Tuglaq Dynasty Architecture_HoA

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (ARC 225)

HIMA KARTHIK.S 1190100870 II YEAR IV SEM SPA VIJAYAWADA

Prominent buildings during the period • • • • • •

Tughlaqabad fort Tomb of ghiyas us din tughlaq Firuz Shah kotla Khiriki masjid Hauz khas- tomb of Firoz shah Firoz Shah’s tomb

Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq was the founder of Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was already very old by the time he became Sultan and ruled for barely 5 years.

• He concentrated on building of citadel, which integrates the outer defence with inner city building.

• Within a year of his reign he decided to build the new fortified capital of Tughluqabad very close to the previous capital in Delhi.

Mohammed bin tughlaq is mainly known for his ideas of administration. He was grossly misunderstood and assessed on account of his five ambitious projects (a) Transfer of capital from Delhi to devagiri (b) Iintroduction of token currency (c) Expedition for the conquest of Iran and Kurasan (d) Conquest of Qarachil scheme (e) Increase of land revenue in thethe Doab

Firoz shah tughlaq succeeded his cousin Mohammad bin tughlaq after his death.

• He contributed much to the architecture just as Shah jagain did years later in mughal dynasty • Spent most of his time in philanthropic pursuits such as beautification of city, renovating his predecessors monuments, building schools, hospitals and wells, etc..., • Started construction of Firozabad on the banks of river Yamuna.

• The new city included three palaces and a citadel, today known as Firoz Shah kotla.

• Also built two existing shrines 1. Dargah Roshan – Chirag, Delhi 2. Qadam-i-Sharif – near Lahore gate, old delhi

TUGHLAQUABAD FORT

TOMB OF GHIYAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ Ghiyas ud din Tughlaq, the first ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, stands like a small fortress off the Mehraul-Badarpur road, directly opposite the Tughlaqabad fort. The tomb was built by the Sultan himself, and is a brilliant example of the early Indo-Islamic style.

Causeway to the tomb

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES GENERAL INFORMATION • the only red sandstone • Also known as fortress tomb structure in tughlaq dynasty • Tomb is placed wihin a fortress boundary • constructed in the midst • Fortress boundary is located at southern(main) of an artificial lake entrance of tughlaqabad fort •Courtyard of the tomb consists of some underground chambers • White marble panel and white marble blind alcove at the upper part of the structure • Dome is crowned with kalasa which depicts Hindu architectural influences.

Irregular pentagon in plan.

The layout was dominated by the topography of the land

PLAN OF TOMB

Elevated cause way connection

Arch has lotus bud design, and Apex is slightly ogee similar to Tudor type of arch

Entrance to the tomb

Covered dome with white marble casing Blind alcove Blind alcove

WEST FACADE OF TOMB

KALAN MASJID TUGHLAQ MOSQUES Four iwan type – Begampuri mosque Two storey plinth plan type – Kalan masjid Cross axial plan type – Khirki mosque Built on a platform or basement raised more than 3.6m fabove the ground level.

Imposing flights if steps leading from the ground level upto the entrance gateway.

It has a dominating gateway and a central courtyard.

KHIRKI MOSQUE, DELHI The word ‘Khirki’ prefixed to mosque is an Urdu word that means “window” and hence is also called “The Mosque of Windows”.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES • Built as a fortress with an unusual fusion of islamic and traditional Hindu Architecture.

• Courtyard was partially covered by a combination of domed and flat roof, leaving four symmetrically arranged open to sky courtyards for lighting and ventilation.

• Mosque’s walls are of rubble masonry construction with plastered surface on the outside.

AXONOMETRIC VIEW PLAN OF KHIRKI MOSQUE

The mosque has 52m × 52m square plan raised in a plinth of 2.9m.

The Southern gate with imposing steps at the main entrance exhibits a combination of arch and trabeated construction with a rectilinear frame

SOUTHERN ENTRANCE OF MOSQUE Arcade around the courtyard of mosque

There are four tapering corner towers and three projected gateways, one in the middle of each face with tapering turrets flanking each gate.

The word hauz khas in urdu language is derived from the word Hauz – water tank Kaus – royal So, literally hauz khas means a water tank or a royal tank It’s a blend of residential, commercial and ancient monuments.

Hauz Khas Complex houses a water tank, an Islamic seminary, a mosque, a tomb, and pavilions built around an urbanized village

Three pavilions adjoining the complex

FIRUZ SHAH KOTLA – FORTRESS OF FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ The ruler(Firoz shah Tughlaq) decided to shift the capital from tughlaqabad to Firozabad due to the scarcity of water and so the fort was built on the banks of Yamuna to serve the purpose.

The walls are of 15m high, contains a baoli and houses an Ashoka pilla, 13m high which was brought from Ambala to Delhi.

ASHOKAN PILLAR(ASHOK LAT) • Also called as Minari-zarin(gold or golden minar) as ornamented

by Firoz shah • It was made of sandstone but polished so well that it looks like a metal and shines like gold during a bright day’s afternoon.

ASHOKAN PILLAR ON THE TOP OF HAWA MAHAL

JAMI MASJID • Located just next to the Ashokan pillar.

• Built on a series of underground cells and made of quartzite stone and covered with lime stone.

• Surrounded by a large courtyard with cloisters and a prayer hall.

BAOLI(STEPWELL) • Located northwest of the Ashokan pillar, just in the center of garden • It has subterranean apartments served as a cool retreat in summer and was used by persons of royal lineage • A large underground drain for water is located towards it’s eastern side.

HAWA MAHAL

• A tired structure combined with arched facades influenced by Buddhist stupa.

• It was pyramidal shaped Palace and linked to the private rooms.

• Building has three storeys and a staircase at the corner which leads to the terrace.

Plan of Hawa Mahal

Section of Hawa Mahal

FIROZ SHAH’S TOMB Entry to the tomb is through a passage in South leading to the doorway Passage wall is raised on a plinth which depicts the shape of a fourteen faced polyhedron built in stones Three horizontal units laid over eight vertical posts that are chamfered constitute the plinth Squinches and maqaranas are seen in the solid interior walls of the tomb and these provide the basic support to the octagonal spherical dome of the tomb

The dome with a square plan- 14.8m in length and height – has a diameter of 8.8m The tomb, a square chamber, is made of local quartzite rubble with a surface plaster finish that sparkled in white colour when completed.

The doors, pillars and lintels were made of grey quartzites while red sandstone were used for carvings of the battlements • The door depicts the blend of Indian and islamic Architecture • Another new feature is at the south entrance, the stone railings •There are four graves inside the tomb, one is of feroz Shah, two others are of his son, and grandson

DISTINCT FEATURES OF TUGLAQ ARCHITECTURE

Outside view of fort wall, Firoz Shah kotla Massive battered wall made of rubble, stone and brick

Tapered conical shaped corner bastion(tower).

Fort like structure with Barbican- outer defence of castle or walled city Merlon – solid part of crenellated parapet Battlement – parapet at the top of the fort or castle with regularly spaced openings.

Merlon

Hall room ceiling has crossed arch

Ceiling of Khirki mosque Typical crossed arch

Four centered arch along with two centered arch Combination of archeated and trabeated system in construction of arch openings Usage of pier also multiple pillar and pier in arcade Shallow dome a bit angular in mosque A four centered arch

DISTINCT FEATURES OF TOMBS IN TUGHLAQ ARCHITECTURE • Tombs are mostly simple, monotonous, and heavy structures

• Looked more like fortresses with walls surrounding them and have restrained decorations compare to earlier Islamic Architecture.

• However, there are some Hindu influences • Tughluquid style is the first Indian-Islamic architecture to have integrated indigenous design components like pillars, flat lintel insted of pointed arch, windows with balconies, eaves and railings, beams, brackets and local techniques like air cooling systems using water.

There are mainly three kinds of tombs that were constructed in this period 1. Square 2.Octagonal 3. pavilion – the simplest The simplest of tombs are most likely to be those of nobles and family member of Sultan’s Intricate and expansive carved surface decoration, which is previously very popular was replaced with an interest in massing forms for effect, relying on impact of broad juxtaposition of line and colour instead of delicate detailing.

Builders were open to experiment with the combinations of different building types.