the significant improvement in women's access to education, women, especially in rural areas, still face serious obstacles. Not only do these obstacles hinder women from pursuing high-income jobs, but they also suppress individual potential and negatively impact social development. The root causes of these inequalities come from various factors, such as a lack of transportation, geographic isolation, and economic difficulties, leading to a vicious cycle that exacerbates the education gap.
The global community has made significant progress through various initiatives and resolutions to address gender inequality in education. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979, legally guarantees women's right to education and equal opportunities in employment. UN General Assembly resolutions such as A/RES/69/149 (Preventing violence against women and girls) and A/RES/69/236 (Emphasizing the importance of education for sustainable development) demonstrate the global commitment to closing the education gap. These actions, with the support of international organizations and member states, provide a critical foundation for empowering women through education and finding sustainable solutions.
New Zealand has always played a leading role in promoting gender equality in education.
The government has implemented a Gender Pay Gap Elimination Action Plan to increase women's participation in high-paying jobs, and a Ka Hikitia strategy to ensure Māori women have access to education. It has also introduced the He Poutama Rangatahi program, which supports the education and training of rural youth, especially young women. New Zealand has also focused on digital education access, ensuring that students in isolated areas can participate in online learning platforms. These policies demonstrate New Zealand's proactive approach to breaking down barriers to female education.
To address these issues, New Zealand can take concrete steps to close the education gap for women, especially those in rural areas. First, it can reduce geographic barriers by expanding transportation subsidies for students in remote areas. Second, it can increase government support for community-based schools that target underserved populations, allowing rural familiestoaccesseducationclosertohome.Anditcanmotivateyoungwomentopursuehigher education by establishing mentorship programs that connect urban female professionals with students in rural areas. Additionally, they can partner with the private sector to provide scholarships for women entering STEM fields and encourage financial support and career participation. Finally, we can integrate gender sensitivity training into teacher education curricula to create an inclusive and supportive learning environment for female students. These solutions will contribute to building an equitable education system while contributing to New Zealand's social and economic development.
New Zealand Ministry of Education. Ka Hikitia – Ka Hāpaitia: Māori Education Strategy. 2020, https://www.education.govt.nz.
New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. He Poutama Rangatahi: Youth Employment Pathways. 2019, https://www.msd.govt.nz.
UNESCO. Global Education Monitoring Report: Gender Review 2017. UNESCO, 2017. United Nations. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). 1979, https://www.un.org.
United Nations General Assembly. Preventing Violence against Women and Girls (A/RES/69/149). 2014, https://www.un.org.
United Nations General Assembly. Education for Sustainable Development (A/RES/69/236). 2014, https://www.un.org.
Junghoo Park
Korean Minjok Leadership Academy
ECOSOC | World Bank |
World Bank’s Support in the Economic Sovereignty of Developing Countries
“New Zealand advocates for customized digital financial services, supported by targeted policies and global cooperation, to combat financial exclusion and better serve marginalized communities.”
Economic neocolonialism began with the global decolonization movement in the mid-20th century. Hard-won successes have been welcomed with widespread celebration. However, their journey to sovereignty is not finished. Neocolonialism, in political, cultural, and economic forms, still threatens the self-determination of developing countries and indigenous peoples. Even though New Zealand marked full political independence from the UK in December 1986, Many of New Zealand’s banks and financial systems remained controlled by UK-affiliated institutions, leading to profits being funneled back to Britain or other foreign entities, rather than reinvested locally. This had weakened the financial sovereignty, increasing reliance on the global financial markets.
In order to increase and stabilize the sovereignty of the Pacificislands’economy,NewZealandhasimplemented the “Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.” It is a trade pact among 11 countries across the Pacific region aimed at promoting economic integration, reducing trade barriers, and fostering investment. Its goals include expanding market access, ensuring fair labor and environmental standards, and strengthening regional supply chains. Additionally, since its implementation in 2018, the CPTPP has facilitated trade liberalization among member states, boosting economic growth and resilience. By diversifying trade partnerships and reducing dependence on any single economy,the agreementenhancestheeconomic sovereigntyof itsmembers,empoweringthem to navigate global market fluctuations with greater independence and stability.
Historically, many developing nations were colonized for their abundant natural resources, and this exploitation persists today through unfair trade practices. This imbalance prevents developing countries from achieving true economic independence. For most developing countries, their economies are highly dependent on exporting goods to the neocolonial powers,
resulting in an unfair trade – where they export goods at extremely low prices. To resolve this issue, New Zealand proposes a “universal quota system,” limiting the quantity of natural resources that countries can import from developing nations. To elaborate, the universal quota system would be an official restriction set by the World Bank for countries below a certain GDP rank. This means that the subject country would not be able to export beyond a specific limit. Since total natural resources available vary between countries, New Zealand recommends the World Bank set this limitation by percentage of the total resources available for the public rather than a fixed amount. This regulation prevents the forceful exploitation of natural resources by the developed countries, as well as the unfair trade between the two nations. In order to pursue a democratic decision on the limitation, New Zealand suggests several steps of global discussions. Another important first step toward combating neocolonialism is stabilizing the economies of developing nations, as economic instability often leaves countries susceptible to external control and exploitation. A lot of post-colonial nations are still dependent on former colonial power in terms of policies for wellbeing and bank services. In order for total independence from external powers, developing their local businesses and policies is crucial. Thus, New Zealand would like the World Bank and the United Nations as a whole to support the local businesses of developing countries.
Now it is time for the neocolonial power to stop justifying their exploitation under the guise of “civilizing” developing countries. A truly equitable global society where all nations thrive together should now be achieved through genuine collaboration and mutual respect.
Bollard, Alan. Crisis: One Central Bank Governor and the Global Financial Collapse. 2010.
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade: CPTPP Overview. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/freetrade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-in-force/cptpp/cptpp-overview.
UN Environment. "Rich Countries Use Six Times More Resources, Generate 10 Times the Climate Impacts Than Low-income Ones." UN Environment, www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/richcountries-use-six-times-more-resources-generate-10-times.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics. 2009, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2009/01/natural-resources-and-propoor-growth_g1gh8b4a/9789264060258-en.pdf.
Open Knowledge Repository. World Bank Publication, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/416b96ba-a102-5431-9bad-fac2f646da51.
Achieving Financial Inclusion through Digital Financial Services
“To combat financial exclusion, New Zealand advocates for customized digital financial services, supported by targeted policies and global cooperation, to better serve marginalized communities.”
Digital Financial Service (DFS) plays a significant role in financial inclusion and economic growth. It enables building up savings and expanding income-generating activities for many low-income households and small businesses with irregular income streams. While New Zealand shows consistent growth in its economy, a notable proportion of its population is still facing poverty. Māori, accounting for 18 percent of the population, are experiencing a decline in financial literacy, reduced financial education, and no access to DFS, accelerating the exclusion. Compared to New Zealand’s total population, Māori households are behind in terms of net economic wealth, with Māori household income 27% less than expenditure. Consistent absence of access to DFS is highly likely to block their connection to the mainstream of the economy.
Between 2011 and 2014, the number of accounts in the developing world grew by 20%, mostly due to mobile wallets and digitized payments. Despite the great progress, the point that most gain was concentrated in a few large countries is a considerable downside. One of the successful DFS applications that solved this problem is the MM4P (Mobile Money for the Poor)programbyUNCDF.Itprovidedfinancialsupport,policy and regulatory advice, research and training for the developing countries and took an approach that combines a mix of technical and financial support. However, the excluded in New Zealand could not gain profit from them, due to a relatively high national GDP. Thus, New Zealand implemented the National Strategy for Financial Capability for the poor, especially the Māori and women. More than 570 national strategy partners across community, iwi, government and industry worked together to help New Zealanders understand money.
The countries that need digital finance the most are the ones that are progressing the least, highlighting the necessity of international collaboration. Primarily, the insufficient infrastructure, and the limited regulations and policies must be dealt with before implementing digital financial services. Thus, New Zealand proposes three resolutions for helping developing countries. Prior to implementing new digital services, New Zealand suggests organizations, such as UNCDF and World Bank to encourage governments to understand the people and their exact needs. In New Zealand, financial exclusion is often associated with suboptimal financial
literacy skills and may also be a result of information asymmetries arising from a lack of understanding of Māori culture and needs. Although applying successful examples might seem effective, tailoring technologies to local people’s needs ensures a more sustainable, long-term impact. To achieve the ultimate goal, analyzing their needs should not be an end in itself. New Zealand also recommends that the UN channels support the small businesses in the Digital Finance sector through the World Bank loans. Instead of allowing the loans unconditionally, the World Bank could require businesses to present their plans for utilizing the funds and ensuring that the poor have access to digital financial services. Since this benefits the international community, New Zealand believes the World Bank could support them with interest-free loans. This would not only promote progress in digital inclusion but also foster thegrowthofsmallbusinessesindevelopingcountries.Additionally,accordingtotheUNCDF, most developing countries that they worked with had challenges due to unclear or restrictive legislation. Hence, New Zealand recommends organizations, such as UNCDF and the World Bank to provide policy and regulations advice for the countries with over specific percentage of the population financially excluded.
No matter how many well-intentioned resolutions are implemented, without public-private partnerships, something terrible will happen: nothing. The international society must work together until no one is excluded.
McLeod, Roanna, and Victor Lam. An Overview of Māori Financial Services Institutions and Arrangements. Reserve Bank of New Zealand Te Potea Matua, 15 Apr. 2021, www.rbnz.govt.nz//media/project/sites/rbnz/files/publications/analytical-notes/2021/an2021-04.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan. 2025.
Goal 3: Financial Literacy and Savings: Snapshot of Financial Literacy Services for Mäori. Te Mängai Penapena Pütea – Partner Working Group, www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/1063-hkkar-partnerworking-group-financial-literacy-and-savings-pdf.
About - UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF). www.uncdf.org/mm4p/about-us.
The National Strategy for Financial Capability: Annual Report 2022-2023. Te Ara Ahunga Ora Retirement Commission, assets.retirement.govt.nz/public/Uploads/National-Strategy/PDFs/TAAO-NationalStrategy-Annual-report-22-23_3.pdf.
Nakyoung Yang Harbin Wanbang School
ECOSOC | Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD) |
Urban Development and Smart Cities
New Zealand has been reliant on its agriculture as it is a major part of the country's economy. In 2022, as much as 37.02% of New Zealand’s land was used for agriculture. New Zealand has taken precautions steps regarding Genetically Modified Organisms as we can see through New Zealand’spastactionstowardsGMorganisms.TheHazardousSubstancesandNewOrganisms (HSNO), which became a law in 1996, is one of the main actions New Zealand has taken. Establishing the Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand (ERMA) together with it, it created regulations for biotechnology and genetic modifications, which the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) supervises. However, the people questioned the environmental, social and cultural risks associated with further developing biotechnology. Accordingly, New Zealand’s government agencies like New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, BIOTech New Zealand, and Ag Research’s main purpose is to develop disease resistant livestock and pest resistant crops without using non-genetically modifying methods. Through these government agencies and other methods, New Zealand promotes organic production to balance biotechnology and preserving original practices without using GMs. Internationally, New Zealand participated in discussions like the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to share its view of GMs.
Despitetheseefforts, NewZealandstillfaces huge challengestheymustmitigateregarding biotechnology. Even though there is a de facto ban on GMOs in New Zealand, the potential benefits and the internationally changing trend cannot be neglected forever. The first major challenge is the strict but ambiguous GMO regulations and policy. New Zealand has one of the countries with strictest regulations and policies regarding GMOs. Nevertheless, balancing protection with opportunities made the policies become ambiguous. The second major challenge is related to organic farming. Farming is a very popular practice in New Zealand and the rise of GMOs will create conflict in the agricultural sector in New Zealand. Lastly, there are huge ethical and international challenges. New Zealand has a clean green image, and the adoption of GMOs might influence export to markets who prefer New Zealand’s clean, green and organic practices. That will also impact global collaboration and competition as it is directly related to the country’s major market.
However, there are possible solutions that could mitigate those problems. First is strengthening regulations and laws like the HSNO Act. It could address pressing challenges like the CRISPR-Cas9 to ensure safety and ethical applications. To do this, the public viewpoint must be in agreement with regulations. To build a consensus, this negotiation would involve diverse stakeholders. The stakeholders include farmers, scientists, consumers, and more. For it to be sustainable, regular updates are needed so that the laws can adapt to the rapidlydevelopingtechnology.Theimportanceofpublicengagementalsocannotbeneglected.
New Zealand could hold campaigns and educate the public to increase their awareness of biotechnology and to create public trust. The government could create education materials that are accessibleto emphasizethe benefits of biotechnology while alsoinformingthe public about the potential risks and potential solutions are also important. To do that, New Zealand’s government could use communities, schools, digital platforms like social media, and more to increase awareness which will also help the government adapt GMOs easier.
Ministry for the Environment. Genetic Modification the New Zealand Approach. June 2004.
“New Zealand - Agricultural Land (% of Land Area) - 1961-2018 Data | 2021 Forecast.”
The History of Genetic Modification in New Zealand. 2008. “Your Guide to the Hazardous Substances New Organism Act: An Essential Reference for People Affected by or Interested in the Act.” Ministry of the Environment, Jan. 2001.
The Future of Space Governance: Adapting to New Technologies and Private Sector Involvement
New Zealand acknowledges the importance of space governance, especially in making it sustainable. Even though New Zealand is relatively a new entrant, it has been taking huge steps to increase their role regardingspace governance in the past decade. For example, it established the NZSA, short for New Zealand Space Agency, in 2016. Not only did New Zealand establish their own agency, but it also partnered with private companies, most notably Rocket Lab which provides private launches. There was also an act passed from the government, the Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act (OSHAA), providing frameworks for security, safety, and environmental protection. Furthermore, New Zealand has been getting involved in international treaties as it is evident through its engagement in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and participating in discussions like the United Nations Committee on the peaceful use of outer space (COPUOS).
DespiteNewZealand’seffortstodevelopspacetechnologiesandplayamajorroleinspace governance, there are some important challenges that need to be addressed. First is the weak frameworks and regulations in comparison to the fast technological advancements. The current laws are not properly fitted to address the current changes in the technology sector. Private Sectors are also a problem due to monopolization and transparency issues. Private Sectors poses a possibility of misuse since their main focus is on making profit for their own benefit rather than the interests of the public. It also raises inequality issues since it will most likely not be accessible to everyone equally. This challenge also connects with the last major challenge: space debris management. Since private sectors pursue profit, they have the tendency to be less careful regarding the environment. New Zealand’s main goal is to make space governance more sustainable for the future. Therefore, it should find a way to address
space debrisissues. NewZealandhasto finda wayto reducethe riskthat comesfromsatellite’s proliferation and space debris.
With the above in mind, New Zealand wants to propose some possible solutions that might be able to mitigate those problems. There are two main possible solutions. First is enhancing and updating the legal frameworks. It should be able to address emerging technologiesand new innovations. It not only has to have frequent updates, but it should also be transparent and should have a holistic view of space governance. Second is the partnership between public and private sectors. This might seem less pressing. However, establishing public and private cooperation can help New Zealand and other countries internationally. It can also prevent monopolies from private sectors while ensuring a transparent and accessible space governance actions. However, there might be a problem of negotiating with the private sector because they will not be able to make more profit if there are more strict regulations from the government since regulations might prevent new innovative technologies.
New Zealand Space Agency. "About the New Zealand Space Agency." New Zealand Government, 2016, www.mbie.govt.nz/science-and-technology/space/. Accessed 1 Jan. 2025.
Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act. New Zealand Government Legislation, 2017, www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0029/latest/whole.html. Accessed 1 Jan. 2025.
UNOOSA. “Outer Space Treaty.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 1967, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html.
Sein Yang
Daegu Girls' High School
Crisis Committee | Arctic Council: Navigating Challenges in the Arctic Frontier |
Territorial Claims and Resource Extraction
The Arctic has traditionally been a low-tension area, fostering conditions conducive to international cooperation. Members of the Arctic Council have actively collaborated, fulfilling their respective roles and responsibilities to maintain the region as one of stability and peace. However, significant climate change over the past decade and the resulting geographical transformations, such as diminished ice, snow, and permafrost, have introduced numerous political challenges for Arctic nations. The melting ice and thawing permafrost have opened new shipping lanes and unlocked access to extensive natural resources, sparking territorial disputes and conflicts among member states vying for control. Current territorial disputes in the Arctic include the Northwest Passage (since 1969), the Beaufort Sea (since 2004), and the Lomonosov Ridge (since 2014).
Asa member oftheArctic Council,Sweden's coreinterestsliein thecontributionto peaceful, sustainable,and well-functioningcooperationinthe Arctic region.Sweden has adopteda broad Arctic strategy – Sweden’s Strategy for the Arctic Region (Government of Sweden, 2020) –that strives to reconcile its interests in a variety of realms. The strategy includes several key priorities that reflect its approach to regional development: promoting cooperation with other member states, ensuring security and stability of the Arctic both in terms of interaction with other states. Sweden’s policy approach to the Arctic has been focused on offering detailed guidelinesthatentailsbalancingsecurity,andenvironmentalconsiderations,showingSweden's deep concern in the Arctic.
With disputes among the Arctic becoming ever more intense, for the security of the Arctic and state of cooperation in the Arctic Council, resolution is an urgent matter. All territorial sea and contiguous zones within national jurisdiction are designated under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS is very inclusive, providing general principles about territorial sea, but also because of its lacking minutiae the member states have to make a consensus in a diplomatic way. If the nation only asserts their interest in the dispute to earn more profits, there is a bare chance the conflict is going to be resolved.
The territorial disputes in the Arctic have become more intense and complex, as they must consider the evolving environment, including newly accessible shipping routes and abundant natural resources that nations aim to utilize. Sweden emphasizes the importance of maintaining positive and effective international relations, as well as cooperative frameworks, to address challenges in the Arctic within the boundaries of international law.
To handle these issues and make progress, there must be more detailed, precise legislation under the content of UNCLOS that is specialized to the Arctic. For instance, UNCLOS allows for the expansion of their continental shelf upto 200 nautical miles, but consideringthe shifting
sea ice in the Arctic, there should be a new criteria that factors in movement of ice edges and marine geological features. Also, specialized definitions for the Arctic waters allowing fluid adjustments considering the ever-shifting Arctic regions should be established.
Environmental Protection and Climate Change Adaptation
As the polar ice melts, with temperatures rising continuously, new sea routes are opened up for shipping, fishing and the extraction of natural resources, which changes the living conditions of every Arctic inhabitant. The effects of climate change and the potential threats the Arctic may counter are already apparent. If these trends continue, they will fundamentally change the living conditions for humans, result in negative environmental changes in local communities, and disturb the balance of Arctic ecosystems. It is therefore important for nations to stay cautious and protect the Arctic environment in close cooperation with Arctic and nonArctic states and with indigenous organizations.
Sweden as a member of the Arctic council had perceived this urgency and held actions to mitigate and solve various problems and potential dangers in the Arctic. Several notable projects during the Swedish Chairmanship(2011–2013) can be mentioned. The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR) Working Group developed initiatives aimed at preventing oil spills. The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment project was carried out by the Working Group on the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna(CAFF). Even for that, Sweden has been progressively releasing renewed Sweden’s Arctic strategy adopting the changing trends, making them more detailed and comprehensive.
Sweden willfocus onaction thatcontributes toachievingresultsin threemain areas: limiting Arctic warming by reducing global emissions; conserving biodiversity in the Arctic including its marine environment; and maintaining the living-conditions in the Arctic by restricting human actions.
Sweden will take a lead in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, which will guide the Government’s work in the Arctic. The heating of the Arctic can only be limited by a radical reduction of global emissions, especially carbon dioxide. Therefore the aim of the Paris Agreement is of crucial importance for the future of the Arctic region.
Arctic biodiversity is also of global importance. Knowledge about the species and ecosystems should be strengthened to conserve biodiversity in a sustainable manner. The indigenous peoples are the key role in these contents. The invaluable knowledge they possess provides a deep understanding of the Arctic environment, therefore representatives of the indigenous peoples shouldbe involvedin concretecooperationdrawingontraditional andlocal knowledge. Also Sweden stresses adequate protection provided for areas which have high values in natural and cultural scope and extraction of resources under the deep sea not to be undertaken before description of its effect on the Arctic environment is available.
Furthermore, Sweden wants the population in the Arctic to enjoy good living conditions and sustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment,withrespectfortherightsofindigenouspeoples. However, growth in tourism is creating difficulties in achieving this aim. For the last decade, with the development of transportation and infrastructure, the number of tourism in the Arctic has boosted, carrying negative impacts. Access to the Arctic by plane, ship, etc. contributes to
gas emissions leading to environmental pollution and disruption upon the habitat of indigenous people. In order to preserve the biodiversity and the living-conditions of the Arctic, restrictions on tourism are necessary, such as regulating the number of people and the time spent in the land or restricting human access in certain areas.
General Assembly | Special Political and Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL) |
Technology in Decolonization Movements
“The gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is also clearly seen in digital access, with the digital inclusion gap of 7.5 points. The inequality in digital access generates a digital divide, which in turn, hinders the efficiency of Indigenous people’s decolonization movements.”
I. Introduction
Technologies have been playing a transformative role in the advancement of the decolonization movement. Traditional decolonization movements, which emerged in response to centuries of colonial exploitation, relied on mouth communication, organized protests, and the formation of community based organizations. However, influenced by technology, marginalized groups started to amplify their voices in international communities, gaining opportunities to disseminate revolutionary messages more rapidly and easily. Despite all the positive aspects, the digital divide, surveillance and retribution from state actors, loss of narrative control, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and misinformation remain crucial problems regarding technology in decolonization movements. Tech companies, governments, marginalized groups, and international institutions like the United Nations (UN) are major stakeholders regarding the issue. In response, the UN's Indigenous Peoples Partnership (UNIPP), which aims to facilitate the implementation of international standards on Indigenous peoples, has constituted an alliance and provided a platform for actors to pursue greater impact in promoting and protecting the rights of Indigenous people at a national level.
II. Australia’s position
Australia, with First Nations people including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, is deeply intertwined with technology in the context of decolonization. Many Indigenous people in Australia face disadvantages, still suffering from the consequences of European settlements. The gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is also clearly seen in digital access, with the digital inclusion gap of 7.5 points. The inequality in digital access generates a digital divide, which in turn, hinders the efficiency of Indigenous people’s decolonization movements. The First Nations Digital Inclusion Plan(2023-2026)
Sia Yun Chung Nam Samsung Academy
hasbeendevelopedtoaddresssomeofthechallengesthatFirstNationspeoplefaceinengaging in the digital environment. This Plan recognizes the substantial opportunities to be gained from connecting First Nations people with the technology sector under the National Agreement on Closing the Gap formed in 2020, aiming for First Nation People’s equal levels of digital inclusion by 2026.
III. Concurrent hardship
Firstly, focused mostly on remote communities, the initiatives mentioned above barely provide aid to Indigenous populations living in non-remote areas(84.6%). This uneven implementation leaves a significant portion of the First Nations population underserved, also limiting access to technology. Secondly, the government’s current plans do not explicitly address the role of AI. The continuous development in technology and AI further exacerbates the digital divide, empowering non-Indigenous people’s ability to control information, given that 40% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populationin Australia donot knowwhat generative AI is. Moreover, First Nations people accounted for less than 1.4% of tech workers, highlighting a lack of understanding of AI. Hence, the theft of cultural intellectual property and dissemination of false cultural knowledge remain significant problems, as they limit Indigenous people’s ability to participate in national debates and the global decolonization movement with their own voices.
IV. Proposed resolutions
To alleviate the existing hardships above, the delegation of Australia first proposes collaborating with international organizations such as the UN and the Pacific Islands Forum, to address the uneven implementation of digital inclusion initiatives. By establishing a global “Digital Equity Fund”, co-financed by developed nations and international tech companies, resources can be provided to underserved Indigenous communities in both Australia and other post-colonial nations. Secondly, to address AI misuse, Australia urges the UN and UNESCO to establish a global framework protecting Indigenous cultural knowledge. As a result, AI can support decolonization efforts while preserving cultural heritage without exploitation or misrepresentation, and empowering marginalized communities’ voice globally. Lastly, to tackle Indigenous underrepresentation in tech, Australia proposes a global mentorship program with partners like Google and Microsoft, with incentives such as expanding into new talent pools and fulfilling social responsibility goals. This initiative would offer scholarships and training for Indigenous youth, allowing them to lead culturally aligned tech advancements and strengthen their role in global decolonization movements.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). United Nations Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership (UNIPP): Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNIPPFAQ.pdf.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's Health 2022: Chapter 1. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/a5aa4dee-ee6d-4328-ad23-e05df01918b5/18175-chapter1.pdf.aspx.
National Indigenous Australians Agency. First Nations Digital Inclusion Plan 2023–2026. 2023, https://www.niaa.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/publications/first-nations-digital-inclusion-plan2023-2026_0.pdf.
The Conversation. "The Government Has a Target for Indigenous Digital Inclusion. It’s Got Little Hope of Meeting It." The Conversation, 2023, https://theconversation.com/the-government-has-a-target-forindigenous-digital-inclusion-its-got-little-hope-of-meeting-it-239733.
The Conversation. "AI Affects Everyone, Including Indigenous People. It’s Time We Have a Say in How It’s Built." The Conversation, 2023, https://theconversation.com/ai-affects-everyone-including-indigenouspeople-its-time-we-have-a-say-in-how-its-built-239605.
International Labour Organization (ILO). United Nations Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership (UNIPP) Strategic Framework 2011–2015. International Labour Organization, 2011, https://www.ilo.org/indigenous/lang-en/index.htm.
National Indigenous Australians Agency. First Nations Digital Inclusion Plan 2023–2026. National Indigenous Australians Agency, 2023, https://www.niaa.gov.au/resource-centre/first-nations-digital-inclusion-plan2023-26.
Neocolonialism in Humanitarian Relief
“To address the challenges of neocolonialism in humanitarian relief, Australia should focus on promoting equitable and inclusive aid practices that prioritize local leadership and sustainable development.”
I. Introduction
Neocolonialdynamicscontinuetoaffectmanyunder-resourcednations,evenafterachieving formal independence. Neocolonial patterns remain firmly rooted in today’s humanitarian aid system, where wealthier nations and international organizations still hold the power to determine how resources are distributed and which crises receive attention,oftensideliningtheveryurgentneedsoftherecipientnations. In response, the UN Special Committee on Decolonization was established in 1961, rooted in the UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples(1960), aiming to “transfer all powers to the people of those territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance with their free expressed will and desire”, highlighting complete independence and sovereignty. However, challenges still remain as lots of the world’s leading aid organizations, like the International Committee of the Red Cross and Save the Children, operate with top-down approaches, without meaningful input from local communities.
II. Australia’s position
Australia, with First Nations people including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, recognizes that the colonial legacy is still very powerful, although colonialism ended decades ago. Socially and economically, Indigenous Australians often experience limited access to education, healthcare, and employment. These issues have reinforced cycles of disadvantage, making it difficult for Indigenous communities to achieve self-determination or equitable participationin society. Inresponse,Australiangovernmentagencies,rather than donor nations, have been providing support to the Indigenous community. For instance, the National Indigenous Australians Agency is committed to improving the lives of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, aiming to address the unique needs of each community. Additionally, Closing the Gap, launched in 2020, targeted to improve the lives of First Nations people by ensuring to work in genuinepartnershipwith them.In addition toprovidingdomestic aid, the Australian Government has continuously offered development assistance through an aid system like AusAID, mainly to the neighbours such as Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Pacific Islands, countries once colonized by other countries. Australia plans to continue providing assistance, as evidenced by detailed budget planning for the ODA program, including the AUD 5 billion allocation for FY 2024/25 and management through DFAT.
III. Concurrent hardship
The problems regarding neocolonialism still remain significant in humanitarian relief provided to First Nations People, although they receive aid mainly from their country. For example,the Northern Territory Intervention in2007,triggeredbyreportsofchildsexualabuse shows a resurgence of colonial ideology under the guise of protection for Aboriginal people. While framing Indigenous communities as incapable of self-governance and perpetuating stereotypes of Aboriginal people as primitive and savage, this policy exemplified the principle of neocolonialism by sustaining power imbalance where settler authorities impose solutions while disrespecting Indigenous autonomy.
IV. Proposed resolutions
To address the challenges of neocolonialism in humanitarian relief, Australia should focus on promoting equitable and inclusive aid practices that prioritize local leadership and sustainable development. First, the delegate advocates policies that ensure aid programs are co-designed and implemented by local communities, reducing dependency on external actors and fostering self-reliance. Supporting initiatives like community-led disaster management plans and training programs can empower local populations to take control of their recovery efforts. This way, Australia expects to further strengthen the voices of recipient countries such as Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Pacific Islands as well as voices of First Nations People. Secondly, Australia calls for the establishment of a decentralized funding model toaddresssystematicinequalitiesinresourcedistribution.Unliketraditionalaidsystems, this model would be managed jointly by grassroots representatives and organizations like Oxfam, providing direct access to funds for local communities without reliance on external stakeholders. This approach ensures the promotion of financial independence, enabling Indigenous communities in Australia and in recipient countries to set their development priorities and allocate resources spontaneously.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. United Nations, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/declaration-granting-independence-colonial-countries-and-peoples.
ResearchGate. "Neocolonialism: The True Intention behind the Northern Territory Intervention." ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331790709_Neocolonialism_the_true_intention_behind_the_ Northern_Territory_intervention.
Australian Government. National Indigenous Australians Agency. Directory, https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/prime-minister-and-cabinet/national-indigenous-australiansagency.
Queensland Government. Closing the Gap. https://www.tatsipca.qld.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-torres-straitislander-partnerships/reconciliation/closing-gap.
Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Aid: Promoting Prosperity, Reducing Poverty, Enhancing Stability. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/australian-aidbrochure.pdf Accessed 22 Jan. 2025.
General Assembly | Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN) |
Addressing Rural Poverty: The Role of International Loans in Sustainable Development
The division between urban and rural areas within a country is inevitable. However, rural poverty derived from lack of access to education, healthcare, and climate change is a crucial problem which should be addressed through the cooperation of member states, as it has as yet caused severe income inequality and isolation of rural communities. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey data, rural poverty has been a problem since the 1960s when poverty was first officially recorded (Farrigan). Although the difference between rural and urban poverty has decreased overtime, 622 million people are projected to live in extreme poverty in 2030 (Genoni).
Despite various regional development strategies including the Queensland substantial infrastructure investment, Australia is still facing substantial rural poverty problems, considering the fact that about 55% of land and 74% of water consumption is accounted for by agriculture (National Rural Health Alliance).
Livestock grazing, cropping, and horticulture expands throughout Australian rural areas, being the major source of income for ruralites. Australia, therefore, is vulnerable to environmental factors, specifically, climate change. While farming has a risk of seasonal unemployment and labor availability, vast climate change aggravates the production risk through weather uncertainty. Risk in production directly affects farmers’ incomes, subsequently increasing the poverty rate.
Australia prioritizes suggesting resolutions that focus on infrastructure development and solving unemployment, taking into account the vulnerability of agriculture based rural communities. The first resolution is providing employment in rural areas in case of seasonal unemployment. A successful example of this resolution is ‘Indonesia’s Sixth Five-Year Plan’ targeting 20,633 under-developed villages through loan support by Japan (Rural Areas Infrastructure Development Project). Infrastructure developments in rural areas can provide employment, as simple constructions such as paving roads and making bridges can be done through manual labor. After the development, those previously employed will be able to maintain their source of income through infrastructure maintenance and use the wage they
earned as their base for employment seeking.
Thesecondresolutionisincreasingtheaccessibilityofinternationalloansbetweencountries. Adopting the ODA (Official Development Assistance) loan that Japan supported for the rural development project of Indonesia, loans can benefit both rural areas-developing countries such asCambodiaandSomalia,aswellasdevelopedcountriesincludingtheUnitedStates,Germany, and Japan. Countries receiving an ODA loan have the obligation to repay the monetary support they received without much burden since they can improve rural poverty through development, and repay the loan afterwards. Implementing this solution will provide ownership and selfsufficient economic development for rural communities especially in developed countries.
In conclusion, the delegation of Australia reaffirms its commitment to supporting rural communities suffering from poverty through infrastructure developments providing employment, and universalizing international loans. We can fight together, united in our resolve to ensure that every citizen, regardless of their residence, must live under the protection of the alliance between member states.
Farrigan, Travey. "Rural Poverty & Well-Being." U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 13 Nov. 2024, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-p.
Genoni, Maria, and Christoph Lakner. Poverty, Prosperity, and Planet Report. World Bank Group, 30 Sept. 2024, https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-
"A Snapshot of Poverty in Rural and Regional Australia." National Rural Health Alliance, 14 Oct. 2013, https://ruralhealth.org.au/documents/publicseminars/2013_Sep/Joint-report.pdf.
"Rural Areas Infrastructure Development Project." Japan International Cooperation Agency, Sept. 2000, https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2001/pdf/e_project_37_all. pdf.
Bridging the Gap: Promoting Equitable Access to Innovation and Technology Through Global Cooperation
From factories and machinery,mobile phones and electronic devices, to robots and Artificial Intelligence, the vast development of technology has led to primary sources of innovation throughout human generation. Although it is true that technology enhances the quality and conditions of living for some communities, others still suffer under the isolation from technology and innovation. According to a 2021 UN report, only 7 percent of the population of South Sudan and 8 percent of the population of Chad has access to electricity (IEEE).
According to the ICT (International Communications and Technologies) development index which measures countries that have greater technological expertise, Australia scored 95.1 out of 100, a considerably high score (ICT). While advanced technology and rapid development is enhancing the economic status of Australia, the benefit does not reach every sector. The Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII) data shows that Indigenous Australians are more
likely to be mobile-only users, having lower digital ability compared to the rest of the population (Thomas). This is not only the problem of Australia, as rural and indigenous communities reflect developing countries in the global economy.
The delegation of Australia, therefore, suggests solutions of the unequal distribution of technology focusing on international cooperation and support. The first resolution is enhancing technological development in developing countries through tariff reductions and attracting foreign industries.
Tariff reductions can allow industries demanding manual labor to significantly reduce their costs of production, as developing countries can provide cheap labor and low tax rates. Simultaneously, developing countries themselves can also escape technological isolation through increased employment and the inflow of foreign currency, which can elevate the overall economy. Theserevenuescanbeusedtoinvestintechnology, leading to a mutually beneficial outcome.
Another resolution can be investment in transition from the primary sector to the quaternary sector. Abundant resources prevalent in developing countries are mainly being used for foreign export, hindering self-sufficient development. Corporates in developed countries demanding natural resources can invest in developing countries, constructing factories and production machinery in countries abundant in resources. The efficient utilization of resources such as investments in sustainable energy including agri-tech, bio-technology, and renewable energy can create employment, and also leadtothesecountriescreatingtheirownbaseofeconomicdevelopmentbytheimplementation of foreign technology.
In conclusion, the delegationof Australiafirmly suggests thatcooperationbetween countries is necessary in sectors of technology and innovation, reasoning unequal distribution of resources pivotal in self-sufficient development. Implementation of foreign industries will play a primary role in solving the issue under discussion, as foreign currency and increased employment is necessary in economic development. As innovation is emerging as the ultimate goal of society, the delegation of Australia strongly emphasizes the need of international cooperation and support for the equal distribution of economic development.
IEEE. "Digital Divide in Developing Countries: Why We Need to Close the Gap." IEEE.org, 26 Dec. 2024, https://ctu.ieee.org/blog/2023/01/23/digital-divide-in-developing-countries-why-we-need-to-close-thegap. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024.
"ICT Development Index by Country 2024." World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/ict-development-index-by-country. Accessed 26 Dec. 2024.
Thomas, J., J. Barraket, C. Wilson, S. Ewing, T. MacDonald, J. Tucker, and E. Rennie. Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: The Australian Digital Inclusion Index 2017. Australian Digital Inclusion Index, 2017, https://www.digitalinclusionindex.org.au/case-study-digital-inclusion-of-indigenous-australians/.
Anna Seojin Park
Seoul International School
Yale Model United Nations LI
Over the course of January 23-26, I learned what it means to be a headstrong delegate, an active inquirer, an open-minded communicator, and most importantly, a global learner through the 51st iteration of Yale Model United Nations (YMUN).
Having not had any prior experience with the UNA-USA procedure of YMUN or an entirely international conference, I started off feeling worried that I would not be able to participate to the full extent. Yet, the thought of being able to meet new delegates and students from different corners of the world balanced out the anxiety with excitement and anticipation. Each day was packedwithactivities,startingoffwithatouroftheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYork. Peering into the massive committee rooms that I had only previously seen through the screen was an unreal experience. In addition, being able to ask my questions to UN employees, including our tour guide and guest speaker, allowed me to view the very basis of international relations and cooperation in a new light.
At Yale, I thoroughly enjoyed the thrill of delivering multiple speeches at the podium in front of my commission, the Disarmament and International Security Committee, and socializing with my fellow delegates during the unmoderated caucuses. Through watching and gaining tips from them on what parts to look out for in a draft paper and how to present an attention-grabbing speech, I improved immensely as a delegate. In addition, by asserting my ideas with determination and newfound knowledge, I was able to become a sponsor and introduce the final paper for both agendas in different blocs. My time in the committee room was filled with laughter and learning, especially when I conversed with people of different nationalities.
Another highlight at Yale was Yale Day, where I attended various lectures and the Yale University campus tour. Professor Victoria Hallinan’s lecture on Cultural Exchanges during the Cold War was captivating because of the depth it provided on a topic that was initially unfamiliar to me. I’ll also never forget Professor Shelly Kagan’s memorable lecture on the Shopping Cart Theory as I was genuinely intrigued by the ethical dilemma he passionately presented. By the end of the day, I had so much to take away from the Yale Day experience.
As such, I am truly grateful for the opportunity to participate in such an engaging conference and extend my gratitude to everyone who made it a special experience.
Catherine Daan Kim
Chadwick International School
Yale Model United Nations LI
AttendingYale MUNLI wasan unforgettable experience, filledwith challenges and growth. As my first ever MUN, competing internationally was intimidating–I was surrounded by incredibly skilled delegates, and stepping into debate felt overwhelming at first. However, representing New Zealand pushed me to adapt quickly, and I was inspired by those around me. Their arguments were sharp, their diplomacy refined, and I found myself learning from them with every session. Every speech, moderated caucus, and unmoderated negotiation presented a new opportunity to refine my critical thinking, improve my public speaking, and understand the intricacies of global policy making. While I initially felt hesitant to raise my placard, I gradually found myself engaging more confidently, realizing that diplomacy is not just about asserting one’s stance but also about listening, responding thoughtfully and finding common ground. The energy in the room was certainly exciting–delegates passionately debated international issues, forging alliances that mirrored real-world diplomacy. By the final session, I was not only more comfortable in my role but also eager for future MUN opportunities, knowing that this experience had fundamentally strengthened my ability to think on my feet, articulate my point clearly, and of course, engage meaningfully in global discourse.
Beyond MUN, I participated in the Yale Global Exchange Program (GEP) instead of Yale Day, which turned out to be an eye-opening decision. The lectures–on topics ranging from Federal Reserve policies to food diplomacy–gave me a deeper understanding of global affairs beyond just debate. Discussing trade wars and the U.S.-China relations with experts broadened my perspective on international politics, making me rethink how economic and diplomatic strategies shape our world. Each lecture was packed with insights that revealed the complexity behind major geopolitical and economic decisions. Learning about monetary policies from Federal Reserve experts shed light on how financial stability is maintained on a global scale, while the session on food diplomacy underscored the unexpected yet crucial role of agriculture and cuisine in
international relations. I found myself captivated by the intricate balance of power between economic giants, as the discussion on trade wars highlighted the far reaching consequences of tariffs, supply chain disruptions, and diplomatic tensions.
However, most importantly, I walked away from this experience with newfound confidence and friendships. The connections I made, both in and outside the committee, reminded me that MUN isn't just about winning debates - it's about engaging with others, exchanging ideas and going together. Though I entered Yale MUN LI feeling uncertain, I left with a strong passion and curiosity for international relations–not to mention a stronger voice and lots of memories I’ll carry with me.
Edward Kim (Jiwoon Kim)
Daewon Foreign Language High School
Realization: Diplomatic Wisdom from the YMUN LI Conference - The Diplomatic Strategy Created by the Choice of Moment
As I participated in the YMUN LI Conference, I was given a valuable opportunity to devise strategies and develop diplomatic capabilities in the face of complicated international circumstances, not just mock U.N. meetings. As Sadavir Errinwright, I served as Vice Secret General in this competition and experienced the process of formulating and implementing various diplomatic strategies as a representative of the district.
Since I was assigned the role, I have come to realize that the ability to make real-time judgments and respond to rapidly changing situations is essential, not just presiding over meetings. In fact, there were many moments when I had to make immediate decisions in a rapidly changing environment through the round robin, modulated caucus, and unmodified caucus conducted by the Crisis Committee. This process allowed me to focus on developing logical thinking skills, quick thinking, and negotiation skills beyond just acquiring knowledge.
Whenever a crisis situation occurred in real time, I had to adapt to unforeseen variables. When the strategies prepared in advance flowed unexpectedly, it was important to improvise logic and seek alternatives. In particular, the ability to analyze the situation closely and make quick decisions was required, as the decisions made within the Crisis Committee greatly influenced the direction of the entire meeting. Through this, I was able to feel how crisis management capabilities were applied in real situations, not just theoretical knowledge.
Various conflicts arose in the process of voting ideas in the directory. Even though all delegationssharedthesamegoal,thereweremanycasesofdisagreementbetweentheapproach and the solution strategy. In particular, internal coordination was essential as there were disagreements on the policy direction even within the district delegation. In this process, I learned that it is important not to simply assert one's opinion strongly, but to listen to the other person's opinion and find a compromise. Through this, I was able to realize the importance of leadership and teamwork once again. In addition, I realized that political considerations and diplomatic approaches are essential as well as logical validity in the process of establishing an alliance with other delegations.
Peace negotiations with the Martian delegation were one of the most difficult negotiating processes. At first, it was difficult for the two sides to reach a compromise by sticking to a strong position, but as we sought common interests, dialogue progressed gradually. I learned in this process that the key to diplomatic negotiations is not simply to persuade the other party,
but to grasp exactly what the other party wants and come up with a realistic solution based on it. This has made me realize how important it is to build trust with the other party as well as problem-solving skills.
In particular,thismeetingprovided a deeper understanding of the conflict between the planet and Mars, which is not just a military confrontation, but a fight for survival and economic sustainability. Historically, disputes over resources and economic power may bring about short-term benefits, but have had serious consequences for all parties in the long run. For example, the European powers thrived by exploiting resources in their colonies, but eventually declined due to the independence movements of colonial countries, or the two world wars were caused by competition for resources and power, resulting in enormous human damage and economic devastation. Given this, it was clear that if Earth and Mars continued to go through aColdWarorwentintoanall-outwar,theaftermathwouldspreadthroughoutthesolarsystem. Therefore, I could realize that diplomatic resolution is the top priority and a cooperative system for mutual prosperity is essential in order not to repeat the mistakes of the past.
This experience was a very beneficialopportunityfor me to develop a practicalsense beyond justacademicknowledge.Throughthisevent,Icametorealizethatdiplomacyandnegotiations are not just logical persuasion but also complex processes that require comprehensive consideration of emotions, political considerations, and historical background. In addition, I was able to experience the importance of leadership and teamwork and realize how important it is to have effective communication and quick problem-solving skills. In particular, it was impressive that I was able to experience firsthand how the interests of countries around the world are coordinated while negotiating with representatives of various countries.
Based on these experiences, I will continue to pay close attention to international relations and diplomatic issues, and further develop my capacity to apply them in the real world. Based on the insights gained through this experience, I would like to explore practical ways to solve internationalproblemsandpublicizetheimportanceofdiplomaticcooperationforasustainable future.
What I learned: Beyond the boundaries of the universe - the possibility of cooperation and coexistence
Participating in the discussion on diplomatic relations and cooperation between Earth and Mars has been a deeply enlightening experience. Through this experience, I have come to realize that diplomacy is far more than a series of political negotiations; it is a strategic and dynamic process that requires careful planning, adaptability, and a deep understanding of historical precedents. The discussions provided me with an opportunity to analyze interplanetary relations through the lens of history, economy, culture, and governance, helping me to develop a more comprehensive view of international relations and conflict resolution.
- The Importance of Diplomacy in Conflict Prevention -
Oneof the most significant lessonsI have learned isthe necessity of diplomacy in preventing conflicts before they escalate into full-scale wars. The conflict between Earth and Mars mirrors historical conflicts on Earth, particularly those involving resource competition and territorial disputes. Throughout history, nations have fought wars over essential resources, leading to widespread devastation and long-term instability. For example, the European Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century saw major powers aggressively competing for natural resources,
resulting in the exploitation of local populations and severe economic inequalities that persist today. Similarly, the two World Wars of the 20th century were largely driven by competition for resources and economic dominance. The lesson here is clear: long-term conflicts over resources do not lead to sustainable prosperity; instead, they result in destruction and setbacks for all parties involved.
Applying this historical lesson to the Earth-Mars situation, I have come to understand that diplomatic efforts must focus on resource-sharing agreements rather than competition. Strengthening interplanetary cooperation and fostering economic interdependence will prevent tensions from escalating into armed conflicts. Diplomatic strategies should prioritize negotiation, compromise, and conflict de-escalation, as seen in the Cold War diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union. Despite intense geopolitical rivalries, both superpowers engaged in arms control treaties such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), which played a crucial role in preventing direct military confrontations. A similar approach should be adopted to stabilize Earth-Mars relations, ensuring that both planets recognize the mutual benefits of peace over war.
- Economic Interdependence as a Tool for Stability -
Another key takeaway is the role of economic interdependence in fostering stability. Historically, economic collaboration has been a powerful tool for preventing conflicts. The European Union (EU) is a prime example of how economic integration can transform longstanding adversaries into allies. Before the formation of the EU, European nations were frequently at war with each other, often due to economic competition and territorial disputes. However, by creating a single economic marketandpromotingfreetradeamong member states, Europe achieved an unprecedented era of peace and cooperation. The economic interdependence between France and Germany, once bitter rivals, is a testament to the power of trade and collaboration in maintaining stability
Applying this lesson to Earth and Mars, I have realized that both planets should establish a structuredtradeagreementthatensuresabalancedexchangeofresourcesandtechnology.Earth, with its industrial capacity and agricultural resources, can provide Mars with essential supplies such as food, water, and raw materials. In return, Mars, with its advanced space exploration technology and efficient resource utilization techniques, can supply Earth with rare minerals extracted from the asteroid belt. This economic partnership would not only create stability but also accelerate scientific and technological advancements that benefit both civilizations.
Moreover, historical economic models such as the Marshall Plan highlight the importance of supporting emerging economies. After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to war-torn European nations, helping them rebuild their economies and preventing the spread of communism. This investment ultimately strengthened the global economy and fostered long-term alliances. A similar approach should be taken with Mars: rather than maintaining an exploitative economic relationship, Earth should actively support Mars’ selfsufficiency, ensuring that both planets grow together rather than at each other’s expense.
- The Role of Cultural Exchange in Strengthening Relations -
Beyond economic and diplomatic strategies, cultural exchange is another critical factor in fostering cooperation. Throughout history, cultural diplomacy has played an essential role in
reducing tensions and building mutual understanding between nations. One of the most famous examples of cultural diplomacy is the "Ping Pong Diplomacy" between the United States and China in the early 1970s. A simple table tennis exchange between American and Chinese athletes led to a thaw in relations between the two countries, paving the way for diplomatic normalization. Similarly, the Erasmus student exchange program within the European Union has helped create a generation of Europeans who understand and appreciate each other's cultures, thereby strengthening European unity.
Applying these principles to Earth and Mars, I have come to understand that interplanetary cooperation should not be limited to politics and economics. Establishing student and researcher exchange programs between the two planets could foster greater cultural understanding and reduce misconceptions. Hosting joint artistic and sporting events could also play a role in humanizing each side’s perspective, encouraging a sense of shared identity rather than division. Byexperiencing eachother's societiesfirsthand,citizensofEarth and Mars could cultivate mutual respect and collaboration.
- The Need for Strong International Governance Structures -
Another lesson I have gained is the importance of strong governance structures in maintaining long-term stability. The United Nations, despite its imperfections, has played a crucial role in managing global conflicts, mediating disputes, and promoting international cooperation. Similarly, the World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates global trade, ensuring fair economic practices among nations. These institutions serve as models for interplanetary governance. Establishing an "Interplanetary Economic Council" or a "United Nations Space Council" could provide a legal framework for resolving disputes between Earth and Mars. This organization could oversee fair trade practices, mediate conflicts over resource distribution, and ensure that Belters (inhabitants of the asteroid belt) are treated justly and not exploited for their labor and resources.
Furthermore, historical examples such as the Treaty of Versailles illustrate the dangers of poor governance and punitive measures. The treaty, which imposed severe economic penalties on Germany after World War I, contributed to the rise of economic instability and political extremism, eventually leading to World War II. This teaches us that governance institutions should prioritize fairness and long-term stability rather than punitive measures that could breed resentment and future conflict.
- The Broader Implications for Humanity’s Future -
Ultimately, this discussion has broadened my perspective on the future of humanity as a multi-planetary species. If Earth and Mars can establish a cooperative model, it will set a precedentforfuturespaceexplorationandinterplanetaryrelations.ThemistakesmadeonEarth, from colonial exploitation to global conflicts, should not be repeated as humanity expands into space. Instead, a new paradigm of cooperation, sustainability, and shared prosperity should be developed.
Something to Learn : Expanding Diplomatic Insights - Key Areas for In-Depth Study
Through this experience, I have learned that diplomacy is not just about negotiations and treaties it is about understanding history, recognizing economic realities, valuing cultural
connections, and building governance structures that ensure long-term peace. Earth and Mars are at a crossroads, much like the major powers of the past. The choices made now will determine the future stability of the solar system. If cooperation prevails over competition, humanity has the potential to enter a golden age of space exploration and scientific advancement. However, if rivalry and conflict take precedence, history warns us that the cost will be immense.
Through this diplomatic negotiation experience, I was able to gain a deep understanding of the essence and complexity of diplomacy while also realizing that further learning is necessary. Diplomacy is not merely about adjusting national interests or negotiation skills; it plays a crucial role in shaping long-term international relations and establishing the global order. Therefore, when studying diplomacy, it is essential to conduct an in-depth analysis not only of the short-term success of negotiations but also of their long-term impact. Additionally, examining whether diplomatic strategies follow historical patterns or evolve in response to changes in international affairs is an intriguing subject. Based on this experience, I have identified several areas that I would like to explore further: the long-term effects and historical patterns of diplomatic strategies, the role and effectiveness of international organizations, the psychological aspects of trust-building in diplomacy, the differences and strategic applications of multilateral and bilateral diplomacy, and the anticipated challenges in future diplomacy. These topics are significant individually, but since they are highly interconnected, a comprehensive approach is essential.
First, I believe it is crucial to study the long-term effects and historical patterns of diplomatic strategies. The short-term successofa diplomaticnegotiationcan berelatively easytoevaluate, but predicting its long-term consequences is much more challenging. Historically, many diplomatic agreements have successfully resolved conflicts in the short term but later led to more significant issues. A notable example is the 1938 Munich Agreement. At the time, the United Kingdom and France opted for diplomatic compromise by conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany in an attempt to curb its expansion. However, this concession only emboldened Germany's ambitions, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War II. This case illustrates that diplomatic negotiations should not merely aim for temporary stability but must also consider long-term international order and balance.
A more contemporary example is the 2015 Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA), which remains a topic of debate regarding its long-term impact. This agreement aimed to curb Iran’s nuclear development in exchange for the easing of economic sanctions, and it initially helped reduce tensions in the Middle East. However, when the United States withdrew from the agreement in 2018, Iran accelerated its nuclear program once again, further destabilizing the region. These examples demonstrate that while diplomatic agreements may succeed in temporarily resolving conflicts, failing to consider their long-term effects can lead to new problems. Therefore, I believe it is essential to study how diplomatic strategies influence international relations over time and to develop methodologies for evaluating their long-term impact.
Furthermore, I realized the importance of conducting an in-depth study on the role and effectiveness of international organizations. Institutions such as the United Nations (UN) play a significant role in maintaining peace and facilitating negotiations in the international community, yet they also face structural limitations. The UN Security Council (UNSC), for instance, grants veto power to its permanent members, which often hinders effective decisionmaking in cases where these countries have vested interests. A recent example is the RussiaUkrainewar,wheretheUNattemptedtointervene,butRussia’svetopowerpreventedeffective measures from being implemented. To address such limitations, reforms in international organizations are necessary, and exploring new governance models that can offer more
practical solutions is an important research area.
In particular, the role of international organizations in space development will become increasingly important in the future. Currently, space-related agreements are primarily based on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which does not fully reflect the modern space development landscape. With private companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin independently pursuing space exploration, the traditional state-centered diplomatic model is evolving. Future diplomacy will not only involve negotiations between states but also require cooperation between governments and private enterprises. Therefore, researching how international organizations should adapt to these changes is a crucial academic pursuit.
Additionally, I found that the psychological aspects of trust-building in diplomacy require further study. Diplomatic negotiations are not solely about logical persuasion and legal agreements; establishing trust with counterparts is essential. History provides numerous examples of diplomatic failures resulting from a lack of trust. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union remained in a state of constant tension despite the absence of direct military conflict due to extreme mutual distrust.However, in the late 1980s, a series of summits between President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev helped foster trust, ultimately leading to the end of the Cold War. This demonstrates the importance of studying how trust is formed in diplomacy and how psychological approaches can be applied to enhance diplomatic effectiveness.
Lastly, I believe it is essential to research the differences and strategic applications of multilateral and bilateral diplomacy. While multilateral negotiations are often necessary in international relations, they are not always the best approach in every situation. For global issues such as climate change and international trade, multilateral diplomacy is indispensable. However,foradjustingrelationsbetweenspecificcountries,bilateraldiplomacycansometimes be more effective. A key example is the normalization of U.S.-China relations in the 1970s, which was achieved through bilateral negotiations rather than a multilateral framework. Therefore, understanding when each diplomatic approach is more advantageous and how to combine multilateral and bilateral strategies to create the most effective diplomatic framework is a crucial area of study.
In conclusion, through this diplomatic negotiation experience, I have realized the need for a deeper exploration of the long-term effects of diplomatic strategies, the reform of international organizations, the psychological elements of trust-building, the strategic application of multilateral and bilateral diplomacy, and the challenges that future diplomacy will face. Moving forward, I aim to continue researching various aspects of diplomacy and seek practical solutions for international cooperation and peace.
The Yale Model United Nations served as a pivotal milestone in my academic journey, offering an invaluable opportunity to engage with students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Through high-pressure negotiations and diplomatic exchanges, the experience significantly refined both communication and critical thinking skills. The conference closely mirrored real United Nations proceedings, compelling delegates not only to actively participate and formulate pragmatic solutions but also to embrace the mindset of a global citizen. Beyond the structured debates, the conference was an eye-opening experience, enriched by the perspectives and innovative approaches of fellow delegates. Their ability to present and defend initiatives with conviction served as a strong motivation to further hone English proficiency and public speaking skills. Most importantly, every aspect of the experience was elevated by the intellectually stimulating environment of Yale University, reinforcing the importance of academic excellence and global engagement. Although our delegation did not secure awards, the exposure to such a rigorous setting is expected to provide lasting benefits in future academic pursuits.
Global Exchange Program (GEP)
Participating in the Global Exchange Program (GEP) was an intellectually enriching and
Jahyun Koo
YMUN Conference
transformative experience, expanding both academic and personal horizons. The program provided a unique opportunity to deepen my understanding of global societal issues through direct engagement with experts in their respective fields. One of the most inspiring moments was Professor O’Connell’s lecture on gastrodiplomacy, which explored howfoodcanserveasapowerfultool for fostering international connections beyond fixed borders. The intersection of cuisine and international relations introduced a fresh perspective that deeply resonated with my personal interests. This insight left a lasting impact, and I am eager to further develop these ideas, whether through my extracurricular activities or future professional pursuits.
However, the journey to Yale was not solely defined by academic rigor. The delegate dance party and casual activities led by the chairs added an element of joy and camaraderie, creating memories beyond formal debate. Being immersed in a foreign environment reaffirmed the belief that genuine connections transcend cultural boundaries. The warmth and kindness of those around made every moment unforgettable. K-pop karaoke and the shared appreciation for Korean films and dramas became natural icebreakers, fostering meaningful conversations and lifelong friendships. The hope remains that these bonds will endure and that our paths will cross again in the future.
The United Nations Headquarterss
The first visit to the headquarters of the United Nations was a breakthrough experience that led me closer to my future in the UN. Going from one place to another in the building, it was nearly impossible not to be captivated by stinkingly colorful and eye-catching artworks, each of which represented the history and core beliefs of the UN. Another interesting part of the UN headquarters was its architectural designs and structures. I could gain a new fact that each committee’s meeting hall was designed by various Member states, demonstrating both national cultures and each country’s connection with the UN. I sincerely hope to visit the place again, with myself being a more grown and brighter person who aligns with the UN’s insightful goals for the world.
Yale Model United Nations
The 51st Yale Model United Nations was my first-time experience of international MUN sessions, which made me both excited and concerned. During the seven sessions addressing two big agendas held for three days, I could learn something beyond the deep understanding and knowledge of international topics; the power of communication. The power of
Jeeyul Jung
Seoul Global High School
communication, which was also the topic of the Social Impact Essay Contest in YMUN LI, came into my mind more strongly than ever through this experience. All participants of our committee were yearning to keep their key messages delivered to other delegates through speeches and notes passing, to persuade others to work as a one block together with them, and finally, to remark their ideas on the final resolution. It was a big pleasure and an honor to communicate with them, build and present creative solutions, raise my voice up at the podium, learn and get steps further between my peers who have similar interests, which is making the world a better place as the youth generation. I can assure that YMUN LI will be the cornerstone of further growth for me and the other members of the delegation of Hope to The Future Association, appreciating them for being together with and cheering for each other during the memorable week.
Jeon
Guangzhou Korean School
Participating in Ymun as the delegate of New Zealand was a challenging yet rewarding experience. My committee discussed Regulating Advancements in AI and Autonomous Vehicles, Legal Implications of Space Exploration and I worked to represent New Zealand’s stance through research, speeches, and negotiations. Preparing for the conference, I focused on understanding New Zealand’s policies, but I realized the importance of anticipating counterarguments and being flexible in discussions.
During the debates, I actively contributed by delivering speeches and collaborating with other delegates to draft resolutions. One of the most challenging moments was during unmod, which pushed me to think critically and respond diplomatically. Despite the difficulties, I learned valuable skills in negotiation, diplomacy, and public speaking.
This experience deepened my interest in international relations and reaffirmed my desire to study political science and diplomacy. Moving forward, I hope to refine my debating skills and participate in more MUN conferences to further develop my abilities as a global thinker.
Jihu
Yale Model United Nations 51
Junghoo Park
Korean Minjok Leadership Academy
How YMUN 51 Showed Who I am
Everyone is sometimes afraid of getting out of their comfort zone. And I am no exception. I prefer watching television with a mouth full of cookies at home. Despite that, I always try to challenge myself with new quests, each one getting harder. I get so anxious when facing a crowd that I become soaked in sweat, but I would never stop delivering speeches in front of people. I know that I am not very talented at speaking in front of a crowd, but I keep trying. I could never understand why I was so contradictory all the time, yet I continued to push myself forward.
The YMUN 51 was my first MUN competition, so I was concerned I might not be able to say a single word. As English is not my first language and I hadn’t spoken to people for several months, I was afraid to speak in front of so many people. I even thought about canceling my participation, but I realized that running away wouldn’t make anything better. Since I knew I was behind everyone, I focused on studying and researching for the MUN. I kept memorizing vocabulary related to our topic, researched about our topic, and studying the MUN rules ever day until the competition. While preparing for the committee sessions, I realized that even without winning an award, the process was valuable as long as I learned and improved. So, I
set three simple goals for YMUN: 1) to speak at least five times during committee sessions, 2) to make three new friends, 3) to learn the rules for next time. And I promised myself that I wouldn’t blame myself for not winning an award as long as I reached these three goals.
On the first day, I realized that I had overestimated myself. I was so nervous that I couldn’t even get a word out of my mouth. But then, I kept reminding myself about the three goals and raised my placard for the first time at the beginning of the first session and got onto the speaker’s list. When I stood at the front, my voice was shaking and my body was sweating so much. However, as I started to speak what I have prepared, I actually enjoyed it. Unexpectedly, I was talking confidently too. I raised my placard again and spoke a few more times. The day after that and the last day went just the same. That was when I discovered that I enjoy talking, especially about my inspirations and ideas. After the recognition, I gained confidence and eventually got to achieve the three goals I had set before.
Although I faced many challenges during the committee sessions, I also found them enjoyable and persevered with great effort. While I did not win an award, I gained a deeper understanding of myself I realized that I am a capable speaker, courageous, and I have the potential to grow. And for now, that is enough. This experience has given me valuable insight, and I am committed to refining my skills and approaching future conferences with greater confidence and preparation.
Sein Yang
Daegu Girls' High School
Attending the Yale Model United Nations (YMUN) 2025 was an eye-opening and transformativeexperience.AsthiswasmyfirsttimeparticipatinginYMUN,Iwas bothexcited and nervous about stepping into the world of diplomacy, debate, and international relations. I entered the conference unsure of what to expect but eager to engage in discussions with likeminded individuals. Throughout the event, I was challenged in ways that pushed me to think critically, communicate effectively, and collaborate with others. Among the many aspects of YMUN, I found the committee debates, resolution drafting, public speaking, and networking to be the most impactful parts of my experience.
One of the most engaging aspects of YMUN was the committee debates. I quickly realized that preparation was key, as delegates came well-researched and ready to argue their positions. The debates were intense yet rewarding, as they required me to think on my feet and articulate my points clearly. One moment that stood out to me was when I had to defend my country’s stance against strong opposition. I had to rely on facts, diplomacy, and strategic wording to maintain my position while also leaving room for compromise. This experience taught me the importance of balancing assertiveness with collaboration a skill that is essential in both diplomacy and everyday life.
Public speaking was an area I wanted to improve through YMUN. Whether delivering speeches, responding to points of inquiry, or debating amendments, I had to think quickly and express my ideas with confidence. At first, I was nervous about speaking in front of such a large and competitive group. However, as the conference progressed, I became more comfortable and found myself enjoying the challenge.
Reflecting on my time at YMUN 2025, I can confidently say that it was an unforgettable experience. The conference challenged me in ways I had never experienced before, from engaging in rigorous debates to stepping out of my comfort zone in public speaking. I gained a deeper appreciation for international relations, diplomacy, and the power of collaboration. Most importantly, I walked away with newfound confidence in my ability to communicate, negotiate, and lead. This experience has motivated me to continue exploring opportunities in Model UN and beyond, as I now understand the impact that young leaders can have in shaping the future.
Reflection on My Most Enriching Journey, Yale Model United Nations 51
Participating in Yale Model United Nations 51, was the most enriching journey I have ever embarked on. Students passionate about global issues, supportive Chairs, and a great environment for discussion provided me with a wonderful opportunity to broaden my perspective and engage in meaningful debates. At first, I was not sure about the specific procedures the MUN takes. However, once the opening ceremony ended and delegates gathered in their committees, everything started to fall into place naturally.
Fellow delegates were the ones who helped me feel completely into the conference. Their outstanding passion and participation stimulated my willingness to interact with them in the committee sessions actively. Unique solutions from all their position papers reminded me of the power of communication and diversity. Here, I realized that a full understanding of each country’s position should be the priority when solving any issue in the world. Once I had learned this meaningful lesson, I further strengthened the idea of representing the stance and solutions as a delegation of Australia. Making a speech in front of all the other delegates and sharing my ideas seemed to be a difficult thing at first. However, once I did it, I felt how powerful voices and words spoken can be when it comes to diplomacy. Sharing my ideas with confidence not only allowed me to actively engage in discussions, but also allowed me to build a deep connection with delegates and create a solid basis for smooth communication. This experience told me that diplomacy is not just about pursuing mutual benefit or win-win situations, but also about listening, sharing, and interacting.
Sia Yun
Chung Nam Samsung Academy
Writing resolutions with my bloc members was a step where I could change my vision into a concrete reality. Delegates with similar interests and visions gathered together and worked on writing well-organized resolution papers in unmoderated caucus sessions. This time,Icouldfurtherhearothers’ideasanddevelopmine in a better way. The process of negotiating clauses and combining diverse viewpoints into one cohesive resolution deepened my understanding of international cooperation.
Through my experience in Yale Model United Nations, I gained confidence in my leadership and diplomatic skills, as well as an ability to articulate my ideas to people. YMUN was not just a conference. It was an invaluable and transformative experience that reinforced my passion for global affairs, diplomacy, and problem-solving.
My Journey at the YMUN LI Conference
Participating in the Yale Model United Nations LI (51th YMUN) conference was an eyeopening experience that not only helped me gain a broader insight on global issues, but also helped me communicate with numerous delegates coming from various countries, with different cultural backgrounds. The entire process of researching the assigned topics based on the delegation of Australia’s perspectives, writing my own position papers, sharing and negotiating the resolutions with other delegates, and completing the final working paper with my fellow participants contributed to my personal growth, as well as broadening my field of knowledge. Although it was challenging for me to prepare and participate in my very first model United Nations conference solely by myself, the in-depth investigation on global issues and the idea of coming up with creative, feasible, and innovative resolutions contributing to global peace and cooperation intrigued me to step out of my comfort zone and interact with other delegates. As a result, I could freely articulate my opinions based on my delegation’s position in the global society, and also learned how to embrace and negotiate various resolutions, aligned with the goals of the United Nations. The Yale Model United Nations conference program was also composed of various activities such as the ‘Yale Day program’, where I could attend lectures conducted by esteemed Yale professors, and participate in a tour around the campus. I knew that these were opportunities that don’t come often, so I tried my best to make each and every moment inside the campus into a meaningful experience. Looking back at my memories and impressions of the YMUN conference, I can proudly say that it was a truly meaningful and unforgettable experience.
Reflecting on my time at the YMUN LI conference, I can confidently say that it was a life-changing experience. It not only expanded my
Yuna Kang
Chung Nam Samsung Academy
knowledge of global issues but also reinforced my passion for international relations and diplomacy. The lessons I’ve learned and the connections I’ve made will continue to shape my journey moving forward. I now understand that true change begins with the willingness to engage, learn, and collaborate, and I look forward to participating in future Model United Nations conferences with a greater sense of purpose and responsibility.
Hope to the FutureAssociation
www.hopetofuture.org
Status NGO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UN DGC)
Program
Youth Education Programs and Sponsor Programs supporting the United Nations and its works, Global Citizenship Education Development, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) in both domestic and international level
Website www.hopetofuture.org
Email webmaster@hopetofuture.org
Contact +82-2-6952-1616
Hope to the Future Association (HFA) is a non-profit organization registered under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. Since 2014, HFA has been associated with the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UN DGC) as a Civil Society Organization, and in 2018, it registered as an official member of United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) Korea, expanding its scope as an educational institution.
HFA's mission is to foster global competence and raise awareness about the importance of global citizenship education and international development among domestic and international youth. HFA provides guidance and academic inspiration with a global focus, empowering young people to become active global citizens who can positively impact their communities and the world.
To achieve its mission, HFA offers International Understanding Education Programs and Sustainable Sponsorship Programs. These programs provide a platform for youth to discuss and explore international issues, including the United Nations and its agenda regarding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). HFA believes that advocating for the United Nations and its agenda as a common goal is essential for creating a sustainable and peaceful world.
Overall, HFA strives to inspire and empower the global youth to become leaders and advocates for positive change through global citizenship education and a focus on international development.
Main Programs
(1) UN Headquarters Training Program in New York and Geneva
Youth UN Training held at the UN Headquarters in Geneva and New York
Attending Lectures by UN High Officials and International Organization Experts such as the Secretary-General of UNEP and the President of GeneralAssembly
Build Professional Knowledge on the SDGs and Global Issues that the UN mainly deals with
Discussion with the UNAmbassador of the Republic of Korea
(2) International Model United Nations - ’Yale MUN & Yale MUN Korea’
On February 2018, Hope to the Future Association and the Yale MUN Secretariat signed an official MoU and agreed to a collaborative partnership on organizing YMUN Korea
Participating in International MUN Competitions as Korean Delegation
Attending MUN Training by UNAmbassadors and experts from International Organizations
(3) Global Youth Forum on the United Nations – ‘Academic Forum on the United Nations’
The forum is a pedagogical four-day program that aims to improve the degree of understanding and professional knowledge on the UN and the role of International Organizations
The theme of the forum is ‘Sustainable Development Goals and Peace’
(4) Donation Campaign for Children inAfrica - ‘Container of Hope’
Sending 40ft long container to African developing countries filled with translated English books, shoes, school supplies gathered from donation campaigns raised by students
Cooperation Organization
Group Programmes Unit, Visitors Services, United Nations Department of Global Communications
Hope to the Future Association has acquired the status of an ‘Associated NGO with the United Nations Department of Global Communication’.
With kind cooperation and support of the DGC Group Programmes Unit, HFA is able to organize a diversified and a high-quality UN Training curriculum the Korean Youth every year. The Visitor Centre provides UN Expert briefings and guided tours to the visitors from around the world.
ⓒ HOPE TO THE FUTUREASSOCIATION 2025.All Rights Reserved.
All photographs and textual content, including essays, featured in this report are the property of Hope to the FutureAssociation, unless specified otherwise. Certain images and statistical data incorporated within student essays are credited to their respective sources, as noted within the document. While some materials may lack explicit references, their use is intended solely for educational and informational purposes. Unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or commercial exploitation of any content from this report without express permission from Hope to the FutureAssociation is strictly prohibited.
Publish Date 10 February 2025
Publisher Hope to the FutureAssociation
Address 4F Dana Bldg, Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06125
