Operación mundo: Geography and History 4. Secondary DF (muestra)
DUAL FOCUS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
4 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
ANDALUSIA
1. The Age of Enlightment. The 18th century ................................................ 7
1 The Enlightment. Political changes • 2 Economic changes • 3 The 18th century in Spain • 4 18th century art • The final challenge: Enlightenment thinkers living today.
2. The age of revolution (1770-1881) ......... 17
1 The American Revolution • 2 The French Revolution • 3 Napoleonic Europe • 4 Liberal revolutions and nationalisms • The final challenge: The revolution.
3. The Industrial Revolution 27
1 The foundations of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • 2 The mechanisation of the industry and its diffusion • 3 Economic and social consequences • 4 Culture and art of the revolutionary age • The final challenge: Hard times for being a woman.
4. Spain. The crisis of the Ancien Régime 37
1 The political crisis • 2 Liberal consolidation (18331874) • 3 Art: Goya, Romanticism and Realism • The final challenge: Our history as seen through Goya.
5. Imperialism and the First World War 45
1 The Second Industrial Revolution • 2 Imperialism • 3 The First World War (1914-1918) • 4 Artistic evolution • The final challenge: From the trenches with love.
6. From the First to the Second World War ...............................
55
1 The Russian Revolution. The creation of the USSR • 2 Economic and political evolution • 3 The Second World War • 4 Art and culture between 1919 and 1945 • The final challenge: A crime has been committed.
7. Spain. Restoration and Civil War ......... 65
1 The Bourbon restoration • 2 Alfonso XIII and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera • 3 The Second Republic and the Civil War • 4 The culture and the art • The final challenge: Join!
8. Decolonisation. New world geopolitics (1945-1991)
1 Decolonisation • 2 The new world geopolitics. The age of the blocs • 3 The diversity of the capitalist and communist worlds • 4 The evolution of international relations • The final challenge: Star Wars.
9. Spain. Franco’s dictatorship
1 The evolution of francoism • 2 Economic evolution • The final challenge: Remember when...
10. The New World Order: states and new powers
1 Overview of the recent world • 2 Geopolitical relations (I) • 3 Geopolitical relations (II) • 4 Geopolitical relations (III) • The final challenge: The session opens.
11. The recent world. Relations and conflicts
1 World conflicts (I) • 2 World conflicts (II) • 3 Conflict resolution and international cooperation • The final challenge: Breaking news.
12. Globalisation and Diversity
75
85
91
101
109
1 Globalisation • 2 The diversity of the world today • 3 Current art • The final challenge: Made in…?
13. Spain. Transition and democracy .............
117
1 The democratic Transition • 2 Democratic goverments • 3 Spain in the European Union and in the world • The final challenge: Visit spain.
1 The Age of Enlightment. The 18th century
Political changes
• The Enlightenment
• Ancien Régime
• Absolutism
• Enlightened Despotism
Economic changes
• Fallow land
• Crop rotation
• Guilds
• Homeworking
• Manufacturing
Can we imagine what changes the Enlightenment thinkers would propose today?
SCAN THE CODE TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE CHALLENGE
• Rococo
• Neoclassical
• Fragonard
• David Art
FOCUS O N ENGLISH
Listening and Speaking
Listen to the recording of the outline. Repeat the words to practise your pronunciation.
Reading and Writing
In your notebook, create your own outline. Use the information in the flipped worksheets at the end of this book to include more details.
The Enlightment. Political changes 1
What was the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an ideological movement that emerged in France in the 18th century that promoted changes to the Ancien Régime; that is, the system inherited from the Middle Ages. The most important ideas of the Enlightenment were:
• Trust in reason and human intelligence as the only means to understand the world and achieve progress and happiness. For this reason, the 18th century is also known as the ‘Century of Reason’ and the ‘Age of Enlightenment’.
• Faith in human progress, achieved thanks to advances in science.
• Criticism of the Ancien Régime, which they considered an obstacle to human progress and happiness.
Enlightenment figures criticised absolutism; promoted all economic activities; found fault with the privileged social groups; condemned religious intolerance; and promoted the development of science, education and culture outside the realm of religious influence.
Political changes. Enlightened despotism
Some enlightenment figures criticised absolutism:
• Voltaire proposed limiting the power of the monarch by means of a Parliament.
• Montesquieu defended the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers.
• Rousseau stated that sovereignty or power resides in the nation or its group of citizens.
Towards the middle of the century, some enlightened ideas were taken up by different European monarchs. Thus, arose the so-called enlightened despotism.
Enlightened despotism tried to reconcile absolutism with progressive Enlightenment ideas. In it, monarchs continued to hold all of the power, but they carried out progressive reforms for the happiness for their subjects.
This form of government was summed up in the principle: ‘Everything for the people, nothing by the people’.
The most prominent enlightened monarchs were Louis XV in France, Carlos III in Spain, José I in Portugal, Catherine II in Russia, Joseph II in Austria and Frederick II in Prussia.
What political changes occurred during the Enlightenment?
Which political system was the majority during the Ancien Régime?
Carlos III of Spain.
Montesquieu (1689-1775).
1 Define these terms using the appropriate vocabulary:
a) The Enlightenment.
b) Enlightened Despotism.
2 Speaking. Explain the following principle of enlightened despotism: ‘Everything for the people, nothing by the people’.
3 Relate the concepts to each other:
1. Trust in reason A. Science
2. Faith in progress B. Happiness
4 What aspects of the Ancien Régime did the Enlightenment criticise?
5 Show your understanding by answering these questions:
a) Why is the 18th century also known as the ‘Age of Reason’ and the ‘Age of Enlightenment’?
b) In which country did the Enlightenment emerge?
c) Why did enlightened despotism arise?
d) Who were the best-known enlightened monarchs?
6 Reading. Read the text ‘Trust in reason’ at anayaeducacion.es and summarise the ideas.
7 Relate the following concepts to a French enlightenment figure:
a) The separation of powers.
b) National sovereignty.
c) Limiting the monarchs’ power.
8 Writing Complete the following sentences in your notebook:
a) The Enlightenment was an ideological ... that emerged in ... in the ... century.
b) The most outstanding ideas of the Enlightenment were trust in ... and human ... . Faith in human ... and criticism of the ... .
c) Prominent enlightened monarchs were ... in Spain and ... in Prussia.
Absolute monarchy
Privileged classes
Peasants
Bourgeoisie
Nobility Clergy
Crafatsmen Unprivileged tiers
Marginal groups
The historic evolution
Economic changes 2
New economic policies
In the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas supported the birth of new economic policies such as:
• Physiocracy, defended by François Quesnay, that argued that the basis of the wealth of a country lies in its land (agriculture and mining). In addition, he opposed the control of the economy by the state and defended economic freedom.
• Economic liberalism, advocated by Adam Smith in his work The Wealth of Nations (1776), argued that the origin of wealth is individual work, that aspires to obtain the maximum individual benefit. These new policies favoured the economic and demographic prosperity of the 18th century.
The agrarian transformations
In the 18th century, agriculture progressed. New crops from America circulated (corn, potato...), which diversified diet.
Technical improvements were also implemented in some countries, such as the United Provinces of the Netherlands and Great Britain, which, increased yields by substituting fallow land for continuous crop rotation.
Crafts
In the eighteenth century it grew and new forms of production were developed to avoid the control of the guilds, such as home working and manufacturing.
• Home work was carried out by the peasantry in their own homes, it was commissioned by a businessman, who paid a salary, supplied raw materials and tools, and marketed the product.
• The manufactures were large specialised workshops where a large number of craftsmen worked for the state or for individuals making luxury items.
Changes in trade and commerce
In the Ancien Régime, internal trade was carried out in carts or stagecoaches along bad roads, and was held in weekly urban markets. Meanwhile, foreign trade was concentrated in large port cities, especially after the geographical discoveries and the establishment of colonies in Africa, Asia and America.
In the 18th century, internal trade progressed with the improvement of roads, the construction of navigable canals and an increase in agricultural and artisanal production.
Abroad, colonies provided precious metals and plantation products (cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar), using manufacturing and African slaves.
What new economic ideas spread throughout Europe?
How did these ideas improve the economy and demographics?
Continuous rotation
Wheat Potatoes
Fodder
A cereal and new crops follow one another to replace fallow, such as potatoes and fodder. The whole land is cultivated.
Biennial rotation
Wheat Fallow
Cereal and fallow follow one another. Every year half of the land remains uncultivated.
Triennial rotation
Wheat Fallow Oats
Two cereals and fallow follow one another. Every year a third of the land remains uncultivated.
The evolution of agricultural work
1 Speaking. Using the text and images, explain the differences between biennial rotation, triennial rotation, and continuous rotation.
2 Explain why in the 18th century:
a) Agricultural yields increased. b) Internal trade progressed.
3 In which countries were technical improvements to agriculture implemented?
4 In the Ancien Régime, who controlled the urban workshops? Where was foreign trade centred?
5 Using the map below, make a list of products that were provided by foreign trade.
6 Complete the table with information about the eighteenth-century economic changes.
The 18th century in Spain 3
The 18th century in Spain
In Spain, the 18th century began with the accession of the French house of Bourbon to the throne, after the completion of the War of Succession (1700-1713) that pitted the supporters of the House of Bourbon against the supporters of the House of Austria. It was both an international war and a civil war, Castilla supported Felipe de Anjou; and the crown of Aragon, supported Archduke Carlos, fearing that the Bourbons would implement a centralist policy, as they had done in France.
The first Bourbons to reign in Spain were Felipe V (17001746), Fernando VI (1746-1759) Carlos III (1759-1788) and Carlos IV (1788-1808). Enlightenment ideas and significant reforms were introduced, that consolidated the absolute monarchy and implemented political-administrative centralisation.
• The king held all of the power in an absolute monarchy. To achieve this, the kings removed the nobility from power; intervened in the affairs of the Church; and governed with the help of secretaries or ministers, who were in charge of various government affairs.
• The political-administrative centralisation was imposed by Felipe V through the Nueva Planta Decrees of 1707, 1715 and 1716. These abolished the laws and institutions of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia and Mallorca, and implemented the Castilian model. In addition, a new provincial division was imposed to guarantee government control over the entire territory.
The Bourbons. Economic reforms
The Enlightenment favoured the creation of The Economic Society of the Friends of the Country, which diffused the innovations of the time.
• In agriculture new American crops circulated, such as corn and potatoes; irrigation and the reduction of fallow land. Lands in Sierra Morena were also repopulated.
• In industry, the modernisation of techniques and manufacturing were promoted, such as royal factories which were dedicated to shipbuilding and the production of weapons and luxury goods.
• Internal trade was boosted. To do this, the roads were widened and paved, bridges were built and a radial network of highways was designed that linked Madrid with the main ports of the periphery.
How did the Bourbons come to reign in Spain?
What changes did this new dynasty bring to our country?
Treaty of Versailles 1767
1766
Treaty of Paris 1783
Esquilache’s riot 1763
The Second Family Compact 1761
Beginning of the colonisation from Sierra Morena 1714
The Third Family Compact. Spain enters the Seven Years War
The First Family Compact 1743
Treaty of Rastatt 1716
Nueva Planta Decrees for Cataluña 1715
Nueva Planta Decrees for Mallorca
1713
Nueva Planta Decrees for Aragón and Valencia 1733
Treaty of Utrech 1707
Carlos IV
1746
1759
1788
FELIPE
FERNANDO
CARLOS III
Timeline
1 Writing. With the help of the timeline, write which Bourbons reigned in the 18th century and for how long.
2 Obtain from the timeline two events that occurred in the reigns of Felipe V and Carlos III.
3 Find the answer to these questions in the text:
a) What means did the monarchs use to establish an absolute monarchy?
b) What were the Nueva Planta decrees?
c) What new crops circulated at that time?
d) How was domestic trade promoted?
4 The Bourbons suppressed the old peninsular kingdoms and organised the territory into general captaincies, later called provinces. Analyse the map on the right with the new provincial divisions, and answer the questions:
a) What were the Bourbon monarchs looking for with this type of provincial division?
b) What provinces did your current autonomous community include?
5 Complete a table of the Spanish Bourbons’ economic reforms.
6 Write a biography about a Spanish Enlightened intellectual.
‘The decrees of the Nueva Planta’ and explain what its consequences were.
Name the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country which were created in your autonomous community. What was their
18th century art
Enlightenment culture
Enlightened intellectuals encouraged public education in order to prevent ignorance and ideological control by the Church, to achieve economic progress and thus transform society. They fostered language and history, and continued the ‘scientific revolution’ which was initiated during the 17th century, and promoted the so-called ‘useful’ sciences like medicine, natural sciences, mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology.
Rococo art
In the first half of the eighteenth century, a new artistic style emerged in France, rococo, an aristocratic, courtly, and refined art that had little success in Spain.
• Rococo decorations, made of stucco, were applied to small rooms and cabinets (palatial studios).
• Some of the rooms in the Royal Palace of Madrid and in the Palace of La Granja, in Segovia, were decorated in this style.
• Rococo painting used blurred drawing, soft colours and varied themes: courtiers, Costumbrismo, love and exotic themes and portraits.
Neoclassical art
Neoclassical art began in France in the second half of the 18th century.
It was a bourgeois, austere and rational art that consciously imitated the Greek and Roman models.
• Architecture took pure and simple forms in churches, palaces, and public buildings, such as schools, prisons, markets, and hospitals.
In France the Pantheon stands out as a good example; in the United Kingdom, the British Museum; in Germany, the Brandenburg Gate, and in Spain the Puerta de Alcalá and the Prado Museum.
• Sculpture sought ideal beauty, simplicity and serenity. Its preferred subjects were mythology, ancient history, and portraits.
The most famous sculptor was the Italian Antonio Canova. In Spain, Madrid’s Cibeles fountain is of importance.
• Painting sought perfection in drawing and was disinterested in colour. Its favourite subjects were mythological and historical.
In France, David, author of The Oath of the Horatii and The Rape of the Sabine Women, was of importance. And in Spain, the German Mengs, who decorated some of the ceilings of the Royal Palace.
What changes took place in the artistic field in the 18th century?
What artistic styles coexisted during this period?
Palace of Marqués de Dos Aguas (Valencia).
Interior of Wies Church, Germany.
1 When and where did the rococo and neoclassical styles originate?
2 Analyse the architectural images on the previous page and answer: What styles do they belong to and why?
3 Relate each feature to neoclassical architecture, sculpture, or painting:
a) It sought perfection in drawing.
b) Mythological and historical themes.
c) It sought ideal beauty.
d) It adopted pure and simple forms.
e) It was disinterested in colour.
f) A representative example is the Prado Museum.
g) In Spain, the Cibeles fountain is of importance.
4 Indicate whether the following information is true (T) or false (F):
a) Rococo art was very successful in Spain, as is evident in the Palace of la Granja in Segovia.
b) Neoclassical art consciously imitated Greek and Roman models.
c) In France, the most prominent painter was the German Mengs.
d) Rococo painting sought perfection in drawing; but he was not interested in colour.
e) Neoclassical architecture adopted pure and simple forms.
5 Writing. Complete this summary table on 18th century architecture:
6 Speaking. Look at the pictures below. Which is the rococo style and which is neoclassical style? Briefly explain why.
1. The swing. Jean-Honoré Fragonard. 2. Oath of the Horatii. Jacques Louis David.
The final challenge
Take action!
ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS LIVING TODAY
The Enlightenment was based, fundamentally, on a critique of the Ancien Régime (Old Regime). Enlightenment thinkers relied on the use of reason to achieve progress and happiness. This movement spread throughout Europe and America. Thinkers criticised the absolutism and proposed changes to social structure, the economy, culture, education, science and religious beliefs.
Work in groups. We will work in groups to investigate the changes they proposed in different areas. We will imagine what changes they would propose if these enlightenment thinkers were alive today: What aspects of our society would they criticise?
STEP 1 STEP2
The critique of enlightenment thinkers
In groups, we will investigate aspects of society that were criticised in the 18th century.
STEP 3
Enlightenment thinkers today
Now we must act as enlightenment thinkers of our time: we will do a critique of our society, explain why and provide possible solutions to these problems (political, social, cultural, religious, scientific, etc.).
Society in our times
In this step we will analyse some of the problems in our current society.
FINAL STEP
• Each group will prepare a document on the aspect of society that they have criticised, setting out the reasons for the criticism and their proposals to improve the society in which we live.
• We will present it to the rest of the class and reach an agreement on the best proposals.
2
The age of revolution (1770-1881)
Do you want to put yourself in the shoes of a figure from the French Revolution?
SCAN THE CODE TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE CHALLENGE
The American Revolution
• The Boston Tea Party
• The Declaration of Independence
• The Federal Republic
Liberal revolutions and nationalisms
• Liberalism
• Nationalism
• Unifications of Italy and Germany
• Estates-General
• The Bastille
• The Constituent Assembly
• The Legislative Assembly
• The National Convention
• The Directory
• The Consulate French Revolution
• The Emperor
• The Restoration
• The Holy Alliance
• The Quadruple Alliance Napoleonic Europe
FOCUS O N ENGLISH
Listening and Speaking
Listen to the recording of the outline. Repeat the words to practise your pronunciation.
Reading
and Writing
In your notebook, create your own outline. Use the information in the flipped worksheets at the end of this book to include more details.
The American Revolution 1
The reforms of the Enlightenment did not solve the problems of the Ancien Régime.
That is why this system came to an end through revolution, which is generally understood to be a sudden and fundamental change to system or situation.
The causes of the conflict
At the end of the 18th century, the thirteen British colonies of North America became independent from Great Britain and staged a political revolution.
The main cause of it was the settlers’ discontent, lacked representatives in the British Parliament. They depended on Great Britain for trade and could not occupy the territories to the west, which were reserved for the British.
In this situation, the spread of Enlightenment ideas led to the British government being considered as despotic.
What were the causes of the conflict in the British North American colonies?
How was the new state organised under the Constitution of 1787?
The spark that caused the revolution was an attempt of the British to introduce new taxes, such as the Stamp Act and the Tea Act. In 1773, the imposition of a new tax on the export of tea caused the so-called Boston Tea Party. In which a group of settlers, disguised as Indians, threw the cargo of tea from three British ships into the sea.
The harsh repression of the British authorities led to the War of Independence (1775-1783).
The political revolution and the new State
On July 4, 1776, representatives of the thirteen colonies proclaimed the Declaration of Independence, thus creating the United States of America. In it the equality of all people was recognised; the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; and national sovereignty.
Great Britain did not accept this independence, but after its defeat at Yorktown (1781) it had to sign the Peace of Versailles (1783) and recognise the independence of the United States.
The new state was organized as a federal republic, whose political system is based on the Constitution of 1787, the first written in history. This Constitution establishes national sovereignty, the division of powers, and recognises broad rights such as freedom and property. The American Revolution demonstrated it was possible to realise the ideas of the Enlightenment, which would have a big impact on Europe.
The war led the thirteen colonies to gain independence from Great Britain, leading a political revolution inspired by Enlightenment ideas, which served as a model for other countries. Declaration of independence of the United States.
The thirteen American colonies gain independence from Great Britain
The thirteen colonies Territories that later became part of the United States
State of Main after 1820
State of West Virginia after 1863
The thirteen colonies
1 Answer the following questions:
a) What were the revolutionary steps during this time?
b) What consequences did they have?
2 In what current country were the thirteen British colonies located?
3 Indicate what events took place in the following years: 1773: ... 1776: ... 1781: ... 1783: ... 1787: ... .
4 Explain the causes of the American Revolution.
5 Why did the Boston Tea Party occur and what were the repercussions?
6 Listening. Listen to the audio ‘The Declaration of Independence’ at anayaeducacion.es and respond:
a) Who wrote it and when?
b) What truths are recognised as self-evident?
c) What citizens’ rights does the Declaration recognise?
7 Writing. Look at the outline of the Constitution of the United States and complete the summary table.
Diagram of the Constitution of the United States
The French Revolution 2
The causes and beginnings of a historical revolution
The revolution broke out for different reasons: political and ideological (Enlightenment critiques against absolutism; the example of the American revolution); social (the nobility and clergy had lost power to royal absolutism, and the peasantry and urban popular groups lived in miserable conditions); and economical (a food crisis due to poor harvests and a financial crisis of the monarchy).
In 1789, to confront the State’s debt, Louis XVI summoned the EstatesGeneral, an assembly of medieval origin formed by representatives of the three estates.
The representatives of the commoners (third estate) asked for a vote per deputy and, when their request was rejected, they proclaimed themselves as the National Assembly or representatives of the entire nation, starting the Revolution.y the so-called manorial rights or taxes (manorialism).
The
evolution of the French Revolution and its phases
• The Constituent Assembly (1789-1791). The National Assembly became a Constituent Assembly, the purpose of which was to approve a Constitution. On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris stormed the fortress-prison of the Bastille, and shortly after the Constituent Assembly drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) that recognised the rights of freedom, property and equality before the law. It also drew up the Constitution of 1791, which established national sovereignty, the division of powers and census suffrage, restricted to men with a certain level of property.
• The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792). It had to face opposition from the nobles and the king; clashes between moderate revolutionaries (The Girondins) and radicals (Jacobins), and the war against Austria and Prussia.
• The National Convention (1792-1795). It abolished the monarchy, proclaimed the Republic (1792) and guillotined Louis XVI (1793), which caused a war with the European absolutist powers. Faced with popular discontent, the Jacobins, supported by the popular classes, came to power (1793), and its leader, Robespierre, eliminated any opposition by using terror and the guillotine.
• The National Directory and the Consulate (1795-1799). Executive power went to a Directory of five members. The Directory carried out numerous military campaigns in which Napoleon Bonaparte excelled, and in 1799 he formed a coup and replaced the Directory with a Consulate made up of three consuls. Finally, Napoleon managed to be appointed as first consul and seized power.
Why is the French Revolution considered historical?
How did it evolve and what phases did it go through?
The opening of the Estates-General.
Tennis Court Oath.
The storming of the Bastille.
The fall of Louis XVI.
1 Explain the causes of the Revolution.
2 How did the Revolution start?
3 Define the following terms:
a) Estates-General ....
b) Constituent Assembly ....
c) The Girondins ....
d) The Jacobins ....
e) The Directory (also known as the Directorate) ....
4 Create a timeline of the Revolution in which the following years appear: 1789, 1791, 1793, 1795, and 1799.
5 Reading. Read the text of the ‘Bill of the Rights’ at anayaeducacion.es and respond:
a) What lib eral ideas does it include?
b) Why do you think they are important?
6 Put the terms that are related to each other into pairs:
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
2. Rights of Man
3. War against absolutists
4. Robespierre
A. The National Convention
B. Consulate and citizen
Assembly of the Constituent Powers
Repression by terror
7 Complete the following summary table of the French Revolution.
Estates-General
Constituent Assembly
Legislative Assembly
National Convention
Directory and the Consulate
8 Reading. Read the text ‘Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizens’ at anayaeducacion.es and explain why you think the text is so important.
The attire of the sans culottes —without knee breeches—, or popular Parisian groups, became a sign of the revolution. In representations of them, the men appeared with pikes, symbol of the people at arms; and women with the palm of freedom and, sometimes, with the pike.
C.
D.
Napoleonic Europe 3
Napoleonic Europe (1799-1814)
Napoleon managed to pacify France by eliminating the radical opposition, allowing the return of the exiled nobility and signing a concordat with the Pope. He carried out important internal reforms: the fundamental principles of the Revolution, economic freedom, public welfare and the promotion of public education. He was appointed emperor in 1804.
Napoleon set out to create a great empire and so, between 1805 and 1810 he dominated much of Europe (except Great Britain) and spread revolutionary ideas. Napoleon encountered great opposition in some European countries, such as Russia and Spain, where he suffered serious defeats. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) by a European coalition and banished to the island of Saint Helena, where he died (1821).
The Restoration period
What does the figure of Napoleon represent for European history?
What was the Europe that emerged after Napoleon’s defeat like?
To combat his adversaries, Napoleon carried outnumerous military campaigns using a well-trained and equipped army: the ‘Grande Armée’.
1 Speaking. What internal reforms did Napoleon Bonaparte carry out?
2 Look at the map of the Napoleonic empire and answer the questions:
a) What did Napoleon want for Europe?
b) Point out two states that were dependent on the empire.
c) Point out two enemy states.
d) What happened at Waterloo?
3 Define the following terms. If necessary, you can look up information in a dictionary:
a) Emperor
b) Concordat
c) Congress of Vienna
d) Restoration.
PiedmontSardinia
Vocabulary
Colonies, settlers, commoners, drew up, welfare, restoration, census suffrage, unifiying.
a Lauemburg
b HANNOVER
c SAXONY
m PAPEL STATES Austria Denmark Sweden Prusia
d WÜRTTEMBERG
e HELVETIC REPUBLIC
f PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA
g Lombardy-Venetia
h Parma i Modena
j Genoa
k LUCCA
l Tuscany
United
new political map of Europe
Liberal revolutions and nationalisms 4
The liberal revolutions of the 19th century
In the first half of the 19th century, the restoration of absolutism and the spread of liberalism gave rise to new waves of revolution.
• The revolutions of 1820. Liberals carried out antiabsolutist uprisings in Spain, Portugal, Naples, and Piedmont, whose absolute monarchs had to accept constitutions. In the end, these movements failed and absolutism was restored.
• The revolutions of 1830. They began in France, with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and they spread to Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Poland and some Italian and German states.
Once in power, liberalism became conservative, this is the reason why it limited rights and freedoms and implemented census suffrage.
• The revolutions of 1848. These had more popular participation. They also began in France, spreading to Prussia, Austria-Hungary, the German Confederation and some Italian states.
The revolutionaries demanded more rights, universal male suffrage, social equality, and social improvements.
But popular radicalism frightened the bourgeoisie, who suppressed the revolutions and implanted conservative liberalism.
Nationalisms and the birth of new states
The nationalist independence movements collaborated with liberalism and achieved the independence of most of the American colonies from Spain (1825), the independence of Greece from the Turkish empire (1829) and that of Belgium from the kingdom of the Netherlands (1830).
The unifying nationalist movements were conservative. The main ones were the unification of Italy led by the kingdom of Piedmont (1870), which until then was divided into seven states. After this partial unification, the Kingdom of Italy was founded (1861). (1866) and the conquest of the Papal States (1870); and the unification of Germany (1871), led by the kingdom of Prussia and its Chancellor Bismarck, which defeated Austria and France.
What was the significance of liberal ideas and nationalism in the 19th century? What new states emerged from these revolutions?
movements
Greek war of independence.
1830 Revolution in Belgium.
Independent
1 Speaking. How are liberalism and nationalism different?
2 What were the liberal revolutionary waves?
3 Name two countries that achieved independence at this time, and two others that achieved unification.
4 Writing. What revolutionary wave do the following phrases correspond to?
a) Anti-absolutist uprisings.
b) Greater popular participation.
c) Implementation of the census suffrage.
d) They failed and absolutism was restored.
e) It started in France and spread to Belgium.
f) The demanded of universal suffrage.
Nationalism of
Unification of Germany
Uni cation of Germany
Kingdom of Prussia (1815-1866)
Uni cation of the northern German States (1866)
Northern indepedent states
Uni cation of the southern German States (1871)
Prussia’s conquest of France
Unification of Italy
Borders of the North German Confederation (1867) Borders of the German Confederation (1871)
5 Look at the map of revolutions and answer the questions:
a) Where did the revolutions of 1830 begin? Which countries did they spread to?
b) Where did the revolutions of 1848 start? Which countries did they affect?
6 Look at the map of the unification of Germany. What main states was it divided into? Which of them achieved final unification and when?
7 Look at the map of the Italian unification. What states was it divided into? On what date was Piedmont unified?
KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA
Before unification, Germany was a confederation made up of several small sovereign states; foremost among them were Prussia and Austria.
Before unification, the Italian Peninsula was divided into seven states, some under foreign control. The most important ones were the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the north, the Papal States in the centre and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south.
The final challenge
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the revolution
The political, economic and social system of the Ancien Régime (Old Regime) disappeared in France after the outbreak of the revolution in 1789. But these changes did not affect all social classes equally.
SCAN THE CODE TO SEE THE GLOSSARY
Work in groups. In the following activity we will put ourselves in the shoes of a Parisian character who lived through this interesting period which marked the end of the Ancien Régime and the beginning of a liberal political system, class society and industrialised economy. For this we will choose a nobleman, a rich bourgeois, a master craftsman and a manufacturing worker.
STEP 1
We will choose our character
To understand the changes that occurred in France during the Revolution, we will put ourselves into the shoes of one of the aforementioned characters.
STEP3
What has the Revolution meant for me?
Now we must explain how the Revolution has affected me, what has changed in my daily life and how I have adapted to the new political, social and economic reality.
STEP2
What was my life like before the Revolution?
We must explain what our life was like before the outbreak of the Revolution: my job, where I lived, my economic situation, the political power I had and my place in society.
FINAL STEP
• We will introduce our character to the rest of the class.
• Between all of us, we will reach agreements on whether or not the Revolution has improved the lives of our characters.
4
SECONDARY EDUCATION
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Contents
1. The Age of Enlightment. The 18th century 2
2. The age of revolution (1770-1881) 6
3. The Industrial Revolution 10
4. Spain. The crisis of the Ancien Régime 14
5. Imperialism and the First World War 18
6. From the First to the Second World War 22
7. Spain. Restoration and Civil War 26
8. Decolonisation. New world geopolitics (1945-1991) 30
9. Spain. Franco’s dictatorship 34
10. The New World Order: states and new powers 38
11. The recent world. Relations and conflicts 42
12. Globalization and Diversity 46
13. Spain. Transition and democracy 50
The Age of Enlightment. The 18th century
THE 18TH CENTURY.
THE AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHANGES WERE PROMOTED BY
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Whose outstanding ideas, amongst
IN SPAIN IT STARTED WITH FROM WHICH AROSE
CHANGES OCCURRED
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SUCCESSION PROBLEM
ROCOCO ART
NEOCLASSICAL ART
the enthronement of THE BORBON DYNASTY
Aristocratic Courtly Refined Bourgeois Austere Rational Its main theorists were leading to which affected
Trust in reason
Faith in progress
Criticism of the Ancien Régime (Old Regime)
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
I defend the separation of powers
I affirm that sovereignty resides in the people
Rousseau
‘Everything for the people, but without the people’
AGRICULTURE
ECONOMIC REFORMS CRAFTS
TRADE
POLITICAL REFORMS
Work at home
impulsed through through favoured by the creation of which assumed a
Nueva Planta decrees
Manufacturing
I propose limiting royal power through Parliament
The Economic Society of the Friends of the Country
Politicaladministrative centralisation
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Match 1
Match each term with its definition:
a) Economic liberalism 1. Reconciled absolutism with the ideas of Enlightenment progression.
b) The Enlightenment 2. The belief that a country’s wealth lies in its land.
c) Physiocracy
3. Maintained that the origin of wealth is individual work and aims to obtain the maximum individual benefit.
d) Enlightened despotism 4. Movement that emerged in France in the 18th century that promoted changes to the Ancien Régime.
2
3 Complete
Complete the following table about the main enlightened people.
PHILOSOPHER
Voltaire
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Quesnay
Adam Smith
Match and complete
MAIN IDEA
Match the following expressions with the corresponding economic theory:
Against state intervention · Seeks maximum individual benefit · Law of supply and demand · Land is the basis of wealth · The origin of wealth is individual work.
PHYSIOCRACY
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
State the date and order the following 18th century events in Spain chronologically.
a) Reign of Felipe V
b) Reign of Carlos IV
c) War of the Spanish succession
d) Reign of Carlos III
e) Nueva Planta decrees
f) Death of Carlos II
g) Reign of Fernando VI
Look and answer
Look at the following images and answer the questions.
a) What are the artistic styles of each building?
b) Match each image with its characteristics: 1. Style that imitates Greek and Roman models
2. Ornate decoration made with stucco
3. Aristocratic, courtly and refined style
4. Pure and simple forms
The age of revolution (1770-1881)
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION (1770-1871)
the first political revolutions were
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
AMERICAN REVOLUTION was differentiated by was differentiated by lasted through his defeat brought with it
THE NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
MAIN CAUSE
SPARK OF CONFLICT
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
CONSEQUENCES
The assembly of the Estates General
EVENTS
Tennis Court Oath
Constituent Assembly
National Assembly
The trial of Louis XVI
Legislative Assembly Convention
STAGES
A return to absolutism
Directory
Consulate
THE RESTORATION LIBERALISM
NEW IDEOLOGIES
Holy Alliance
Quadruple Alliance
NATIONALISM
Discontent of settlers
The Stamp Act
brought about brought about
Liberal revolutions
Unification of Italy
Unification of Germany
Other new States
introduction of new taxes
1775-1783
such as
The Tea Act
Declaration of Independence
Constitution of 1787
New state
1
Read and order
State the date of the following events of the American Revolution and order them chronologically:
Peninsular War - Treaty of Versailles - Boston Tea Party - Declaration of Independence - US Constitution - Battle of Yorktown
2
Read and answer
Read the following excerpt from the American Constitution of 1787 and answer the questions:
Article 1. All legislative powers in the present Constitution are vested in a Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Article 2. Executive power is vested in the President of the United States
Article 3. Judicial power of the United States is vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish.
Article 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Govern-ment and shall protect each of them against Invasion (…).
United States Constitution, September 17, 1787
a) How is the division of powers organised?
b) What form of State is adopted?
3
Complete
Complete the table with the causes of the French Revolution:
Food crisis - Enlightenment ideas - Financial crisis - Loss of power of nobility and clergy - American Revolution - Misery of the Third Estate.
POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES
SOCIAL CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES
Match
Match these characters with the corresponding historical events: a) Robespierre. b) Luis XVI. c) Olympe de Gouges. d) George Washington. e) Napoleon. f) Bismarck.
1. Put an end to the French Revolution with a coup d’état.
2. Chancellor of Germany during its unification.
3. First President of the United States.
4. Leader of the Jacobins.
5. Drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen.
6. King of France executed by guillotine during the Revolution.
Look and answer
Denmark
Prusia
Sweden
Kingdom of PiedmontSardinia
Russia
a Lauemburg
b HANNOVER
c SAXONY d WÜRTTEMBERG
h Parma i Modena j Genoa k LUCCA l Tuscany m PAPEL STATES Austria
e HELVETIC REPUBLIC
f PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA
g Lombardy-Venetia
United
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