Global Thinkers: Social Science 5 Primary. Student book sample (demo)

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INDEX 1

8

SPAIN´S RELIEF

PAGE

26

2

Hydrosphere

PAGE

SDG

CONTENTS • Spain’s location and landscape • The inland landscape of the Peninsula • The mountain systems outside the Meseta • The depressions outside the Meseta • Spain’s coastal landscapes • Spain’s island landscapes

• • • •

Life on land

Hydrosphere Rivers Spain’s rivers Water in Spain’s islands

Clean water and sanitation

Life below water

TERM REVIEW

40 PAGE

44

3

PAGE

4

62

SPAIN AND EUROPE’S POPULATION

ECONOMIC SECTORS

PAGE

• Population, demography and civil registry • The population of Spain • Population, work and age • Population and migration • The population of Europe • The European Union

Decent Work and Economic Growth

• • • •

The primary sector The secondary sector The tertiary sector Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in Europe • Money, savings and expenses • Consumption and advertising

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Required inequalities

TERM REVIEW

80 PAGE

5

84

THE MIDDLE AGES

PAGE

6

100

PAGE

118 PAGE

THE MODERN AGE

• • • • •

The Germanic invasions The Visigothic kingdom in Spain The evolution of Al-Andalus Christian Spain The structure of medieval society.

The rise of cities.

• The Camino de Santiago and the Romanesque architecture • Gothic architecture • Christianity, Islam and Judaism • • • • • • • •

The Catholic Monarchs The Discovery of America The Spanish monarchy at its peak The decline of the Spanish Empire The Spanish Golden Age The Baroque The 18th century and the Bourbons The Age of Enlightment

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

Quality Education

TERM REVIEW

Inclusive societies, strong institutions and equal access to justice

Gender equality

Peace, justice and strong institutions

THE WORLD AND... YOU! • LEARNING EXPERIENCE

SPECIFIC COMPETENCES

In The World and... you! students reflect on the importance of accessibility. They also work on ways to reduce pollution, while practising geography contents.

1.1, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1

In The World and... you! students will put into practice what they have learnt in the unit and establish a connection with their habits and the impact human beings have on the environment.

2.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

In The World and... you! students will have to reflect on how social background affects life opportunities. Also, they will deal with different concepts of migration, as well as the reasons and consequences of migrating.

2.2, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1

In The World and... you! students will learn about how the food industry is sustained, distribution of goods and fairtrade products.

1.1, 2.3, 4.2, 5.2, 6.2

In The World and... you! students will have to solve mysteries with their new knowledge on medieval architecture and geography in order to find a hidden treasure.

2.2, 4.1, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2

In The World and... you! students have to imagine what it was like to live among Aztecs, Incas or Mayans, and face the arrival of the Spanish conquerors.

2.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT

GLOBAL RESOURCES

1 SPAIN´S RELIEF Watch and

My objectives are: • To learn about Spain´s relief.

• To learn about Spain’s location and landscape.

• To learn about inland and coastal landscapes.

learn!

Have you ever climbed a mou ntain?

Which one? Ho w high was it?

Our land is in danger.

What can we do?

When you go hiking, take care of the environment.

8

eight

15

1

Look at the picture

a) What are the children doing? b) Why are they doing it? c) Why is Kim saying that the land is in danger?

Forest fires spread in northern Spain During this year, firefighters are battling more than 120 forest fires in northern Spain. Officials say that some of were perhaps started deliberately.

The regions of Cantabria, Asturias and País Vasco are the most affected, with high winds spreading the flames.

2

Spain’s forestry association said that the unusually high temperatures did not explain the origin of the fires, so it has been suggested that “cattle farming interests” could be responsible.

More than 80 fires are currently burning in Cantabria, where

2 000 hectares (5 000 acres) of land of “very high ecological value” have been destroyed.

Some of the fires were started deliberately, officials say. Planes have been able to dump water on flames while the lack of rainfall has left Spain vulnerable to fires.

Read the text. Listen to the sentences and say whether they are true or false.

a) The high temperatures are b) The most affected regions are Cantabria, the cause of the fires. Asturias and País Vasco. c) There are cattle farming interests in the fires. d) Planes are throwing water over the forests.

3

Answer these questions:

1) Where were the fires produced?

2) When did they happen?

3) Do you know the name of the sea which 4) Why is it so difficult to control washes these Autonomous Communities? the fires?

4

Think

How do you think these disasters affect

the Climate Change? How?

Language Bank • The fires were produced in…

• They happenved in …

Let’s explore Inland landscape

Spain’s relief

Spain’s location and landscape Coastal landscape

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9

SPAIN’S LOCATION AND LANDSCAPE o you know where Spain is located in Europe? Is it in the north or in the south?

D Do you know why Spain is a Peninsula?

Cabo Fisterra

Conuntry boundaries River Sub-surface river Torrents and ravines Reservoir

Cabo de Ajo F R A N C E Picos de Europa Montes Vascos P ANDORRA CORDILLnERA CANTÁBRICA I R Cabo Ebro s ó te e Le I N de Creus n D E O S lan a Golfo Mo d ep Picos de ta M E S E T A de Roses re Ca si Urbión ón SUBMES ETA ro te D Val le del Du ero uero Eb d e l os C ro E a br r e o AL NORTE ill TR Golfo de Sant Jordi E N rrama jo C a a T Al S. Delta del Ebro M A uad ba de TE G rra SIS a cín os S. de Gred jo un jo Ta Menorca am l Ta

M

ÉR

C E N T R A L

R A SIER

CA Segura É T I B B Segu r a

o de Punta de Estrech ibraltar Tarifa Ceuta G

ICA

Cabo de Gata Gol f o de Al merí a i t

M

e

r

r

a

e

n

e d

MOR OCCO

a

S L

E

e

A

a

n

ALGERIA N W

Gran Canaria

S

Mar Menor Cabo de Palos

Melilla La Gomera El Hierro

ta na

A FormenteraS B Cabo LA de la Nao IS

SU

PENIBÉT

E

Júcar

Tr S. de Mallorca Eivissa Cabrera

R

Mon te s d e T o l e d o SUBMESETA a n a SUR Guadia i d Gua na na a d ia el Gu

d V a ll e

Golfo de Val en ci

Júca r

ria Tu

e de

O

Vall

IC

A T L A N T I C O C E A N La Graciosa

La Palma I S L A S C A N A R I A S Lanzarote Caldera de Taburiente Tenerife Fuerteventura

Co

IB

OCEAN

rd

A

Tajo

MO RE NA ivir lqu ada a l q u i v i r d Gu Gua l e RA ón d LE resi Dep IL D de Gol R Cá fo O CORDILLERA di C z

• Portugal to the West.

•G ibraltar to the south which belongs to the United Kingdom.

Cantabrian Sea

TE

Duero

ATLANTIC

• France and Andorra to the North.

a M al G Miño

Cabo de Peñas

IS

Spain borders:

c ai izo co

Estaca de Bares

3 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 700 400 0

G B io l f o zk de aia

Altitude (m)

S

Spain is formed by a large part of the Iberian Peninsula (except Portugal), the Islas Canarias in the Atlantic Ocean, the Islas Baleares in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Cueta and Melilla in Africa.

P O R T U G A L

Refresh

E S

0

100

200 km

Spain’s landscape These are the main characteristics: • The coastline of the Peninsula is generally straight with cliffs.

•M ountains cover a large part of the Peninsula and the archipelagos.

• There is a large plateau called the Meseta at the centre of the Peninsula, surrounded by mountains.

The features that make up the landscape are: • The Central Plateau, the Meseta, with two mountain systems: – Sistema Central and Montes de Toledo.

• The mountain systems around the Meseta: – Montes de León, Cordillera Cantábrica, Sistema Ibérico and Sierra Morena.

• Five large mountain ranges and two depressions outside the Meseta: – Macizo Galaico, Montes Vascos, Pyrenees, Cordillera Costero Catalana, Sistema Bético, and the Ebro and Guadalquivir depressions.

The coastal relief of the Iberian Peninsula.

• The inland and coastal reliefs of the Islas Canarias and the Islas Baleares.

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1

One of our friends, Ben, wants to be a journalist and travel around the world when he grows up. Firstly, he wants to know about the landscape of Europe and Spain so he is taking notes. Could you help him?

• In which part of the Earth can we find Europe, in the northern hemisphere or in the southern hemisphere?

• He wants to find the countries which surround the Iberian Peninsula. Can you help him?

• Do you know what is the difference between Iberian Peninsula and Spain? Explain it.

2

Our friends Pat and Sol want to discover our beautiful country. Help Pat complete the following information.

• Sol wants to practise canoeing so she needs to know which is the longest river.

• Now she is interested in climbing, but she needs to know which is the highest mountain in Spain and the highest mountain in the Peninsula.

• Sol also wants to visit the Islas Baleares and the Islas Canarias, but she needs to know which ocean or sea she must cross.

• And if she goes to Africa, which Spanish cities can she visit?

Language Bank • The highest mountain in Spain is…

• The longest river is…

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11

THE INLAND LANDSCAPE OF THE PENINSULA Refresh

ur friends have found an old map of Spain and they are trying to name the mountains O which appear on it. How many of them do you know? Could you locate them?

The Meseta and its mountain systems The Meseta is an enormous plain 650 metres (m) above sea level. It covers Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid and Extremadura.

There are two major mountain systems on it: the Sistema Central and the Montes de Toledo.

Large rivers run through it on their way to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Sistema Central is in the centre. It divides the Meseta into 2 sub-plateaus: The Submeseta Norte (Valle del Duero) is bigger, flatter and higher than the Submeseta Sur (Valle del Tajo and Valle del Guadiana).

Meseta

The Sistema Central includes mountain ranges over 2 000 m high, such as Somosierra, Guadarrama, Gata and Gredos. The highest peak is Almanzor.

• The Montes de Toledo are in the centre of the Submeseta Sur. The main mountain ranges are San Pedro and Guadalupe.

The mountains are moderate in height. The highest peak is La Villuerca.

The mountain systems surrounding the Meseta.

Sistema Central

• Montes de León in the northeast. They separate the Plateau from the Macizo Galaico.

The main sub-ranges are the Sierra del Teleno and Sierra Segundera. They are about 2 000 m high and the highest peak is Teleno.

• Cordillera Cantábrica in the north. They separate the Meseta from the Cantabrian Sea. They act as a boundary between Castilla y León, Cantabria and Asturias. The highest peak is Torrecerredo.

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Cordillera Cantábrica

Torrecerredo 2648

Picos de

Mountains and valleys of the Meseta River Torrent Peak

ón f Le s. o t M Teleno

C O

P O R T U G A L

I

A l S ie r ba ra rra d e cí n

R

EM

É

ANTIC OCEAN

RO

B

L RA TSomosierra N E

C a A rram uada S.de G s o red de G Almanzor Sierra T SIS

EB

I

AT L

NORTE

Sierra de Gata

Moncayo 2313

A

200 km

DUE RO

M

•

100

SUBM ESETA Va lle de l Du ero

E

3500 2000 1500 1000 700 400 0

I

Picos de Urbión

T

Elevation (m)

S

S

SegSierra und era

Country border

0

FRANCE

Europa

CORDILLERA CANTÁBRICA

2592

TAjo Valle del Tajo Montes de Toledo

S. de

Las Villuercas 1601

San P

edro pe alu uad S. de G GUADIANA

Valle

del G

uadia

na

RRA S I E acena

S. de Ar

SUBM ESET A

Bañuela 1323

MOR ENA

S. de uelos Hornach

LQ ADA GU

SUR

Si er r

a Madrona

IR UIV

Mediterranean Sea

Sierra Morena is a mountain system in the south. It separates the Meseta from the Valle del Guadalquivir. The mountains are about 1 300 m high. The highest peak is Bañuela.

• Sistema Ibérico in the east, separating the plateau from the depresión del Ebro. They run through Castilla y León, La Rioja, Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha and the Comunidad Valenciana. The main mountain ranges are the Picos de Urbión, Sierra de Albarracín and Sierra del Moncayo. They are over 2 000 m high and the highest peak is Moncayo.

1

Listen and write True or False in your notebook.

a) The Meseta is 615 metres above sea level. b) The Montes de León separate the Meseta from the Sistema Ibérico. c) One of the main mountain ranges in the Sistema Ibérico are the Sierra de Albarracín.

2

Think

•

What is the difference between a mountain range and a mountain system? Which one is larger?

Sol and Pat are looking for the highest peaks in the Peninsula. They know some of them but they need to know where they are. Help them and investigate in which province and Autonomous Community they are located. Have a look at the map to find out.

– Draw a map in your notebook and place this information.

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13

THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS OUTSIDE THE MESETA Refresh

utside the centre of the Meseta we can find other mountains systems. Could you name O any of them? Have you ever visited any of them? There is one which borders another country, do you know its name?

The mountain systems outside the Meseta

• Macizo Galaico is a mountain system in the northeast of the Peninsula.

The mountains are low with rounded peaks.

• The Montes Vascos are a mountain range in the north, situated between the Cordillera Cantábrica and the Pyrenees. The mountains are moderate in height. They have got an uneven relief and are not in rows.

Pyrenees

• The Pyrenees are a mountain range in the northeast of the Peninsula. They run from the Cantabrian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The mountains are very high.

The highest peak is Aneto (3 404 m).

• The Cordillera Costero Catalana is in the northeast of the Peninsula. It runs from the Pyrenees to the Río Ebro. The mountains are moderate in height.

Cordillera Costero-Catalana

• The Sistema Bético is a mountain system with two parallel ranges: the cordillera Penibética and the cordillera Subbética.

• The cordillera Penibética is close to the Mediterranean coast. The Serranía de Ronda, Sierra de Baza and Sierra Nevada are the main ranges. The mountains are very high. The highest peak is the Mulhacén, at 3 478 m, which is the highest on the Peninsula.

• The cordillera Subbética is inland and the mountains are lower than in the cordillera Penibética. The main ranges are the Sierra de Cazorla, the Sierra del Segura and the Sierra de La Sagra.

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THE DEPRESSIONS OUTSIDE THE MESETA

Exterior mountains and valleys of the Meseta River

Elevation (m) 3500

G de olfo Cá diz

Marismas del Gualquivir

2000

Torrent Peak

1500

Country border

700

S SI

TE

Veleta 3396

0

de

Ca zo rla Se gu ra

Sierra Nevada

S.

de

MA

S

B UB

ÉTI

CO

La Sagra

Cabo de Palos

Sierra de Baza

Mulhacén 3478

SISTEMA PENIBÉTICO e ra d Sier onda R

Cabo de Garo

e a n M e d i t e r r a n

1000 400

D

ep

ón si re

ir uiv alq d ua l G de

S.

PORTUGAL

o you know what “depression” means in relation to a river? Do you know any depressions?

D Where are they located?

OCEAN

AT L A N T I C

Refresh

E s tr e c

ho de

G ib ra

a S e

lt a r 0

100

200

300 km

In Spain, there are two large depressions outside the Meseta.

• The Depresión del Guadalquivir.

It is located in the south of the Peninsula, between Sierra Morena and the Cordillera Subbética. It is a large, triangular plain, and the Río Guadalquivir runs through it. There are very fertile marshes near to the mouth of the river.

• The Depresión del Ebro.

It is located in the northeast of the Peninsula, between the Sistema Ibérico and the Pyrenees. It is a large, triangular plain, and the Río Ebro runs through it. The river deposits materials near the mouth, creating an area of land called a delta.

1

Can you say which autonomous communities these depressions run through?

2

Name the mountain systems you will find following the rivers Ebro an Guadalquivir.

•

Imagine you are a journalist. Ask your classmate questions using question words (where, which, how,…) to know more things about the two main depressions in the Peninsula, and your classmate must find the correct answer.

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15

SPAIN´S COASTAL LANSCAPES Refresh

pain is surrounded by seas and oceans, except at the border with France. That’s why it is S a Peninsula. Have you ever visited the Mediterranean coast and the Atlantic coast? Is there a difference in the temperature of the water? Do you know why?

The Iberian Peninsula

coastal landscapes Atlantic coast

Galician coast

Cantabrian coast

Andalusian Mediterranean coast

Mediterranean coast

Andalusian Atlantic coast

Eastern Mediterranean Coast

Spain has about 7 880 km of coastline, which is generally cliffed, although the country is also home to flat, sandy beaches. The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is divided into five different sections: • The Cantabrian coast. It runs from Cabo Ortegal to the mouth of the Río Bidasoa. It is generally rocky, with some sandy beaches.

• The Galician Atlantic coast. It runs from Cabo Ortegal to the mouth of the Río Miño. It is cliffed and very uneven.

• The Andalusian Atlantic coast. It runs from the mouth of the Río Guadiana to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is very straight, sandy and flat.

• The Andalusian Mediterranean coast. It runs from the Strait of Gibraltar to Murcia. It is quite straight, with a mixture of cliffed and flat coast.

• The Eastern Mediterranean coast. It runs from Cabo de Gata to Cabo de Creus. It has two parts: – The Murcian and Valencian coastlines are sandy and flat with some cliffs.

– The Catalonian coastline is uneven, rocky and cliffed, with lots of coves.

Ceuta and Melilla are washed by the Mediterranean Sea in the north of Africa.

1

Listen and complete the text with the missing words.

The Iberian Peninsula has about 7 880 km of flat coastline with sandy … . The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is divided into five different sections: The Cantabrian coast, generally …, with some sandy beaches. The Galician Atlantic coast, cliffed and very uneven. The Andalusian Atlantic coast, very straight, sandy and flat. The Andalusian Mediterranean coast, quite straight, with a mixture of cliffed and … coast. And the Eastern Mediterranean coast, … and flat coastline with some cliffs in Murcia and Valencia and the Catalonian …, uneven, rocky and cliffed, with lots of coves.

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2

Think

Sol is placing some pictures on the map. Name the coast in which we can find each place.

• Identify the coastal landscapes in the map, and write them in your notebook. Also write their starting and ending points.

Cantabrian Sea

Cabo Ortegal

Cabo de Peñas

Cabo de Ajo

de lfo Go kaia Cabo Biz Matxitxako

FRANCE

Cabo Fisterra

Delta del Ebro

Golfo de

S

ea

Valencia

Cabo de la Nao

Mar Menor Cabo de Palos Golfo de Cádiz Cabo de Trafalgar o

Estrech

0

100

200

300 km

Cabo de Creus Golfo de Roses

Golfo de Sant Jordi

P O R T U G A L

AT L A N T I C O C E A N

ANDORRA

raltar

Cabo de Gata Golfo de Almería

de Gib

M

e

t di

er

r

an

ea

n

Ceuta Melilla

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SPAIN´S ISLAND LANDSCAPES Refresh

o you know where the Islas Canarias are situated? Are D they closed to the Peninsula? Do you know the name of any of them? Name a fruit you think is typical from there.

And… I am pretty sure you know another typical sweet from the Islas Baleares, don’t you?

Menorca Puig Major 1 445

rra Sie

Eivissa

de

u am Tr

a an nt

Mallorca

Cabrera

e a a n r r i t e M e d

Formentera

0

20

80

60

40

n

s

e

Peak

a

Altitude (m) 1500 1000 700 400 0

100 km

The Islas Baleares are in the Mediterranean Sea, east of the Iberian Peninsula.

It is an archipelago of five islands and many islets. The islands are: Mallorca, Menorca, Cabrera, Ibiza and Formentera.

Mallorca is the largest island and is the most mountainous. The main mountain range is the Sierra Tramuntana.

The coasts are uneven and cliffed, with lots of coves. Puig Major is the highest peak.

Alegranza

A T L A N T I C Roque de los Muchachos 2426

La Graciosa

O C E A N

Lanzarote Lobos

La Palma

Tenerife

Fuerteventura

Teide 3718

Gran Canaria La Gomera Pico de las Nieves 1 949

El Hierro 0

20

40

60

80

100 km

Peak Altitude (m) 4 000 3 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 700 400 0

The Islas Canarias are in the Atlantic Ocean. They are 95 km west of Africa and 940 km southwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

It is an archipelago of eight islands: El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and La Graciosa.

They are mountainous and volcanic. The coasts are cliffed and quite straight, with some long beaches.

Teide is Spain’s highest peak (3 718 m).

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1 2

How many islands are there in each archipelago? How many do you know? Name them.

Check your answers it with your partner.

Think

How high is the Teide? It is higher than the Mulhacén so… why do we say that the Mulhacén is the highest mountain in the Peninsula? Think about your answer.

•

Our friends want to practise some sports and, depending on the type of coastline, the sport will be different.

In small groups, design a route to practise some of them (surf, paddle, trekking, hiking, parachuting, gliding, canoeing…)

• In small groups, choose one archipelago. You and your classmates must decide the activities you would like to do, and find a place where you could do them. Search the Internet for any further details as traditions, food,.... Discuss it with your classmates and design a route.

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THE world and... you!

Look!

We must take care of our landscapes!

1

2

In groups, list the items you would need to climb the

mountain, taking into account that Paul cannot see. Make it a great and safe experience!

Take notes of the challenges a person who can’t

see has to face in this kind of situations and try to find ways to overcome them.

• Do you think everybody has the same abilities? Close your eyes. Ask your classmate to describe something both of you usually use in the classroom, and try to guess it. Now try the same by touching an item instead.

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You’re right...

Nature shouldn’t be so polluted...

think!

3

In groups, find information about Peñalara.

Fotografia Peñalara

• Its altitude • Its location (mountain system and autonomous community) • The villages around it Take notes of all the information and look for nice pictures to prepare a report.

4

Our friends found a lot rubbish in Peñalara. If we

throw rubbish out in the mountains, how can it affect the environment? And Climate Change?

Investigate about how to recycle waste products correctly and what kind of things we could do to reduce residues.

act!

5

In groups, write a report with all the information

you have about Peñalara. Write also about the consequences of not taking care of our landscape and think of solutions to the problem. Then present your findings and ideas to the rest of the class. twenty-one

21

Story time!

Yes! She fights deforestation and forest fires.

Wow. I can’t believe that your mum’s friend is a helicopter pilot!

What are water boxes?

They collect condensation in the mornings and use it to water the plants.

Perfect for saving water in dry climates.

Woof, woof Yes, it’s a small fire.

We have to radio the coordinates to the forest agents.

Pat, what can you see? Oh no, it’s smoke!

Me? Wow…ok…well…. we can see a small fire; well Pat saw it first…erm the coordinates are…

Later that day…

Woof, woof

My young flight assistant wants to radio in a problem.

Go ahead Ben.

Someone broke the rules and lit a campfire. Fires can destroy all our hard reforestation work. You all deserve a medal.

1

What devices do the children use to communicate inside the noisy helicopter?

2

What type of technology is replacing irrigation in the cartoon? How does it work?

3 22

Think

Can you think of another type of technology we can use to spot forest fires from the sky?

twenty-two

Map your ideas!

1

Montes de León

?

?

?

Montes de Toledo

?

?

Mountain systems around the Meseta

?

Islas Canarias

Island landscape

Spain’s landscape

Inland landscape

Mountain systems outside the Meseta

Depressions outside the Meseta

?

Ebro

?

?

Coastal landscape

Atlantic

Mediterranean

?

?

?

?

? ? ?

Sistema Bético

? ?

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LET'S review!

1

Answer the following questions: a) Which coastal landscapes can you find to the north of the Iberian Peninsula? b) Which coastal landscapes can you find to the south of the Iberian Peninsula? c) How many mountain ranges can you find around the Meseta? d) Which depression is located between the Sistema Ibérico and the Pyrenees? e) Which Spanish archipelago has a volcanic origin? When was the most recent eruption?

2

Complete the crossword with the information you have

in the following sentences. Write the words in your notebook.

1 1

Vertical

P

1. The Sistema Central and Montes de Toledo belong to the Central …

2 2

2. A … is a low, flat area surrounded by higher ground.

Horizontal

R

1. It’s one of the five mountain ranges outside the Meseta.

2. The Montes … are situated in the north between the Cordillera Cantábrica and the Pyrenees.

4

S

3

Think

3. The Sistema Bético is a mountain system with two parallel …

4. It’s the highest peak in Spain.

Write true or false. If false, write the correct sentence.

a) The Mulhacén is the highest mountain in Spain. b) The Sistema Bético is divided in Sistema Subbético and Sistema Penibético. c) The Islas Canarias are situated in the Mediterranean Sea. d) Ceuta and Melilla are not a part of Spain.

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glossary 1

Write the word for each definition in your notebook.

a) A group of islands b) An elevation with one peak. c) An elevation with several mountain ranges. d) An elevation with several peaks. e) Where the land meets the coast. f)

A large plateau situated in the centre of Spain.

g) A vertical rock structure, usually found at the coast. h) It’s the shape of the landscape. i)

An area of land almost surrounded by water.

j)

The pointed top of a mountain or ridge.

k) Relating to sand.

2

Unscramble the words:

A

E R

R sO DP G N O

ENSEITA

ALEUP

My progress • I know about Spain’s relief.

Copy the sentences in your notebook Draw a smiley

• I know about Spain’s location and landscape.

• I know about inland and coastal landscapes.

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25

21 Hydrosphere

6

14

Watch and

My objectives are: • To know what the hydrosphere is.

• To know the difference between fresh water, salt water and groundwater.

• To know the characteristics of Spain’s rivers.

learn!

What can you se e? Describe the picture(s).

How do you fe el when you lo ok at these pictures?

This water is polluted, we have to do something about it!

Living organisms need clean water to live.

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twenty-six

1

Listen and read the text. Then, answer the questions. a) Find in the text two ways of saying that something is getting hot. b) Do you know what “greenhouse effect” means? Can you name any of its causes?

Many animals in the world are in danger. One of them is the emperor penguin. Many scientists believe that most of their colonies will be extinct by 2100.

This is due to the disappearance of sea ice. The planet is heating up very quickly because of increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activity such as transport, agriculture and industry. It is causing the planet to warm up, which is called greenhouse effect.

These emissions are causing sea ice to melt, which has a negative effect on the future of many species.

Emperor penguins, as well as other species, live on the ice. They lay their eggs in the ice, where they are safe from predators. Chicks can’t swim until get bigger and grow feathers. If too much sea ice disappears, their future will be in danger.

What can we do to make a change?

2 3

Do you know any other animals that live in colonies?

How can we reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions?

Let’s explore

hydrosphere Ground water

Surface water Salt water

Fresh water twenty-seven

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Hydrosphere Refresh

here can you find water? Is it always where you can W see it?

The hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth and covers more than 70 % of the Earth’s surface. It consists of surface water, or water you can see (seas, oceans, rivers and lakes) and groundwater, which is the water under the surface that you can’t see.

Classification of the hydrosphere

Surface water:

Groundwater:

It can be:

It is the water you usually cannot see, and it is under the ground.

• Salt water (97.5 %): seas and oceans • Fresh water (2.5 %): rivers, lagoons and lakes Only a small amount of fresh water is surface water. The rest of it is formed by ice and groundwater.

It is collected in deposits called aquifers. They can form caves or, if they emerge to the surface, they become fountains or springs.

This water collects when rainwater filters into the ground.

Uses of the hydrosphere: • Living organisms need the hydrosphere to survive.

• Many animals and plants live in aquatic ecosystems.

• We use water in our daily lives, to make products, for transport, etcetera.

• It helps maintain the temperature of the Earth by absorbing the Sun’s heat.

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twenty-eight

1

Compare surface water and groundwater. What are the differences between them?

2

Spring has several different meanings. Write the definitions of the ones that you know. Which type of spring are you learning about in these pages?

•

Look at the pictures below. Identify the different ways that water is being used in the photos.

• Using the photos as a reference, think about how water is used where you live. Remember to think about the animals and plants, your daily routines and the world around you (factories, transport, etc,.)

• Create a mind map showing these uses of water. Include whether the water has come from surface water sources or groundwater sources.

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Rivers Refresh

re there any rivers near where you live? Where is its A source? What are the main parts of the river?

Rivers are large streams of fresh water that flow across the land. They form in the mountains and flow downhill into the sea, a lake or another river. Hydrography is the study of rivers and other bodies of water, such as seas and lakes.

The source is the place of origin of a river.

Did you know that there are small rivers that flow into larger rivers? They are called tributaries.

The course is the route or path it takes, and it can be divided in three sections; upper course, middle course and lower course.

The mouth is the end of the river, where flowing water is discharged.

1

Look at the images below. What do they show?

a

2 30

Think

b

Why does the quantity of water in a river often increase between the source and the mouth? thirty

c

The main characteristics of a river The length of a river is the distance between the river’s source and its mouth. The Tajo is the longest river in Spain.

The discharge is the amount of water passing through a river. The largest river in Spain is the Ebro.

The variation in a river’s discharge is the regime. Rivers can have a stable or variable regime.

The characteristics of a river depend on the climate and the relief. Rivers are longer when their sources are farther away from the sea. In rainy areas, rivers have a higher discharge and a regular regime.

The river Ebro.

Spain’s rivers Most of Spain’s rivers are short and have got a low discharge and a variable regime. Only five of the country’s rivers are longer than 500 km.

Most of them flow into the Atlantic Ocean, because the Meseta slopes to the west.

1

2

The river Tajo.

Which river in Spain has the highest discharge?

Choose a river in Spain and find out where its source and mouth are. Have a look to see if it passes through another country other than Spain. Which one did you choose?

•

Think Imagine that you are in a new country. You know the following information about the climate and relief: a) It is a country with lots of rain. b) The mountains are close to the sea.

With this information, what can you deduce about the

rivers of this country?

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Spain’s rivers Refresh

o you know any rivers which flow into the Cantabrian D Sea? What about into the Atlantic ocean?

The rivers in Spain are distributed into 3 watersheds. A watershed is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

IVIR LQU

Guadalhorce Guadiaro

Ceuta 200

300 km

MOROCCO

Cantabrian Watershed

2 3 32

Atlantic Watershed

Guadalfeo

M

e

d

i

t

S

e

r

r

a

n

e

a

n

a S e

ALGE RIA

Melilla

Mediterranean Watershed

Galicia

Meseta & Guadalquivir Depression

South

East

Length

Short

Short

Long

Short

Varies

Discharge

High

High

High

Low

Low

Regime

Stable

Stable

Variable

Variable

Variable

Miño, Sil

Duero, Tajo,

Examples Eo, Navia, Navlón

1

LA

Almanzor

a

Genil

ARE

IS

Jarama He

a

to

ISLAS CANARIAS

100

S

LE

A

iel

R JÚCA

AT LA N T IC OCE A N

0

A

BA

SEGUR

dia

ADA GU

RI

l

r ja ZúG ua

to

TU

Záncara GUADIANA Jabalón

A GUADIAN

Od

O

TAJ

Ci gü el

ón

Ala g

r Tiéta TAJO

Alberch

Ter

s

e bri Ca

River River that flows beneath the ground surface

Tin

OCE A N

P O R T U G A L

ATLAN TIC

EB

RO

Jalón

re na

e

Archipelagos

To rm es

DUERO

Gállego

su er ga

Esla

Pi

DUE RO

Adaja

Rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea

ANDORRA

Se gr e

Saja

RO

t Llobrega

Rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean

a ón ag Ar

EB

Sil

ÑO MI

F R A N C E

Cinca

Rivers that flow into the Cantabrian Sea

Besaya

Na lón

so da Bi

ea rc

mbre Ta

n Nervió

E Nav o i Na a

Cantabrian Sea

Spain’s rivers

Guadalhorce Ebro, Segura

Look at the map. Which sea or ocean does each watershed flow into?

Think

Why is the Ebro an exception to other rivers in the Mediterranean watershed? Take a guess.

Define length, regime and discharge.

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The Ebro is an exception.

It has a high discharge!

Water in Spain’s islands Refresh

hat two archipelagos are part of Spain? Think about W the climate in these islands. Are they dry or is there a lot of rain?

Gully in the Islas Canarias.

Torrente in the Islas Baleares.

There are no permanent rivers in the Islas Canarias and the Islas Baleares because of the type of soil they have got. Both archipelagos are made up of permeable rock so when it rains the water forms temporary gullies or torrentes which flow directly into the sea or ocean.

1

2

Find out the main difference between the rivers in the Peninsula and the “rivers” in the Islas Canarias and Islas Baleares. How are they different?

Find words in the text to match the definitions:

• A small valley originally worn away by running water and used to drain water away after long, heavy rains.

• A quick-flowing, violent stream of water.

3

Language Bank

Opening: To… Dear…

Message:

Ben, Pat and Sol want to go on holiday to an archipelago.

They are going to make a postcard that shows the main features of the water there. a) On the front of the postcard, create a design which shows different water features. b) On the back of the postcard, write your message. Remember that a postcard needs an opening, a short message and a farewell.

I love the…

I have been to…

I am going to see…

Farewell: I hope that…

Love from…

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and...... you!

THE world and Look!

You and your friends are walking along the river.

1

Look at the picture.

a) What features of the river can you see? b) Where does the surface water come from? c) Can you see anything in the river that isn’t supposed to be there?

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THINK!

2

3

Think

You’re feeling thirsty.

Do you think that you can drink water from the river? Are all rivers safe to drink from?

Remember that some of the water in rivers comes from aquifers. Aquifers are sometimes polluted due to chemicals from industry or fertilisers from farming. They filter into the aquifers contaminating the water.

Before we drink the water in our houses, specialists remove pollution using various methods, but you must be careful if you drink it directly from a spring. In a group, write answers for the following questions:

a) How can rubbish pollute groundwater? How does recycling help to remove pollution from water? b) Why is it so important to prevent water pollution? c) How can we avoid polluting groundwater at home and in school?

act!

4

5

Using your list of ways to avoid causing pollution at home and in school, create a table to compare your current habits with to new habit you want to develop.

Type of pollution

My habits

A new habit to develop

Plastic waste

I put plastic in the correct recycling bin at home.

I want to eat less food which has a plastic wrapper.

Agricultural waste

.…

We could grow vegetables on our balcony without using fertilisers.

Make a short presentation to your class about what you could do to avoid polluting fresh water.

We could do a survey of our town to see where our sewage goes.

Language Bank

We could...

I couldn’t do this so I did that

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time!!

Story time What have you found Pat?

Turtles! And their eggs!

Woof woof.

Yes, we can stay here and guard them till somebody comes, no problem.

Can we help?

Look baby turtles!

1

Why do the children have to guard the sea turtle eggs?

2

What does it mean to volunteer in your free time?

3 36

Have you ever volunteered in your free time? Describe what you did or what you would do. thirty-six

They are loggerhead turtles!

I saw a poster about them.

They are endangered but have started coming to Spanish beaches to lay their eggs. We have to phone 112.

ideas!! your ideas Mapp your Ma 1

Copy and complete

in your notebook.

Hydrosphere

?

Salt water 97.5 % Seas

Groundwater

?

Fresh water 2.5 %

Oceans

?

Lakes

Lagoons

Caves

or

Springs

Tributaries Source

?

Course ?

?

Middle

Spain’s rivers Cantabrian watershed

Length ➞ Short ? ➞ Stable

Discharge ➞ High

Galicia

?

Length ➞ Short

Length ➞ Long Regime ➞ Variable Discharge ➞ High

Regime ➞ ?

Islands ?

Dry Climate

No permanent Rivers Gullies

?

Atlantic watershed

?

Exception: The River Ebro

South

?

Length ➞ Short

Length ➞ Varied

Regime ➞ Stable

Regime ➞ Variable

? ➞ High

Discharge ➞ Low

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LET'S review!

1

Look at the photos below.

a) What type of water do the photos show? b) Name two sources of each type of water. c) How do humans use fresh water?

2

Think

Guess which river is which:

• It’s a river that flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Its regime is variable, with a high discharge and it’s the longest river in the Peninsula.

• It’s a long river, with a high discharge and a variable regime. When it flows into the Atlantic Ocean, it forms a depression.

• It’s the river with the most amount of water in the Peninsula. It’s very long and its source is in the north of Spain, in Cantabria, but it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

3

4 5

Match the two parts of the sentence.

1) In Spain’s islands

a. because they have permeable rocks.

2) A variable regime

b. has the shortest rivers in the Peninsula.

3) In the islands there aren’t rivers

c. to clean, water plants and in factories.

4) The Cantabrian watershed

d. is when the amount of water varies.

5) We also use water

e. there are no permanent rivers.

Choose and write a definition of 3 parts of a river on a paper. Your classmate must guess what they are. Take turns.

Make a poster about the closest river in your city.

• Where are its source and mouth?

• Which watershed does it belong in?

• Name its main tributaries and do not forget to explain how its regime, discharge and length are.

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glossary 1

Copy and complete the glossary in your notebook.

a) The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. b) It’s the water formed when the rain water is filtered into the ground. c) It’s the place of origin of a river. d) It’s the end of the river, where flowing water is discharged. e) A stream that flows into a larger stream. f) It’s the variation in the flow of a river during a year. g) The water on or surrounding the surface of the globe, including the water of the oceans, seas and the water in the atmosphere. h) It’s the amount of water a river carries. i) It’s the route or path a river takes. j) Inland water, such as ponds, lakes or streams, which is not made of salt water. k) They are sources of water we can find on the surface of Earth. l) It’s a channel or small valley cut by heavy rainwater.

2

You are going to hear six words from the vocabulary you have worked on in the topic. Write them down in your notebook.

My progress • I understand the importance of the hydrosphere.

Copy the sentences in your notebook Draw a smiley face

• I know the parts of a river.

• I can identify the characteristics of the key rivers in Spain.

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