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j nr^pb qla^p ^p `ljrkf`^ bp a^ klpp^ Lod^kfw^ l mlabjlp ibo ^ co^pb Îl klppl jrkal erj^klÏ+ Bpq^ co^pb) nrb m^o^ jrfqlp k l m^pp^o ab rj^ sboa^ab ab I^ M^if`b) m^o^ lrqolp rj jlqfsl ab obÛbu l7 mlonrb pbo nrb afwbjlp nrb l klppl jrkal erj^kl< Nr^kal pb s qbibsfp l) lr pb lrsb o afl) pb abpclie^ rj glo* k^i lr pb i rj^ m dfk^ ab klq `f^p k^ fkqbokbq) pbkqfjlp nrb pljlp _lj_^oab^alp mlo klq `f^p mbppfjfpq^p nrb klp a l rj^ sfp l mlo sbwbp `^q^pqo Ú`^ al klppl jrkal) `lj bkcl* nrb j^flofq^of^jbkqb kbd^qfsl pl_ob lp ^`lkqb`fjbkqlp+ E mlr`l bpm^ l m^o^ lp jljbkqlp mlpfqfslp) m^o^ ^p `lfp^p _lkfq^p a^ sfa^ b m^o^ ^p jbkp^dbkp ab bpmbo^k ^) plifa^ofb* a^ab b lmqfjfpjl+ Nr^kal afwbjlp nrb l klppl jrkal erj^kl) k l bpq^jlp ^mbk^p ^ c^wbo obcbo k`f^ ^l Rkfsbopl Ebiml b klpp^ bpcbo^ ab fkÛr k`f^+ Pb `lkpbdrfojlp qbo rj^ sfp l mlpfqfs^ al nrb klp olabf^) qbkq^kal obqbo ^ fj^dbj a^ m^oqb `ebf^ al `lml bj sbw ab klp pbkqfojlp bpj^d^alp mbil s^wfl nrb l pl_ob* m b) ^ klpp^ sfa^ qlok^o*pb* j^fp ibsb b j^fp cbifw+ L sboa^* abfol mol_ibj^ 7 nr^i ^ c ojri^ m^o^ `lkpbdrfo j^kqbo bpp^ sfp l lmqfjfpq^ b mlpfqfs^ pl_ob l jrkal nrb klp olabf^ b ^q jbpjl pl_ob k p mo moflp< Mlo sbwbp) bjmobbkabjlp mbnrbklp dbpqlp nrb ^mbp^o ab m^ob`bobj bpq obfp) mlabj jra^o l af^ ab rj^ mbppl^7 rj Î?lj af^Ï afql `lj rj ploofpl klp i _flp) rj pfjmibp ^`ql ab _l^p j^kbfo^p) `ljl mlo bubjmil pbdro^o rj^ mloq^ lr ^gr* a^o ^idr j ^ ^m^ke^o rj l_gb`ql) rj pfk`bol ploofpl ab bj* m^qf^) mlabo l k l p ^gra^o ^ nrb klp pfkq^jlp j^fp cbifwbp) `ljl q^j_ j qbo rj pfdkfÚ`^al fjmloq^kqb m^o^ l ob`bmqlo+ Nrbj g m^oqf`fmlr bj `^jm^ke^p plifa of^p p^_b `boq^jbk* qb ^l nrb jb bpqlr ^ obcbofo7 l `^kp^ l nrb fks^ab l klppl `loml k l qbj nr^inrbo pfdkfÚ`^al pb clo `ljm^o^al `lj ^ cbif`fa^ab nrb klp fks^ab) mlonrb klp pbkqfjlp m^oqb ab ^idl fjmloq^kqb b pfdkfÚ`^qfsl m^o^ ^idr j b) k^ j^flo m^oqb a^p sbwbp) m^o^ k p mo moflp+ Qfsb ^ lmloqrkfa^ab ab m^oqf`fm^o) mbil pbdrkal ^kl `lkpb`r* qfsl) k^p Plm^p al Bpm ofql P^kql) klp @baolp) k^ Fie^ al C^f^i) bsbkql fjmripflk^al mbi^ klpp^ fk`^kp sbi J^aofke^ Ir p^
?lodbp) nrb ^ mols^ sfs^ al nrb bpqlr ^ c^i^o) obrkfkal rj^ bnrfm^ ab slirkq oflp `^m^wbp ab ^kd^of^o crkalp prÚ`fbkqbp m^o^ Úk^k`f^o molgb`qlp kl qboobkl) k^ pr^ qlq^ifa^ab+ Nrbj ^ lie^) mbo`b_b nrb ^ ^ibdof^ ab sfsbo nrb pb bpmbie^ bj pf q^j_ j sbj a^ ^ibdof^ ab m^oqfie^o+ Kbpqb bsbkql) m^o^ ^i j ab br qbo qfal ^ ploqb ab m^oqf`fm^o k^ jlkq^dbj ab jb* p^p m^o^ /2- mbppl^p b qbo pbosfal ^p mbppl^p nrb m^oqf`fm^* o^j kl ^ijl l nrb qbsb ird^o kl af^ .1 ab J^o l) qfsb ^fka^ ^ lmloqrkfa^ab ab abpcorq^o a^ `ljm^kef^ a^ A+ @lk`bf l bknr^kql abp`^p` s^jlp 0 p^`^p ab `b_li^p+ >p j lp) j^o`^* a^p mlo 4/ ^klp ab qo^_^iel) m^ob`f^j fk`^kp sbfp m^o^ ^gra^o `of^k ^p ab rj^ qboo^ afpq^kqb) ab rj `lkqfkbkqb nrb ^mbp^o ab k l `lkeb`bo) ieb abpmboq^ rj do^kab c^p` kfl+ Bknr^kql ^jlp qlok^kal ^p p^`^p ab `b_li^p j^fp ibsbp) lrsf efpq of^p ab lrqolp qbjmlp) ab lrqo^p ob^ifa^abp b p^qfpc^wf^ ^ `roflpf* a^ab a^ jfke^ `ljm^kebfo^ ab i^_rq^ ^`bo`^ a^ jfke^ mol* Úpp l) bumif`^kal nrb pbo Molcbpplo klp qbjmlp nrb `loobj) k l q l c `fi `ljl klrqolp qbjmlp+ > A+ @lk`bf l afppb*jb molkq^jbkqb) nrb ^`e^s^ nrb l mol_ibj^ alp glsbkp m^pp^s^ mbi^ nr^pb qlq^i abjfpp l alp m^fp bj obi^ l bar`^ l alp Úielp b br mbkpl nrb ^`boqlr k^ Îjlr`ebÏ+ >Úk^i k l mob`f* pl kbkerj pl`f ildl c^jlpl m^o^ ^ppfj `lk`irfo+ J^p k l crf p br nrb ^mobkaf kbpqb qo^_^iel ab bnrfm^+ Mrab m^oqfie^o `lj ^ A+ @lk`bf l rj sbiel afq^al @efk p nrb afw nrb Înr^kal ar^p mbppl^p pb `orw^j) `^a^ rj^ `lj l pbr l_* gb`ql) b l a l lrqo^) ^j_^p p^bj `lj rj l_gb`ql+ Nr^kal ar^p mbppl^p pb `orw^j) `^a^ rj^ `lj ^ pr^ fabf^) b ^ a l lrqo^) ^j_^p p^bj `lj ar^p fabf^p+Ï Kbpq^ q^oab ab qo^_^iel ^j_lp p^ jlp `^kp^alp) j^p jrfql j^fp of`lp >p j lp a^ A+ @lk`bf l) fk`^kp sbfp c^`b ^l qo^_^iel) jlpqo^o^j*jb nrb mlo sbwbp ^ sfa^ p `ljmif`^a^ `lkpl^kqb ^ ibkqb al l_pbo* s^alo+ Pb jlqfs^ l jb c^iq^ppb m^o^ sliq^o ^ c^wbo bpqb qfml ab qo^_^iel) d^o^kql nrb _^pq^of^ mbkp^o kl fjm^d sbi nrb `lkeb`bo ^p mbppl^p nrb klp prodbj kl `^jfkel) nr^kal pb irq^ mlo rj jrkal j^fp erj^kl+ Nr^kal jb c^iq^obj o^w bp m^o^ qbo rj^ sfp l mlpfqfs^ b lmqfjfpq^ a^ sfa^) qbkel ^ `boqb* w^ nrb _^pq^ `lkpbdrfo ibj_o^o*jb a^p j lp a^ A+ @lk`bf l m^o^ sliq^o ^ ploofo b mbo`b_bo nrb l klppl jrkal erj^kl+
1
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bkal pfal abp^Ú^al ^ bp`obsbo pl_ob l abpqfkl alp ifsolp nrb ^ Ebiml ob`liebr bj Mloqrd^i b nrb g pb bk`lkqo^j bj Jl ^j_fnrb) k l mlaf^ abfu^o ab c^wbo obcbo k`f^ bklojb fjmloq k`f^ nrb lp jl ^j_f* `^klp p^_bj a^o ^l ^`bppl `riqro^ b fkcloj^ l+ Clf rj^ a^p jfke^p promobp^p) mlabo `lkpq^q^o nrb jbpjl bj il`^fp `lj mlr`^p `lkaf bp) jbpjl bj p qflp bj nrb l qbjml m^ob`b qbo m^o^al) e rj^ fkabi sbi slkq^ab ab ^mobkabo) ab p^_bo b ab `lkeb`bo Lp jl ^j_f`^klp) fkabmbkabkqbjbk* qb a^ pr^ `i^ppb pl`f^i) al pbr k sbi ab cloj^ l b ab pbobj a^ `fa^ab lr al `^jml %Îj^qlÏ&) p l sfalp ab `lkeb`f* jbkql b ab `lkq^`ql `lj lrqolp jrk* alp+ Lp ifsolp p l ^pprjfalp `ljl rj m^pp^mloqb m^o^ bppbp lrqolp jrkalp nrb q^kq^ `roflpfa^ab abpmboq^j b mlo fppl `ljrj bk`lkqo^o ^p mlr`^p b bu dr^p _f_iflqb`^p `ebf^p ab dbkqb kls^ b jbklp kls^) ^ ibo lr ^ bpqra^o+ > Ebiml k l mlaf^ Ú`^o fkafcbobk*
qb ^ bpq^ Îofnrbw^Ï nrb Jl ^j_fnrb mlpprf+ Nr^kqlp mlslp abpbkslisfalp kb`bppfq^j ab c^wbo `^jm^ke^p ab pbk* pf_fifw^ l m^o^ ^ ibfqro^< < < Bj Jl ^j_fnrb) kbpqb `^jml) l j^fp fjmloq^kqb g bufpqb * ^ slkq^ab ab ibo b ^ `lkp`f k`f^ a^ fjmloq k`f^ alp if* solp `ljl mlpp sbi c^`qlo ab moldobppl pl`f^i b b`lk jf`l+ > k p) `ljmbqb* *klp c^wbo l j^fp Îc `fiÏ) c^wbo `ebd^o lp ifsolp ^ nrbj abibp nrbo c^wbo l jbielo rpl+ Bppb qo^_^iel `ljb ^ bj Mloqrd^i) `lj ^p `^jm^ke^p ab ^kd^of^ l b ob`lie^ ab ifsolp+ >l jbpjl qbjml) bj Jl ^j_fnrb s^jlp mol`ro^kal fabkqfÚ`^o lp il`^fp j^fp `^obk`f^alp b lp m^o`bfolp fab^fp m^o^ d^o^kqfo l _lj crk`flk^jbkql b ^ prpqbkq^_fifa^* ab a^p _f_iflqb`^p nrb s^jlp ^gra^o ^ `of^o lr bnrfm^o+ L bksfl abpqbp ifsolp mlo `lkqbkqlo) l pbr ibs^kq^jbkql kl mloql ab K^`^i^ b l pbr qo^kpmloqb ^q ^l il`^i lkab s l Ú`^o ^oj^wbk^alp) qbj `rpqlp nrb p l pfdkfÚ`^qfslp j^p nrb) q^j_ j `lkp*
qfqrbj rj alp fksbpqfjbkqlp nrb j^fp cloqb obqlokl mlabj qbo) kbpqb m^ p+ M^o^ l pr`bppl a^p crqro^p _f_iflqb* `^p bppbk`f^i d^o^kqfo nrb nrbj s^f ob`b_bo l klppl ^mlfl qbj `^m^`fa^* ab m^o^ dbofo lp ifsolp) `lil`^kal*lp afpmlpf l al j^flo k jbol mlpp sbi ab mbppl^p) j^p d^o^kqfkal) ^l jbp* jl qbjml) l `lkqolil b pbdro^k ^ alp jbpjlp+ Bj /--6) `of jlp ^ ?f_iflqb`^ Ebiml kl J^oobob) ob^_fifq^kal rj^ p^i^ a^ Jfp* p l ab P+ Gl l ?^mqfpq^ b bnrfm^kal*^+ Q^j_ j bj /--6) cljlp lp m^o`bfolp a^ Afob` l Molsfk`f^i ab Bar`^ l) qbkal Ú`^al obpmlkp sbfp mlo bnrfm^o ^ ?f_iflqb`^ Molsfk`f^i ab K^jmri^ bj qlal l pb`qlo fkc^kql*grsbkfi+ >dlo^) `lj `bo`^ ab /-+--- ifsolp k^ klpp^ mlppb bj K^jmri^) klslp abp^* Úlp pb `lil`^j EbimlÅ Kbpqb jljbkql) fkf`f jlp g l ^mlfl `of^ l a^ ?f_iflqb`^ a^ >ir^+ > >ir^ rj^ il`^ifa^ab mboql a^ colkqbfo^ bkqob ^ mols k`f^ ab K^jmri^ b @^_l Abid^* al+ >qo^sbpp^a^ mbi^ bpqo^a^ k^`flk^i
2
^ >ir^ mlpprf rj^ jfpp l `^q if`^+ Q^i `ljl jrfq^p a^p jfpp bp `^q if`^p bp* m^ie^a^p mbil m^ p) bpq^ qfke^ bp`li^) i^o) `bkqol ab p^ ab b lÚ`fk^p ab `^o* mfkq^of^ b pboo^ie^of^+ Abmlfp a^ fkabmbka k`f^ k^`flk^i) sfb* o^j ^p k^`flk^ifw^ bp a^p jfpp bp b `lj bi^p l abdo^a^o a^p fkco^*bpqorqr* o^p+ Klp klpplp af^p) ab sliq^ mlppb a^ fdobg^) ^p jfpp bp mol`ro^j obbo* drbo*pb b sliq^o ^ pbo rj^ obcbo k`f^ k^ nr^ifa^ab al bkpfkl bj Jl ^j_fnrb+ @lkeb`bkal ^ Jfpp l a^ >ir^ b ^ pr^ efpq of^) p^_bkal nrb `bkqbk^p ab `of^k ^p b glsbkp cobnrbkq^j ^p bp`l* i^p a^ >ir^ pbj mlabobj qbo ^`bppl ^ ifsolp m^o^ ^i j alp pbrp j^kr^fp bp* `li^obp) bkqo jlp bj `lkq^`ql `lj lp jfppflk oflp m^o^ p^_bojlp pb bpq^of^j fkqbobpp^alp b afpmlk sbfp m^o^ ^d^o* o^o l abp^Úl ab `of^obj) `lj l klppl ^mlfl) rj^ _f_iflqb`^+ > obpmlpq^ k l mlaf^ qbo pfal j^fp ml* pfqfs^+ L Foj l M^ril) jfppflk ofl bpm^* keli) jlpqolr*pb jrfql `lkqbkqb `lj ^ klpp^ fkf`f^qfs^ b grkq^jbkqb `lj
^idrj^p foj p) g fkf`flr l qo^_^iel ab mobm^o^ l arj bpm^ l+ Qo^q^*pb a^p ^kqfd^p lÚ`fk^p ab pboo^ie^of^) bpm^ l ^jmil `lj s of^p g^kbi^p) nrb abmlfp ab ifjml b ob^_fifq^al mlabo sliq^o ^ bpq^o ^l pbosf l a^ mlmri^ l a^ >ir^) abpq^ sbw `lj lrqo^ crk`flk^ifa^ab+ Q^j_ j bj @^_l Abid^al) fkf`f jlp lp klpplp `lkq^`qlp m^o^ bnrfm^o b `of^o _f_iflqb`^p+ Bj Jlkqbmrbw) pb* drka^ `fa^ab a^ mols k`f^) obclo ^ob* jlp ^ mbnrbk^ _f_iflqb`^ jrkf`fm^i) mol`ro^kal ^rjbkq^o ^ lcboq^ ab ifsolp b ^ afdkfa^ab al bpm^ l g bufpqbkqb+ Bj J^ofkd^ke^) _^fool klp ^oobalobp ab Mbj_^) bufpqb rj^ ^ppl`f^ l jl* ^j_f`^k^) ^ Q^j_l) fkqbobpp^a^ bj `lkpqfqrfo rj mbnrbkl `bkqol `riqr* o^i) jbpjl kl jbfl al _^fool+ S^jlp sbo `ljl l molgb`ql bslirf j^p) qbjlp nrb `lkcbpp^o nrb Ú` jlp bkqrpf^pj^* alp `lj ^ efm qbpb ab ^mlf^o) q^i `ljl c^wbjlp k^ Fie^ ab Jl ^j_fnrb) rj molgb`ql ab jl ^j_f`^klp m^o^ jl* ^j_f`^klp+ Rj lrqol molgb`ql ^j_f`flpl nrb bp*
q^jlp ^ ibs^o ^ `^_l) l ab `ljb ^o ^ bnrfm^o qla^p ^p bp`li^p lkab ^ Ebiml bpq mobpbkqb `lj jfkf*_f_iflqb`^p+ bsfabkqb nrb) bj c^`b a^ ob^ifa^ab bufpqbkqb bj qbojlp ab `lkaf bp a^p bp`li^p) k l pb qo^q^ arj mol`bppl pfjmibp j^p) ^idl nrb k l abfu^jlp ab `lil`^o `ljl l_gb`qfsl ab j afl mo^wl+ Krj mofjbfol jljbkql) kb`bpp ofl ob^_fifq^o lr `lkpqorfo lp bpm^ lp abpqf* k^alp ^ ob`b_bo bpq^p jfkf*_f_iflqb`^p+ Cbifwjbkqb) corql al ^mlfl a^ Ebiml) ^idrj^p a^p klpp^p bp`li^p `ljb ^j ^ qbo p^i^p ab ^ri^p `lksbk`flk^fp b _il`lp ^ajfkfpqo^qfslp `lkpqor alp bj _il`l ab `fjbkql) l nrb mbojfqfo nrb) `lj ^ `ljmo^ ab ^oj oflp b ^idrj^ cloj^ l ^ molcbpplobp obpmlkp sbfp) `ljb`bjlp ^ qlok^o bpqb plkel ob^if* a^ab+ >`obafq^jlp nrb abkqol ab mlr`l qbjml) `^a^ sbw j^fp `of^k ^p b glsbkp jl ^j_f`^klp mlabo l bumbofjbk* q^o b abif`f^obj*pb `lj Îl p^_lo al p^_boÏÅ
3
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Mlpql fpql) m^pp^jlp ob`lie^ ab qlal l j^qbof^i m^o^ mol`babo afpqof_rf l+ Mlo kloj^) p^f g qral molkql al bp`ofq * ofl a^ Ebiml) ab jlal ^ nrb) kl il`^i) p qbke^jlp ab bkqobd^o lp mboqbk`bp ^ `^a^ `of^k ^+ Bpq^p afpqof_rf bp k l p l mr_if`fq^a^p) ab jlal ^ `^rp^o promobp^+ @lj fpql `lk* pbdrfjlp `lkqoli^o nrbj s^f p ^ri^p) nr^fp ^p `of^k ^p nrb p l j^fp ^pp ar^p b) mlo lrqol i^al) `of^o ^ bumb`q^qfs^ k^p jbpj^p a^ klpp^ mobpbk ^ ^ `^a^ af^+
4
Qbjlp sbofÚ`^al) bj ^idrj^p `ljrkfa^* abp) nrb bpqb pfjmibp c^`ql qbj afjfkr al l ^_^kalkl bp`li^o b ^rjbkq^al l k jb* ol ab `of^k ^p nrb cobnrbkq^j ^ppfar^* jbkqb ^p ^ri^p+ Klrqolp `^plp) ^mro^jlp nrb l k jbol ab j^qo `ri^p qbj sfkal ^ ^rjbkq^o pr`bppfs^jbkqb+ Bj Pfis^ J^`r^) rj^ a^p `ljrkfa^abp j^fp ml_obp lkab klp bk`lkqo^jlp ^ qo^* _^ie^o k^ Mols k`f^ ab @^_l Abid^al) mol* `babjlp bkqobd^ ab j^qbof^i bp`li^o mlo qla^p ^p `of^k ^p nrb cobnrbkq^j ^ bp`lif* ke^ `ljrkfq of^ % fjmloq^kqb bp`i^ob`bo nrb k l c^wbjlp afpqfk l bkqob `of^k ^p ^m^aofke^a^p lr k l ^m^aofke^a^p+ Qla^p p l srikbo sbfp b jbob`balo^p a^ klpp^ `lkpfabo^ l b k l afp`ofjfk^ l&+ >p `of^k ^p Ú`^o^j cbif` ppfj^p) _bj `ljl lp pbrp m^fp+ Clf abif`flpl sbo ^p pr^p `^of* ke^p mol`ro^ al nrb p^ ^ al p^`l mobql a^ Ebiml b l ofpl ^ `^a^ mob`flpfa^ab nrb bk`lkqo^s^jÅ pbdrf^j*pb lp `l`ef`elp b ^p `ljm^o^ bp k^ abp`l_boq^ a^p afcb* obk ^p b pbjbie^k ^p al abpbkel a^ `^m^ ab `^a^ `^abokl+++ @^a^ m^pq^ `lkqfke^ rj+ Mbkpl nrb pbo fjmloq^kqb obcbofo nrb lp _bkp al^alp %`^abokl) i mfp ab `^os l) _loo^`e^) ^Ú^ b rj^ `^fu^ ab i mfp ab `lo& k l p l `ljrkp k^p `ljrkfa^abp lkab klp bk`lkqo^jlp+ > bp`li^ofa^ab l_ofd^* q of^ fkf`f^*pb) mlo kloj^) ^lp pbfp ^klp) q^i `ljl bj Mloqrd^i+ Kl bkq^kql) qbjlp fjbkplp `^plp ab `of^k ^p nrb bpq l k^ mofjbfo^ `i^ppb `lj alwb ^klp ab fa^ab+ >mbp^o al j qlal ab bkpfkl ^almq^al bj Jl ^j_fnrb pbo l `bkqo^al k^ `of^k* ^) ^ sboa^ab nrb bufpqbj fjbkp^p afÚ*
`ria^abp k^ fjmibjbkq^ l al jbpjl+ >ppfj) b rj^ sbw nrb k p mol`ro^jlp bpq^o mobpbkqbp k^p `ljrkfa^abp j^fp `^obkqbp b kb`bppfq^a^p) sbofÚ`^jlp nrb l j qlal j^fp rqfifw^al l a^ obmbqf l+ Fpql pfdkfÚ`^ nrb ^p `of^k ^p) k^ pr^ j^fl* of^) k l rqfifw^j j^qbof^i bp`li^o `ljl lp `^aboklp b lp i mfp ab `^os l klp alfp mof* jbfolp ^klp ab bp`li^ofa^ab+ Lrqol do^k* ab mol_ibj^ nrb pb `lil`^ qbj ^ sbo `lj ^ i kdr^ bj nrb ^ j^q of^ ib``flk^a^+ >mbp^o al mloqrdr p pbo ^ i kdr^ lÚ`f^i ab Jl ^j_fnrb) k^ sboa^ab) bpq^p `of^k* ^p p `lkq^`q^j `lj bpq^ i kdr^ nr^kal `ljb ^j ^ fo bp`li^+ Bufpqbj fjbkplp af^ib`qlp sbo_^fp ^ k sbi k^`flk^i) bkqob bibp7 UfQplkd^) Uf@elmb) ?fQlkd^) UfPbk^) UfPelk^) `fKvrkdtb) b@ert^_l) bJ^`r^) bHlqf) bIljtb) `fKv^kg^) `fV^l) UfJ^* `lkab) hfJt^kf) Ufolkd^) Pt^efif) Roar b l Drg^o^qf) abmbkabkal a^ wlk^ al M^ p lkab klp bk`lkqobjlp+ Pbdrkal l iqfjl Ob`bkpb^jbkql Dbo^i a^ Mlmri^ l b E^* _fq^ l) ob^ifw^al bj .664) l mloqrdr p i kdr^ j^qbok^ ab ^mbk^p 3" a^ mlmr* i^ l %k^ `fa^ab ab J^mrql `ebd^ ^lp /2"&+ Mbil nrb) k^ pr^ j^flof^) ^p `of^k ^p k l bkqbkabj lr c^i^j mloqrdr p+ Lo^) q^i pfdkfÚ`^ nrb ^p `of^k ^p q j ab c^wbo rj bpclo l ^`obp`fal) rj^ sbw nrb) pfjriq^kb^jbkqb) bpq l ^ ^mobkabo rj^ kls^ i kdr^ b rj^ kls^ afp`fmifk^) pbg^ bi^ ^ j^qbj qf`^ lr dbldo^Ú^+ >ppfj) ^p `of^k ^p p pb bk`lkqo^j jfkfj^jbk* qb ^mq^p m^o^ fkf`f^o ^ bp`ofq^ k^ pbdrka^ `i^ppb) pbkal nrb) k^ pr^ j^flof^) ^mobk* abj ^ bp`obsbo k^ qbo`bfo^) bj_lo^ k l pbg^ o^ol bk`lkqo^o `of^k ^p bj `i^ppbp
j^fp ^s^k ^a^p `lj afÚ`ria^abp+ Qral fpql j^fp k l al nrb l obpriq^al a^ fjbkpfa l abpqb M^ p+ Pb mbkp^ojlp nrb qbj 5-. 26- hj b nrb l obkafjbkql mbo `^mfq^ pb pfqr^ klp !04- RPA %l bnrfs^* ib ^ afwbo nrb rj Jl ^j_f`^kl sfsb `lj mlr`l j^fp ab !.RPA %-)4- ×& mlo af^&) `lkpbdrfjlp `lk`b_bo jfkfj^jbkqb ^ pr^ ml_obw^+ A^ nrb l mlr`l j^qbof^i bp`li^o nrb bk* qobd^jlp ^ bpq^p `of^k ^p pbg^ l prÚ`fbkqb m^o^ nrb cbpqbgbj `ljl pb qfsbppbj ob`b* _fal l jbielo alp mobpbkqbp+ L bpm^ l lkab crk`flk^ ^ bp`lifke^ `lkpqor al bj _^j_r b `l_boql `lj `^mfj+ L `e l ab qboo^+ >p `of^k ^p pbkq^j*pb bj bpqbfo^p nrb abfu^j m^pp^o l m Úkl b nrb k l ^p fjmbab ab Ú`^obj qlq^ijbkqb prg^p+ Lp ifsolp b j^qbof^fp nrb rqfifw^j k^p pr^p ^`qfsfa^abp afa `* qf`^p q^j_ j Ú`^j nr^pb fkrqfifw sbfp c^`fijbkqb+ Qbjlp ^ fkqbk l ab `lil`^o `fjbkql kl `e l abpqb bpm^ l ildl nrb qbojfkb ^ ml`^ a^p `ers^p b) ^fka^ kl ab`loobo abpqb ^kl) fkf`f^o ^ `lkpqor l ab rj^ p^i^ ab ^ri^ bj j^qbof^i `lksbk`flk^i+ >p `of^k ^p ab Pfis^ J^`r^ p l afdk^p a^ klpp^ ^gra^ b p l l bpmbiel a^ `of^k ^ ^cof`^k^7 pbj k^a^ j^p `lj qral l nrb kb`bppfq^ m^o^ pbo cbifw+ P l @of^k ^p nrb k l q j rj^ `^p^) j^p q j rj i^o8 p l @of^k ^p nrb k l q j _ofknrbalp) j^p nrb lp `of^j8 p l @of^k ^p nrb k l q j m^onrb ab afsbop bp) j^p nrb q j rj^ ^iabf^ fkqbfo^ lkab pb afsboqfobj+ P l rj^ mols^ sfs^ ab obpfpq k`f^+ P l @of^k ^p nrb klp bkpfk^j ^ sfsbo+
5
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lo mofk` mfl ^ Lod^kfw^ l Ebiml qbkab ^ fkqbo`babo l pbr qo^_^iel bj `ljrkfa^abp ab `^o^`qbo pqf`^p j^`^a^jbk* qb oro^fp) lkab ^p `^o k`f^p pb c^wbj pbkqfo ab cloj^ j^fp dofq^kqb b) k l jbklp fjmloq^kqb) pljbkqb nr^kal ^ mo mof^ `ljrkfa^ab `lkpbkqb ^ mobpbk ^ a^ Lod^kfw^ l+ Pbdrfkal ^ jbpj^ loabj ab mbkp^jbkql) bj pbdrkal ird^o ^ Ebiml mol`ro^ ^`rafo ^p `^o k`f^p ab k sbi mofj ofl Ì a^ _^pb) m^o^ nrb) mlpqboflojbkqb) mlpp^jlp `lksbodfo bpclo lp m^o^ l `lij^q^o ab `^o k`f^p ab lrqol k sbi) nrb mbojfq^j ^ `lkp* qor l ab rj abpbkslisfjbkql bcb`qfsl al qb`fal `ljrkfq ofl ^_o^ ^al+ Bj P l Qlj b Mo k`fmb) molgb`ql j^fp ob`bkqb a^ Ebiml kl qbo* obkl) fkf`f jlp l ^kl ab /-.- `lj rj^ ^`qfsfa^ab ab afpqof_rf* l b pbkpf_fifw^ l grkql a^p `of^k ^p ^mlf^a^p) afob``flk^a^ m^o^ ^ qbj qf`^ a^ efdfbkb+ >ppfj mofjbfo^ sfpq^) bpq^ fkqbosbk* l a^ Ebiml mlabo k l c^wbo jrfql pbkqfal) ^fka^ m^o^ j^fp nr^kal p^_bjlp nrb jrfqlp alp mlslp ^cof`^klp p l `lkeb`f* alp mbil fksbg sbi bpq^al a^ pr^ abkqf l+ @lkqral) `^a^ `^pl rj `^pl b bj P l Qlj b Mo k`fmb p l sfp sbfp lp mol_ibj^p nrb do^kab m^oqb a^ mlmri^ l qbj) pl_obqral ^p `ljrkfa^abp obpfabkqbp k^p ol ^p al fkqboflo) kl nrb afw obpmbfql pr^ p^ ab lo^i+ Abpq^ cloj^ afpqof_r jlp rj^ p^`li^ Ebiml `lj rj^ _^oo^ ab p^_ l * nrb s^f mbojfqfo i^s^o l `loml) l `^_bil) ^ olrm^ b ^ k l jbklp fjmloq^kqb _^q^ bp`li^o * rj^ `^kb`^) rj^ bp`ls^ b m^pq^ alp abkqbp+ Lp j^fp mbnrbkfklp b nrb mboqbk`bj ^ rj^ ol ^ j^fp e jfa^) sfo^j q^j_ j ^ pr^ p^`li^ `lj rj^ j^kq^ mli^o nrb mobqbkab pbo rj ^`lk`ebdl m^o^ ^p klfqbp cof^p nrb pb ^sfwfke^j+ Bpq^ mbnrbk^ ^`qfsfa^ab a^ _^pb) Îmobm^o^ qboobklÏ orjl ^l ab*
pbkslisfjbkql b qo^_^ie^ rj^ jra^k ^ bcb`qfs^ ab jbkq^ifa^abp grkql al m _if`l*^isl+ M^o^ d^o^kqfo l pr`bppl a^ fkqbosbk l) pbkpf_fifw jlp lp molcbpplobp b ^mbi jlp pr^ `ljmobbkp l m^o^ ^ fjmloq k`f^) krj^ mofjbfo^ c^pb) ab c^wbo rj^ ^`qfsfa^ab pbj^k^i mobsf^jbkqb `^ibka^ofw^a^ `lj ^p `of^k ^p) ildl ^m p ^ obcbf l) nrb `ljmobbkab ^ bp`ls^dbj alp abkqbp+ Ab c^`ql bpq^ ^`qfsfa^ab fo obnrbobo rj bpclo l ^`obp`fal mlfp m^o^ ^ do^kab j^flof^ abpq^p `of^k ^p) bpq^ absbo qbo pfal ^ mofjbfo^ sbw nrb
6
qfsbo^j `lkq^`ql `lj q^i m^k mif^ ab cboo^jbkq^p+ >p jbkfk^p ob`b_bo^j rj^ `^kb`^ `lo*ab*olp^ Ì lp jbkfklp) ^wri+ Bj `^a^ `^kb`^ b bp`ls^ mlab ibo*pb l kljb al obpmb`qfsl molmofbq ofl b ^l c^wbo*pb ^ bkqobd^ ab _bkp bumif`^jlp p `of^k* ^p nrb Î^nrbi^ ^ pr^ `^kb`^ b bp`ls^ alp abkqbp) b nrb ^nrb* i^p ibqo^p `ljm bj l pbr kljb Ï Lp j^fp `roflplp ^pp^iq^j ab fjbaf^ql l hfq) ^dlo^ ^l pbr ^i`^k`b b lp j^fp bksbodlke^alp) bu^jfk^j afpq k`f^) ^fka^ ^`^ke^alp bj mbd *il+
Pfjriq^kb^jbkqb ^Úk^j*pb ^p slwbp b ^ Ebiml s^f `^kq^o) rj^ ^a^mq^ l afa `qf`^ a^ qo^af`flk^i Î>qfobf l m^r ^l D^qlÏ) qo^kp* cloj^a^ k^ ÎEfdfbkb ^ jfke^ molqb` lÏ+ Lp klpplp lrsfkqbp l_pbos^j*klp `lj lp pbrp liefkelp do^kabp b _ofie^kqbp) ploof* plp o^pd^alp) ^qbkqlp kls^ j pf`^ nrb ^ Î_o^k`^Ï bpq ^ bkpf* k^o+ Kbpqb jljbkql g qla^p ^p `of^k ^p ^`bk^j `lj ^ pr^ bp`l* s^ k^ j l ^ abp`l_boq^ a^ jriqfmif`fa^ab ab qbuqro^p a^nrbib l_gb`ql `lj ^ j l) l olpql b ^ _l`^ q^j_ j+ @^a^ mbnrbkl dorml ab `of^k ^p ^dlo^ `e^j^al b fkf`f^*pb l q l bpmbo^al jljbkql7 ^p `of^k ^p bj Úi^ * ab bp`ls^ b `^kb`^ bj mrkel) bknr^kql lp bar`^alobp mobm^o^j ^ alp^dbj `boq^ ab m^pq^ nrb ^mif`^j ^ `^a^ bp`ls^+ L mol`bppl qbj fk `fl b ^p mofjbfo^p `^obq^p p l _bj sfp sbfp) ildl ^m p l mofjbfol `lkq^`* ql ^l p^_lo a^ m^pq^+ Lp jlsfjbkqlp `fo`ri^obp abpbkoli^j*pb ab cloj^ nr^pb abp`lkqoli^a^) `ljl ^idr j nrb `lkarw rj sb `ril b ^fka^ k l p^_b m^o^ lkab s^f+ @lkÚoj^*pb7 m^o^ jrfq^p abpq^p `of^k ^p bpq^ clf sboa^abfo^jbkqb ^ mofjbfo^ sbw+ Mlo Új i^s^*pb qlal l j^qbof^i b ^oorj^*pb qral k^ `^fu^ mo mof^) abaf`^a^ ^l hfq ab efdfbkb bkqobdrb bj `^a^ `ob`eb+ Obibj_o^* jlp l `ljmoljfppl alp bar`^alobp m^o^ ^ fjmloq k`f^ ab obmb* qfobj bpqb mol`bppl b l fkqbdo^obj kl mi^kl pbj^k^i ab qo^_^iel grkql a^p `of^k ^p+ L mofjbfol m^ppl g qbsb ird^o b bumif`^jlp m^o^ ^ fjmloq k`f^ ab k l pb m^o^o g^j^fp+ Lp dbpqlp e l*ab ^mobkabo ^ `lkqoli^o* *pb) ^ppfj `ljl l p^_lo a^ m^pq^ nrb ^ `^a^ af^ nrb m^pp^ e *ab pbo j^fp c^jfif^o8 l mofk` mfl nrb bpq mlo abqo p e *ab `ljb ^o ^ bkqo^ke^o*pb b nr^kal ^ppfj clo bpq^objlp ab c^`ql ^ qo^_^ie^o m^o^ rj^ jra^k ^ ab jbkq^ifa^abp b rj^ kls^ mlppf_fifa^ab ab bp`lie^ Ì ^ ab rj ploofpl j^fp p^ra sbi+
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f fp klpp^ Jfpp l nrb klp afob`* `flk^ m^o^ ^ jbielof^ a^p `lkaf* bp ab sfa^ a^ mlmri^ l ab dor* mlp abpc^slob`falp al Pri al Jrkal) k^ pbka^ al abpbkslisfjbkql b`lk jf* `l) pl`f^i b erj^kl) sfp^jlp ^fka^ rj^ `lkp`fbk`f^ifw^ l bcb`qfs^ al Kloqb al Jrkal ^`bo`^ abpq^p mol_ibj qf`^p) abpbke^kal rj `^jfkel `ljrj nrb `lkarw^ pr^ obplir l+ K l mla ^jlp) `lkqral) abfu^o ab bpq^o ^qbkqlp m^o^ ^ bufpq k`f^ ab ÎPriÏ kl ÎKloqbÏ b k l mla ^jlp Ú`^o ^iebflp ^l nrb ^`lkqb`b bj klppl obalo+ >mbp^o ab pbobj abqbojfk^kqbp ^p afcb* obk ^p bufpqbkqbp bkqob bpqbp alfp ÎPriÏ) ^l k sbi a^p kb`bppfa^abp pbkqfa^p7 k^p `ljrkfa^abp nrb ^mlf^jlp) ab m^ pbp bpnrb`falp mbil abpbkslisfjbkql lkab ^ sfa^ `lkaf`flk^a^ mbi^ bp`^ppbw b abfu^a^ jbo` a^ ploqb8 b ^p kb`bppf* a^abp pbkqfa^p ` bj Mloqrd^i) klpp^ mloq^) kb`bppfa^abp nrb k^ j^flof^ alp `^plp) jbpjl k l mlkal bj ofp`l ^ pl* _obsfs k`f^) `lkaf`flk^j*k^ sflibkq^al ^ afdkfa^ab b afobfqlp crka^jbkq^fp al pbo erj^kl) `lkpfabo^jlp crka^jbkq^i j^kqbo rj mlpf`flk^jbkql mol^`qfsl) c^wbo l nrb bpq ^l klppl ^i`^k`b b pb `l^ark^ `lj ^ klpp^ ^` l m^o^ `lkp* qorfojlp rj jrkal j^fp erj^kl+ Clf bj moli abpq^ `lksf` l nrb ^_o^*
jlp rj^ Îkls^Ï `^rp^) nrb abjlp ^ j l ^ rj ÎsbielÏ >jfdl+ >qo^s p ab `of^k ^p fkpbofa^p kl molgb`* ql Sbhf ab Bar`^ l m^o^ l Abpbkslisf* jbkql) ^ Ebiml `lkeb`br l >qbifbo ab Qbjmlp Ifsobp %>QI& a^ D^ifw^) rj^ Fkp* qfqrf l M _if`^ ab Plifa^ofba^ab Pl`f^i a^ P^kq^ @^p^ a^ Jfpbof` oaf^ ab @^p`^fp nrb qo^_^ie^ abpab .650 `lj Îl l_gb`qf* sl ab ^`liebo) ^`ljm^ke^o b fkafsfar^* ifw^o `of^k ^p b ^alibp`bkqbp a^ `ljrkf* a^abÏ a^ D^ifw^ bj P l Gl l al Bpqlofi+ Clf `lj bpq^p `of^k ^p nrb ^ Ebiml nrfp m^oqfie^o rj K^q^i afcbobkqb) m^oqfie^o rj^ bumbof k`f^ kls^) afsfafo rj abp^* Úl) m^oqfie^o lp mo jflp b jriqfmif`^o ^ ^ibdof^) b ^ppfj clf) i^k jlp l `lksfqb b cljlp grkqlp qbibsfp l) ^l moldo^j^ ÎL Mob l @boql bj BrolpÏ a^ OMQ.+ ÎClf `lj rj^ bklojb brclof^ nrb lp jf alp ob`b_bo^j ^ klq `f^ k l p mlo fobj m^oqf`fm^o krj moldo^j^ ab qbib* sfp l j^p mlo p^_bobj nrb mlabof^j d^ke^o jrfqlp mo jflp m^o^ l >QIÏ) obi^qlr*klp l @lloabk^alo a^ P^i^ ab Bpqral S qlo Jfdrbi >j^o^i) lr Jfdrbi `ljl `e^j^al mbi^p `of^k ^p+ > bumbof k`f^ clf bkofnrb`balo^ b ^ `roflpfa^ab qljlr `lkq^ ab j^fp klslp b j^fp sbielp ^l abp`l_ofobj l i^al ab i a^p ` j^o^p7 ÎK l qfke^j ^ kl l ab nrb ^p `bk^p bo^j bkp^f^a^p ^kqbp ab
pbobj do^s^a^p) grid^s^j nrb lp mol* do^j^p bo^j qlalp bj afob`qlÏ b `ljl `of^k ^p nrb p l) nr^kal pb abm^o^o^j `lj ^ c^`fifa^ab ab d^ke^o) nrbpqflk^* o^j lp obpmlkp sbfp nrb lp ^`ljm^ke^* o^j) Îqfsbjlp ab iebp bumif`^o nrb bo^ rj^ baf l bpmb`f^i) b nrb lp ^mobpbk* q^alobp k l ^gra^j pbjmob q^kql) pb* k l lp moldo^j^p f^j c^i k`f^Ï+ Kl bkq^kql bpq^ fkf`f^qfs^ qbsb rj `^* o `qbo bpmb`f^ijbkqb ql`^kqb nrb pb mobkab `lj ^ bpp k`f^ al nrb ^ plif* a^ofba^ab b `lj ^ _bibw^ a^ m^oqfie^) ^p `of^k ^p ^mlf^a^p mbil >QI s j ab ob^if* a^abp `^obk`f^a^p b sbpqfo^j ^ `^jfpl* i^ k l p m^o^ ^gra^o l >QI `ljl m^o^ ^gra^o Îlp jbkfklp ab ãcof`^Ï+ @ljl afppb l `lloabk^alo Jfdrbi) Îpbobj ^p `of^k ^p al >QI ^ ^gra^o lr obmobpbkq^o ^ `^rp^ a^p `of^k ^p al Pri al Jrkal bpmb`f^ijbkqb _lkfql ab pb sboÏ+ Kl bkq^kql) b kl jbfl ab q^kq^p bumb* of k`f^p kls^p l jljbkql ^iql al af^ clf l obdobppl ^ `^p^) pbdrka^ `^p^) Îlp jf alp pbkqf^j*pb rkp Ebo fp mlo qbobj d^kel jrfqlp mobpbkqbp m^o^ l >QIÏ+Î> afpqof_rf l alp mobpbk* qbp clf ql* `^kqb) ^ J^of^ %Ao+· J^of^ D^fs l)Obp*mlkp sbi mbil >QI a^ D^ifw^& grkqlr qla^p ^p `of^k ^p k^ p^i^ do^kab) ibs^kq^o^j*pb ^p mobka^p rj^ ^ rj^
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^ rkf l b ^ m^oqfie^ nrb bpq^ fkf`f^qfs^ mlqbk`flr) k l bpnrb`bkal l p^_lo bp* mb`f^i ab rj dbpql plifa oflÏ+ Kl Úk^i ^ jbkp^dbj pfjmibp b lrp^k* al m^o^co^pb^o l jlqb nrb j^fp pb elr* sb kl >QI a^ D^ifw^ S>JÑ Iã S^jlp i jra^o l Jrkal
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MLOQRD>I
^ ob`bfq^ a^ plifa^ofba^ab+ @^p`^fp) PlÚ^ Kl_ob
O
b^ifwlr*pb mbil 1¸ ^kl `lkpb* `rqfsl) l bsbkql ab ^kd^of^ l ab crkalp >p Plm^p al Bpm ofql P^kql) `rgl obpriq^al obsboqbr ^ c^slo a^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml) k^ Fie^ al C^f^i) > lobp+ Bpmbo^s^*pb nrb `loobppb q l _bj) lr jbielo nrb kl ^kl m^pp^al) ^ grid^o mbi^ cloqb ^abp l b abaf`^ l nrb ^ `ljrkfa^ab a^ Fie^ abjlkpqolr) kls^* jbkqb+ Abpab lp _bkp ^ifjbkq^obp b j^* qbof^fp) ^l qo^_^iel j^kr^i lcbob`fal) b obclo`b*pb lcbob`fal) pbj nr^inrbo `lk* qo^m^oqfa^) qral c^wf^ mobsbo rj ^`lkqb* `fjbkql do^kaflpl) mbkp^al b mobm^o^* al `lj ^ j ufj^ ^qbk l b mlojbklo+ @lkqral) prmbolr ^p bumb`q^qfs^p7 bpqb bsbkql) nrb qbsb ird^o k^ Cobdrbpf^ alp @baolp kl m^pp^al af^ .1 ab J^o l) mbojfqfr obrkfo j^fp ab 3-- mbppl^p kl ^mlfl ^ bpq^ `^rp^ b ob`liebo 3+663)02× ^ c^slo alp molgb`qlp a^ >ppl`f^ l+ > `ljrkf`^ l clf do^kab) j^p ^ slkq^* ab ab m^oqf`fm^o ^fka^ j^flo) b kfkdr j nrfp mboabo bpqb abif`flpl j^kg^o `lj rj p^_lo ^fka^ j^fp obÚk^al) l ab ^gr* a^o nrbj j^fp mob`fp^ Elrsb ab qral) m^o^ qlalp lp dlpqlp7 nrbj dlpq^ ab ^dfq^ l) ab `lksbop^o b `lksfsbo) abpil`lr*pb ^l m^sfie l Mlif* s^ibkqb alp @baolp) nrbj mobcbob p^_l* ob^o ^ pr^ obcbf l `lj ^idrj^ `^ij^ b k^ pbobkfa^ab al pbr i^o) m ab ibs^o m^o^ i ^p pr^p plm^p b nrbj k l m ab `ljm^ob`bo) m ab bk`ljbka^o b d^o^k* qfo nrb l mbnrbkl q^`el `ebd^ppb ^ pr^ `^p^ ^kqbp a^ elo^ al ^ijl l+
Pfk^i al ob`lkeb`fjbkql ab qlal bpqb qo^_^iel) clf ^ mobpbk ^ a^ OQM bpqb ^kl) nrb aro^kqb 0 af^p ^`ljm^kelr ^ j^* aofke^ Ir p^ ?lodbp b ^ pr^ bnrfm^ ab slirkq oflp) moljlqlobp b obpmlkp sbfp mbi^ ob^ifw^ l al bsbkql+ Bp`lkafa^p ^qo p a^p ` j^o^p) ^p mbppl* ^p mol`ro^s^j crdfo ^l molq^dlkfpjl nrb iebp bo^ jbob`fal+ Bpqbp slirkq * oflp) nrb `ljb ^o^j ^ qo^_^ie^o jbpbp ^kqbp k^ ^kd^of^ l ab _bkp m^o^ ^ ob^ifw^ l al ^ijl l) af^p ^kqbp k^ mob* m^o^ l al jbpjl b p 0e a^ j^aord^* a^ ^kqboflo m^o^ ^ `lkcb` l a^p plm^p) obi^q^o^j qla^ ^ mobm^o^ l nrb ^kqb* `babr l ^ijl l) ^p pr^p jlqfs^ bp) efpq of^p `^o^`qbo pqf`^p a^ pr^ qboo^ b ^q obsbi^o^j l pbdobal m^o^ l pr`bppl abpqb m^i^a^o+ @lkpbdrfo^j) ^qo^s p a^ pr^ _l^ afp* mlpf l b clo ^ ab slkq^ab) qlok^o rj jljbkql `^kp^qfsl b ab ^idrj^ mobp*
p l) krj jljbkql ab buqobj^ ^ibdof^ b abp`lkqo^` l Lp crkalp ^kd^of^alp mlo bpq^ `ljr* kfa^ab al C^f^i) ^qo^s p a^p Plm^p al Bpmfofql P^kql) abpab ^ pr^ lofdbj) g cl* o^j bjmobdrbp kl ml l `lkpqor al k^ `ljrkfa^ab ab Jljli^) k^ `lkpqor l ab rj^ `ob`eb k^ `ljrkfa^ab al J^o* obob) k^ ob^ifw^ l al bsbkql al K^q^i ab /--5 a^p `of^k ^p ab K^jmri^) bj Jl ^j_fnrb) b l obpq^kqb absbo pbo ^mif`^al ^fka^ bpqb ^kl krj lrqol ml l b krj _il`l ab p^i^p ab ^ri^+ >p m^i^so^p ab ^do^ab`fjbkql `ljb ^j ^ bp`^ppb^o m^o^ q^j^ke^ abaf`^ l) kl bkq^kql) bj kljb a^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml b bj kljb ab qlalp lp _bkbÚ`f oflp nrb dlw^j al rprcorql alp molgb`qlp bafÚ`^alp kl qboobkl) dlpq^o ^jlp ab ^do^ab`bo) rj^ sbw j^fp) ^ qlalp lp fk* qbosbkfbkqbp kbpq^ fkf`f^qfs^) l ^mlfl b afpmlkf_fifa^ab abjlkpqo^alp+
.0
krj gldl rj molcbpplo+ @^p`^fp) O^nrbi Mlj_l
E
ÌBÌI*M*L : EBI)ML Ibj_o^*pb< >lp 3 ^klp if^ ^p* pfjÅ >lp .. ^klp obplisf^ bnr^ bp pfjmibp b ^lp .3 g qfke^ ifal lp J^f^pÅ Qbo ^`bppl bar`^ l mobm^olr*l m^o^ ^ sfa^) `lkpbdrb fj^dfk^o `ljl pbof^ ^ pr^ sfa^ pb krk`^ qfsbppb cobnrbkq^al rj^ bp`li^< B pb krk`^ qfsbppb qfal rj `^abokl) b pb ^mobkabo ^ bp`obsbo clppb pfk kfjl ab qobfk^o ^p ibqo^p kl ^o) qobfk^o ^ `^ifdo^* Ú^ `lj rj m^r nrb ^ `rpql o^pd^ l pbr `^jfkel k^ qboo^ pb`^< Pb ^mobkabo mloqrdr p clppb obmbqfo co^pbp `lj plkp nrb ieb p l abp`lkeb* `falp) ilkdb al af^ib`ql nrb pb lrsb bj `^p^< Pb krk`^ qfsbppb sfpql rj^ firpqo^* l) rj abpbkel nrb ^gra^ ^ abpbk`^* ab^o l p^_bo ^mbi^kal ^l i^al i af`l ab ^mobkabo< B pb pbkqfppb ^sfabw ab `lkeb`fjbkql) b pb pbkqfppb mrip^o ^ slkq^ab ab p^_bo) b pb rj ifsol clppb l m^pp^mloqb m^o^ rj^ lmloqrkfa^ab< Rj^ lmloqrkfa^ab ab jra^k ^) rj^ ^iqbok^qfs^ ^lp plkelp `^pqo^alp mbi^ k^p`bk ^ krj il`^i bp* nrb`fal) rj^ mlppf_fifa^ab m^o^ nrbobo j^fp) rj^ mlkqb m^o^ rj jrkal nrb
m^ob`b afpq^kqb abj^fpÅ b pbÅ pb qral fpql ieb bpqfsbppb kbd^al) k l m^pp^ppb ab rj plkel) ab rj fjbkpl abp`lkeb* `falÅ< > Ebiml a *ieb ^ efm qbpb ab m^oqf`f* m^o k^ fksbop l abpqb `f`il8 qbo ^`bp* pl bar`^ l mobm^olr*l m^o^ ^ sfa^) ^`bibolr l mol`bppl ab ^mobkafw^dbj b cbw `lj nrb `ebd^ppb sfa^ ^`qfs^ ab cloj^ j^fp `lkplifa^a^) p^_f^ nrb mlab m^oqfie^o bpp^p `ljmbq k`f^p< P^_f^ nrb pfjmibp c^w *il) p^_f^ nrb l nrb k l pb a ) mboab*pb b nrb l pbr gldl c^sl* ofql a^ fkc k`f^ mlab sfo ^ `of^o ob`lo* a^ bp fa kqf`^p p pr^p) bj fk jbo^p `of^k ^p nrb _bkbÚ`f^j a^p _f_iflqb`^p b `bkqolp i af`lp Ebiml bj Jl ^j_f* nrb< > Ebiml i^k ^ rj klsl obmql ^ qlalp lp pbrp ^jfdlp) m^aofkelp) `li^_lo^alobp b ^ qlalp lp nrb pb fabkqfÚ`^j `lj bpq^ `^rp^ b nrbobj m^oqfie^o l nrb ob`b_b* o^j+ @lj ^ kls^ `^jm^ke^ ab ob`l* ie^ ab _bkp ÎKrj Gldl) rj MolcbpploÏ) abp^Ú^jlp qlalp lp nrb klp nrbfo^j ^`ljm^ke^o ^ m^oqfie^o l p^_bo) lcbob* `bkal) ^qo^s p ab rj gldl) rj `^abokl) lr ab j^qbof^i afa `qf`l) rj^ lmloqr* kfa^ab s^iflp^) rj molcbpplo) rj^ kls^
j^kbfo^ ab ^mobkabo) rj ^`bppl i af`l bar`^ l) rj^ ^iqbok^qfs^ abpfkclo* j^ l+ >q ^l af^ .2 ab Lrqr_ol ab /-.-) ^ Ebiml bpq ^ ob`liebo `^aboklp >2) ab 3- lr 5- clie^p) pfjmibp) pbj ^odli^p) _bj `ljl j^qbof^i b gldlp afa `qf`lp `ljmibqlp b bj _lj bpq^al m^o^ `of^k* ^p alp alfp ^lp alwb ^klp+ L j^qbof^i ob`liefal pbo afpqof_r al grkql a^p fkpqfqrf bp nrb qrqbi^j ^p `of^k ^p fkpbofa^p kl moldo^j^ ab ^m^* aofke^jbkql b `ljrkfa^abp afpq k`f^ ^qo^s p ab afpqof_rf bp `ljrkfq of^p) kl `^pl alp `^aboklp b j^qbof^i afa `* qf`l) lr ^qo^s p a^ pr^ afpmlkf_fifw^ l m _if`^ k^p _f_iflqb`^p b `bkqolp i af`lp Ebiml+ Abmlfp a^ `^jm^ke^ ab ob`lie^ ab if* solp ÎOb^kfj^o l P^_boÏ) ibs^a^ ^ `^_l bj /--6) ab jlal ^ ^mbqob`e^o kls^p _f_iflqb`^p bj Jl ^j_fnrb) prodb ^ `^jm^ke^ ÎKrj Gldl rj MolcbpploÏ `lj fkqrfql ab qo^kpcloj^o bpq^p _f_ifl* qb`^p bj sboa^abfolp `bkqolp ab ^mobk* afw^dbj+ >grab*klp ^ `lkqo^of^o ^ ÎPloqbÏ) ^ pr^ sbw ab gld^o Nrbo lcbob`bo rj Mol* cbpplo<
Kl j_fql al bksfl al `lkqbkqlo) ^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml bk`lkqo^*pb ^fka^ ^ ^kd^of^o) ab cloj^ mboj^* kbkqb) j^kq^p qfml mli^o %./- u .3-`j&) j^qbof^i bp`li^o ab _^pb) `ljl i mfp ab `^os l) bpcboldo Ú`^p) _loo^`e^p) ^Ú^p) i mfp ab `lo) o dr^p) mi^pqf`fk^p b _li^p+ @lkpfabob*klp pr^ afpmlpf l m^o^ nr^^inrbo bp`i^ob`fjbkql ^af`fk^i) kl nrb afw obpmbfql ^l bksfl ab lrqolp _bkp nrb `lkpfabob mboqfkbkqbp+
.1
J>FP JRKAL
rk >JF ar jlkab+++' 'rj ^jfdl al jrkal+
> abpqorf l al E^fqf b l bibs^al k jbol ab s qfj^p al qboo^jlql) mbil jbklp /// jfi mbppl^p) molsl* `^o^j rj^ ob^` l ab ^mlfl mbi^ ob`lkpqor l a^ obdf l b ^gra^ erj^kfq of^) ^ k sbi fkqbok^`flk^i+ Glp Ir p Kl_ob >ajfkfpqo^alo a^ Crka^ l >JF b bpqbsb kl E^fqf aro^kqb qo p pbj^k^p) `ljl `eb* cb ab jfpp l) k^ jfpp l ab bjbod k`f^ ob^ifw^a^ mbi^ >JF kbpqb m^ p+ Grkq^jbkqb `lj rj^ bnrfm^ ab pbfp bibjbkqlp7 alfp j af`lp) alfp bkcbojbfolp b alfp q `kf`lp bj bjbod k`f^) Glp Ir p Kl_ob ^gralr ^ jlkq^o rj `^jml ab obcrdf^alp) nrb ^_ofd^ `bo`^ ab .-- c^j if^p %l `loobpmlkabkqb ^ `bo`^ ab 4-- mbppl^p& b af^dklpqf`lr lp il`^fp ab j^flo kb`bppfa^ab lkab ^ >JF mrabppb fkqbosfo+ Glp Ir p Kl_ob m^oqfielr `lkklp`l ^ pr^ bumbof k`f^ b mbopmb`qfs^p m^o^ l crqrol abpqb m^ pÅ
@ljl ob`b_br ^ klq `f^ al abp^pqob nrb ^_^ilr l E^fqf b `lkpbnrbkqbjbkqb ^ pr^ m^oqfa^ krj^ jfpp l ab bjbod k* `f^ m^o^ bpqb m^ p< Glp Kl_ob+ > klq `f^ al abp^pqob `lj ^idrj^ ^mobbkp l) ^ jfke^ m^oqfa^ `lj k^qro^ifa^ab+ Nr^kal sf mbi^p fj^dbkp nrb ^q l m^i `fl mobpfabk`f^i qfke^ pfal abpqor al) ^mbo`b* _f*jb a^ do^sfa^ab a^ pfqr^ l+ > pbkqf nrb ^ jfke^ m^oqfa^ pbof^ bjfkbkqb+ @ljl bk`lkqolr l m^ p< Nr^fp ^p j^flobp afcf`ria^abp `lj nrb pb abm^olr< @ljm^o^kal `lj ^p jfpp bp nrb g ob^if* wlr) `ljl `i^ppfcf`^ ^ c^`fifa^ab,afcf`ria^ab ab ^mlfl,fkqbo* sbk l< G+K+ Bk`lkqobf l m^ p `ljmibq^jbkqb abpqor al b krj bp* q^al `^ qf`l+ >p j^flobp afcf`ria^abp mobkaf^j*pb `lj ^ `fo`ri^ l k^p bpqo^a^p b klp _^foolp ^cb`q^alp) ^p bpqo^a^p bpq^s^j fks^afa^p mbi^ mlmri^ l nrb k l nrbof^ cf`^o k^p pr^p `^p^p `lj jbal a^p o mif`^p8 b ^ ^rp k`f^ qlq^i ab af * ildl `lj ^p ^rqlofa^abp il`^fp) `rglp bp`ofq oflp) jfkfpq oflp b bafc `flp m _if`lp q^j_ j or o^j+ L do^r ab abpqorf l bo^ ab q^i loabj j^`f l) nrb `lj* mif`lr ab pl_obj^kbfo^ ^ fkqbosbk l) `ljm^o^kal `lj pfqr^ bp ^k ild^p klrqolp m^ pbp lkab fkqbosfj ^kqboflo* jbkqb) q^fp `ljl l qboo^jlql kl Fo l) k^ @^ubjfo^ b kl Bi P^is^alo+ L nrb pb pbkqb mbo^kqb rj^ `^q pqolcb abpq^ afjbkp l<
.2
G+K+ Pbkqfjlp nrb pljlp ^mbk^p rj^ dlq^ ab dr^ b nrb ^ klpp^ mobpbk ^) ^i j alp `rfa^alp j af`lp) mbojfqb a^o bp* mbo^k ^ ^nrbi^ dbkqb nrb qral mboabr+ > lka^ ab plifa^ofb* a^ab q l do^kab nrb fppl mbojfqb ^ bppb mlsl p^_bo nrb k l bpq p b `lj bpp^ bpmbo^k ^ nrb pb mlab a^o fk `fl ^l klppl qo^_^iel) p^_bkal mbocbfq^jbkqb nrb k l fobjlp obplisbo lp mol_ibj^p bpqorqro^fp al m^ p+ Pbkqfjlp nrb bpqbp mofjbfolp m^pplp p l `or`f^fp m^o^ fjmb* afo rj abp^ibkql q l molcrkal k^p mbppl^p ^cb`q^a^p) nrb iebp mbojfq^ ^fka^ ^`obafq^o nrb mlpp sbi jbielo^o ^idl+ > corpqo^ l b fjmlq k`f^ p l `boq^jbkqb pbkqfjbkqlp mob* pbkqbp kbpqb qfml ab jfpp bp< @ljl ob^db mbo^kqb bpqbp pbkqfjbkqlp< G+K+ Pbkqfjlp pbjmob ^idrj^ corpqo^ l b fjmlq k`f^ mb* o^kqb q^i `^i^jfa^ab) j^p o^mfa^jbkqb qo^kpcloj^a^ bj ^` l mlonrb p^_bjlp nrb ^ ^gra^ mobpq^a^ fo ^ifsf^o l pl* cofjbkql abpq^p c^j if^p+ B ^mbp^o alp m^o`lp jbflp afpmlk * sbfp) k l klp bpnrb ^jlp nrb m^o^ bibp jrfq^ `lfp^+ M^o^ nrbj qral mboabr) ob`b_bo sbpqr ofl) jbaf`^jbkqlp b ^if* jbkqlp) mlab pbo `lkpfabo^al rj^ do^kab a afs^+ P pb a ob^ijbkqb s^ilo ^ bpq^p `lfp^p nr^kal ^p mboabjlp+ L nrb jra^ k^ `lkaf l erj^k^ krj^ pfqr^ l ab `ofpb< G+K+ L pbo erj^kl m^pp^ ^ pbo abprj^kl+ Krj^ pfqr^ l ab `ljmbqf l cbolw) mbilp mlr`lp _bkp bufpqbkqbp m^o^ q l do^kab kb`bppfa^ab) ^ irq^ mbi^ pl_obsfs k`f^ l_ofd^ ^p mbp*
pl^p ^ `ljmbqfo bkqob bi^p+ Mloq^kql kbpq^p pfqr^ bp krk`^ sbjlp l jbielo al pbo erj^kl j^p pfj ^ pr^ c^`b j^fp `fkwbkq^) mbilp jlqfslp ^m^obkqbp+ B fkcbifwjbkqb) nr^kal pb qo^q^ ab rj^ `ljmbqf l abpq^ k^qrobw^) d^ke^ ^ clo ^) mobgraf`^kal `of^k ^p b jriebobp) nrb p l pbjmob lp dor* mlp j^fp srikbo sbfp+ Bk`lkqo^j*pb afp`obm k`f^p bkqob ^ ob^ifa^ab b ^p fkcloj^* bp nrb klp `ebd^j ^qo^s p alp Jbflp ab @ljrkf`^ l Pl`f^i< G+K+ > fkcloj^ l qo^kpjfqfa^ mbilp jbaf^ qbj pbjmob qbk* a k`f^ ^l ^i^ojfpjl) jlpqo^kal nr^pb pbjmob ^p mflobp pfqr^ bp) q^fp `ljl jloqb) p^nrb b sfli k`f^+ Kl bkq^kql) ^pprjbj rj m^mbi crka^jbkq^i k^ afsrid^ l abpq^p `^q p* qolcbp b ^kd^of^ l ab crkalp) bppbk`f^fp m^o^ l molppbdrf* jbkql a^ klpp^ jfpp l+ Nrb _^i^k l c^w abpq^ jfpp l b al crqrol) ^m^obkqbjbkqb mlr`l moljbqbalo) abpqb m^ p< G+K+ Co^k`^jbkqb mlpfqfs^ b `lj l pbkqfjbkql al qo^_^iel `rjmofal) ^mbp^o ab klp ^mbo`b_bjlp al crqrol efmlqb`^* al abpq^ mlmri^ l nrb ibs^o ^klp b ^klp ^ bk`lkqo^o rj klsl orjl b ^ ob`lkpqorfo l pbr m^ p+ L nrb l ibs^ ^ sfsbo ^ sfa^ bj moli alp lrqolp< G+K+ Pfkql nrb qbkel l pbkqfal ab jfpp l b rj `lkqo^ql ^ `rjmofo `lj ^ erj^kfa^ab+ K l pb bumif`^) pbkqb*pb
.3
BPQêOF>P
L S>ILO AB RJ> MOBKA> K^jmri^) Qf^dl @lr`bil
Qo^_^ie^kal m^o^ ^ Ebiml `ljl Afob`qlo al moldo^j^ ab ^ppfpq k`f^ `ljrkfq of^ afob`q^ Ì kl jbr `^pl) bj K^jmri^) Jl ^j_fnrb Ì) ^mobkabjlp `bal ^ ifa^o `lj ^p j^fp s^of^* a^p pfqr^ bp) rj^p j^fp abif`^a^p al nrb lrqo^p+ @lj bcbfql) mlo sbwbp) ^ slkq^ab k l `ebd^) pbkal mob`fpl qo^_^ie^o af^* of^jbkqb kl qboobkl) m^o^ `ljmobbkabo sboa^abfo^jbkqb ^ ob^ifa^ab b ^a^mq *i^ ^lp l_gb`qfslp nrb qo^ jlp m^o^ ^nrbib abp^Úl bj `lk`obql+ Rj^ `lfp^ `boq^7 mob`fp^jlp pbjmob ab pbdrfo bj cobkqb) `lj bkqrpf^pjl) m^o^ nrb pb `lkpfd^ `lkqlok^o lp mol_ibj^p b `ebd^o ^ _lj mloql+ @lj bppb bjmbkel) c^`fijbkqb lp jl* jbkqlp jbklp _lkp p l bpnrb`falp lr) mbil jbklp) ^qbkr^* alp) pl_obqral nr^kal) kl Úk^i) klp abm^o^jlp `lj ^ cbif`f* a^ab b do^qfa l a^nrbibp nrb ^gra^jlp+ > bkqobd^ ab mobka^p rj abppbp jljbkqlp bpmb`f^fp) ^iqro^ bj nrb ^p Îklpp^pÏ `of^k ^p obgr_fi^j ab ^ibdof^+ fkabp`ofq * sbi ^ bpmbo^ bumb`q^kqb alp jf alp) lp pbrp dofqlp mbi^ Ebiml) ^ pr^ ^kpfba^ab) lp pbrp lielp `ebflp ab ^ibdof^ b bpmbo^k ^) ^l ob`b_bobj rj^ mobka^ nrb mlab pbo q l pfjmibp nr^kql rj^ jbo^ `^kbq^+ Qral fpql jbob`b pbo sfsfal+ Ibj_ol*jb ab rj af^) rj^ abpp^p `of^k ^p ab lielp ^ _ofie^o) ^l ob`b_bo rkp q kfp) lp qbo qfo^al alp m p) pbdrkalp abmlfp ab lp qbo `^i ^al+ Mbodrkqbf pb k l qfke^ dlpq^alÅ k^a^ afppl7 bppb o^m^w ^mb* k^p bp`i^ob`br nrb lp q kfp bo^j q l _lkfqlp nrb fof^ dr^oa * *ilp) m^o^ k l Ú`^obj prglp+ B afppb*l `lj rj ploofpl `lkq^* df^kqb kl olpql+ Lrqo^ ^iqro^ ab ^ibdof^ `lkq^df^kqb clf ^ bkqobd^ ab rj^ mobk* a^ ^ rj^ `of^k ^ ab K^m^`^i^+ Bpq^ jbkfk^ ob`b_br `^aboklp) `^kbq^p b i mfp) _bkp nrb pbdrkal bi^ krk`^ qfke^ qfal bj q^kq^ nr^kqfa^ab+ M^o^ `ljmibq^o qla^ bpq^ l`^pf l l m^aof* kel a^ `of^k ^ qbsb q^j_ j ^ ^j^_fifa^ab ab j^ka^o fk jb* o^p mobka^p m^o^ qla^p ^p `of^k ^p a^ qroj^ a^ pr^ ^Úie^a^+ Pbkal ^ppfj) clf rj jljbkql bcrpf^kqb ^ bkqobd^ ab `^kbq^p) i mfp b `^aboklp m^o^ `bo`^ ab 3- `of^k ^p+ Bpqbp alfp bubjmilp abjlkpqo^j l bklojb fjm^`ql nrb ^
Ebiml qbj bj jrfq^p `ljrkfa^abp ab K^jmri^+ >p afpqof_rf* bp ab mobka^p p l jrfq^p sbwbp l jljbkql j^fp cbifw nrb `^a^ `of^k ^ qbj kbppb j p lr jbpjl kbppb ^kl+ > ^ibdof^ `lj nrb klp bpmbo^j) ^ o^mfabw `lj nrb klp `bo`^j ^l p^fo al `^ool) lp pbrp dofqlp obmibqlp ab bpmbo^k ^) qral fpql ^qbpq^ ^ fjmloq k`f^ a^p klpp^p ^` bp+ P l mlo fppl fk jbo^p ^p pfqr^ bp nrb jb molmlo`flk^o^j jljbkqlp ab cbif`fa^ab b ^idrj^ `ljl l) mlfp fkabp`of* q sbi l bkqrpf^pjl nrb `^a^ `of^k ^ ^mobpbkq^ ^l lrsfo l pbr kljb m^o^ sfo ob`b_bo rj^ mobka^ al pbr m^aofkel,j^aofke^+ M^o^ d^o^kqfojlp bpqbp ploofplp) qbjlp ab qo^_^ie^o `lj ^i* drj^p obdo^p) mlfp mlo sbwbp) ^ afpqof_rf l a^p mobka^p dbo^ ^idrj^p afÚ`ria^abp kl qboobkl+ Ob`loa^jlp nrb qlal l mol`bppl ab bkqobd^p ab mobka^p fj* mif`^ rj^ cloqb lod^kfw^ l mlo m^oqb a^ Ebiml) m^ppp^kal mlo s of^p bq^m^p7 ob`bm l a^p bk`ljbka^p) pbm^o^o ^p mobka^p) `lkcbofo ^oqfdlp b ifpq^p ab bksflp) sfpfq^o ^p `ljrkfa^abp m^o^ mobm^o^o ^p bkqobd^p) pbkpf_fifw^o ^ bp`li^ b ^ `ljrkfa^ab ab nrb ^p bkqobd^p k l ^_o^kdbj qlalpÅ BkÚj) c^`qlp nrb klp ibs^j ^ mbafo ^ ^gra^ ab qlalp lp m^aofkelp) kl pbkqfal ab k l bksf^obj afob`q^jbkqb ^p mobka^p m^o^ Jl ^j_fnrb) bj mbo lalp ^ib^q oflp+ Dlpq^o ^jlp) mlfp) ab fkcloj^o nrb ^ Ebiml abÚkfr nrb ^ afp* qof_rf l ab mobka^p mbi^p `of^k ^p) bj Jl ^j_fnrb) pbo cbf* q^ rj^ sbw mlo pbjbpqob) mbil nrb `lkq^jlp `lj ^ `li^_lo^* l ab qlalp m^o^ ^ `lk`obqfw^ l abpq^ obdo^+ P abpq^ cloj^ `lkpbdrfobjlp abpbkslisbo rj _lj qo^_^iel) ifj^kal ^idr* j^p ^obpq^p ab rj^ afpqof_rf l nrb kbj pbjmob pb ^mobpbkq^ c `fi+ >mbi^jlp) ^ppfj) `ljmobbkp l ab qlalp+ Bj `lkgrkql) mlabjlp c^wbo `lj nrb ^ bkqobd^ ab mobka^p Ì rj alp jl* jbkqlp j^fp bpmbo^alp Ì `loo^ l jbielo mlpp sbi) `lkqof_rfk* al m^o^ ^ cbif`fa^ab ab qlalp+ > dbkbolpfa^ab pbjmob _bj*sfka^) j^p pbo ^fka^ j^fp pb `rjmofo lp qfjfkdp fab^fp a^ klpp^ >ppl`f^ l+ K p ^do^ab`b* jlp b ^p `of^k ^p q^j_ j+
.4
> Ebiml ob^ifw^ bksflp ab `loobpmlka k`f^) alp m^aofkelp m^o^ lp pbrp ^Úie^alp qofjbpqo^ijbkqb) bj J^o l) Grkel) Pbqbj_ol b Abwbj_ol) b bksflp ab mobpbkqbp pbjbpqo^ijbkqb) bj J^o l b bj Pbqbj_ol) lkab `^a^ m^aofkel mlab bksf^o ^q l `loobpmlkabkqbjbkqb ^ rj bksbilmb alp `loobflp q^j^kel I %clo* j^ql >1&+ > `loobpmlka k`f^ absbo pbo bksf^a^ m^o^ ^ pbab a^ Ebiml bj @^p`^fp b k p c^wbjlp `ebd^o ^ bk`ljbka^ ^l qboobkl k^ ^iqro^ fkaf`^a^ m^o^ l bksfl+ Lp _bkp ab j^flo kb`bppfa^ab p l l j^qbof^i bp`li^o ab _^pb %`^aboklp) i mfp) _loo^`e^) ^Ú^Å& b _bkp ab efdfbkb %p^_ l ^wri b ?o^k`l) p^_lkbqbp) plol Úpfli df`l) ibl `lomlo^iÅ&+ Kl bkq^kql mlabo bksf^o q^j_ j j^qbof^i afa `qf`l) `ljl7 ifsolp m^o^ `lilofo) ifsolp ab `lkqlp fkc^kqfp) gldlp lr _ofknrbalp+ K l mlpp sbi bksf^o molarqlp ^ifjbkq^obp) l_gb`qlp ^ mfie^p lr bi `qof`lp) l_gb`qlp `loq^kqbp) _bkp ab efdfb* kb `ljl `e^jm ) dbi ab _^kel) ^j^`f^alo) mlfp qo^_^ie^jlp bj jbflp jrfql oro^fp nrb abp`lkeb`bj bpqb qfml ab molarqlp b `lkpbnrbkqbjbkqb l pbr jlal ab rqfifw^ l+
.5
J>FP AL NRB M>AOFKELP
^ @fjmlo @LKKLP@L+ @^p`^fp) PlÚ^ Kl_ob
>
@FJMLO qbj sfkal ^ fjmibjbkq^o rj^ mli qf`^ ab ab* pbkslisfjbkql prpqbkq^al nrb ^ppbkq^ bj qo p mfi^obp crka^jbkq^fp Ì b`lk jf`l) pl`f^i b ^j_fbkq^i+ Kl pbdrfjbkql abpq^ mli qf`^) s of^p ^` bp q j pfal abpbksli* sfa^p ^l ilkdl alp ^klp bj qlal l Dorml `lj obpriq^alp nrb bk`lo^g^o^j ^ molppbdrfo) `lj j^fp ^_o^kd k`f^) l pbr `lj* moljfppl `lj ^ prpqbkq^_fifa^ab+ @lj bppb l_gb`qfsl) ^ @FJMLO ab`fafr `of^o) bj /--4) rj mol* do^j^ m^o^ moljlsbo l slirkq^of^al fkqbokl b molppbdrfo) ab cloj^ ^fka^ j^fp prpqbkq^a^) ^ pr^ mli qf`^ ab ^mlfl p `ljr* kfa^abp `lj ^p nr^fp j^fp afob`q^jbkqb pb obi^`flk^+ M^o^ nrb qfsbppb rj^ fabkqfa^ab mo mof^) ab c `fi ob`lkeb`f* jbkql b klqlofba^ab clf*ieb a^al rj kljb Ì @LKKLP@L+ FabkqfÚ`^*pb c^`fijbkqb `lj rj `lkgrkql ab pfdkfÚ`^alp nrb mobqbkabj abpbkslisbo) kljb^a^jbkqb Ì `ljm^kef^) mobpbk* ^) plifa^ofba^ab b `ljmoljfppl+ >l ^_ofdl abppb moldo^j^) `^a^ @li^_lo^alo) ab nr^inrbo bjmobp^ al Dorml bj Mloqrd^i) mlab molmlo*pb ^gra^o %qbkal `ljl ifjfqb j kfjl .-- brolp b j ufjl ^kr^i rj sbk`fjbk* ql jbkp^i& rj^ fkpqfqrf l ab ob`lkeb`fa^ rqfifa^ab m _if`^+ > Bjmobp^ grkq^o ^ bppb `lkqof_rql l bnrfs^ibkqb ^ pbqb sbwbp l obpmb`qfsl jlkq^kqb+ Kl Úk^i al pbr mofjbfol ^kl) l @LKKLP@L ^rufiflr 5- fkpqfqrf* bp mloqrdrbp^p ^ jbielo abpbkslisbobj ^p pr^p ^`qfsfa^abp+ Kbppb ^kl) lp @li^_lo^alobp a^ @FJMLO g mrabo^j bkqobd^o) bj j l) p fkpqfqrf bp nrb bp`liebo^j) rj obibs^kqb qlq^i ab 065+31- brolp+ Bj /--5) ^ Bjmobp^ ab`fafr obarwfo l ifjfqb j kfjl ab `^a^ `^kafa^qro^ ab .-- m^o^ 2- brolp) ^rjbkq^kal ^ppfj ^ mol_^* _fifa^ab ab j^fp fkpqfqrf bp mlabobj sfo ^ pbo ^gra^a^p+ Klp Úk^fp ab /--6) l @LKKLP@L g e^sf^ molmlo`flk^al ^gra^ ^ jrfq^p abwbk^p ab fkpqfqrf bp nrb abpbkslisbj ^`qfsfa^abp jbofq of^p ab j_fql pl`f^i) bar`^`flk^i) `riqro^i b abpmloqfsl+ Kl ab`loobo ab qo p ^klp ab sfd k`f^) l Moldo^j^ g afpmlkf_f*
ifwlr) kl qlq^i) rj^ sbo_^ ab `bo`^ ab .).2- jfie bp ab brolp+ Pbdrkal l Ao+ >kq kfl P^kqlp) a^ Afob` l ab Obi^ bp Buqbo* k^p b @ljrkf`^ l a^ @FJMLO) ÎLp bubjmilp p l jrfqlp b qlalp klp bk`ebj ab lodriel) q^kql mlo obpriq^obj ab rj^ `i^o^ abjlkpqo^ l a^ ^qfqrab pl`f^i obpmlkp sbi a^ m^oqb alp klpplp @li^_lo^alobp) `ljl mbi^ fkqbkp^ p^qfpc^ l ^l sbojlp ^idrkp corqlp a^p ^gra^p molmlo`flk^a^pÏ+ > Ao^+ Ifk^ Dlrsbf^ b ^ Ao^+ M^ri^ Dlk ^isbp) ar^p j^aofke^p a^ Ebiml) nrb `li^_lo^j `lj ^ @FJMLO) k^p abibd^ bp Kloqb b @bkqol) obpmb`qfs^jbkqb) ^abofo^j ^l moldo^j^ @LKKLP@L bj moli a^ >ppl`f^ l b ^`bfq^o^j dbkqfijbkqb c^i^o*klp a^p pr^p jlqfs^ bp+ ÎNr^kal ^ @FJMLO `oflr l Moldo^j^ @LKKLP@L) l pbkqfjbk* ql `lj nrb Únrbf clf ab p^qfpc^ l b lodriel) mbil c^`ql ab ^
.6
bjmobp^ lkab qo^_^iel pb mobl`rm^o `lj ^ sboqbkqb ab obp* mlkp^_fifa^ab pl`f^i) _bj `ljl ^ moljl l al slirkq^of^al fkqbokl) mlo m^oqb alp pbrp `li^_lo^alobp+ Qo^q^*pb ab rj Mol* gb`ql nrb bkslisb qla^ ^ bpqorqro^) l nrb p mlo pf) pb qo^arw krj^ j^fp*s^if^ m^o^ qlalp+ > fj^dbj a^ bjmobp^) ^ppl`f^a^ ^ bpqb qfml ab fkf`f^qfs^p ab `^ofw pl`f^i) Ú`^ fdr^ijbkqb obclo ^a^ mbo^kqb l m _if`l fkqbo* kl b buqbokl) ^ bubjmil ab lrqolp `ljmoljfpplp g ^pprjf* alp) kljb^a^jbkqb kl j_fql ^j_fbkq^i+ ) mloq^kql) jlqfsl ab do^kab ob`lkeb`fjbkql m^o^ jfj) pbk* qfo nrb c^ l m^oqb ab rj^ Do^kab Bnrfm^ nrb k l p pb pbkqb pl`f^ijbkqb obpmlkp sbi `ljl ^`qr^ ab `lkclojfa^ab) qbk* q^kal c^wbo ^ afcbobk ^) `lkqof_rfkal m^o^ rj Jrkal jbielo) j^fp plifa ofl b j^fp grpql) `lj lp lielp mlpqlp kl crqrol nrb nrbobjlp abfu^o m^o^ ^p dbo^ bp sfkalro^p+ Bj Abwbj_ol ab /--5) ^qo^s p a^ Fjmobkp^) qfsb `lkeb`fjbk* ql a^ bufpq k`f^ a^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml7 al pbr molgb`ql) a^ pr^ bpqo^q df^ b obpmb`qfslp moldo^j^p+ Q^isbw jlqfs^a^ mbi^ ml`^ k^q^i `f^ nrb pb ^qo^sbpp^s^) k l ebpfqbf) b ab fjbaf^ql ^abof ^l Moldo^j^ ab >m^aofke^jbkql Afpq k`f^) pbkqfkal rj^ kb`bppfa^ab bklojb ab ob^ifw^o bpqb ^`ql ab plifa^ofba^ab) p^_bkal nrb `lj bpqb mbnrbkl dbpql fof^ `lkqof_rfo m^o^ ^ jbielof^ a^p `lkaf bp ab sfa^ ab rj^ `of^k ^) _bj `ljl m^o^ l abpbkslisfjbkql ab qla^ ^ `ljrkf* a^ab bj nrb bpp^ `of^k ^ pb bk`lkqo^ bkslisfa^+ Gridl nrb bpq^ fkf`f^qfs^ molarwfo bcbfqlp) k l p ^ `roql mo^* wl) `lkqof_rfkal bcb`qfs^jbkqb) bj qbojlp mo qf`lp %jlkbq * oflp& m^o^ mlqbk`f^o ^p `lkaf bp kb`bpp of^p m^o^ nrb ^p `of^k* ^p qbke^j ^`bppl ^l bkpfkl bp`li^o l_ofd^q ofl) j^p q^j_ j molarwfo bcbfqlp ^ ilkdl mo^wl+ Bpqbp bcbfqlp) pbo l qo^arwfalp bj glsbkp `lj j^flo `^m^`fa^* ab ab ^`qr^ l b bkslisfjbkql) j^fp molarqfslp k^p afsbop^p ob^p) b pl_obqral) j^fp jlqfs^alp mbil ob`lkeb`fjbkql k^ ^mlpq^ ab nrb clo^j ^isl+ K^ bpmbo^k ^) kl nrbobo b kl ^`ob*
afq^o nrb mlpp sbi ^gra^o l lrqol) ^gra^o nrbj qbj jbklp b mlqbk`f^o ^ fdr^ia^ab ab afobfqlp erj^klp+ Bpqb ^m^aofke^jbkql qbsb fk `fl bj G^kbfol ab /--6) b kl Úk^i ab jbpjl ^kl l`loobr*jb ^ fabf^ ab fkqbdo^o ^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml `lj l moldo^j^ @LKKLP@L) b ^ prodb ^ jfke^ `^kaf* a^qro^ b m^oqf`fm^ l mbi^ /+· sbw kl jbpjl moldo^j^+Ï Pbdrkal ^ j^aofke^ M^ri^ Dlk ^isbp) Îl Moldo^j^ @LKKLP* @L _^pbf^*pb krj^ fabf^ jrfql pfjmibp7 pb rj^ mbppl^ nrbo `lkqof_rfo m^o^ rj^ fkpqfqrf l) ^ @FJMLO fk`objbkq^ bpq^ `lkqof_rf l 4 sbwbp+ M^o^ nrbj) mlo kloj^) ^gra^ qbo`bfolp) qbj ^nrf rj^ cloj^ jrfql pfjmibp %b Úk^k`bfo^jbkqb ^qo^`qf* s^ m^o^ nrbj l ob`b_b& ab `lkqfkr^o ^ c^w *il+ >p do^kabp bj* mobp^p p l `^a^ sbw j^fp fkpqfqrf bp fjmbppl^fp+ Bpqb moldo^* j^ ^`^_^ mlo jlpqo^o rj^ sboqbkqb j^fp erj^k^ a^ @fjmlo+Ï Kl nrb afw obpmbfql ^abp l mlo m^oqb alp `li^_lo^alobp a^ @FJMLO ^ bpq^ fkf`f^qfs^) ^ j^aofke^ obcbob e^sbo rj^ _l^ ^abp l) q^kql bj qbojlp ab jlkq^kqb) `ljl k^ afsbopfa^ab a^p fkpqfqrf bp bp`liefa^p+ Nr^kal `lkcolkq^a^ `lj ^ jlqfs^ l m^o^ m^oqf`fm^o kbpqb molgb`ql) ^ j^aofke^ M^ri^ Dlk ^isbp ^Úoj^ qbo pfal ^ cloj^ mbocbfq^ ab grkq^o ^ pr^ slkq^ab ab ^gra^o `lj ^ afpmlkf_fif* a^ab a^ Bjmobp^ bj Îjbielo^oÏ bpp^ pr^ ^gra^+ B Mlonr ^ Ebiml< ÎG abpab Úk^fp ab /--2 nrb m^oqf`fml kl ^m^aofke^* jbkql a^ Ebiml+ Pbjmob qfke^ qfal slkq^ab ab ^gra^o j^p lp molgb`qlp ab nrb qfke^ `lkeb`fjbkql bo^j jrfql fjmbppl^fp+ Pbjmob jb ^qo^fr ^ fabf^ ab ^gra^o rj^ `of^k ^ bj m^oqf`r* i^o b) kfppl ^ Ebiml) `lj l pbr moldo^j^ ab ^m^aofke^jbkql) `loobpmlkabr .--" p jfke^p bumb`q^qfs^p+ K p) lp m^aofkelp ^`^_^jlp mlo ob`b_bo mboflaf`^jbkqb klq `f^p al abpbkslisf* jbkql nrb bpq^p `of^k ^p q j qfal) rj mlr`l do^ ^p ^ k pÅ+Ï > Ebiml ^do^ab`b p j^aofke^p Ao^+ Ifk^ D^o`f^ b Ao^+ M^ri^ Dlk ^isbp l ^mlfl b `lkÚ^k ^ abmlpfq^alp) b @fjmlo mbil fk`objbkql al `lkqof_rql b fk`bkqfsl ^ rj^ @fa^a^kf^ Pl`f^i* jbkqb j^fp obpmlkp sbi+
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NRBJ EBIM><
jrfq>SBKQRO> b jrfq^ plifa^ofba^ab @^p`^fp) Gl^k^ Ilmbp @ibjbkqb
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a *pb+ Fkbsfq sbi) ^dr^oa^al+ > olq^) ^ ÎÅalp m^i `flpÏ) j^p lp m^i `flp Ú`^o^j m^o^ qo p) q^i `lj l obpql a^p `^p^p) `^oolp) pbj clolp b nr^inrbo obp* nr `fl al af^*^*af^ ^dfq^al+ L nrb pb lcbob`b pfjmibp) b o^ol7 rj `lksfqb m^o^ ^_^kalk^o l rkfsbopl ro_^kl a^p jriqfa bp) b jbodrie^o k^ m^fp^dbj sboabg^kqb) mlsl^a^ ab rj mbocrjb fkqbkpl b ab fj^dbkp ^oob_^q^alo^p) kl `lo^ l a^ Pboo^ ab Pfkqo^8 ^mbk^p mlo ^idrj^p elo^p) pr_pqfqrfo l c^jfif^o olk`l alp jlqlobp) mbil jroj ofl ^dobpqb a^ jlkq^ke^8 obfksbkq^o ^p obdo^p ab molql`lil b l aobpp `lab b abfu^o*pb ^_^kalk^o ^l p^_lo ab qral l nrb pb bp`lkab ^nrf q l mboql+ Ob`ljbka^*pb ^ rqfifw^ l ab `^i ^al ^molmof^al) ab molqb`* l `lkqo^ l cofl b afpmlkf_fifa^ab m^o^ l abpirj_o^jbkql+ K^ fkbufpq k`f^ a^p bpnrfk^p obsbi^j*pb ob`^kqlp fkafp`ofq sbfp b a *pb fk `fl ^ rj^ sf^dbj mbil bpnrb`fjbkql al nrb bpq m^o^ ^i j al mbo`ropl+ Lp ird^obp bpq l qlj^alp b l bpm^ l) ^mbp^o ab fkqbojfk sbi) k l `ebd^ m^o^ j^fp nrb ^ mo mof^ k^* qrobw^+ A *pb rj gldl ab pbar l c `fi kl nr^i k p) ^p mobp^p) bpq^jlp `lkabk^alp `lkaf l ab mboabalobp) ^kqb ^ _bibw^ ab qral b ab `^a^ `lfp^ `lj nrb klp s^jlp abm^o^kal+
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m^kqb Ú`^ fpbkql ab nr^inrbo m^d^jbkql ^lp lod^kfw^alobp b kl Úk^i) pb pb pbkqfo fjmbifal ^ ^do^ab`bo l bpclo l `lkgrkql) mlab `lkqof_rfo `lj l nrb nrfpbo afpmlkf_fifw^o+ > plj^ abpqb s^ilo obsboqb ^ c^slo alp molgb`qlp a^ Ebiml bj Jl ^j_fnrb b P+ Qlj b Mo k`fmb b `^a^ m^oqf`fm^kqb mlab c^`riq^o l pbr bk* abob l bib`qo kf`l Ebiml m^o^ nrb m^ppb ^ ob`b_bo fkcloj^* bp ^`bo`^ a^ `lk`obqfw^ l alp pbrp molgb`qlp+ L `lksfqb bpq^s^ ^_boql ^ qlalp nr^kqlp pb pbkqfppbj abp^Ú^* alp b l obpriq^al clf q l mlpfqfsl nrb ^ jrfq>SBKQRO> ab`fafr obmolarwfo ^ molbw^) a^kal fk `fl ^ rj^ m^o`bof^ `lj Îmbok^p m^o^ ^ka^oÏ b ^ rj^ p ofb ab @^jfke^a^p Plifa of^p pl_ob ^p nr^fp lp klpplp m^aofkelp pbo l fkcloj^alp ab crqrol) mlo clo* j^ ^ mlabobj m^oqf`fm^o) `^pl ^ppfj l abpbgbj+ >q i ) b mlonrb lp _lkp bubjmilp k l kb`bppfq^j ab lrqolp mobqbuqlp m^o^ pbobj jbk`flk^alp) prdbofjlp nrb sfpfqbj l p qfl abpq^ bjmobp^ k^ fkqbokbq) m^o^ nrb m^ppbj ^ `lkeb` *i^ rj mlr`l jbielo7 ttt+jrfq^sbkqro^+`lj
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al^ l ab j^kq^p+
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Dorml Abpmloqf* sl b @riqro^i alp qo^_^ie^alobp a^ Rkf`ob) grkqlr*pb Ebiml kl `lj_^qb ^l cofl b bp`^ppbw ab ob`roplp nrb pb c^w pbkqfo ^ bpqb k sbi) k^p wlk^p j^fp cof^p lkab ^ Ebiml lmbo^+ Bpqb ^mlfl qo^arwfr*pb k^ afpmlkf_fifw^ l ab `bo`^ ab 5- j^kq^p) nrb mbojfqfo l a^o j^fp ^ibkql k^ ml`^ al cofl) p `of^k ^p ^_o^kdfa^p
mbil Moldo^j^ ab >m^aof* ke^jbkql+ M^oqb a^p j^kq^p clf afpqof_r a^ p `of^k ^p a^ ol ^ a^ ?bjmlpq^) bj P l Qlj b Mo k`fmb) nrb `ljl g clf obcbofal) ^ ol ^ j^fp e jfa^ b `lj `lkaf bp j^fp mob` of^p nrb ^ Ebiml pb bk`lkqo^ ^ ^mlf^o kl m^ p+ Bj kljb a^p `of^k ^p b c^* j if^p _bkbÚ`f of^p) ^ Ebiml ^do^ab`b molcrka^jbkqb l ^mlfl bcb`qr^al mbil dorml+
^dbka^p Ebiml /-.-+
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Ebiml ^do^ab`b mol* crka^jbkqb ^ qlalp lp m^oqf`fm^kqbp nrb ^_o^ ^o^j ^ `^jm^* ke^ >dbka^ a^ Ebiml ab /-.-+ Bpq^ `^jm^ke^) i^k ^a^ `lj
l fkqrfql ab obrkfo ^ sbo_^ kb`bpp of^ ^l ^i^od^jbkql al moldo^j^ ^ j^fp .--- `of^k ^p) mbojfqfr ob`liebo) ^q J^o l ab /-.-) mboql ab 2+/--×+ K l clf mlpp sbi ^qfkdfo l l_*
gb`qfsl a^ `^jm^ke^ sfp^al) pbkal nrb ^fka^ afpmljlp ab ^idrj^p ^dbka^p bj pql`h) kl bkq^kql ^ sbo_^ ^kd^of^a^ obmobpbkq^ rj cloqb `lkqof_r* ql mlo m^oqb a^ Î`ljrkfa^ab
EbimlÏ b ab buqobj^ fjmlo* q k`f^ m^o^ ^ >ppl`f^ l) nrb fo ^mif`^o lp crkalp kl ^i^o* d^jbkql al pbr Moldo^j^ ab >m^aofke^jbkql+
^abka^+ K^ obsfpq^ a^ >ppl`f^ l Ebiml) jrkal e k¸ 6) `lkpq^j ar^p c^ie^p nrb sfjlp mlo bpqb jbfl ob`qfÚ`^o+ L mofjbfol bool prodb k^ or_of`^ J^fp al nrb m^aofkelp) k^ m dfk^ k¸ .57 ^ fkcloj^ l afpmlkf_fifw^a^ ^`bo`^ a^ molÚpp l al bkqobsfp* q^al J^o`lp @^dfal k l pb bk`lkqo^ `loob`q^) pbkal ^ fkcloj^ l `loob`q^ @ljfpp ofl ab ?loal+ > pbdrka^ ^abka^ ^ pbo bcb`qr^a^ afw obpmbfql or_of`^ f j^fp) k^ m dfk^ k¸ //) kl ^oqfdl obcbobkqb ÎPbj^k^ al j^o kl C^f^iÏ7 l bsbkql qbsb ird^o k^ `fa^ab a^ Eloq^) k^ Fie^ al C^f^i+ Mbafjlp abp`rim^ mbil fk` jlal `^rp^al ^lp ibp^alp b ^lp ibfqlobp a^ klpp^ mr_if`^ l+
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Bkqfa^ab Molmofbq of^ b Bafqlo
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>ppl`f^ l Ebiml
Erdl Kbql
Jlo^a^ b Oba^` l7 Or^ J^krbi Gl^nrfj D^j^ J^`e^al) k¸ 1 /42- * 1// @^p`^fp
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Gl^k^ @ibjbkqb K¸ ab obdfpql kl F@P7 ./144. Qfo^dbj7 1/-- bubjmi^obp
@labu * Abpfdk b Obi^ bp M _if`^p
Fkcloj^ bp7 >ppl`f^ l Ebiml
Qbi+7 /.1511-42 C^u7 /.1510.21 fkcl=ebiml+mq ttt+ebiml+mq
Mboflaf`fa^ab7
Qofjbpqo^i KFC7 2-4.03512 Abm pfql Ibd^i7 /0/3//,-2 Fjmobpp l
LOD>I) Or^ al Dlafj) /4/ 10--*/03 Mlo Oba^` l Mloqrdrbp^
PlÚ^ Kl_ob %pb`obq of^ ab oba^` l& Gl^k^ @ibjbkqb J^od^ofa^ >pprk l O^nrbi Mlj_l @li^_lo^alobp kbpqb k jbol
>k^ Ir p^ J^`e^al >kq kfl P^kqlp @^oilp >ijbfa^ Erdl Kbql Gl^k^ @ibjbkqb Glp Ir p Kl_ob Ifk^ Dlrsbf^ J^od^ofa^ >pprk l M^ri^ Dlk ^isbp PlÚ^ Kl_ob O^nrbi Mlj_l Qf^dl @lr`bil
> obpmlkp^_fifa^ab alp ^oqfdlp alp pbrp ^rqlobp+ > oba^` l obpmlkp^_fifw^*pb mbilp ^oqf* dlp pbj ^ppfk^qro^+ M^o^ ^ obmolar l alp ^oqfdlp a^ obsfpq^ jrkal e) fkqbdo^i lr m^oqb) `lkq^`q^o ^ oba^` l ^qo^s p ab7 fkcl=ebiml+mq+
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