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SCOPE:
Lubricant Performance Requirements for Molybdenum-Disulfide Lubricants.
APPLICATION·
On press fits it should permanently prevent sizing in most cases. As a wear-in lubricant for gears. On mechanisms (splines. gears. track pins etc.) where fretting corrosion is probable.
Do Not use Molybdenum-Disulfide as:
A service lubricant - it is too expensive and not from major oil companies (ten times the cost of ordinary grease).
A corrosion inhibitor - in a grease carrier it is no better then the usual petroleum base grease.
A break-in lubricant for brass bushings.
A lubricant for anti-friction bearings.
Only the Molybdenum-disulfide particles that are in actual physical contact with the base metal of parts are of any use. Therefore. parts should be thoroughly cleaned to insure intimate contact to base metal, solvent cleaning of the metal is recommended prior to application and the molybdenum-disulfide rubbed on in a thin coat to assure intimate contact. Particles carried in suspension in a thick coating and wiped off in handling or assembly are wasted.
Application can best be made with a clean rag dipped lightly in the lubricant. Enough lubricant to give the part a dull gray appearance is all that is necessary.
Molybdenum-disulfide in highly purified form is an excellent solid lubricant. similar but superior to graphite. It adheres well to most metals when brought into intimate contact. It can be removed only by scraping or abrasion, but not by wiping or with usual solvents. For this reason it can provide lubrication for a long time under suitable conditions.
As a lubricant,molybdenum-disulfide is a fine powder which is chemically inert and stable up to 70cP F. Since it is troublesome to handle in dry form and does not mix readily with usual lubricants. it is purchased mixed in a special light carrier grease. prepared to keep it in suspension without reducing its lubricating qualities.
MOLYKOTE TYPE G GREASE MIX - THE ALPHA CORPORATION GREENWICH, CONNECTICUT
Although other types are available. only the above should be purchased until more knowledge and experience is gained concerning necessary characteristics.
Molykote Type G contains 70% of 99% purity Molybdenum-disulfide (by weight) with a particle size of from 0 to 4.0 microns.
Read Carefully.
Save Time. Avoid Service Calls.
CONTAINED IN THIS FORM OOVER. ALL pENN 110 SE1UES OONTROLS: TO
APPLICATIO::-<: Penn 110 Series heavy duty pressure switches are automatic motor controls for use on water systems, air compressors and other pressure equipmenL They open the circuit on rising pressure, close the circuit on falling pres:lUre.
Read Carefull)'i Save Tim) Avoid Service
I-Exterior View 110 Series with nuilt-in :\Jagnetic L'nloader.
MOUNTING: Controls equipped with built - in magnetic unloader mllst be mounted in a vertical position with tapped opening in diaphragm chamber at bottom. All other types may be mounted either vertically or horizontally. Preferred mounting is vertical position by means of feet attached. NOTE: Controls may be supported directly by pipe line between receiver and tapped opening in diaphragm chamber, prOVided pipe line Is short to insure tha t severe vibration v.ill not affect pressure connections. On air compressor service, make sure that control is elevated enough that oil discharged from compressor will not drain into diaphragm.
RELEASE VALVES: Two-way Release Valv(}-For use on air compressor systems equipped with auxiliary tank or bleeding chamber. PurPose: (I)-To unload the compressor so that it starts against atmospheric pressure only, thus relieving the motor of heavy starting duty. (2)To automatically drain off the condensation and oil from discharge side of compressor. Connect Y4" copper tubing from top of valve to auxiliary tank or bleeding chamber a..'l shown in Fig. 2. Insert check valve between tank and bleeding chamber to prevent discharge of tank pressure. Side opening in valve is only for carrying discharged matter away. Thrf"e-wuy Release Valve--For use on air compressor systems where compressor is eq.uipped with unloading device. Connect '4 copper tubmg from top of valve (see Fig. 3) to receiver, Connect side qpening of valve to unloading device on compressor. Condensation and oil will drain through bottom (around valve operating plunger), IMPORT A !\T: Clean thoroughly all pipes and leading to (,.,lease valves before connecting. This pipe scale, filings. metal chips, etc .. from reachingvalve.
VALVE SERVICE AIDS: If two-way valve (Fig. 2) Jeaks while compressor is running. it indicates that foreign matter Is holding valve open. If leal{ occurs while compressor is idle. receiving tank check valve is taulty. Twc>-way valve seats only while compressor is running', Thrl"4rway Valve (Fig. 3) contains two internal valves that opm and close alternately when compressor starts and stops. U con, tinuous leak occurs while compressor Is either running or Idle, foreign matter is holding one ot the valves' open. To t'Urrect leaks due to foreign matter in release valve, d1S831'emble and wash all parts in clean gasoline. Use extreme carE' not to Injure valve seat or plunger. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO LAP VALVE SEATS.
WIRING: CAUTION: Controls equipped with magnetic unloader-Make sure magnetic coil is proper voltage and cycles for line on which installed. See Figures 4, 5, and 6.
IMPORTANT: FOLLOW WIRING CLOSELY FnOM SELECTED DIAGRAM. DO NOT ALLOW WIRE LEA.DS TO T:,TERFERE WITH THE FREE MOVEMENT OF THE :\roVA8LE CONTACT BARS, VERY I:\1I'OftTAXT: ALL BE PRO-
See name plate label inside cover of switch.
SETTI;'I;G: This control was set at factory as speci11ed by buyer. To raise opening point, incre!l.'!e tension on range spring by turning adjusting nut "B" to riO"ht (clockwise) (Fig. 1). Closing point will be raised at> correspondirlg amount. By decreasing tension on range spring. both opening and closing points will be lowered a like amount.
DIFFERENTIAL: CONSULT CHART BELOW WUE...'" ADJUSTMENTS. DO NOT ADJUST DIFFERENTIAL CLOSER THAN MINn.nJ1vf SPECIFIED, DitIel'ential (difference between opening and closing points) set at factory !l.'! llpecified by buyer. To widen dilIerential, turn adjusting acrew "A" to right (clockwise) (Fig. 1). Turn screw "A" to left (counterclockwise) to make ditIerential closer. :KaTE: \Vhen ditferential is widened, the opening point is raised and the closing point is lowered. Conversely, when differential 1.:1 narrowed, the opening point is lowered and the closing point 1s raised.
IF DIFFERENTIAL ADJUSTMENTS ARE SET CLOSER THAN MINIMUM LISTED BELOW, SNAP ACTION OF THE CONTACTS WILL BE IMPAIRED. ALSO, ON TYPES EQUIPPED WITH MECHANICALLY OPERATED PRESSURE RELEASE VALVE, VALVE WILL NOT FUNCTION PROPERLY.
Ll SERIES SERIES EXCEPT HEY CLOSE THE CIRCUIT ON RISING f'ESSURE • IIV ';»1:;1'\.11::"Fl&,. VAlve in.JtaJla.t.1un. Fl&,. %-Two-Way Valve IJutAllatlon.
J,!.a.£nctle
(Tn><"<I
TYPE 1I08P02U
F'1l:'. 6 Typlc.o.I hooknp of TYP" with A. C. !lL'l/;'netlc Mnwr Starter.
DIll:erenUal
These drums are in general intended for controlling he following types of motors:
-Single speed D-c, single phase. and polyphase reversing motors.
speed reversing or non-reversing motors.
The single speed single phase and polyphase A-c eversing drum is a snap action cam. operated controller. L'be spring closed double break movable contacts are 'perated by push boards actuated by twin cams on the otating shaft.
The l\lulti speed Reversing or Non-Reversing drums re similar to the above in design with the addition of ther features. These drums are designed to provide ositive selective speed control without the necessity f establishing any of the intermediate circuits. If de-
When renewing contacts, lubricate the cam rollers C''''' 19 Fig. 3 with a drop of light oil.
henew both stationary and movable contacts before he silver contact material has worn away.'
Figure 5 illustrates a convenient method of checking he remaining contact· material without dismantling,the rum.
-Contacts, items 14 and 17 must be c1osed';as shown in Fig. 3 on page l.
-Refer to figure 5 at the right. With a narrow pocket depth rule, measure the depth HB" shown in Fig. 3 on page 1. When the contacts are new this dimension should be about 23/32'. when depth liB" becomes 25/32'.
,lovable :-:'Remove the nuts '\A" (see Fig 2 on page 1) nd lift out the movable contact bo.ard.
The movablecontacts;may be removed by·pressing owp one end of the contact as shown in figure·6.at the ight.
, reassembling contacts, reverse the.above proionary :-Remove .tlw wires from the terminals on contacts. Pull contacts straight out from be grooves in the moulding.
sired, every position on the drum may be closed in succession by releasing the pressure on the handle at the position.
The spring closed double break movable contacts are held open by push boards actuated by the twin cams on the rotating shaft, one of which is keyed to the shaft and the other free to move several degrees on the shaft. The notches in each pair of cams are alike, and when these notches are in registry the contact above the cam is permitted to close. When the drum handle is moved toward a drum position, the keyed cam moves ahead of the free cam, thus closing the notches and holding the contacts open. 'Vhen the desired drum position is reached, releasing the pressure'on the handle twin cams to again come into registry and the contacts for that drum position wiII close. The same method of operation ai)plies in going from any drum position to the· off position.
This bulletin has been prepared to call attention to some of the more common methods of lubricating electric motors and generators, and is intended as a general guide rather than as detailed instructions for actual procedure. Most manufacturers of electric motors and generators make specific lubrication recommendations, and in many cases offer suitable lubricants under their own brand names. Be sure to follow any instructions given on name plates attached to the motors or generators, or included in the manufacturer's bulletins originally furnished for the equipment.
If special oils or greases are u sed, be sure they do not include any material which might not mix properly with conventional lubricants. When changing from one type of lubricant to another it is advisable to clean out all of the old lubricant so that the mixing of is held to a mInImum.
There are several of used in the 'motors and generators on our equipment, and each type has its oVvn method of lubrication. Read these instructions carefully, as well as the manufactuI"er's bulletins, and follow the instructions applying to the paI"ticuk:- type of bearing to be lubricated.
The heavy-duty, diI"ect motors used on Bucyrus-EI"ie machines have ball OI" roller bearings with the requiI"ed thr..lSt capacity built in. The bearings are grease-I-:::lbI"icated thI"Ough standard pressure fittings. The lubricant used should be a good neutral grease, usually of the sodium soap base variety. Tlhe grease should be of light consistency but =ust remain nonfluid at the operating It must not oxidize nor the soap or oiiJ. separate, under normal motion of the or at the maximum temperature of operation -.of the equipment. The grease must not corrode 'the polished surfaces of the bearings nor harden objectionably with age or exposure.
When shipped from the factory the direct-current motor bearings contain sufficient lubricant for a· short period of operation. However, it is recommended that a small additional charge of grease be added soon after operation commences and thereafter, at intervals of from two to three months actual service, about three tablespoonfuls of grease should be added to each bearing. These instructions regarding tion are necessarily of a very general nature, and the best practice I"egarding the frequency of lubrication is dependent on local conditions. Experience may show that the time between greasings can be increased or the amount of charge decreased.
The bearing housings are equipped with separate chambers below the beaI"ing (overflow pipes on vertical motors) into which surplus grease will be discharged by normal operation of the motors. Keep these chambers cleaned of surplus grease at all times. The bearing housing should not be completely filled with grease, as this causes churning of the grease, internal friction and excessive heating of the bearing. Overfilling is usually indicated· by a large amount of grease exuding into the overflow chamber.
If the proper gn:ase is used, as directed, opening of the bearing or flushing with kerosene is not necessary except at regular overhaul periods, when the armature is removed from the motor for thorough cleaning. After all old grease is thoroughly cleaned out of the bearing, flush the bearing with light oil and repack 1/3 to 0 full with the recommended lubricant.
See line 28 on lubrication chart.
Most alternating-current motors used on Bucyrus-Erie machines have ball-bearings lubI"icated through standard pressure grease fittings. The bearings reqwI"c a grease which will not corrode the bearings and which will not become fluid at operating temperatures. The greas·
reconunended for the bearings for the directcurrent motors is suitable for ball-bearing alternating-current motors.
"en shipped from the factory, the bearings - packed with the proper amount of grease a limited period of operation, However, it is advisable to add a charge of grease soon after the motor has been placed in operation and thereafter at intervals of from . two to three months. For motors having shaft extensions less than 1 diameter add oz. of grease at a time. For shaft extensions from 1Y-i" to 2;Yx" in diameter add Jrom I to 2 oz., and for larger shafts add 3 oz. at a time. If experience indicates that these quantities result in excess grease in the bearing either reduce the quantity or lengthen the period between greasings. As often as operating conditions demand, grease. may be added to the bearings as follows:
If a relief plug is provided at the bottom of the bearing, remove the plug and free the hole of any hardened grease. With the motor running, add grease through the pressure fitting until grease comes out of the relief hole.
Run the motor a few minutes, with the relief "ole open, to allow excess grease to work out, ,_- clean and replace the relief plug. If the Luring is built with an overflow sump for ex.ess grease, keep all old grease cleaned. out of the sump.
Whenever the motor is disassembled for general cleaning and reconditioning, the bearings should be thoroughly cleaned of all old grease, using a suitable solvent, such as kerosene or carho-tetra chloride. Flush carefully with a light oil and repack 1/3 full with the mended grease.
See line 28 on lubrication chart.
Some alternating-current motors, particularly the synchronous motors on stripping and quarry machines, have sleeve bearings lubricated with oil. The oil rings, in bearings of this type, are turned by the rotating shaft and cqnstantly flood the bearing with oil as long as there is a sufficient supply in the oil ·reservoir;
Correct lubrication of the sleeve bearings of 'otors and generators is very important, be."'" it both decreases wear and reduces the Derating temperature. If wear takes place in sleeve bearing, the rotating part is lowered in its bearings and the resulting downward pull of the stationary winding increases the bearing pressure and causes greater wear. Bearings
which are correctly lubricated at all times will continue to give satisfactory service for se'v( eral years.
Use a good grade of light mineral oil which ,is free-flowing and has high value. If it is used in extremely cold weather, make sure it has a cold-test low enough so that it will lubricate as soon as the shaft starts to rotate.
See line 26 on lubrication chart. r
An easy method of identifying motors ,which are to have the bearings lubricated with oil is to examine the bearing housing for the presence of an oil filler gauge on the side of the housing. Such oil filler gauges are furnished only when oil lubrication is intended.
With the shaft at rest, fill the oi! wells through the oil filler gauge to within % inch of the top of the oil filler gauge. Refill the oil wells at regular intervals, the actual frequency depending upon local conditions, such as cleanliness and severity or continuity of service.
Sleeve bearings are provided with settling chambers of liberal size into which dust,dirt and oil sludge settles. The only cleaning necessary is to remove the drain plug and drain out the oil, which will carry most of the settled matter with it. After the motor has operated for the first two or three hundred hours, draw off the oil and pour fresh oil through the bearings to wash out old sediment. Dip the drainage plug in a mixture of red lead and shellac (or equivalent oil sealing compound) then reo place and tighten to prevent leakage. Refill the bearing with clean oil, through the oil filler gauge.
About once every 1500 hours operation, drain out the oil, flush the bearings and refill with clean oil as described above. If a bearing starts to heat, check to make sure the oil is at the correct level. If there is sufficient oil in the bearing, heating usually indicates the oil is dirty and should be renewed.
If, for any reason, a sleeve bearing becomes dangerously hot (90 0 Centigrade or over) do not shut the machine down until every effort has been made to cool down the bearing, other-. wise the bearing may seize the shaft when ·the shaft stops turning.
First, see that the oil rings are turning and carrying plenty of oil to the shaft. Next, loosen the bearing cap bolts slightly and pour heavy lubricant into the bearing. This will usually reduce the bearing temperature enough to eliminate any chance of the bearing seizing the
shaft and the unit may be stopped. As soon might damage the polished balls or rolas the shaft has stopped turning remove and races.
bearings immediately and allow them to cool in Maintain the oil level within Y!\ inch of the the open air. DO NOT TRY TO HASTEN top of the oil filler guage. Drain the bearing,. COOLING BY DROPPING IN WATER OR flush out with clean oil and refill to the correct BLOWING WITH COMPRESSED AIR, as level every 1500 hours actual operation. such practice will almost surely warp the bearing and ruin it for use. See line 29 on lubrication chart.
After cooling, inspect the bearing and shaft surfaces, for scoring or other roughness. Polish the shaft with Crocus cloth and scrape the bearing linings. Only an experienced person should attempt this work, as an inexperienced workman may ruin the shaft or bearing lining. When the parts are restored to good condition, cover the shaft journal with a film of lubricating oil and replace the bearing.
Do not tighten the bearing bolts excessively as this may cause the bearing to heat
Do not try to rebabbitt a burned out sleeve bearing except to afford temporary relief. It is good practice to keep on hand a set of bearing linings for replacement of a burned out bearing and return the damaged lining to the manufacturer for rebabbitting.
Some motors have "sealed .sleeve" bearings which require less frequent cleaning of the bearing because the method of construction excludes dust and dirt. Keep the bearing filled to within )1l inch of !he top of the combination oil filler device and overflow gauge. At intervals of about two years, or during general overhaul periods, remove the brackets and wash out the bearing housing with hot kero· sene. Flush the bearing with lubricating oil before replacing it, then reassemble the motor and add oil through the filling device to the correct level.
The direct-current generators used on -BucyrusErie machines usually have ball or roller bearings, although the generators of the stripping machines, and some quarry or" mining machines, may have sleeve bearings. If the bearing housing is provided with a pressure grease fitting (or a tapped hole closed with a plug) the bearing is to be lubricated with grease. If the bearing housing has an oil filler gauge on the side of the housing it is an indication that the bearing must be with oil.
Ball or 'Roller Bearings-Gil Lubricated:
Ball or roller bearings lubricated with oil require a high grade, light, mineral oil which is entirely free of acid, alkali or sulphur, which
Some generators have special oiling systems for the ball or roller bearings which require somewhat different maintenance procedure. Two such special systems are briefly described helow.
Drip Feed:
Bearings of this type have an oil reservoir at the top of the bearing with a wick dipping into the oil. As oil drips into the bearing the surplus oil accumula.tes in a sump at the bottom of the bearing. This excess oil must be off periodically to prevent accumulation of oil in the bearing. Keep the oil reservoirs filled with a good grade of light mineral oil.
See line 30 on lubrication chart.
Wick-Oiled:
Another type of generator bearing is arranged to obtain its lubrication from the balls rubbing against the wicks which dip into oil reservoirs. Keep these reservoirs filled with a good grade of light mineral oil. Every 1500 hours of operation drain the reservoir, flush the bearing with clean oil and refill the oil reservoir with a recommended lubricant.
See line 31 on lubricatio.n chart.
Ball or Roller BearingsGrease Lubricated:
Generators having ball or roller bearings requiring grease lubrication, may be lubricated with the same grade of grease used for the directcurrent motors.
When shipped from the ractory the bearings contain sufficient grease for" a short period of operation, but a small additional charge of grease should be added soon after operation commences, and thereafter at intervals of about three months actual service.
See line 28 on lubrication chart.
Remember that the generators are running continuously at relatively high speed, and too much grease in the bearing housing will cause churning and overheating of the bearing. Add grease as described for alternating-current motors having ball bearings. At times of general overhaul clean out the bearings and repack 1/3 full, packing the grease in the rolling members with the fingers so that the bearing itself is filled,
but leaving space in the housing for receiving further charges of grease.
t"ecent development of the Westinghouse ,ctric and Manufacturing Company is a soAIled "Self Sealed Cartridge Type Bearing." Bearings of this type are sealed to prevent escape of the grease from the bearing, and the grease is introduced directly into the interior of the bearing, rather than into the housing space beside the bearing. The generators are shipped with a sufficient amount of grease in the bearing for several months operation. Grease may be added sparingly at infrequent intervals of 2000 hours operation. If the bearings are not provided with pressure gun fittings, remove the pipe plug and insert a fitting. Replace the plug after greasing the bearing. It is also generally advisable to replenish or change the the charge of grease in the bearing at times of general overhaul, when the bearing seals may be temporarily removed and the quantity and condition of grease still present can be determined.
Stripping machines have an air compressor for ·nplying air to the brake or clutch cylinders.
compressor requires little attention but 1e following points are important. DO NOT .-iEGLECT THEM.
1. Before starting the compressor for the first time, first fill the pinion bearing oil well, next fill the compressor crank case and then the motor bearing oil wells to a level with the oil filler fittings.
After the first filling, the oil level in the I?in-ion bearing oil well will be automatically maintained by the combination splash, oil ring and gravity feed lubrication system of the compressor.
2. Be sure the compressor is rotating in the correct direction, as efficient lubrication of the cylinder walls can only be assured when the direction of rotation is correct. If necessary, to obtain correct direction of tion, reverse any two of the three leads to the compressor motor.
Use a good quality lubricating oil having a high flash point. Oils having low flash point must not be used, as such oils will carbonize and_. 'lusly interfere with the action of the valves. elect the compressor at least once each week, nd replenillh the oil supply if the oil is not up (0 the level of the oil filler fittings. Every two or three mrmths, open the drain plugs, drain off the old oil and refill with fresh oil.
See Jill e 34 on lubrication chart.
There are several types of flexible couplings used on Bucyrus-Erie machines. Some of the types do not require any lubrication,bur thEf· following types need special -lubrication. It be remembered that a flexible coupling IS not a universal joint, and alignment should be checked at intervals to prevent excessive wear of the coupling parts and overheating of the bearings of the shaft connected by the coupling.
Falk Coupling:
The Falk Flexible Coupling is properly installed on the machine, but only sufficient lubricant is applied at the factory to serve for the shop test. Fill the coupling, through the pressure grease fitting, when the machine is first put into operation.
Use a lubricant which is non-fluid at the temperature encountered, so that it will hold its position when the coupling is- at rest.
Included with the instructions sent with a machine having a Falk Flexible Coupling, is a manufacturer's bulletin, which gives full instructions for correct lubrication of the coupling. Whenever the coupling is disassembled for inspection of the load springs, or re-alignment, repack the coupling exactly as described in the manufacturer's bulletin. At regular intervals lubricant may be added to the coupling through the pressure grease fitting on the flange of the coupling.
See line 36 OD lubrication chart.
Fast's and Poole Flexible Couplings:
Couplings of these two types are similar in appearance, and although there are certain differences in construction, the lubrication requirements are the same. Either type coupling is oil lubricated through an oil filling plug located in the. coupling flange. A grease or ordinary machine oil must not be used in these couplings. Use a high grade, heavy .gear lubricant.
See line 37 on lubrication chart.
Sufficient oil must be in the coupling to covet the internal teeth at all times. Be sure the oil filler plug is oil tight, so that oil win not be thrown out of the coupling.
Some earlier types of Fast"s Flexible Couplings do not have the oil-filler plug in the flange. Oil may be added to couplings of this type through oiling holes provided in the ends of the coupling.
These instructions have been prepared to assist the operator or electrician in charge o£ nance of the machine, to adjust and care for the electrical equipment properly. The various items of electrical equipment used on Bucyrus-Erie machines are the products of reputable electrical manufacturing concerns adapted to service on excavating equipment. Included in the instructions originally furnished with the machine are a number of bulletins furnished by the manufacturer of the electrical equipment which describe the various items and give the recommended adjustment and maintenance procedure. Such instructions must be carefully follov,:ed if satisfac tory operation of the electrical equipment is to be obtained.
Most Bucyrus-Erie electrically-operated machines may be placed in one or two classillcdtions. Small electric machines are usually powered with a single induction motor in the same position, and serving the same purpose, as the internal combustion engine of the standard frict ion machine. Machines of larger size are generally of the Ward-Leonard (variable voltage generator) control type. Most machines of this type have a single induction (or synchronous) motor driving three direct-current generators (two on draglines). A separate, constant voltage exciter generator furnishes the control field current for the generators and excitation for the shunt motors. The armature circuit of each generator is connected directly to the armature circuit of a heavy-duty direct-current motor without any switches or other control equipment in the circuit. The speed, as well as direction of rotation of each motor, is regulated by an individual controller at the operator's position.
Power is carried to electric machines by a flexible,' rubber-covered cable especially developed by cable manufacturers for excavating service. This cable is the "life line" of the machine and must be properly installed and carefully handled to ensure continuous service and minimum hazard.
Remember that the cable carnes the full voltage of the supply line and must be handled carefully. Protect the cable from falling rocks or other damage. Do not let the cable rest in pools of water or become buried under soil or stones. Handle the cable with extreme caution, taking care that it is not dragged around corners or over sharp stones. Coiling the cable in a figure eight permits laying out or taking in cable without subjecting it to sharp bends. There are several methods for installing the cable. The best one to use is dependent on local power conditions and rules. Full details of installation should be discussed with your power company but the following points must be observed to ensure maximum safety.
The c2ble us::d shodd be provided WIth some sort of groL:nd connectiO:1 such as a fourth conductor, three individual groL:nd v.-ires, woven copper braid sheath around each conductor, or some combination of the above. Whichever ground connection is used must be kept continuous, and whenever the cable is spliced, a carefuJIy soldered connection in the ground connection must also be made. The ground connection at the machine end of the cable should be carefuJIy bonded to the machine base, making sure that all paint, rust or dirt has been scraped off the metal to ensure good contact. The ground connection at the pole end of the cable should be connected to some low-resistar.c2 ground such as an aerial ground line (grounded at intervals along the line) and carried back to the supply transformers where it is connected to the transformer grounct through a current-limi ting resistance. Be surf" ground rods are driven into the earth to a depth sufficient to ensure permanent moisture. Contact resistance of the ground provided should not greatly exceed 25 ohms and each ground should be tested regularly to determine if there is any tendency for the resistance to increase.
Even with best precautions there is the possibility of a short circuit occuring if the trail cable ;" severely cut or there is failure of insulation, ;. on the machine, Therefore, short circuit protection should be insbIled where the trail cable connects to the supply tine.'An oiI-circuit-breaker having high current-interrupting capacity, and provided with an ovttIoad trip, is the best protection. A trip arrangement for opening the breaker if there is a ground bult may be incorpor-ated. Disconnecting switches should also be pr-ovided so that the oil-circuit-b:-eaker- can be disconnected from the power lint for inspection or repair. Fuses in the supply Ene are dangerous because of the possibility of o=1y one or- two fuses blowing, leaving the third me connected. If 'the cable is connected to an ae:T.a.1 line, an approved type of lightning arrestor sbJuld be located on the terminal pole and adeqotely grounded to an independent ground rod..
A cable grip made of ,"'Jven mesh wire is provided for attachment of the c.able to the machine (excpt on stripping rna_hines, which havt. power-operated cable reels) tus relieving the electrical conductors of any stnin. If the cable grip becomes damaged or WO;:l to such an extent that it will not hold the cabh: securely, replace it with
accumulation of dirt and make sure there is no collection of dirt on the top of the base. Inspect' the insulatorsfiequently and if any are chipped.· or cracked, replace promptly with new Donot try to inspect the collector rings unless you are positive the machine is disconnected from the power., line. c" '
Permanent wiring is installed from the collector rings to the motor starting device (or the power transformer, if required).
On the smaller machines, powered with a single motor, the starting device consists of a three-pole magnetic switch opened and closed by push buttons at the operator's position. A motor starter of this type is provided with thermal overload relays for protection of the motor against overloads of more than momentary duration. As several types of magnetic switches and overload relays are used, full instructions cannot be given in 'this section. Refer to the manufacturer's bulletins for complete adjusting and maintenance instructions.
This same general type of magnetic switch is used for starting the auxiliary induction motors (blowers, dipper-trip, oil pump etc.) on the Ward. Leonard electric machines.
,Inspect the contact tips at regular intervals and renew if badly worn, following the instructions in the manufacturers' bulletins.
Power is transmitted from the base to the revolving frame througb a simple collector ring_ arrangement. Except !ar some special installations the large diameter collector rings on Bucyrus-Erie machines aTe of open construction, readily accessible lor inspection or cleaning. Three rings, of different diameters, are mounted at the center of rotation between the revolving' frame and the base, being suspended from the revolving frame by porcelain insulators. 'The brushes, or shoes, which bear on the collector rings, are mounted on p?rcelain insulators secured to the base. (On sorr'..e, machines the collector rings are mounted otJ the base and the shoes on the revolving frame-,' The shoes have'a slight vertical motion to aIlo"iO' for any variations in the rings or uneveness of ,roller track. When first installed, eaCh shoe sh<?IJld bear fully on its collector ring at all positicm,$ of the revolving frame. Make sure that the securing the rings the supporting insut.tors do not project be- ,_ Do not tamper with the setting of the thermal .d the countersunk'M counterbored holes in overload relays. These are correctly set at the the rings. The collector rings and brushes must factory and should require no further adjustment. be free of paint or rough A thin coating of 'If a heater element burns out or otherwise bevaseline on the bearing tJUrlacea will prolong the comes damaged, replace with a new element of life of the shoes and prffent rusting of iron and exactly the same rating, following the procedure steel parts. Keep the il1§ulaton; cleaned of any, i described in the manufacturers' bulletin.
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