Research Project This book contains three research projects.
REVIEW AND PRACTISE They are divided into steps that you will find at the end of each unit.
from this resources to choose Remember o. your portfoli
UNIT 1
ect
research proj
unit for
Unit 7
TISE
review and PRAC
researching Seed germination
Organising your ideas 1
The term germination refers to the process through which seeds grow into new plants (under the right conditions). During this process, the plant embryo expands, which causes the outer coating of the seed to split.
Project presentation
Background research and project planning
STEP 1
Third inner planet, ? km from the Sun
Your teacher will divide the class into groups of three or four students. Once you have been placed in a group, discuss the project and how you intend to carry it out. Divide the work between all members of the group.
Once the seed has germinated, a seedling emerges. As it continues to grow, it is affected by other environmental factors, such as the concentration of salt in the soil (salinity) and the amount of liquid water present.
2
of?
Dicotyledon
➜ Step 2 (in unit 2). Formulating a hypothesis, then planning and
c) They are celestial bodies that orbit the Sun in belts.
b) Why does it occur? c) Is this phenomenon equally visible everywhere on Earth? Why?
5 What phenomenon can you see in the photos? Why
d) They are small spheres that orbit the Sun.
10 Why do we always see the same side of the Moon?
does it occur? How often does it occur?
11 What is the difference between: a) A solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse?
• What bodies make up the Solar System?
parts.
➜ What differences can you find between the different types of seeds?
• In order of distance from the Sun, what are the
You could look at lentils, beans, chickpeas and corn, for example. How many cotyledons do the seeds you have chosen have? They should have one or two.
planets of the Solar System? Which are inner planets and which are outer planets?
b) A spring tide and a neap tide? c) A planet and a planetoid?
Moving forward
• What are lunar phases? Can you name them?
12 The closest star to the Solar System is in the Alpha
• How does the Earth move? What are the effects
Centauri star system, located 4.3 light years away from us. Calculate the distance between us and Alpha Centauri in kilometres and in astronomical units.
of its movements?
• What is an eclipse, and what types are there?
➜ What is salinity? Where does the salt found in the liquid water used
Once you have completed these steps, you should write a scientific article in order to present and explain your findings to the class.
for plants come from? How might salinity affect plants?
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What are tides, and what types are there? anayaeducacion.es Go to ´Science workshop: how to navigate using celestial bodies´ in your resource bank.
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Specific curriculum content for Andalucía is included at the end of each term.
➜ The geographical features of the region; ➜ The fact that foreign species (species from other
A Alternation of generations A system of reproduction where one phase involves sexual reproduction by gametes and the other phase involves asexual reproduction by spores.
Kingdom Monera Unicellular prokaryotic organisms that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Bacteria are the most representative organisms of this kingdom.
The blue Spanish fir is the most important fir tree of our Community. It grows in Sierra de las Nieves, Sierra Bermeja and Sierra de Grazalema.
Kingdom Protoctista A group of non-tissue-forming eukaryotic organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular. Some use autotrophic nutrition (algae) and others use heterotrophic nutrition (protozoa).
Sporangia Reproductive organs containing spores. Spores
and
The coastal landscape between the Strait of Gibraltar and Almuñécar alternates between fine-sand beaches and mountains and small cliffs.
Rüppell’s vulture is native to Africa but is increasingly common in Andalucía as a result of climate change.
Africa’s
These include: (in other words, that only exist in the region)
➜ 175 species that are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.
I
Budding A type of asexual reproduction where two daughter cells form, with one developing as a bud on the other. Flamingos are migratory birds that spend the winter sheltering in wetlands, like the Fuente de Piedra lake in Malaga.
Fragmentation A type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from a fragment of another.
H Hyphae Filamentous structures formed of groups of cells that make up the body of a multicellular fungus.
Bud
M Mould A type of multicellular fungus in which the mycelium has a cottony appearance. Mycelium The body of a multicellular fungus formed by strands of hyphae.
In the most easterly part of the autonomous community, the Betica mountains extend almost as far as the sea and there are more cliffs.
1 Dwarf fan palms are very common along all of
3 The regions of La Janda and Campo de Gibraltar
Andalucía’s coastline, especially in Cabo de Gata in Almería. Which part of this plant is edible?
see the highest numbers of migratory birds passing through. What municipalities are in these regions? Why do you think birds choose this area? Can you name some species that inhabit these parts?
2 The bird population is higher in our autonomous community than it is in most of Europe. Why do you think this is?
anayaeducacion.es Go to ‘Andalusian species’ in your resource bank.
Enterprising culture Trust in your skills and knowledge, develop creativity, adapt to changing situations and have a proactive and responsible attitude.
Symbiosis A mutually beneficial relationship between two individuals of different species.
Y Yeast Unicellular fungi.
Understand, think, search...
This great geographical diversity results in different microclimates. Because of that, our autonomous community has a variety of fauna and some of the most unique flora in Europe.
➜ Around 65 Species that are endemic to the region
Flagellum
The red-knobbed coot lives in a very small number of lakes in the provinces of Cádiz and Malaga, and occasionally in Doñana.
➜ Our proximity to Africa, which makes us a bridge biodiversity
Pseudopods
S Saprophyte An organism that feeds on remains of decaying organic matter.
Sporangia
➜ The Guadalquivir valley, which forms a sediment-
between Europe’s biodiversity.
P Parasite An organism that lives off another organism of a different species, harming it but not killing it.
Cilia
F Flagellum A long appendage extending from the plasma membrane of some cells, which they use like a whip in order to move.
mountains: their different geological features create varying soil types across the autonomous community;
bordering the Atlantic Ocean, a Mediterranean area near the Strait of Gibraltar where cliffs start to appear, and another Mediterranean area where the Betica mountains go down to the Mediterranean sea, resulting in huge cliffs;
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Pseudopods Foot-like projections of the cytoplasm in some cells, which enable the cell to move or capture food.
➜ The presence of Sierra Morena and the Betica
➜ A varied coastline with a low and sandy strip
In groups, design a sustainable urban lighting system that reduces the impact of light pollution.
B
The Atlantic beaches along Huelva and Cádiz are low and sandy.
Andalucía’s geographical features
Cilia Small motile filaments on the surface of some protozoa that beat to enable movement.
Binary fission A type of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms where the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
areas) have settled here;
➜ The fact that Andalucía is the last refuge of some
The following factors influence Andalucía’s geography:
c)
anayaeducacion.es Go to ‘Key concepts’ and ‘Learn by playing’ in your resource bank.
Glossary
The dwarf fan palm is the only palm tree that is native to Europe, in other words, that originated in Europe. Their soft cores (hearts) are edible and they are industrially cultivated for consumption, although nowadays consumption is regulated by law.
Andalucía’s biodiversity is due to a combination of several factors:
b) How does light pollution affect living beings?
Unit 2
I n a n d a lu C Í a
Some unique species that live in Andalucía
What makes Andalucía so biodiverse?
a) Why are stars easier to see outside cities?
We learn the relevant terms within the unit with a clear definition.
glossary
biodiversit y .............. ............................................
rich plain that has allowed farming to develop. At the mouth of the Guadalquivir we find the Doñana marshes, a major resting place for many migratory birds;
we must make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. An estimated 55 % of the world’s population lives in cities, and that figure is expected to increase to 68 % by the year 2050. Light pollution is also expected to increase, since cities are the primary cause of it. Look at the information about Goal 11.3 (at anayaeducacion.es) and answer the following questions.
b) They are celestial bodies that orbit planets.
are there?
➜ What are seeds? Draw a diagram of a seed and label the different
➜ What factors can influence germination?
➜ Step 3 (in unit 3). Analysing your results and coming to a conclusion.
➜ The way in which we manage our natural environment.
c) Stars never die, they fade away.
a) They are small celestial bodies formed of ice and rock. They have a tail. a) What phenomenon is this?
• What are stars? Focusing on our Sun, what types
Use your research to answer the questions:
➜ What conditions do you need to ensure that your seeds thrive?
conducting the experiment in order to prove your theory.
species;
16 According to Sustainable Development Goal 11,
what types are there? Monocotyledon
and project planning in order to plan how you will conduct your experiment.
The Andalusian coast
Black holes aren’t actually holes. You’ve probably heard of them in science fiction books or films. Search for information to find out what they are, and write a science fiction story that includes a description of their origin and characteristics.
• What are galaxies? Focusing on the Milky Way,
➜ Step 1 (in this unit). Doing the necessary background research
Andalucía is one of the most biodiverse regions in the whole of Europe, both because of the number of different species that live there and because of the many species that are unique to it.
distant space is to look back in time.’
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Sustainable Development Goals
following statements refer to:
• How did the universe originate? What is it formed
14 Explain the following sentence: ‘To look into
statements:
b) Nuclear fusion reactions that give off large amounts of energy take place on the surface of stars.
d) Our star, the Sun, revolves but does not rotate.
Write your own unit summary based on the outline below:
• What are the similarities and differences between
Do some research on the nuclear reactions that take place inside the Sun. What will happen when these reactions stop?
a) We only characterise stars by their colour and brightness.
9 Decide what type of celestial body each of the Summarising
universe?
Methodology
7 Why do stars emit their own heat and light? 8 Identify and correct the errors in the following
Solid planet formed of ?
the heliocentric model and the geocentric model of the universe? Why are neither accepted today?
This experiment consists of three different steps:
the light year or to the astronomical unit: a) It is the distance that light travels in 1 year.
d) It is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.
4 Look at the picture below and answer the questions:
• What units do we use to measure distances in the
Steps
6 Decide whether the following statements refer to
c) It is equivalent to 10 000 000 million kilometres.
Mass ?
Surrounded by ? and covered by ?
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b) It is equivalent to 150 million kilometres.
Divided ?
Mass ?
Finding and analysing information
During this experiment, you will observe how environmental factors affect the germination of different types of seeds. You will also observe how this impacts subsequent plant growth. At the end of the experiment, you will create a scientific article to present your findings and conclusions.
Based on the following picture of the Solar System, write down all the bodies it consists of and their main characteristics.
The Earth
Each group will select two different types of seeds for the experiment. All of the groups should choose different seeds. This will make it possible for the class as a whole to study more seeds of different plant types.
Before starting any kind of experiment, you must research the topic that you are going to study. You should try to gather as much information as possible and make sure you consult a variety of different sources. It is also important to check that the sources you use are reliable. Don’t forget to cite your sources when you present your results!
Project objective
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Sphere flattened at the poles, with a diameter of ?
Divided ?
Before you begin, remember to consult the ‘Steps to be followed in group work’ resource, which is available at anayaeducacion.es.
Applying your knowledge
Interpreting pictures
Attribute web. In your notebook, complete the empty spaces of the wheel of attributes below. Learn how to draw a wheel of attributes using the resource available at anayaeducacion.es.
Planning your work
In order for germination to occur, seeds need the right amount of light, correct temperature and an appropriate amount of moisture. Each species has its own specific requirements.
SDG. Reflect and suggest actions that could help achieve the goal mentioned in each unit.
Applying your knowledge
K
C Chlorophyll A green substance that captures energy from the Sun and allows photosynthesis to take place. We find it in plants, some algae and some bacteria.
II
Mycelium
Kingdom Fungi A group of unicellular or multicellular living beings that are formed of eukaryotic cells, have no real tissues and use heterotrophic nutrition.
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Academic and professional
ICT
orientation
Evaluation
Linguistic Plan
Learn how to obtain information, select it and apply it; to plan, manage and work on projects; and to collaborate online in an ethical and safe manner.
Evaluate your personal skills, discover and awaken your calling, train yourself to make decisions and learn to choose between different options.
Discover different strategies to analyse what you have learnt and how you learnt it; train yourself to take responsibility or overcome difficulties.
Use your communication skills in the different types of text that you will see. Language is always present, communicate!
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