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Concept and editorial coordination: Stephanie Gay. Editors: Begoña Fuente and Stephanie Gay. Text: Deborah Spencer and Sienna Marín Spencer. Cover design: Lucía Belinchón. Interiors design: Marta Gómez Peso. Layout: Verónica De La Sierra. Illustrations: Juan Manuel García Escobar. Photographs: Beatriz Gutierrez. © Text: Grupo Anaya, S.A., 2018. © This edition: GRUPO ANAYA, S.A., 2018 - Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 15 - 28027 Madrid - ISBN: 978-84-698-4555-4 D. L.: M-21036-2018 - Printed in Spain. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
Look at the people who worked on this Brilliant Biography!
Contents Story........................ Page 4 Project..................... Page 22 My words................ Page 24
Hello! Welcome to this Brilliant Biography!
What are these?
They’re means of transport!
There are lots of different means of transport. How many can you name? Let’s find out more about the history of transport! three 3
Inventions Travel and and Transport Machines
Feet and horses When are they going to invent shoes?
I don’t like the look of this!
The very first means of transport was… our feet! But soon people started thinking about how they could travel longer distances, faster. So, animals were domesticated and used for transportation. What other animals can we use as a means of transport? 4 four
Travel and Transport
The wheel
About 5500 BCE, somebody, somewhere, invented something very special: the wheel and axle! Animals could now pull carriages. People travelled this way for many years. In the beginning, carriages didn’t have any suspension. It was uncomfortable. It could also be dangerous. How do you say the number in the text? Why does transport need suspension? five 5
Travel and Transport
The boat
We also started to travel by water. We used the rivers and the seas. About 8000 years ago, people made very simple boats out of tree trunks. These first boats were called dugout canoes. Over the years boats developed. We added sails to use the power of the wind as well as rowing teams. Look at the picture. What is the dugout canoe made from? 6 six
Travel and Transport
Flying machines
One day, man will fly.
Hi! I’m Leonardo da Vinci. I was an artist and an engineer from Italy. I lived during the 15th and 16th century. I had some interesting ideas about transport. I studied the movement of birds. I dreamt about people flying like a bird. Are Leonardo da Vinci’s designs similar to today’s transport? seven 7
Travel and Transport
The first car
Hello! I’m Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. In 1769 I invented the first car. It used a steam engine. A steam engine heats water by burning coal. The steam can propel locomotives, ships, boats and road vehicles. James Watt invented the steam engine. My steam car had to stop every 10-15 minutes to produce more steam. It travelled very slowly. What important invention used coal to propel vehicles? 8 eight
Travel and Transport
The paddle wheel steamship
Hi! My name’s Jouffroy d’Abbans. In 1776 I built the first paddle wheel steamship using a steam engine. It was called the Pyroscaphe. For the first time, ships didn’t need the wind or people to row. Steamships opened new trade routes. Smaller steam boats were popular on rivers. Larger steamships sailed the oceans. What type of ship was the Pyroscaphe? nine 9
Travel and Transport
The locomotive
Hello! My name’s Richard Trevithick. At the beginning of the 1800’s, I invented the road locomotive. During this time, horses pulled carriages on tracks. Tracks made it easier for the horses to pull the carriages. But I wanted to use steam engines instead of horses to pull carriages. Lots of people came to see the new road locomotive and I became famous. But, unfortunately, in the end, the machine didn’t work and it was rejected. Why did horses pull carriages on tracks? 10 ten
Hi! My name’s George Stephenson. I lived in England. In 1825, I invented the first steam railway locomotive to carry passengers. It was the Locomotion No. 1. My son worked with me and we turned railway locomotives into a form of mass transport. The first American-built steam locomotive was called Tom Thumb. Tom Thumb raced against horses and carriages. The horse won the first race! But trains soon became more efficient and faster than horses. What was important about the Locomotion No.1? eleven 11
Travel and Transport
The first electric car
Hello! My name’s Robert Anderson. In 1842 I invented the first electric car. It was very slow and the battery didn’t last long. Tramways also used electricity. They received constant electricity and didn’t need batteries. Electric cars improved after the invention of the rechargeable battery. By the 1900’s, electric cars were faster and better. You could even catch a taxi! Was Robert Anderson’s first electric car fast or slow? 12 twelve
Travel and Transport
The submarine
Hi! My name’s Isaac Peral. I was a Spanish Naval Officer. I was also an engineer. I applied the new electric battery to submarines. Submarines travel under water. They were invented during the 18th century, but, they were basic, man-powered and not very safe or efficient. In 1888 I invented the first electric-powered submarine. My submarine was faster, safer and easier to navigate. What was different about Isaac Peral’s submarine? thirteen 13
Travel and Transport
The petrol-powered car
Hello! My name’s Karl Benz. In the mid-19th century, the petrol engine was invented. Oil became the world’s favourite fuel and changed transport. I invented the first petrol-powered car. It reached a maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour. It was noisy and difficult to start. The first tests scared the public. The car crashed into a wall! Oops! So I went back to work on it in my garage. How fast did the first petrol-powered car go? 14 fourteen
One day, my wife, Bertha, took the car without asking. She drove herself and our sons to visit her mother. It was the first motorised long-distance journey. She made several repairs during the journey. She unblocked the petrol tube with a hatpin! She also discovered that driving up a hill was difficult, so gears were added later. Her daring journey was in the newspapers and the car became famous. Petrol cars eventually replaced electric cars. What did Bertha do during the journey? fifteen 15
Travel and Transport
Aircraft
We really need one with an engine!
Hi! We’re the Wright brothers. We loved mechanics. We owned a bicycle shop. We were really interested in flying. We made kites to learn how to control flying machines. We enjoyed building and flying gliders. Gliders were the first simple aircrafts. They didn’t have an engine. Gliders are light and fly on the wind, like kites! How did the Wright brothers get the glider in the air without an engine? 16 sixteen
It’s my turn next!
After years of studying gliders, we invented the first aircraft with an engine. At 10.35 a.m., on a cold day in North Carolina, on the 17th of December, 1903, our aircraft flew for 12 seconds. One of us was the pilot and the other one ran along on the ground. We took it in turns to fly it. Two years later our aircraft stayed in the air for 39 minutes. Do you think the first flights were dangerous? Why? seventeen 17
Travel and Transport
Spacecraft
Wow! I’m the first person to see the Earth!
Hello! I’m Yuri Gagarin. I was a Soviet cosmonaut. After conquering the skies, we looked at space travel. A competition started between powerful countries to be the first country to travel to space. This was called the Space Race. In 1961, I was the first person to orbit the Earth. I travelled to space in a spacecraft called Vostok 1. What was the Space Race? 18 eighteen
<Brilliantbio_3_Transport_p19> Ilustrador. Apollo 11 en la superficie de la Luna. Neil Armstrong, lleva un traje espacial, tiene una bandera americana en su mano. y esta diciendo algo.
One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Eight years later, on the 16th of July, 1969, American astronauts left Earth and travelled to the Moon. Their spacecraft was called Apollo 11. On the 20th of July, the Apollo 11 spacecraft landed on the Moon. The astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the surface of the Moon. What is Neil Armstrong carrying in his hand? Why? nineteen 19
Travel and Transport
In the future...
2 return tickets to the Moon, please.
What?
4 million euros, please.
Nowadays, people use lots of different means of transport. Bicycles, cars, motorbikes, trains, metros, boats, hovercrafts, helicopters, aeroplanes… Trains can travel underneath the sea through tunnels now. We also have automated transport that doesn’t need a driver. We may even be able to pay to travel to the Moon on a spacecraft soon! What is a hovercraft? 20 twenty
Unfortunately, petrol engines pollute our environment. Lots of means of transport are returning to electricity. Soon, all cars will be electric again. Our mission now is to find fast and clean transport. What will transport look like in the future? What is the problem with petrol engines? Thank you to everyone who contributed to creating the transport we use today! twenty-one 21
PROJECT
Materials
My origami boat
a rectangular piece of paper
Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper. Following instructions can be difficult, but with practice, you can do it! Use the pictures to help you. Let’s make an origami boat!
Step 1 Take a piece of rectangular paper. The long edges go up and down and the short edges go from side to side. Fold the bottom half up to the top. Fold the bottom right corner over to the left corner. Crease the paper. Open it up.
1
2
Step 2 Fold the right and left bottom corners up to the middle. Use the crease to guide you. Flatten the folded pieces. 3
Step 3 Rotate the paper. Fold just one layer from the bottom up.
Step 4 Turn the paper over. Fold the bottom edge up in the same way. Unfold. Fold the bottom right corner in using the crease. Repeat on the bottom left flap. 22 twenty-two
4
Step 5
5
Re-fold the bottom edge back up. Open the bottom of the model. Look at the corners. Flatten. Insert the overlapping flap on the left underneath the right section.
Step 6
6
Fold one layer up to the top. Repeat on the back.
Step 7
7
Open the bottom of the model.
Step 8
8
Pull the left and right flaps apart. Flatten it in the shape of a boat.
Step 9
9
Open it a little bit. The triangle in the middle is the sail.
Step 10
10
The boat is finished.
twenty-three 23
MY WORDS axle
A fixed bar that wheels revolve on.
battery
daring
An electric cell. A black rock that releases heat energy when we burn it. Brave.
glider
An aircraft without an engine.
hatpin
A pin to keep a hat in place.
coal
pollute
A vehicle that travels over land or water on a cushion of air. A vehicle with a self-propelled engine and wheels that pulled trains along tracks. A wheel with paddles around it that propels a boat. To contaminate.
propel
To push something forward.
rechargeable
Something that can be charged again and again.
repair
To fix something broken.
row
steam
To propel a boat using oars. The strong material on a boat that traps the wind and propels the boat. Vapour.
surface
The outside part or layer of something.
tracks
Metal bars that trains travel on. A simple machine that moves on an axle and helps things move.
hovercraft locomotive paddle wheel
sails
wheel
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