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1954 mv‡ji †g gvm| Avgiv mK‡j kc_ wb‡Z mKvj bqUvq jvU fe‡b1 Dcw¯’Z njvg| Avgv‡ì hLb gš¿x wnmv‡e kc_ †bIqv †kl nj, wVK †mB mgq Lei Gj Av`gRx RyU wg‡j2 evOvwj I AevOvwj kÖwgK‡ì g‡a¨ fxlY `v½vnv½vgv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| †fviivZ †_‡K ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z Av‡Qb| iv‡ZB BwcAvi †dvm© I cywjk evwnbx †mLv‡b †gvZv‡qb Kiv n‡q‡Q| XvKvi `yÕGKRb eo miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I cywj‡ki Kg©PvixivI Dcw¯’Z Av‡Qb| Avgiv hLb kc_ wbw”Q wVK †mB gyn~‡Z© `v½v ïiæ nIqvi KviY wK? eyS‡Z evwK iBj bv, G GK Aïf j¶Y! nK mv‡ne Avgv‡ì wb‡q †mvRv iIqvbv Ki‡jb Av`gRx RyU wg‡j| ZLb bvivqYMÄ n‡q j‡Â †h‡Z nZ| †mvRv iv¯Ív n‡q‡Q, Z‡e Mvwo ZLbI fv‡jvfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| UªvK I wRc Kó K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| mK‡jB iIqvbv n‡q †M‡Qb| Avgv‡K jvUfe‡bi mvg‡b RbZv wN‡i †djj Ges Avgv‡K wb‡q †kvfvhvÎv Zviv Ki‡e e‡j wVK K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì eywS‡q we`vq wb‡Z Ava NÈvi gZ †`wi n‡q †Mj| bvivqYMÄ †h‡q ïbjvg, nK mv‡ne Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡i XvKv iIqvbv n‡q †M‡Qb| gvP© 2020

gyL¨gš¿x †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki Kv‡Q kc_evK¨ cvV Ki‡Qb †kL gywReyi ingvb

GKUv jÂ †i‡L †M‡Qb| Avwg †cuŠQvjvg Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ †hLv‡b `v½v ZLbI PjwQj †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z njvg| Avgv‡K GKUv cywj‡ki wR‡c K‡i wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj| `v½v ZLb Aí Aí PjwQj| †hw`‡K hvB, †`wL iv¯Ívq iv¯Ívq ew¯Í‡Z ew¯Í‡Z giv gvby‡li jvk c‡o Av‡Q| A‡bK¸wj AvnZ †jvK wPrKvi Ki‡Q, mvnvh¨ Kivi †KDB bvB| BwcAvi3 cvnviv w`‡Z‡Q, evOvwj I AevOvwj‡ì Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i w`‡q‡Q| MÖvg †_‡K Lei †c‡q nvRvi nvRvi evOvwj GwM‡q Avm‡Q| AevOvwj‡ì Uªv‡K K‡i wg‡ji evB‡i †_‡K wg‡ji wfZ‡i wb‡Z‡Q| Avgvi eo Amnvq g‡b nj| Avgvi mv‡_ gvÎ `yBRb Avg©W cywjk| GB mgq AviI K‡qKRb cywj‡ki mv‡_ Avgvi †`Lv nj| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Avm‡Z ûKzg w`jvg| GK MvQZjvq Avwg Av¯Ívbv cvZjvg| wg‡ji PviUv UªvK Av‡Q, GKUv‡K cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| wKQzmsL¨K †jvK cvIqv †Mj, Zv‡ì mvnv‡h¨ hviv g‡i †M‡Q Zv‡ì †i‡L AvnZ †jvK¸wj‡K GK RvqMvq K‡i cvwb w`‡Z ïiæ Kijvg| Avgvi †`Lv‡`wL K‡qKRb Kg©PvixI Kv‡R nvZ w`j| GB mgq †gvnb wgqv4 mv‡ne G‡m Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| Avgvi g‡b ej Gj| wZbUv UªvK nvwRi Kiv nj| WªvBfviiv fvM‡Z †Póv KiwQj| Avwg ûKzg w`jvg, fvM‡Z †Póv Ki‡jB †MÖdZvi K‡i †R‡j cvwV‡q wè| Avgvi †gRvR †`‡L Zviv fq †c‡q †Mj| XvKvq †Uwj‡dvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, G¨v¤^y‡jÝ cvVvevi Rb¨| †gvnb wgqv I Avwg mKvj †_‡K mÜ¨v ch©šÍ cÖvq wZbk‡Zi gZ AvnZ †jvK‡K nvmcvZv‡j cvVv‡Z †c‡iwQjvg| wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡K †h mg¯Í evOvwj RbmvaviY Rgv nw”Qj wgj AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wM‡q Avwg e³…Zv K‡i Zv‡ì kvšÍ Kijvg| Zviv Avgvi K_v ïbj| hw` Zviv mwVK Lei †cZ Zvnv n‡j Avgvi K_v ïbZ wK bv m‡›`n wQj| mÜ¨vi GKUz c~‡e© Avwg mg¯Í GjvKv Ny‡i g„Z jv‡ki wnmve Kijvg GKUv GKUv K‡i MYbv K‡i, Zv‡Z cuvPk‡Zi Dci jvk Avwg ¯^P‡¶ †`Ljvg| AviI kÕLv‡bK cyKz‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡Q, Zv‡Z m‡›`n bvB| mvgvb¨ GKUv NUbv wb‡q GB `v½v ïiæ nq| wZb w`b c~‡e© GK AevOvwj `v‡ivqv‡bi mv‡_ GK evOvwj kÖwg‡Ki K_v KvUvKvwU I gvivgvwi nq| Zv‡Z evOvwj kÖwg‡Ki GK AvNv‡Z nVvr `v‡ivqvbUv gviv hvq| GB wb‡q D‡ËRbv Ges lohš¿ ïiæ nq| `v‡ivqvbiv mevB AevOvwj| Avi wKQz msL¨K kÖwgKI Av‡Q AevOvwj| GB NUbv wb‡q †ek gbKlvKwl ïiæ nq| wgj KZ©…c¶ AevOvwj‡ì DmKvwb w`‡Z _v‡K| wgj Awd‡m Kv‡jv cZvKv Iov‡Z AbygwZ †`q| wg‡j KvR

eÜ K‡i w`‡q evOvwj‡ì †eZb †bevi w`b †NvlYv K‡i ejv nq, †eZb wb‡Z wg‡ji †fZ‡i Avm‡Z| hLb Zviv †eZb wb‡Z wfZ‡i Av‡m ZLb Pviw`K †_‡K e›`yKavix `v‡ivqvb I AevOvwjiv Zv‡ì AvµgY K‡i| GB AvKw¯§K Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ Zviv cÖ¯‘Z wQj bv| nVvr AvµvšÍ n‡q eû †jvK gviv hvq| c‡i Avevi evOvwjiv hviv evB‡i wQj, Zviv AevOvwj‡ì AvµgY K‡i Ges eû †jvK‡K nZ¨v K‡i| bZzb hy³d«›U gwš¿mfv †h mgq kc_ wb‡”Q †mB mgq †eZb †èvi mgq †NvlYv Kivi A_© wK? BwcAvi Dcw¯’Z _vKv m‡Ë¡I GKUv ¸wjI Kiv nq bvB| d‡j `v½v K‡i cuvPkZ †jv‡Ki Dc‡i gviv hvq| cywjk Kg©Pvixiv c~‡e©B Lei †c‡qwQj, Zey †Kb eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i bvB? gš¿x ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK nKmv‡ne‡K wgwó K_v e‡j wgj Awd‡m ewm‡q †i‡L‡Q| `v½v †h wg‡ji Ab¨w`‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q, †m Lei Zv‡K †Ìqv nq bvB| nK mv‡ne I Ab¨vb¨ gš¿xiv XvKvq P‡j G‡m‡Qb, Avwg I †gvnb wgqv Dcw¯’Z AvwQ ivZ bqUv ch©šÍ| Rbve gv`vbx ZLb XvKvi Kwgkbvi Ges nvwdR †gvnv¤§` BmnvK wmGmwc ZLb wPd †m‡µUvwi| Avwg hLb gv`vbx mv‡ne‡K ejjvg, cuvPkZ †jvK gviv †M‡Q, Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvb bvB| gv`vbx mv‡ne ej‡jb, cÂvk Rb n‡Z cv‡i| Avwg Zuv‡K ejjvg, GKUv GKUv K‡i MYbv K‡iwQ, wb‡R wM‡q †`‡L Avmyb| c‡i gv`vbx mv‡ne ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| ivZ bqUvq Avgv‡K I †gvnb wgqv‡K Rvbvb nj, wgj Gwiqv wgwjUvwi‡ì nv‡Z w`‡q †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Rbve kvgmy‡Ïvnv ZLb cywj‡mi AvBwR| Avgv‡K G‡m ej‡jb, Òm¨vi, me©bvk n‡q †M‡Q, wgwjUvwiiv AevOvwj|Ó Avwg †n‡m w`‡q ejjvg, Òme©bv‡ki wK Avi wKQz evwK Av‡Q| Avcwb hLb cywjk I BwcAvi wb‡q kvwšÍk„•Ljv i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv, ZLb wgwjUvwii nv‡Z bv w`‡q Dcvq wK?Ó ZLb BwcAvi (B÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivB‡dj) cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©‡g‡›Ui Aax‡b wQj| XvKvq †h‡q †`wL wK n‡q‡Q! wPd wgwb÷vi wbðqB gZ w`‡q‡Qb| Avgiv †mvRv wPd wgwb÷v‡ii evwo‡Z †cuŠQvjvg| †h‡q ïb‡Z cvijvg, wZwb Avgvi Rb¨ DwØMœ n‡q c‡o‡Qb| wPrKvi K‡i mK‡ji m‡½ ivMvivwM Ki‡Qb, Avgv‡K †Kb `v½v Gwiqvq †i‡L mK‡j P‡j G‡m‡Q| Avwg Zuvi Kv‡Q †M‡j wZwb Avgv‡K Lye Avì Ki‡jb| Avgv‡K ej‡jb, ÒK¨vwe‡bU wgwUs GLbB n‡e, Zzwg †hI bvÓ| ivZ mv‡o `kUvq K¨vwe‡bU wgwUs emj| K¨vwe‡bU wgwUs ïiæ nIqvi c~‡e© †`Ljvg, gš¿x‡ì g‡a¨

Av`gRx RyUwgj

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1. jvU feb: Aaybv e½feb| 2. Av`gRx RyU wgj: Aaybvjyß bvivqYM‡Ä Aew¯’Z Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©e„nr cvUKj| 3. BwcAvi: B÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivB‡dj| 4. †gvnb wgqv (1905-1971): cy‡iv bvg BDmyd Avjx †PŠayix| Awef³ evsjvi weavbmfvq gymwjg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ| 1953 mv‡j gymwjg jxM †_‡K ewn®‹…Z n‡q nK mv‡n‡ee K…lK kÖwgK cvwU©‡Z †hvM w`‡q Õ54-i wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡q dRjyj nK gwš¿mfvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| †kL gywReyi ingvb e½eÜz bv‡g mgwaK L¨vZ evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZi wcZv

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the man/As morning shows the day’(John Milton, Paradise Regained), hy‡M hy‡M `„óvšÍ n‡q‡Q we‡k¦i ARmª L¨vwZgvb gvby‡li

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wbt¯^v_© fvjevmvi Uv‡bB gvZ…f‚wg Ges Rbgvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y wZwb AvRxeb AKvZ‡i Rxeb, †hŠeb, †gav-gbb‡K we‡jv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡`i wbôzi wbcxob, Ab¨vq AZ¨vPvi D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb kvixwiKfv‡e| Zz”Q Z…‡Yi gZB dzrKv‡i Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb wbwðZ g„Zy¨i c‡ivqvbv‡K| nvRvi eQ‡ii iƒcmx evsjvi HwZn¨-ms¯‹…wZ‡K fvj‡e‡m GKw`‡K wZwb Av‡e‡Mi Zij †mªv‡Z †f‡m‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K hy×iZ ˆmwb‡Ki gZB wb‡g©vn Revew`wnZvq `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi kc_ wb‡q ¯^‡`kevmxi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ n‡q D‡V‡Qb AKzÉfv‡e wbf©xK| GK‡kv eQi Av‡M 1920-Gi 17B gvP©, GB gnvb †bZv Rb¥ wb‡qwQ‡jb †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi cÖZ¨šÍ Uzw½cvov MÖv‡g| we¯ÍxY© gaygZx b`x Avi meyR ebv‡šÍi Avov‡j †K‡U wM‡q‡Q Zuvi `yišÍ ˆkke Avi wK‡kviKvj| evsjvi Rj-gvwU-nvIqvq, nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨-ms¯‹…wZi Av‡e‡M M‡o D‡V‡Q Zuvi g‡bvRMZ| ¯^‡`k‡cÖ‡gi Dcjwä‡ZB wZwb iƒcmx evsjv‡K †`‡L‡Qb| Amxg AvKv‡ki gZ gy³ ü`q wb‡q fvj‡e‡m‡Qb evsjvi gvbyl, mvMi-b`x, cï-cvwL, gvV-NvU Avi Abvwej cÖK…wZ‡K| mvsevw`K wmwij Wvb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x m¤ú‡K© †mB Kvi‡YB e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv‡`‡ki nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m †kL gywReyi ingvbB GKgvÎ †bZv whwb fvlvq, ms¯‹…wZ‡Z, Rb¥m~‡Î Ges RvwZmËvq GK cwic~Y© evOvwj| ‘In the thousand-year history

of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib is the only leader who has in terms of blood, race, language, culture and birth, been a full- blooded Bengali’ (Cyril Dunn, Journalist).

GB gšÍe¨ D”PvwiZ nIqvi g~‡j wQj e½eÜzi wbLv` †`k‡cÖg| evsjvi HwZn¨-ms¯‹…wZ, mvaviY gvby‡li cÖwZ wbt¯^v_© fvjevmvi Ae¨vnZ aviv| wbt¯^v_© fvjevmvi Uv‡bB gvZ…f‚wg Ges Rbgvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y wZwb AvRxeb AKvZ‡i Rxeb, †hŠeb, †gav-gbb‡K we‡jv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡ì wbôzi wbcxob, Ab¨vq AZ¨vPvi D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb kvixwiKfv‡e| Zz”Q Z…‡Yi gZB dzrKv‡i Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb wbwðZ g„Zyï c‡ivqvbv‡K| nvRvi eQ‡ii iƒcmx evsjvi HwZn¨ms¯‹…wZ‡K fvj‡e‡m GKw`‡K wZwb Av‡e‡Mi Zij †mªv‡Z †f‡m‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K hy×iZ ˆmwb‡Ki gZB wb‡g©vn Revew`wnZvq `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi kc_ wb‡q ¯^‡`kevmxi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ n‡q D‡V‡Qb AKzÉfv‡e wbf©xK| †bZ…‡Z¡i GB AmvaviY êwkó¨ gy» K‡i‡Q RvwZ‡K| wew¯§Z K‡i‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK `ywbqv‡K| mvsevw`K wmwij Wv‡bi K_vqÑ ‘The courage

and charm that flowed from him, made him a unique Superman in these times’, (Cyril Dunn, Journalist). †kL

gywR‡ei e¨w³Z¡‡K cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwQ‡jb wKDevb †bZv wd‡Wj K¨v‡÷ªvI| Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb Kx AUzU mvnm Avi AKzÉ AvZ¥wek¦vm †`vjvPjnxb mvejxjZvq Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q GB ivR‰bwZK †bZvi Avcv`g¯Í‡K| wbDRDBK g¨vMvwR‡b mv¶vrKvi w`‡Z wM‡q K¨v‡÷ªv ZvB e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ‘I have not seen the Himalayas, but I have

seen Sheikh Mujib. In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalayas. I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas’, (Newsweek, 1973, Fidel Castro). AvR †_‡K GK‡kv eQi Av‡M †h AL¨vZ MÖv‡g wZwb

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never forget to align his doing with what is best for the country. But he or she should know who is an expert in which field and whom to trust. A politician should know when it is better to trust an expert in a field and when it is necessary to do own investigation’, (Statement of

a former German Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt). G K_v mwZ¨, cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eû‡¶‡ÎB mwVK c`‡¶c †djvq e½eÜzi Rb¨ mxgve×Zv wQj| †R‡bï‡bI Zuv‡K eû wel nRg Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wb‡Ri wbivcËv msi¶‡Y, gvbyl †Pbvi †¶‡Î wZwb wb‡RI h‡_ó g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb bv| _vK‡j Zuvi AKvj g„Zy¨ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nZ| evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZvI AvR iwPZ n‡Zv Ab¨fv‡e| Õ74 Gi wW‡m¤^‡i cÖavbgš¿x Bw›ìv MvÜxi wb‡`©‡k fvi‡Zi G·Uvb©vj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ G‡RwÝi cÖwZôvZv iv‡gk¦i bv_ KvI hLb XvKvq G‡m Zuv‡K mZK© K‡iwQ‡jb, Awek¦v‡m †n‡mwQ‡jb e½eÜz| Õ75-Gi gv‡P© G‡mwQ‡jb ÔiÕ Gi kxl© ch©v‡qi Awdmvi| GeviI wZwb Kuva †b‡owQ‡jb †¯œ‡ni nvwm Swi‡q| e‡jwQ‡jbÑ Avcwb hv‡ì K_v ej‡Qb †mB wRqvDi ingvb Avi dviæK ingvbiv Avgvi †Q‡ji gZ! Iiv †Kb Ggb KvR Ki‡Z hv‡e ejyb †Zv? A‡bK ivR‰bwZK we‡kølKB wbi‡c¶Zvi fwYZv K‡i evKkvjmn AviI K‡qKwU wm×všÍ‡K Zuvi nZ¨vKv‡Ði Rb¨ `vqx Kivi hyw³ †Zv‡jb| wKš‘ ARmª Z_¨cÖgv‡Y GwU GLb cÖgvwYZ, 1972 mvj †_‡KB XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui Af¨šÍ‡i DrLv‡Zi lohš¿ Zuvi weiæ‡× ïiæ n‡qwQj| Õ73-Gi gvSgvwS Qq mßv‡ni Rb¨ IqvwksU‡b G‡m wRqvDi ingvb cvwK¯Ívb G¤^vwm‡Z eviK‡qK Av‡jvPbv êVK †m‡i †mB lohš¿‡K Avcv`g¯ÍK iƒc †`b| cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i, whwb †`k Ges †`kevmxi Kj¨v‡Y AvZ¥wemR©b w`‡ZI wcwQ‡q _v‡Kbwb, ïiæ †_‡KB †mB gnvb †bZvi weiæ‡× †Kb R‡g DVj hoh‡š¿i GB Kv‡jv †gN? Gi DËi, †h Av`‡k©i wfwË‡Z (evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv) RvwZi Kj¨vY Kvgbvq gywRe AvaywbK ivóª Movi ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb, Zvi m‡½ lohš¿Kvix‡ì Av`‡k©i eëavb wQj m¤ú~Y© D‡ëv †giæi| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv‡`k wew”Qbœ n‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i Av`‡k©B Giv ZvB g¾vq g¾vq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q‡Q| ‘While there was no

question of any rapprochement between Bangladesh and Pakistan, there are Muslim diehard elements in Bangladesh who draw this inspiration from Pakistan. These elements aim to strike at the very basic concept of Bangladesh’, (A peep into Sheikh Mujib’s assassination by T V Rajeswar).

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Ávb`vbw›`bx †`ex

cÖeÜ

Wv. evYx P›`

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K…òvYmn mn‡hvMx‡ì wb‡q igY Av‡jvi we”QyiYmsµvšÍ GK êÁvwbK cix¶vq †bZ…Z¡ †`b| Zuvi †m-mgqKvi Avwe®‹vi eZ©gv‡b ÔigY cÖfveÕ bv‡g L¨vwZjvf K‡i| GB mgqKv‡ji GKwU we¯Í…Z weeiY wR †f¼Uig‡Yi Rxebx‡Z cvIqv hvq| GwU ZvZ¶wYKfv‡e cwi®‹vi wQj †h GB Avwe®‹viwU AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq wQj| GwU Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg cÖK…wZi AviI cÖgvY w`‡q‡Q| ig‡Yi †K Gm K…òv‡Yi m‡½ RwUj †ckv`vi m¤úK© wQj, whwb Avðh©RbKfv‡e cyi¯‹viwU fvMvfvwM K‡ibwb, wKš‘ †bv‡ej e³…ZvI D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| igY †¯úK‡Uªv‡¯‹vwc GB NUbvwUi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡mwQj, Ges Av‡b©÷ iv`vi‡dvW© 1929 mv‡j i‡qj †mvmvBwU‡Z Zvi ivóªcwZi e³…Zvq D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb| igY 1929 mv‡j fviZxq weÁvb Ks‡MÖ‡mi 16Zg Awa‡ek‡bi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb| Zuv‡K bvBUûW Ges c`K cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq Øviv m¤§vbm~PK W±‡iU cÖ`vb Kiv nq| igY c`v_©weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †RZvq AvZ¥wek¦vmx wQ‡jb, Z‡e 1924 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi Iwjb wiPvW©mb Ges 1926 mv‡j jyB wW †eªvwM cvIqv‡Z nZvk n‡qwQ‡jb| 1930 mv‡j wZwb cyi¯‹vi †RZvi GZUvB AvZ¥wek¦vmx wQ‡jb, †h wZwb RyjvB‡Z wU‡KU wK‡bwQ‡jb, hwÌ cyi¯‹vi¸wj b‡f¤^‡i †NvlYv Kiv nZ, Ges hw` msev`wU bv Av‡m †mB fvebv‡K Dwo‡q w`‡q, cyi¯‹v‡ii †NvlYvi Le‡ii Rb¨ cÖwZwU w`‡bi msev`cÎ LyuwU‡q †`L‡Zb| Ae‡k‡l wZwb 1930 mv‡j ÔAv‡jvi wewKiY Ges igY cÖfve Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨Õ c`v_©weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| weÁv‡b wZwbB cÖ_g Gkxq Ges cÖ_g A‡k¦Zv½ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi we‡RZv| Zuvi Av‡M iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (fviZxq) mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †c‡qwQ‡jb 1913 mv‡j| 1928 mv‡j cÖL¨vZ fviZxq weÁvbx m¨vi P›`ª‡kLi †f¼UigY GKeY©x `„k¨gvb

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fviZxq evOvwj c`v_©weÁvbx m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy (Rb¥ 1 Rvbyqvwi 1894)-i M‡elYvi †¶Î wQj MvwYwZK c`v_©we`¨v| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e †evm-AvBb÷vBb cwimsL¨vb cÖ`vb K‡ib, hv c`v_©weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‹vi e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| QvÎRxe‡b AZ¨šÍ †gavex m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ Kg©Rxe‡b mshy³ wQ‡jb e„nËi evsjvi wZb †kÖô wk¶vqZb KjKvZv, XvKv I wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m‡½| mvwbœa¨ †c‡q‡Qb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, cÖdzjøP›`ª ivq, gv`vg Kzix cÖgyL gbxlxi| Avevi Abykxjb mwgwZi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© I ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi mk¯¿ wecøex‡`i m‡½ †Mvc‡b †hvMv‡hvMI ivL‡Zb †`keªZx m‡Z¨›`ªbv_| KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnYKvix m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ ïaygvÎ evsjvq weÁvbPP©vi cÖej mg_©KB wQ‡jb bv,

fvi‡Zi wZb cw_K…r weÁvbx: P›`ª‡kLi †f¼UigY \ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy \ †gNbv` mvnv

mvivRxeb wZwb evsjvq weÁvbPP©vi avivwU‡KI cyó K‡i †M‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Zuvi Agi Dw³: Ôhuviv e‡jb evsjv fvlvq weÁvb PP©v nq bv, Zuviv nq evsjv Rv‡bb bv, bq weÁvb †ev‡Sb bv|Õ evsjvq weÁvbPP©vi cÖmv‡i wZwb weÁvb cwiPq bv‡g GKwU cwÎKvI cÖKvk K‡ib| e¨w³Rxe‡b m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb wbijm, Kg©V I gvbeì`x gbxlx| weÁv‡bi cvkvcvwk msMxZ I mvwn‡ZÏ wQj Zuvi AvšÍwiK AvMÖn I we‡kl cÖxwZ| Zuv‡K iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wek¦cwiPq bvgxq weÁvbMÖš’, Abœ`vk¼i ivq Zuvi ågYiPbv Rvcv‡b I myax›`ªbv_ `Ë Zuvi A‡K©÷ªv Kve¨MÖš’ DrmM© K‡ib| 1894 wLª÷v‡ã 1 Rvbyqvwi DËi KjKvZvi †MvqvevMvb AÂ‡j ¯‹wUk PvP© K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹z‡ji cv‡k 22 b¤î Ck¦i wgÎ †j‡b m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emyi Rb¥| Zuvi cwiev‡ii Avw` wbevm 24 ciMbvi Kuv‡ovcvovi wbKUeZ©x e‡ov Rv¸wjqv MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZv my‡i›`ªbv_ emy wQ‡jb c~e© fviZxq †ijI‡qi wnmvei¶K Ges gvZv Av‡gvw`bx †èx wQ‡jb Avwjcy‡ii L¨vZbvgv eënviRxex gwZjvj ivq‡PŠayixi Kb¨v| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy mvZ fvB‡ev‡bi g‡a¨ mevi eo| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emyi wk¶vRxeb ïiæ nq bg©vj ¯‹z‡j| c‡i evwoi wbKUeZ©x wbD BwÛqvb ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| Gici wZwb wn›`y ¯‹z‡j G›UªvÝ K¬v‡k fwZ© nb| †mLvb †_‡K 1909 wLª÷v‡ã G›UªvÝ cix¶vq cÂg ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| Zvici fwZ© †nvb †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R| 1911 wLª÷v‡ã AvBGmwm cixÿvq cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| GB K‡j‡R wZwb mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb AvPvh© RM`xkP›`ª emy Ges AvPvh© cÖdzjøP›`ª iv‡qi gZb hk¯^x Aa¨vcK‡ì| 1913 wLª÷v‡ã ¯œvZK Ges 1915 wLª÷v‡ã wgkÖ MwY‡Z ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| ejvevûj¨, Dfq cixÿvq wZwb cÖ_g †kÖYx‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| GB mgqKv‡j m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq KjKvZv weÁvb K‡jR cÖwZôv Ki‡j 1915 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb †mLv‡b cÖfvlK wnmv‡e †hvM †`b| †mLv‡b wZwb weÁvbx †gNbv` mvnvi m‡½ wgkÖ MwYZ I c`v_©weÁvb wel‡q M‡elYv ïiæ K‡ib| 1921 wLª÷v‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡j wZwb †mLv‡b c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡M wiWvi wnmv‡e †hvM †`b| wZwb wQ‡jb Kzwgjøv wf‡±vwiqv miKvwi K‡j‡Ri cÖ_g Aa¨¶| 1924 wLª÷v‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZvKvjxb mg‡q emy cø¨v‡¼i †Kvqv›Uvg †ZRw¯ŒqZv bxwZ K¬vwmK¨vj c`v_©weÁv‡bi mvnvh¨ QvovB cÖwZcv`b K‡i GKwU M‡elYv cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib Ges m`„k KYvi mvnv‡h¨ `kvi msL¨v MYbvi GKwU PgrKvi Dcvq D™¢veb K‡ib| GB wbeÜwU wQj †gŠwjK Ges †Kvqv›Uvg cwimsL¨v‡bi wfwË iPbvKvix| cÖeÜwU cÖKvk Kievi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póvq e¨_© n‡q emy Zv mivmwi AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi Kv‡Q cvVvb, whwb cÖeÜwUi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i wb‡RB Rvg©vb fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib Ges emyi c‡¶ Zeitschrift für Physik mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM †bb| G ¯^xK… wZi d‡j emy fvi‡Zi evB‡i M‡elYvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib Ges `yÕeQi BD‡iv‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i jyB wW eªMwj, †gwi Kzwi, Ges AvBb÷vB‡bi m‡½ KvR Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| 1927 wLª÷v‡ã BD‡ivc mdi †k‡l wZwb XvKvq wd‡i Av‡mb| wZwb Aa¨vcK c‡` DbœxZ nb I c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi wefvMxq cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib| emy 1945 wLª÷v‡ã ch©šÍ XvKvq Ae¯’vb K‡ib Ges †`kwefvM Avmbœ n‡j wZwb KjKvZvq wd‡i hvb Ges KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡M Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e †hvM †`b| 1956 wLª÷v‡ã †mLvb †_‡K Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K G‡gwiUvm Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e wb‡qvM K‡i| fviZ miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y wZwb wek¦fviZx‡Z DcvPvh© wnmv‡e †hvM †`b Ges 1956 †_‡K 1958 wLª÷v‡ã ch©šÍ G `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| fviZ miKvi 1959 wLª÷v‡ã Zuv‡K RvZxq Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e wbhy³ K‡ib|

†evm- AvBb÷vBb msL¨vZË¡

cov‡Zb| K¬v‡m GKw`b Av‡jvKZwor wµqv I AwZ‡e¸wb wech©q cov‡bvi mgq wZwb wk¶v_©x‡`i eZ©gvb Z‡Ë¡i `~e©jZv †evSv‡Z GB Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ cix¶vjä djvd‡ji e¨Zq Zz‡j a‡ib| †m mgq wZwb H ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wM‡q GKwU f‚j K‡ib| c‡i †`Lv hvq Zvi H f‚‡ji d‡j cix¶vi m‡½ Z‡Ë¡i Abygvb wg‡j hv‡”Q! (emy c‡i Zuvi Hw`‡bi †jKPviwU GKwU †QvU wbeÜ AvKv‡i Planck’s Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta bv‡g cÖKvk K‡ib) Zuvi GB fzjwU‡K cwimsL¨v‡bi GKwU D`vniY w`‡q ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| `yBwU fvj gy`ªv‡K hw` wbwe©Pv‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Zvn‡j GKZ…Zxqvsk evi `yB †nW co‡eÑ Ggb Abygvb ¯^fveZB fzj| wVK Ggb GKwU fzj wZwb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ djvdjUv Ggb nj †h Zv wgj †L‡q †Mj cix¶vi m‡½| Zv‡Z wZwb fve‡jbÑ GB fzj fzj bq| cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Zvi g‡b nj g¨v·I‡qj †evjrRg¨v‡bi msL¨vZË¡ AvYyex¶wbK KYvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| KviY †mLv‡b nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv Z‡Ë¡i Kvi‡Y KYvi †h Av‡›`vjb Zv MÖvn¨mxgvi g‡a¨| Kv‡RB wZwb KYvi fi‡eM I Ae¯’v‡bi e¨vcviwU ev` w`‡q `kv-Kv‡j KYvi cÖvc¨Zv wb‡`©k Ki‡j GwU `vovq cø¨v‡¼i aªæe‡Ki Nbgvb (h³)| c`v_©weÁv‡bi wek¦L¨vZ Rvb©vj Physics journals emyi H cÖeÜ cÖKv‡k A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| Zviv a‡i †bq †h, H fzj fzjB; bZzb †KvbI wKQy bq| nZvk n‡q emy weÁvbx AvBb÷vB‡bi Kv‡Q Zv wj‡L cvVvb| AvBb÷vBb e¨vcviUv eyS‡Z cv‡ib Ges wb‡RB GKwU cÖeÜ wj‡L †d‡jb Ges emyi wbeÜwU Rvg©vb fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib| Gici Zvi I emyi wbeÜ `yBwU Rvg©vwbi Zeitschrift für Physik mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq| NUbvwU N‡U 1924 wLª÷v‡ã| emyi ÔfzjÕ mwVK djvdj †`Iqvi KviY nj GKwU †dvUb‡K Avi GKwU †dvUb †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv gykwKj| ZvB `yÕwU †dvU‡bi GK`g GKB kw³ fvevUv wVK bq| Kv‡RB `yBwU gy`ªvi GKwU †dvUb Av‡iKwU †evmb nq Z‡e `yÕwU †nW nIqvi m¤¢vebv wZ‡bi-GK n‡e| emyi fzj GLb †evm-AvBb÷vBb msL¨vZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvBb÷vBb G aviYvwU MÖnY K‡i Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jb cigvYy‡Z| GB †_‡K cvIqv †Mj bZzb cÖcÂ hv GLb †evm-AvBb÷vBb Kb‡Wb‡mU bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU Avm‡j †evmb KYvi GKwU NYxf‚Z my¨c| 1995 wLª÷v‡ã GK cix¶vq GwUi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| Avi wek¦RM‡Zi †h KYv¸‡jvi w¯úb c~Y©msL¨v weÁvbx cj wWivK emyi bv‡g Zvi bvgKiY Kiv K‡ib †evmb KYv|

†evm I †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi

emy-AvBb÷vBb cwimsL¨vb, emy-AvBb÷vBb Nbxfeb, †evm‡bi Dci M‡elYv K‡i 1984 wLª÷v‡ã c`v_©weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib Carlo Rubbia Ges Simon van der Meer, 1996 wLª÷v‡ã David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson, 1999 wLª÷v‡ã Martinus J. G. Veltman I Gerardus ‘t Hooft, 2001 wLª÷v‡ã Eric Allin Cornell, Carl Edwin Wieman Ges Wolfgang Ketterle) †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb, wKš‘ `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e †evm‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| Zv‡`i †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †`Iqvi KviY m¤ú‡K© ejv nq, for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.

1929 wLª÷v‡ã m‡Z¨b emy fviZxq weÁvb Ks‡MÖ‡mi c`v_© weÁvb kvLvi mfvcwZ Ges 1944 wLª÷v‡ã Ks‡MÖ‡mi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1958 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb jÛ‡bi i‡qj †mvmvBwUi †d‡jv nb| BwÛqvb ÷¨vwUw÷K¨vj Bbw÷wUDU, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq, Gjvnvev` wek¦we`¨vjq I hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy‡K m¤§vbm~PK W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| 1959 wLª÷v‡ã fviZ miKvi Zuv‡K RvZxq Aa¨vcK c‡` g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K †`wk‡KvËg Ges fviZ miKvi cÙwef‚lY Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡i|

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Zuvi bv‡g emy Aa¨vcK (Bose Professor) c` i‡q‡Q| 1986 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvq Zuvi bv‡g m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy RvZxq †gŠwjK weÁvb †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ nq| evsjv fvlvq weÁvb P”P©vi †¶‡Î Zuvi Ag~j¨ Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ KjKvZvq 1948 wLª÷v‡ã e½xq weÁvb cwil` MwVZ nq| 1974 wLª÷v‡ãi 4 †deªæqvwi KjKvZvq GB A‡jvKmvgvb¨ weÁvbx g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

c`v_©weÁv‡b Zvcxq AvqbxKiY Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZôvZv wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| Zuvi Avwe®‹…Z mvnv Avqbxfeb mgxKiY b¶‡Îi ivmvqwbK I †fŠZ ag©vewj e¨vL¨vq eëüZ nq| †gNbv` mvnvi Rb¥ 1893 mv‡ji 6 A‡±vei MvRxcyi †Rjvi Kvwjqv‰Ki Dc‡Rjvi †kIovZjx MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg RMbœv_ mvnv I gv fze‡bk¦ix †èx| wZwb wQ‡jb evev-gv‡qi cÂg mšÍvb| RMbœv_ mvnv wQ‡jb gyw` †`vKvb`vi| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB ZvB UvbvUvwbi msmv‡i Zuv‡K gvbyl n‡Z n‡qwQj| MÖv‡gi †Uv‡j †gNbv‡ì cov‡jLvi m~Pbv nq| MÖvgwU‡Z Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Dc‡i cov‡jLvi †KvbI ¯‹zj wQj bv| wKš‘ †gNbv‡ì BwZnvm Avi MwY‡Zi mvd‡j¨ wk¶‡Kiv Zuv‡K GKwU Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi mycvwik K‡ib| Zuv‡ì MÖvg †_‡K 10 gvBj `~‡i wkgywjqv MÖv‡g GKwU wgWj ¯‹zj (weªwUk Avg‡j PZz_© I cÂg †kÖwY covi ¯‹zj) wQj| GZ `~‡i cÖwZw`b hvIqv Avmv K‡i cov‡kvbv Kiv †gNbv‡ì c‡¶ `yiƒn nIqvq Ges wkgywjqvq †i‡L cov‡bvi gZ Avw_©K mvg_©¨ Zuvi evevi bv _vKvq Zuvi eo`v cvUKjKg©x Rqbv_ ¯’vbxq wPwKrmK AbšÍKzgvi `vm‡K †gNbv‡ì eë¯’v wb‡Z Aby‡iva Kivq wZwb ivwR nb, Z‡e kZ© GB †h, †gNbv`‡K Zuvi _vjvevmb wb‡RB ay‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk evwoi Miæi †`Lfvj Ki‡Z n‡e| †m mgq cÖwZ iweevi wZwb cv‡q †nu‡U wkgywjqv MÖvg †_‡K †kIovZjx MÖv‡g mKv‡j wM‡q mÜ¨vq wd‡i Avm‡Zb| cÖv_wgK cix¶vq †gNbv` ZrKvjxb XvKv †Rjvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| †m mgq gvwmK 4 UvKvi miKvwi e„wË cvb| e„wËi UvKv I Rqbv‡_i cvVv‡bv cuvP UvKv wb‡q wZwb XvKvq G‡m XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| Gici êk¨ mwgwZi gvwmK `yB UvKv e„wËI wZwb jvf K‡ib| †m-mgq e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb PjwQj| XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹z‡j c~e© evsjvi Mfb©i m¨vi evgwdì dzjvi Avm‡eb ï‡b we`¨vj‡qi wKQz wk¶v_©x e½f½ we‡ivax wgwQj Kivi wm×všÍ †bq| †m wgwQ‡j †gNbvÌ wQ‡jb| d‡j ciw`b Zv‡K ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b RwoZ _vKvi Aciv‡a ¯‹zj Qvo‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| cvkvcvwk Zuvi miKvix e„wËI evwZj Kiv nq| cvk¦©eZ©x wK‡kvixjvj Rywewj nvB ¯‹z‡ji GKRb wk¶K ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q †gNbv`‡K Zuv‡ì ¯‹z‡j fwZ© webv‡eZ‡b Aa¨q‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R Aa¨qb K‡ib| mncvVx wn‡m‡e m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy I Dc‡ii †kÖwYi cÖkvšÍP›`ª gnvjbwek Ges AvPvh© wn‡m‡e RM`xkP›`ª emy I cÖdzjP›`ª iv‡qi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡ib| 1913 mv‡j MwY‡Z m¤§vbmn weGmwm cvk K‡ib Ges 1915 mv‡j dwjZ MwY‡Z gv÷vm© m¤úbœ K‡ib| Dfq cix¶vq wZwb wØZxq Ges m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy cÖ_g nb| ZrKvjxb mg‡qi ag©vÜ AnsKvix eªvþYmgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ gZv`k© Ges ˆkke-wK‡kvi-†hŠe‡b RvZcv‡Zi wkKvi nIqvq Zuvi ü`‡q êw`K a‡g©i †Muvovwgi cÖwZ weZ…òv R‡b¥wQj| 1916 mv‡j Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq weÁvb K‡jR Pvjy Kivq m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ I †gNbv` Df‡qB MwYZ wefv‡Mi cÖfvlK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b| cieZ©xKv‡j `yÕR‡bB c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡M P‡j hvb| †mLv‡b P›`ª‡kLi †f¼U ivgb cvwjZ Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e cieZ©xKv‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| Gmgq †gNbv` Zuvi mg¯Í M‡elYv djvdj GKÎ K‡i

KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q W±i Ad mv‡qÝ wWwMÖi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡ib Ges wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©…c¶ Zuv‡K 1919 mv‡j W±i Ad mv‡qÝ wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| GKBeQi †gNbv` †cÖgPuv` ivqPuv` e„wË jvf K‡ib| hvi d‡j wZwb Bsj¨vÛ I Rvg©vwb‡Z M‡elYvi my‡hvM cvb| wZwb cÖ_g cuvP gvm jÛ‡b weÁvbx Avj‡d«W dvDjv‡ii cix¶vMv‡i Ges cieZ©xmg‡q evwj©‡b Iqv÷vi bvb©‡÷i m‡½ KvR K‡ib| `yÕeQi †`‡ki evB‡i M‡elYv Kivi ci †gNgv` mvnv 1921 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Lqiv Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b| wKš‘ †mmgq wek¦we`¨vj‡q M‡elYvi Rb¨ †KvbI eivÏ bv _vKvq wZwb 1923 mv‡j Gjvnvev` wek¦we`¨vj‡q P‡j hvb| 1938 mvj ch©šÍ wZwb Gjvnvev` wek¦we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZv K‡ib| G wek¦we`¨vj‡q wZwb MwYZwe` AwgqPiY e¨vbvwR©i mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡ib| 15 eQi GB wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kg©iZ _vKvq wZwb wefvMwU‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡b DbœxZ K‡ib| Gici Avg„Zz¨ wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weÁvb wefv‡Mi wWb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡cvjb K‡ib| †gNbv` Ges m‡Z¨b †evm hyM¥fv‡e me©cÖ_g AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi mvaviY Av‡cw¶KZvi ZË¡mn Zuvi wewfbœ wbeÜ Bs‡iwR fvlvq Abyev` K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| GB `yB K…Zx weÁvbx AvBb÷vB‡bi 1905 †_‡K 1916 mvj ch©šÍ Rvg©vb fvlvq cÖKvwkZ hveZxq wbeÜ Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` ïiæ K‡ib| Zuv‡ì Abyev` 1919 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wcÖwÝcj&m Ad wi‡jwUwfwU bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab~w`Z eBwUi f‚wgKv †j‡Lb cÖkvšÍP›`ª gnjvbwek| 1979 mv‡j AvBb÷vB‡bi Rb¥kZevwl©Kx Abyôv‡b ejv nq AvBb÷vB‡bi wbeÜ¸wji cÖ_g Abyev` cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Rvcv‡b| Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z †bv‡ejRqx c`v_©weÁvbx myeªþY¨b P›`ª‡kLi GB fzj ms‡kvab K‡i e‡jb, mvnv I emy AvBb÷vB‡bi iPbvi cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib| Zuv‡ì Ab~w`Z wcÖwÝcj&m Ad wi‡jwUwfwUi GKwU cÖwZwjwc wcÖÝUb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb÷vBb AvK©vB‡f msiw¶Z Av‡Q| mvnv I emyi GB Abyev` me©cÖ_g Bs‡iwR‡Z ïay bq, mvivwe‡k¦ GwUB AvBb÷vB‡bi iPbvi cÖ_g Abyev`| iq¨vj †mvmvBwUi †d‡jv, b¨vkbvj GKv‡Wwg Ad mv‡qÝ, BwÛqvi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ, BwÛqvb Rvb©vj Ad wdwR· mvgwqKxi cÖwZÉvZv m¤úv`K, BwÛqvb Bbw÷wUDU Ad mv‡qÝ ev BwÛqvb Bbw÷wUDU Ad †UK‡bvjwRi D‡`¨v³v, Bbw÷wUDU Ad wbDwK¬qvi wdwR· ev mvnv Bbw÷wUDU Ad wbDwK¬qvi wdwR·-Gi cÖwZôvZv, DËi-cwðg KjKvZvi †jvKmfv Avm‡b Rqx †gNbv` mvnv fviZxq el©cwÄ ms¯‹vi K‡i Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb cigvYy weÁvb, †R¨vwZc©`v_©we`¨v, wbDwK¬q c`v_©we`¨v, Avqb gÐj, evqygÐj I gnvKvkweÁvb, eb¨v cÖwZ‡iva I b`x cwiKíbv wel‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb Zvcxq Avqbev` (Thermal Ionaisation) msµvšÍ ZË¡ D™¢veb K‡i †R¨vwZc©`v_©weÁv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| 1930 mv‡j fviZxq c`v_©weÁvbx †`‡e›`ª‡gvnb emy Ges wkwkiKzgvi wgÎ †gNbv` mvnv‡K c`v_©weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cyi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ mycvwik K‡ib| †bv‡ej KwgwU †gNbv` mvnvi KvR‡K c`v_©weÁv‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖ‡qvM wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡jI GwU ÔAvwe®‹viÕ bq e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ e‡ib| d‡j wZwb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvbwb| †gNbv` mvnv‡K 1937 I 1940 mv‡j Av_©vi K¤úUb Ges 1939, 1951 I 1955 mv‡j wkwkiKzgvi wgÎ AveviI g‡bvbxZ Ki‡jI †bv‡ej KwgwU Zv‡ì wm×v‡šÍ Abo _v‡K| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’vewji g‡a¨

The Principle of Relativity; Treatise on Heat; Treatise on Modern Physics; Junior Textbook of Heat with Metereology D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

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¯^bvgab¨ evOvwj Kwe, QovKvi I †jLK Abœ`vk¼i iv‡qi Rb¥ 1904 mv‡ji 15 gvP© Dwol¨vi †X¼vb‡j GK Kvq¯’ cwiev‡i| Zuvi wcZv wQ‡jb †X¼vbj ivR‡÷‡Ui Kg©x wbgvBPiY ivq Ges gvZv KU‡Ki cÖwm× cvwjZes‡ki Kb¨v †ngbwjbx| †QvU‡ejvq †X¼vb‡j Zuvi wk¶vRxeb ïiæ nq| 1921 wLª÷v‡ã cvUbv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b wZwb g¨vwUªK cvk K‡ib| Gici msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`bv wkL‡Z wZwb KjKvZvq emygZx cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †n‡g›`ªcÖmv` †Nv‡li Kv‡Q hvb| wZwb kU©n¨vÛ, UvBcivBwUs Ges cÖædwiwWsI †k‡Lb wKš‘ GKvR Zuvi fvj jv‡Mwb| Gici wZwb KU‡Ki i¨v‡fbk& K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cix¶v †`b Ges cvUbv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib| 1925 wLª÷v‡ã weG cix¶v‡ZI wZwb cvUbv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g ¯’vb AvwaKvi K‡ib| Bs‡iwR‡Z mvwn‡Z¨ GgG covKvjxb 1927 mv‡j Abœ`vk¼i AvBwmGm cix¶vq cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Bsj¨vÛ hvb| wZwb jÛb BDwbfvwm©wU K‡jR, wKsm K‡jR, jÛb ¯‹zj Ad BKbwgKm, jÛb ¯‹zj Ad Iwi‡q›Uvj ÷vwWR-G cov‡kvbv I cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡ib| `yÕeQ‡ii cÖevmRxe‡b wZwb myBRvij¨vÛ, Rvg©vwb, BUvwj, d«vÝ cÖf…wZ †`k Ny‡i †eovb| G ågYKvwnwb c‡_ cÖev‡m bv‡g avivevwnKfv‡e wewPÎv cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖwk¶Y †k‡l wd‡i 1929 mv‡j Abœ`vk¼i gywk©`vev` †Rjvi enigcy‡i A¨vwmmU¨v›U g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` †hvM †`b| 1929 mvj †_‡K 1947 mvj ch©šÍ AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii bq eQi wZwb cwðge‡½ Ges c~e©e‡½ wewfbœ c‡` wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Awef³ e‡½i gywk©`vev`, euvKzov, ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg, XvKv, gqgbwmsn, Kzwóqv, b`xqv, wÎcyiv, †gw`bxcyi, ûMwj Ges nvIovq wZwb KLbI kvmb wefv‡M, KLbI wePvi wefv‡M h_vµ‡g g¨vwR‡÷ªU I RR wn‡m‡e wbhy³ wQ‡jb| 1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi ci BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©‡mi †gqv` †kl n‡q †M‡j wZwb D”PZi ch©v‡qi BwÛqvb A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf mvwf©‡mi (AvBGGm) m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cwðge‡½i cÖkvmb I wePvi wefv‡M KvR K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK I mv¤úÖ`vwqK wel‡q EaŸ©Zb KZ©…c‡¶i m‡½ gZvšÍi NUvq 1951 mv‡j wZwb wePvi wefv‡Mi mwPe c` †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †bb| 1930 wLª÷v‡ã gvwK©b Kb¨v A¨vwjm fvwR©wbqv Ab‡dvW©‡K weevn K‡i wZwb Zuvi bvg †`b jxjv ivq| jxjv ivq eû eB evsjv †_‡K

Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| Abœ`vk¼‡ii mvwnZ¨m„wó êwPÎ¨c~Y©| †Kej Avw½‡K bq, fve‰ewP‡ÎÏ Zuvi iPbv Kv‡jvËxY©| BwZnvm, mvwnZ¨ZË¡, `k©b, mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ, mgKvjxb we‡k¦i NUbvejx Zuvi M‡`ï welq| cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ Abœ`vk¼i wQ‡jb ew¼g-iex›`ªbv‡_i mv_©K DËim~wi| Z‡e iex›`ªhy‡Mi †jLK n‡jI Zuvi ÷vBj wQj m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| wZwb wQ‡jb gy³wPšÍv, Av`k©ev` I ïfeyw×i cÖZxK| †`kfvM, `v½v I mv¤úÖ`vwqKZvi weiæ‡× Zuvi †jLbx wQj AvRxeb †mv”Pvi| Abœ`vk¼‡ii A‡bK †jLv jxjvgq QÙbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| `xN©Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvq wZwb cÖvq mËi eQi a‡i cÖeÜ, Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí, ågYKvwnwb, Qov, KweZv, bvUK, cÎmvwnZ¨, AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv cÖf…wZ wj‡L evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi msL¨v 22| Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm Av¸b wb‡q †Ljv (1930)| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gnvKvwe¨K Dcb¨vm Zuvi QqL‡Ð cÖKvwkZ mZ¨vmZ¨ QÕwU bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq h_vµ‡gÑ hvi †h_v †`k (1932), AÁvZevm (1933), Kj¼eZx (1934), `ytL‡gvPb (1936), g‡Z¨©i ¯^M© (1940) I AcmiY (1942)| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm AmgvwcKv (1931), cyZzj wb‡q †Ljv (1933), bv (1951), Kb¨v (1953), wZbL‡Ð cÖKvwkZ iZœ I kÖxgZx (1g-1956, 2q-1958, 3q-1972), myL (1961), wekj¨KiYx (1967), Z…òvi Rj (1969), ivRAwZw_ (1978) Ges PviL‡Ð iwPZ I cÖKvwkZ µvšÍ`k©x (1g1984, 2q-1985, 3q-1985, 4_©-1986)| Abœ`vk¼i †KvbI †Mvôxfz³ †jLK wQ‡jb bv| Z‡e m¤úv`K‡ì Aby‡iv‡a K‡jøvj, KvwjKjg, cwiPq cÖf…wZ cwÎKvi Rb¨ †j‡Lb| K‡jøvj, KvwjKjg hy‡Mi mvwnwZ¨K Ges eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vjb I wkLv †Mvôxi cÖwZf‚‡ì m‡½I wQj Zuvi AšÍi½ m¤úK©| Abœ`vk¼i iv‡qi Qovm¤¢vi welq‰ewP‡Î¨ Zvrch©c~Y©| cÖ_g Rxe‡b iex›`ªbv_ Ges c‡i ey×‡è emyi Aby‡iv‡a wZwb Qov wjL‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| Qovi gva¨‡g Zxeª †køl , w¯œ»cwinvm, Avevi KLbI wbLv` †KŠZ‚‡K wZwb gvby‡li e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi Am½wZ¸wj Zz‡j a‡ib| †Q‡jfzjv‡bv Qov‡K wZwb D‡cw¶Z ¯Íi †_‡K AwfRvZ mvwn‡Zï ˆkwíK ¯Í‡i DbœxZ K‡ib| Zuvi we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Qov: Ô†LvKv I LyKzÕ (1947)| G‡Z myi †`b weL¨vZ myiKvi mwjj †PŠayix| †`kfvMRwbZ †e`bv Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q GB QovqÑ Ô†Z‡ji wkwk fvOj e‡j/LyKzi c‡i ivM K‡iv,/†Zvgiv †h me ey‡ov‡LvKv/fviZ †f‡O fvM K‡iv| Zvi †ejv?Õ GKvË‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i mwÜÿ‡Y e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K wb‡q †j‡Lb Agi cO&w³, ÔhZw`b i‡e cÙv hgybv †MŠix †gNbv engvb,/ZZw`b i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi †kL gywReyi ingvb| w`‡K w`‡K AvR i³M½v AkÖæM½v engvb/ Zey bvwn fq n‡e n‡e Rq Rq gywReyi ingvb|Õ Kg©m~‡Î c~e©e‡½ A‡bK mgq AwZevwnZ Kivi d‡j GLvbKvi mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©bxwZ, f‚wgeë¯’v Ges ag©xq ms¯‹…wZ wel‡q Zuvi mg¨K aviYv M‡o I‡V| evsjv fvlv I evsjvfvlx gvby‡li cÖwZ Zuvi ì` I mggwg©Zv wQj Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci Abœ`vk¼i miKv‡ii AwZw_ wn‡m‡e `yÕevi G‡`‡k Av‡mbÑ cÖ_gevi 1974 mv‡j, wØZxqevi 1996 mv‡j| Abœ`vk¼i ivq wQ‡jb mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`wgi cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ I †d‡jv, wQ‡jb cwðge½ evsjv AKv‡`wgi Rb¥Kvj 1986 mvj †_‡K AvRxeb mfvcwZ| wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RMËvwiYx cyi¯‹vi (1979), wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †`wk‡KvËg m¤§vbmn ea©gvb, iex›`ªfviZx I hvècyi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m¤§vbm~PK wW.wjU Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| jvf K‡ib mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`wg (1962), Avb›` (`yBevi-1983, 1994), we`¨vmvMi, wk‡ivgwY (1995), iex›`ª I bRiæj cyi¯‹vi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki †Reywbœmv cyi¯‹vi| 2002 mv‡ji 28 A‡±vei 98 eQi eq‡m GB µvšÍ`k©x eûgyLx cÖwZfvai †jLK †klwbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`b

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29 †deªæqvwi 2020 Bw›`iv MvÜx mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª, fviZxq nvB Kwgkb XvKvi avbgwÛi AvBwRwmwm wgjbvqZ‡b AvBwmwmAvi ¯‹jviÕm Bfwbs-G Ôiex›`ªavivq emšÍÕ kxl©K Abyôv‡b AvBwmwmAvi GjvgbvB fv¯^i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I kÖxgZx Qvqv Kg©Kvi iex›`ªKweZv I Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡ib

Regd. No. DA 355 Bharat Bichitra March 2020

fviZxq nvB Kwgk‡bi me©‡kl Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Avgv‡`i I‡qemvBU, †dmeyK, UzBUvi, Bb&÷vMÖvg I BDwUDe wbqwgZ wfwRU Kiæb, jvBK w`b I UzBU d‡jv Kiæb: www.hcidhaka.gov.in @ihcdhaka

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