Islamic Architecture & Slave Dynasty_HoA

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE & SLAVE DYNASTY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IV (ARC225)

HIMA KARTHIK. S 1190100870 II YEAR IV SEM SPA VIJAYAWADA

BIRTH OF ISLAM 622 AD, in Mecca, by MOHAMMED, a trade merchant in Arabia. Their sacred book is Qur’an

SPREAD OF ISLAM Founded by Mohammed in 622AD, in Mecca Mohammed died and Islam spreaded To Palestine, Egypt, Persia Sunni’s and Shi’s developed Islam spreaded to Africa and Europe North and West Africa, coroduba, Granada in Spain and to Sicily

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM 1.

2.

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5.

SHAHDA witness SALAAT prayer 5 times a day ZAKAT almsgiving SAWN/SIYAM fasting, Ramadan HAJJ pilgrimage

BUILDING TYPES IN INDO-ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS – Mosques, tombs, madrasas SECULAR – houses, pavilions, town gates, wells, gardens, palaces In the early phase of islamic Architecture, home of prophet Muhammad is used as a prototype for mosques.

• Grand courtyard enclosed with mud walls • Colonnads of palm trees • Flat roof at S end • Small roofed Ara at N end • Entrance gates at N, W, E.

ELEMENTS IN MOSQUE •ARCHITECTURE Mihrab • Minarets • Maqsura - a private area in prayer hall enclosed by a wood screen for the ruler and his entourage.

• Dome in the central nave Infront of mihrab • Khazna – treasury • Decorations – use of inscriptions, use of glass mosaic, motifs drived mostly from classical traditions

Section

Elevation

MIHRAB Plan

FORMAL TYPOLOGY OF MOSQUE

The malwiyya at great mosque of samarra

1. The hypostyle mosque: mosque in which prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports or columns that can multiply indefinitely.

Dominant type in the early period 2. The iwan mosque: mosque in which prayer hall is an iwan or more upto four iwans surrounding the courtyard. It was the most Popular type in the medieval period, and remained dominant in Iran 3. The central-dome mosque: mosque in which the prayer hall’s space is dominated by a central dome surrounded by smaller and lower semidomes.It was introduced by the Ottomans in the 15th century.

FUNCTIONAL TYPOLOGIES OF RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES Structures for prayers - neighborhood mosque (masjid) - congregational mosque (jami’ or masjid jami’) - prayer enclosure (musalla or namaz-gah Monastic structures - monastic fortress (ribat) - urban Sufi lodge (khanqah) and/or (takkiya or tekke) - retreat for a famous Sheikh (zawiyya)

Structures for religious education - Qur’anic school for children (kuttab) - religious college (madrasa) Memorial structures - Saint (wali) tomb or reliquary (maqam or mazar) - memorial of a vision (Mashhad) - mausoleum (qubba/turba) with charitable functions attached - funerary garden or enclosure (rawd)

THE DOME OF THE ROCK (Qubbat-al sakhra) The first conciously monumental islamic structure is a martyrium built in jerusalem by abd Al-malik to commemorate the sancty of the site and the city in general.

IMAM ZAMIN’S TOMB The tomb of Imam Zamin is a mausoleum housing the remains of Muhammad Ali and was built by Ali himself during the reign of Mughal emperor Humayun, long after the original monuments of the complex were constructed.

QUTUB COMPLEX 1. QUTUB MINAR 2. ALAI DARWAZA 3. ALAII MINAR 4. IRON PILLAR 5. QUWWAT UL ISLAM MOSQUE 6. TOMBS OF ILTUTMISH, IMAM ZAMIN

Monuments in the qutb complex 1. Alai Darwaza.

2. Qutub Minar.

3. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.

4. Iron pillar.

5. Tombs.

5.1 Tomb of Iltutmish.

5.2 Tomb of Imam Zamin.

6. Ala-ud-din Khilji’s tomb and madrasa.

7. Alai Minar of Khalji

QUTUB MINAR Built near Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in 1200 by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak.

The height of the tower is 238’.

The tower was originally four storeys high with a domed roof. Renovations have added a storey.

• The tower is entered from the a gateway on the north side which opens out into a spiral staircase.

BALCONIES Each storey has a balcony around it.

• The balustrade around the balcony originally showed merlons called kanjuras.

• The balconies are supported by stalactite vaulting, represented by clusters of miniature arches with brackets in between, Triangular fluting influenced by the tracery of temple ceilings.

Round fluting

Stellate fluting

STOREYS Each storey has a different pattern in plan.

First storey- Alternate wedge shaped and round projections Second storey- Circular projections Third storey- Star shaped • Fourth storey- Round

ALAI MINAR After Allauddin Khilji doubled the size of Quwwatul-Islam, he started building Alai MINAR, which he conceived to be two times higher than qutb minar.

Construction, however was abandoned after his death just after the completion of 24.5m high solid first storey core, and never taken up by his successors of Khilji dynasty.

TOMB OF ILTUTMISH The problem in majority of domed buildings is devising a consistent and organic union between rectangular shaped compartment below and circular shaped base of dome above, on the other which is known as phase of transition.

In this tomb, it was solved in a method called squinch.

Squinch at tomb of Iltutmish

Squinch system consists of a projecting small arch, across the upper part of the angle of the square hall, thus converting it’s square shape into octagon, which again if necessary is transformed into sixteen sided figure.

YEMENI MINARET

GREAT MOSQUEK SPIRAL MINARET AIROWAN MINARET

ADHAI DIN KA JHONPRA

Keystone

Corbelled arch

True arch

Instead of making true arches with keystone, these arches at Arhai din Ka Jhompra are done by using corbelling technique.