SEMANTIC MAPPING DEF

Grip° Global research institute of Paris

Grip° se‑ mantic pingmap‑

Grip° Global research institute of Paris

IdEx "Université Paris 2019" ANR-18IDEX-0001

This report was written by : Matias Federico Milia (ORCID: 0000-0001-8474-5373) Ariadna Nebot Giralt (ORCID: 0000-0002-5318-8815)

Rigas Arvanitis (ORCID: 0000-0002-5588-1576)

With the participation of members of the GRIP° management committee, in particular Florence Mourlhon‑Dallies et Didier Nativel.

this document is available at through the Grip's blog: https://grip.hypotheses.org/ cartographie

Grip° se‑ mantic pingmap‑

Introduction

1 How can we define the field of globalisation research?

1.1. Scientific production in English

1.2 Scientific production in French

1.3 Scientific production in Spanish

2. Setting the strategic agenda of GRIP

2.1 GRIP’s position in globalisation research

2.2 Trends in publications in French and in English

3. Conclusions

4 Annex 1

5. References

Introduction

The Global Research Institute of Paris GRIP° is an interdisciplinary research institute set up by the University of Paris to bring together globalisation research within our university and its partner organisations , which also supervise our laboratories. GRIP has mobilised several humanities and social sciences laboratories as part of the newly-created Université Paris Cité (a grouping of Paris Descartes, Paris Diderot universities and IPGP Paris Institute ).

Grip° Global Research Institute of Paris created in 2019

At the time GRIP was set up, this included the IRD, INALCO, INSERM, CNRS, FMSH and the member organisations of the Université Paris Cité IdEx steering committee. 1 1

It was the exchanges between these research units that enabled us to define the contours of our Institute. We began our work by defining three areas of research: 1. global urbanities, 2. circulations, and 3) Technologies, markets and vulnerabilities. The aim was not to circumscribe an area of knowledge but, on the contrary, to take advantage of the wide diversity of experience in our laboratories to sketch out the broad contours of a 'different' form of globalisation. Other, in the sense that it is not limited to financial and economic aspects, but takes place through the circulation of knowledge, people, standards, technologies, arts, music and languages. Globalisation takes many forms, both in terms of the internationalisation of activities and the issues at stake, which are now defined on a planetary scale. Globalisation also involves players who are simultaneously located in distant but dynamically linked geographical areas (Grataloup, 2007). This geography of globalisation, which is predominantly urban, only makes sense because of the multiple networks that connect players well beyond urban boundaries, through a daily life that is the product of local and global resources, in an inextricable way.

To guide our thinking and better establish our position within the global scientific community, at the time GRIP was set up, we proposed to carry out a semantic mapping of global research

We present this exercise to help situate and strategically orientate our research agenda (Wallace and Rafols 2015, 2018). To understand the interdisciplinary landscape of globalisation research, we have drawn on computational tools from the digital humanities and bibliometric advanced analysis.

Université Paris Cité created in 2018, brings together the universities of Paris Descartes, Paris Diderot and IPGP.

Circulations

CorText is maintained by LISIS, a research unit of INRAe and the Université Gustave Eiffel, and has been developed with the ongoing support of the Labex SITES of the Institut Francilien Recherche Innovation et Société (IFRIS). CorText brings together a set of routines for processing, displaying and analysing textual data or large documentary databases. Available online and entirely free of charge, it is a living tool, bringing together a large community of users. https://docs.cortext.net/

1 Approaches used for mapping

Figure

To process and visualise the results, we used IFRIS's CorText platform, which has been specially designed to study the dynamics of knowledge production and circulation and to identify themes within a disciplinary field (Barbier et al., 2012; Granjou et al., 2014; Tancoigne et al., 2014; Venturini et al., 2014).

The tool allows a semi-automatic textual analysis of word co-occurrences and a powerful visualisation of thematic clusters from a corpus of bibliographic records of scientific articles published in the humanities and social sciences in three different languages

To analyse and illustrate the findings, we utilised the CorText platform developed by IFRIS, specifically designed for studying the dynamics of knowledge production and circulation (Barbier et al., 2012; Granjou et al., 2014; Tancoigne et al., 2014; Venturini et al., 2014). This platform helps identify themes within a disciplinary field by conducting a semi-automatic textual analysis of word co-occurrences and providing a robust visualisation of thematic clusters using bibliographic records of scientific articles published in the humanities and social sciences. Articles were sourced from bibliographic databases in three distinct languages: English, French, and Spanish. We used different methodological approaches and a variety of analysis techniques. Details of the methodologies used are given throughout the text in the notes at the end of the document.

Our approach, summarised in Figure 1, takes into account GRIP's constituent dimensions: examining global/local knowledge flows, questioning interdisciplinary analyses within the social sciences and with other disciplines, and reflecting the diversity of approaches within the research units at the Université Paris Cité.

Through exchanges with GRIP members, we developed interrogation strategies of the databases to identify words that reflect researchers' interests. In order to capture institutional diversity, we asked researchers to suggest terms, keywords and concepts that best reflected their work and asked them to comment on our initial findings. This participatory approach allowed us to enhance the results collaboratively. Finally, we used sources other than the Web of Science to introduce linguistic and institutional diversity and to overcome some limitations linked to the scope of the journals listed in the Web

clusters : thematic groups

English, French and Spanish

The choice of a strategy favouring a semantic approach to textual data retrieval is deliberate. This has enabled us to contrast and study information sources with different structures and levels of complexity. It is also one of CorText's great strengths that it enables the analysis of hybrid networks (links between people, research units, texts, concepts, etc.). This has made it possible to compare documents in different languages and to integrate databases such as HAL-SHS, whose structure is different and less complex than that of traditional databases such as Web of Science.

documents published on globalisation at a global level (in English, French and Spanish)

2

Three levels of analysis

documents published on GRIP themes in France (in English and French)

documents published by GRIP laboratories and within the UP Cité perimeter

Figure

of Science, particularly in the social sciences (Archambault et al. 2006).

The iterative approach has enabled us to build a diversified cartography that reflects GRIP's themes and objectives. It is a necessary methodological approach when dealing with multilingual publication practices (Kulczycki et al., 2020), given the global transformations of scientific practices (O'Brien & Arvanitis, 2019).

The international scientific production in the social sciences on globalisation in the three different languages (English, French and Spanish) is examined in three levels of analysis Figure 2

The first level concerns international scientific production on globalisation as a whole. The next level analyses GRIP's strategic themes in publications in French and English. The final, more fine-grained level of analysis examines documents published by 28 research units in the Paris region, looking for convergences and divergences in institutional research agendas.

How can we define the field of

globalisation research?

The study of globalisation processes is complex because of the wide variety of objects, methods, interests and perspectives involved. No attempt at mapping would probably be able to univocally and exhaustively trace the boundaries of this broad field of research. We carried out a macro analysis of the scientific literature to capture the main approaches to the study of globalisation in an aggregated manner. This initial vision enables us to show the research landscape in which GRIP will have to evolve. The linguistic diversity of the sources used makes it possible to approach the multiplicity of debates in this space.

The data used to map English-language production comes from the core collection of the Web of Science . English is the language of international recognition (Meneghini & Packer, 2007), but, at the same time, it provides a common ground for dialogue between researchers from different latitudes. This ambivalence of the lingua franca that English has become in scientific circles is also a symptom of the hegemony of the Western mode of knowledge production, now recognised in recent research on science (see, for example, the work of D.Pestre, S.Dufoix, W.Keim, F.Beigel, C.Sugimoto and V.Larivière, etc.).

For the analysis of production in French, we used the Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société HAL SHS (CCSD, 2021). Like many national repositories, it is far from exhaustive, but it is gathering most of the research published by French researchers, and, given the new rulings concerning the evaluation of research, it will become the main reference for public research publications in France. Similar repositories have become essential sources for analysing research in the social sciences and humanities (Engels et al., 2012). Archambault et al., 2006). Finally, the data for the analysis of production in Spanish was retrieved from SciELO, (Velez-Cuartas et al., 2015, La guerra de las lenguas...)

Web of Science brings together the 'central' or mainstream publications in the hierarchy of international journals

HAL SHS this platform is supposed to collect social science production in the French research system.

SciELO a platform focused on Latin America that has had a strong impact on the visibility and circulation of Latin American scientific production

Globalization

WoS 2009-2021

Co-occurrence network of terms describing articles published on globalisation in the Web of Science (WoS) between 2009 and 2021.

Interactive map available at this link: https://documents.cortext. net/lib/mapexplorer/explorerjs. html?file=https://assets.cortext.net/

rates & capital flows

& foreign trade

nation state & global governance

education system & higher education C10 science and technology & rapid development C6 land use & food production

competitive advantage & business environment

East Asia & South Korea

[Each component can be imagined as a professional and cultural universe that the proximity between words allows us to identify. Jessica, a "global studies" student turned lecturer at our university, walks through this world in English. She studied her studies in Europe and feels at home in this academic world in English. Jessica has had the opportunity to spend time with this world of of international business,

international trade, trade agreements agreements and economic integration processes that were particularly active in the 1980s and 1990s. This world talks a lot about trade liberalisation, economic integration and and free trade agreements. International players, such as the World Trade Organisation the IMF and the World Bank, as well as the institutions that form part of European gov-

ernance, playing a predominant role. In this political globalisation, negative impacts, such as environmental degradation or rising inequality, are marginal marginal concerns. Jessica also noted the ambivalence of the term 'knowledge', which can both refer to the activity of the education system and higher education, but also to the business competitive advantages

C2

trade openness & impact

1.1 Scientific production in English

We used the results obtained from a simple query of the Web of Science 4 The results were processed to select 235 representative terms 5 used to describe more than thirty-five thousand documents published between 2009 and June 2021. On this corpus, we use algorithms to detect components that structure the main research themes (Blondel et al., 2008). The co-occurrences of terms enable us to highlight the concepts used to designate research objects and theoretical approaches, as well as the actors and the geographical scope of the research.

Figure 3 shows ten major thematic clusters relating to production on globalisation worldwide over the last twelve years. Two major orientations can be observed: on the right-hand side of the map, everything has to do with economic globalisation, international flows of capital and goods (clusters C1, C2, C8), and business-related terms (C5) and on the left-hand side and downwards everything has to do with globalisation processes, social structures and institutions with a global projection.

Let's take a closer look at the thematic clusters:

First, C1 international trade and foreign trade focuses on trade agreements and economic integration. Although present, labour and equity issues are peripheral to these concerns. What is central is trade liberalisation, economic integration and free trade agreements. International actors, such as the World Trade Organisation, and the institutions that belong to the EU governance, occupy a predominant place.

In C2 trade openness and impacts , the primary focus is on trade and financial elements. The dominant factors mentioned include the consequences of financial development and foreign direct investment, including economic growth, open trade policies, and empirical research. As for political globalisation and adverse effects such as environmental degradation, these are of lesser concern within this context. The entities mentioned predominantly operate on a regional scale, with national areas referenced primarily as constituents of larger blocs. Notably, developing countries are highlighted, with a particular reference to African nations, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa. The OECD is also alluded to in this context.

(WoS database)

4

The query was "TS = GLOBALIZATION" in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH), Book Citation Index - Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH) collections.

5

The terms were detected semi-automatically using a selection and filtering process supervised by the operator and GRIP researchers.

6

6

In cluster C9 on East Asia & South Korea , special attention is given to the South-East Asian bloc, and South Korea is specifi-

The economic and social exemplarity of South Korea has been highlighted thanks to the work of Amsden. Analysis of the "Korean wave" (see the work of Vincenzo Cicchelli and Sylvie Octobre) is one of GRIP's themes.

C9

East Asia & South Korea

interest rates & capital flows

education system & higher education

C8

C4

cally singled out. These nations are grouped in a distinct semantic cluster due to the frequency of their mention and the diversity of associated themes. It is important to observe that these same Asian countries are frequently cited in relation to matters concerning higher education, learning, and cultural issues, which explains their positioning on the left side of the map.

In C8 interest rates and capital flows , we look at the relationship between studies of the international financial system and the processes of financial integration. The global financial crisis highlights the importance of emerging markets and economies such as China and India in capital flows and market development. Finally, in [C6] land use and food production, concerns about environmental issues are expressed: food production and security in the face of land use change, topics linked to climate change. Strangely enough, it is an area that is not central to globalisation research. The other themes are less closely related to trade and are located in the bottom right-hand corner of Figure 3.

In C3 nation-State & global governance , we return to international relations with a focus on the forms of wealth distribution in global capitalism. Political economy is mentioned as the main theoretical approach. Social movements and civil society in the global South appear in central positions. Public health and human rights are mentioned more peripherally. The more often mentioned geographical areas related to these issues are the United States and Latin America since the post-war period.

In C4 work on the education system and higher and university education . The emphasis is on quality, global education and internationalisation processes. Foreign languages are highlighted, but only English is mentioned frequently. Hong Kong is the only place mentioned here.

It is interesting to note, within this cluster, the connection between Higher Education, university internationalisation policy and knowledge production on the one hand and global education, global citizenship, (foreign) students and globalisation on the other.

Another sub-group deals with education policies and higher education institution policies in connection to teaching English as a foreign language. The connection with the cluster on cultural diversity [C7] is done through this latter subset of terms.

competitive advantage & business environment

social media & modern world

C5

C7

In C5 competitive advantage and business environment , we see references to business management. Hence the emphasis on technologies and their practical implications, such as management technologies (risk management, quality assurance or corporate social responsibility). Although the wording “new technologies” is used, information technology is the only specific technology mentioned. It is important to note that company practices seem notoriously deterritorialised; no specific location is highlighted at this level of approximation. However, the countries of origin and destination of international business are mentioned. Cluster C7 social media and the modern world is a very central cluster of words, probably even the one that can be considered the central pivot of this corpus as connections are established with all the other clusters. It is also here that we find the term "globalisation process". Here we observe the relationship between two global objects: global value (and production) chains, and social networks (how they penetrate different countries and age groups). Particular mention is made of the United Kingdom and Russia. Above all, this very central cluster contains all the terms referring to methods of analysis (case studies, content analysis, in-depth interviews, etc.) to study cultural globalisation, social networks and social media.

This is the case for all the Asian countries in C9 East Asia & South Korea . Here, the mere mention of these countries has made it possible to construct a thematic cluster. These Asian countries have often served as examples of integration into world trade, but also of learning as an economic development strategy (see Amsden's famous book “Asia's next giant : South Korea and late industrialisation”). It is also the term social networks that links with the economic cluster [C5] dealing with the competitive advantages of companies. Note the strong semantic proximity of information technologies in companies, with culture and "young people".

It should also be noted that the term knowledge appears in different forms and different clusters on the left and right of the map. In the cluster of business-related terms, we find knowledge management linked to competitive advantage, human resources, knowledge economy, business model, information systems and knowledge transfer.

C9

East Asia & South Korea

science and technology & rapid development

C10

The term knowledge economy links cluster [C8] on business competitiveness to cluster [C4] and belongs to the cluster on higher education . In cluster [C4], we also find the term knowledge society, and the link is established with education systems and the quality of education. Finally, there is the term knowledge production, which is more directly linked to universities. Simply put, we can say that knowledge is cited either in work on companies in a fairly instrumental form (information systems, knowledge management, etc.) or in higher education and education in general.

Finally, a small cluster C10 science and technology & development encompasses terms related to social and economic development and globalisation related to scientific and technological development. This cluster links to four other clusters: economic globalisation, business, social networks, and also higher education. There is no mention of other types of educational institutions. Scientific production in English on globalisation shows a marked bias towards international economic issues. When other subjects of interest appear, as is the case in higher education, the characteristics that emerge concern the processes of homogenisation, comparison and contrast at the global level . There is also little use of terms signifying localisation, except for the case study of East Asia, which is presented as an example of globalisation processes.

Network of co-occurrence of terms describing documents published on globalisation in HAL-SHS between 2009 and 2021. Interactive map available at this link: https:// documents.cortext.net/lib/mapexplorer/ explorerjs.html?file=https://assets.cortext.net/ docs/7c239ba38b8486484f24cc965fd41bfb

C3

développement territorial & collectivités locales

droit international & droit européen

C8 responsabilité sociale & mouvements sociaux

C6 civilisations Europe centrale & Histoire culturelle

C4

réseaux sociaux & différentes formes

C1 enseignement supérieur & formation initiale

C7 science politique

C5 histoire et critique & Littérature française

[Jessica will be continuing her wanderings in the academic world . She realises that questions of globalisation are examined more in relation to territories, local authorities regional development. Just as all university courses are closely linked

to all these issues of regional or local cultures and how they relate to globalisation. Social networks are often at the heart of work on knowledge. By international relations work, she report on the relative paucity of French-language works com-

pared to the abundance of works in English. But throughout the most important difference with the English-speaking world, is the prominence of history and political issues situated in a historical perspective.

[C2 réseaux sociaux & différentes formes

enseignement supérieur & formation initiale

C1

1.2. Scientific production in French

The mapping of globalisation research in French was carried out on a corpus resulting from a query based on two terms: “mondialisation” or “globalization” (with US spelling) , then we defined a list of 220 specific keywords that we use in the queries in HAL-SHS database . The thematic clusters were extracted and interpreted in the same way as for English, thus facilitating the comparisons .

The results show two poles of research interest. Thus, the map we have constructed allows us to formulate the hypothesis of two approaches to globalisation stemming from the humanities and social sciences in French Figure 4 . The axis that differentiates these two poles seems to be the temporality of the processes, showing contemporary themes C2, C1 and C3 at the top of Figure 4, which contrast with historical concerns, visible in clusters C5 and C6 on the bottom of the map.

French universities

In the upper part of the map, the very central position of the cluster C2 social networks should be emphasised, which is itself very strongly connected to the cluster C3 public policy/ sustainable development/climate change, which also includes the themes of territorial development & local authorities, and also with C1 higher education & training, which includes the social sciences. Generally speaking, questions of method are very strongly present in this cluster and on the map as a whole (interviews, discourse analysis, theoretical framework, etc.).

Cluster C2 social networks refers to the different configurations of public space, everyday life and social links. As in English, social networks embody new technologies and propose new social links. What is interesting here is that categories are used to differentiate between the lifestyles studied. There are differences between classes (middle and working classes) and between genders (men and women). In terms of time, the study focuses on the 1970s and beyond.

C1 higher education & training is a cluster of words that indicates the importance of education in the globalisation process. It is presented in its various forms and stages: from initial training to higher and vocational education.

The methods mentioned are comparative studies, digital human-

7

In order to find the documents analysed, we searched the full text of the HAL-SHS database for works containing the words 'globalisation' or 'mondialisation', thus respecting the French tradition of naming these processes in these two ways (qualifying, for some authors, two distinct processes). We have selected articles, books, book chapters and papers presented at scientific meetings, in French, English and Spanish.

8 Here again, the detection of key terms was refined on the basis of filtering and cleaning; the search was carried out on the most relevant noun phrases in titles, summaries and keywords.

9

The maps for each linguistic corpus are drawn using different metrics, making it impossible to superimpose them.

développement territorial & collectivités locales

droit international & droit européen

C8 responsabilité sociale & mouvements sociaux

C3

C4

ities and discourse analysis. The focus is mainly on France, with the Université Paris Cité identified as a major player in this type of study. Unlike English, the interest is broader in all levels of education (not just higher education). Also, internationalisation and international skills are not mentioned in the French map.

In C3 territorial development & local collectivities , we discern an association between geographical regions, their progress, and the social groups and communities that reside within them. The primary emphasis is on sustainable development and social mobilisations or initiatives in its name. Even when addressing significant global phenomena, such as the transition to sustainable energy or climate change, a strong connection to local and rural contexts is mentioned . Interest in rural areas is closely tied to forms of social innovation, which, in turn, are linked to the emergence of new social and economic structures. Within cluster [C3], the primary entities mentioned are located situated within rural or local settings. Although West Africa is mentioned, the absence of other regions suggests that the focus on territorial matters primarily pertains to French or French-speaking territories (which, while not synonymous, underscores the importance of language in defining the geographical scope of research subjects).

C4 international & European law groups legal studies dealing with the processes of internationalisation and regional integration. Three geographical areas of interest are mentionned: French, European and international.

Cluster C8 social responsibility & social movements is a low-density thematic cluster, bringing together at subjects that are not very closely linked. Firstly, public space as it relates to collective memory and in historical views. Secondly, corporate social responsibility, is mentionned and linked specifically to the 1990s. Interestingly, social movements are also mentioned within this cluster.

tions

The case of C7 political sciences & international rela (IR) is interesting because IR links to historical themes (lower situated cluster on the map) and social sciences in the very central cluster [C2]. French authors construct the relationship between political science and international relations from a political history approach; thus a particular interest in civil wars is mentioned here.

C5 histoire et critique & littérature française

C6 civilisations Europe centrale & histoire culturelle

The concern for the historicity of globalisation processes is particularly perceptible in two clusters, C5 and C6, located on the lower part of the map.

C5 history and criticism & french literature , brings together work linking art history, historical criticism and urban history, from the Middle Ages to the present day. France is the only place named in this cluster.

C6 civilisations, central Europe & cultural history , focuses on social and cultural history. Central Europe and important events such as the First World War are the most frequently locations and events mentioned within these fields of research.

In conclusion, the study of globalisation in French research shows two very specific and strong features. Research is strongly developed in two main orientations: on the one hand, a strong interest on ‘local’ or regional approaches to global processes, and a lot of empirical work concerning France and Europe; on the other hand, a very dominant historical approach, or historical analyses predominates the global studies field.

Figure 5

Co-occurrence network of terms describing documents published on globalisation in SciELO between 2002 and 2021.

Interactive map available at this: https://documents.cortext.net/lib/mapexplorer/ explorerjs.html?file=https://assets.cortext.net/ docs/3d0429222ce0cf62c217ac5b7d2d65f1

C6 movimientos sociales & apertura comercial

C4 migraciÓn & calidad de vida

política exterior & nivel global

C1

C2 nuevas tecnologias & educaciÓn superior

C3 políticas pÚblicas & modelo de desarrollo

C5 economia mundial & cambios estructurales

políticas pÚblicas & modelo de desarrollo

política exterior & nivel global

movimientos sociales & apertura comercial

C6

C1

We retrieved documents on globalisation in Spanish from the SciELO database , which allowed us to gather more than 2,400 documents between 2002 and 2021 representing the Latin American production in Spanish (that is, without Brazil). This source has contributed in disseminating worldwide the Spanish and Portuguese publications in Spanish. Before SciELO was created, only English-language databases were used for the classification of scientific journals and for evaluation by research bodies. SciELO has given researchers, particularly Latin Americans, the opportunity to publish in their own language and, above all, to be able to submit these publications to evaluation bodies. (Velez-Cuartas et al., 2015; Beigel, 2021). The database therefore provides access mainly to the work of Latin American researchers. It is now distributed as part of the Web of Science.

displays the map illustrating Latin American publicaIt reveals five thematic clusters primarily addressing Latin America's engagement with globalisation and the challenges it faces in terms of development . The entire map revolves around this core inquiry, evident in the central position of cluster C3 public policies and development models a central issue for social sciences in the region. In their exploration of globalisation, Latin American researchers investigate its consequences on various aspects, including employment and work conditions, environmental impact, civil society, equitable social practices, socio-spatial segregation, and neo-liberal policies.

Three thematic clusters [C6, C4, C1] are located to the left of this central [C3] cluster displaying questions about the consequences and effects of globalisation on foreign policy and global markets and the opening up to international trade since the 1990s C1 on quality of life , C4 human rights and migrations , and on the social transformations induced by globalization, and C6 social mobilization by the civil society in response to the liberalisation of markets .

The documents analysed were extracted from the SciELO database using the search line "TS = globalisation" in documents published only in Spanish, giving a total of 2427 documents between 2002 and 2021. Due to the low number of documents indexed in the database, we extended the period by seven years.

Although Brazil is not only part of SciELO, but is the coordinating entity of the database, we decided to work on the Spanish-speaking publications in order to limit the curation of words only to one language.

[Jessica then moved on to the world of Spanish-speaking academic world more foreign to her. The global economy and the structural changes brought by globalisation are critically or as a choice of models for development policies. The globalisation is perceived in terms of

the structural effects that affect agriculture, labour and the environment migration, but above all , it is their translation political terms which predominates. Resistance to the negative effects of of globalisation is embodied in the social movements that have been strcutured

in response to the economic opening-up policies. Finally, in meeting with colleagues from universities in Spanish-speaking countries, she notices that it is a training ground for new technologies

C5 economia mundial & cambios estructurales

C2 nuevas tecnologias & educaciÓn superior

Economic research, mainly in the field of political economy, comprises most of the words of cluster C5 on global economy and structural change ; it is the genuine Latin-American research that is represented in this cluster, the theories of structural change being used to explain the changing conditions of work, manpower (notably so by migrations), and profound economic changes linked to the integration of Latin-American countries into the global economy and its effects on the region. Finally, a large cluster at the top right, C2 new technologies and higher education , examines the effects of globalisation linked to the implementation of new technologies, and the internationalisation of higher education . It is interesting to note that technological learning, training, educational levels, and the role of universities are intensely mentioned in Latin American literature on globalization.

Thus, the study of globalisation in Latin America examines its non-hegemonic and subordinate position within the trade liberalization agreements. The changes induced by the international integration and the perceived undesirable effects of trade liberalization are a constant question in the literature in Spanish. The strong emphasis given to higher education, and the irruption of new technologies in the framework of these changes is clearly visible in these maps.

Heat map showing GRIP's areas of interest between 2009 and 2021 on the map of globalisation research published in English in WoS.

Interactive map available at:

https://documents.cortext.net/ lib/mapexplorer/explorerjs. html?file=https://assets.cortext.net/ docs/20acac1071076f01b65b6368d2b99422

Figure 6

2

Setting the strategic agenda of GRIP°

GRIP has decided to focus on three thematic areas: Global urbanities Axis 1 ; Circulations Axis 2 ; Technologies, markets and vulnerabilities Axis 3 .

These themes were chosen in the course of discussions between the academics from the Université de Paris Cité and the laboratories involved in the creation of the Institute. We wanted to know how these specific thematic choices related to the themes detected in the international publications and French scientific publications that we extracted from from English and French document databases.

To highlight GRIP's positioning, we projected the terms from the list onto the semantic spaces already identified in the English maps (shown in Graph 1 and the clusters p.18-25) and in French (Graph 2 and clusters p.26-33). This is visually presented as a temperature record, hence the name 'heat' map that we project (in red) onto the semantic spaces. As an example, the graph shows the heat map in English.

The intensity of the red spots corresponds to the greater or lesser frequency of the terms in our list.

Documents in Spanish have been omitted due to the low number of documents retrieved from the SciELO database for the same period as English in WoS and French in HAL-SHS.

Queries made on Web of Science and HAL are listed on the GRIP website.

Heat map showing GRIP's areas of interest between 2009 and 2021 on the map of globalisation research published in English in WoS. (detail)

Figure 6

Figure 6

Heat map showing GRIP's areas of interest between 2009 and 2021 on the map of globalisation research published in English in WoS.

Details on the following pages

2.1. GRIP's position in globalisation research

Figure 6 clearly shows, thanks to the red spot indicating the frequency of words in red, that the Institute's themes fall between the main themes of the thematic mapping in English that we detailed above (Figure 3). The publications are found slightly outside theme C1, which makes explicit reference to economic globalisation, close to C3, which relates to health, and C6, which relates to climate change, rurality and land use.

The red spots are also strongly present on the right-hand side of the map, which tends to contain non-economic globalisation themes (C3, C7, C4, C5).

Some publications are located in C5 (knowledge management and business management) or in C8 (emerging economies).Slightly different positions are also found in C3, where we find human rights - on the periphery of C3.

We can interpret these positions of the works of interest to GRIP as theoretical investments in themes that lie at the hinge of the different themes of English-language cartography in the social sciences. The map shows that GRIP's themes are located at strategic points in English-language maps of the social sciences: they establish new connections between established fields. However, as we shall see below, we must be cautious about this purely graphic interpretation; this 'avant-garde' or exploratory role is also due to the language of publication.

Figure 7 shows a similar positioning on the 'heat' map of Frenchlanguage works. In general, the words indicating GRIP topics are more evenly distributed on the map and concentrate on points that are central to the thematic clusters . Some themes can be highlighted in their proximity - the clusters indicating territorial development in C3, public space in C8, new technologies and social networks in C2, and the focus on the relationship between the French language and higher education in C1. GRIP's words are not close to the specifically historical themes (located in France and Europe). Finally, GRIP's themes occupy central positions in French-language publications, even if their volume is still low. This highlights the potential of the initiative proposed by the Institute in the French social science research landscape.

Some publications are located in C5 (knowledge management and business management) or in C8 (emerging economies)" (DETAIL)

Interactive map available at

https://documents.cortext.net/lib/mapexplorer/ explorerjs.html?file=https://assets.cortext.net/ docs/7c239ba38b8486484f24cc965fd41bfb

Number of documents representing the Institute's thematic interests in English and French.

8

Figure

2.2. Trends in publications in French and English

We have seen what issues have been addressed by GRIP and their position in the international literature and in the social sciences and humanities in France. It is interesting to examine how work on these themes has evolved over time. This section gives an overview of the evolution of GRIP's themes in French publications in two languages, English and French.

Figure 8 shows the different rates of change in the two languages.

In 2005, the number of documents in French (393) was more than three times higher than the number of documents published in English (115). But it is more interesting to look at the comparative growth rates. Publications are growing earlier and faster in French than in English.

A comparison of the two curves shows a significant gap between the two languages. The volume of publications on these subjects increased in French between 2002 and 2003, but only six years later in English, between 2008 and 2009.

The growth in French seems to be fuelling the growth in Englishlanguage documents, but with a significant time lag. Finally, we note that the number of documents published in English has stagnated since 2018, which leads us to believe that a certain limit has been reached in the dissemination of this research on the international scene.

In order to understand the underlying structure in both languages, we detected 750 terms to describe the most salient thematic features. Then, a special script was applied to detect the time periods based on the recurrence of the mention of these descriptor terms in the documents studied. The result can be seen in Figure 9 The darker the cell, the closer the subjects published in the two years. The top right-hand section of each graph identifies phases (rather than years) using a uniform blue scale. In French, three short periods, lasting between four and eight years, were identified between 1982 and 2004, followed by two longer, more homogeneous periods, from 2005 to 2020. In English, the similarity between documents over the years is more irregular and weaker. Here, the periods detected are more numerous (six in total) and shorter. In general, publications in English by theme are less frequent and more varied.

In order to build dictionaries describing GRIP's themes, we combined all the English and French terms in the document extraction. When designing the strategy, we sought a balance between the recurrence of the use of these terms and their ability to describe GRIP's main interests. Initially, 250 terms were detected in each language. A statistical indicator (GF.IDF) was then used to rank the terms according to their importance in a document. The closer the indicator is to zero, the more common the term; the higher the indicator, the more unique the usage. Terms with a GF.IDF greater than 1.05 and less than 3 were retained, and only terms with fifteen or more mentions in the documents analysed were retained. We thus obtained a dictionary of 47 English terms and 45 French terms describing GRIP's themes.

Empty words were eliminated and similar terms were manually merged when the software had not detected their synonymy. Foreign words were retained when they were related to objects of interest. 257 terms were removed or standardised in the French collection. In English, a total of 675 terms were retained.

9

Détection des périodes et corrélation des termes significatifs entre les années en français et en anglais.

Figure

Figure 9 Period detection and correlation of significant terms between years in French and English. The results indicate a differentiated presence of themes in the two languages. With the increase in the volume of documents first in French and then in English, we can assume that ideas are first produced and published in French and then translated into English. In other words, English is a vehicle for disseminating what has matured in French .

A period detection script was used to capture the semantic structure. The frequency distribution of significant terms over the years was analysed and the optimal partitions in subsequent periods were calculated. Only words with a minimum frequency of eight were retained, i.e. 376 terms in French and 351 in English. The periods were calculated using the difference statistics method (Tibshirani et al., 2001).. In this way, we were able to improve the stability of the differences between subsequent years. In this way, we were able to access the underlying process of knowledge aggregation reflected in these documents.

Conclusions

Throughout this work, we used extensively digital tools to map the knowledge landscape around global research and globalisation. We worked at three different levels. First, we carried out a general mapping to situate GRIP's themes. In this aggregate view, we looked at different maps that indicate a distinct organisation of the global research field in three different languages. In English we saw a concentration on economic and business issues, but we also saw the emergence of themes where GRIP's approaches would be welcome. GRIP's specialisation on certain strategic points in our mapping, i.e. on the main themes in the English-language literature, offers the possibility of building new connections in this field of knowledge.

In French the emphasis is on local and regional approaches to global processes, but also approaches that take account of broader and more complex social processes. The points of contact with GRIP's themes have enabled us to see the relevance of the Institute's thematic choices in the French context. Finally, we looked at work in Spanish by Latin American researchers on globalisation. They focus on reactions to the changes imposed by the economic, commercial and social processes of globalisation, understood mainly as market liberalisation policies, and they offer a narrative of the region's subordinate, non-hegemonic position.

We have noted notable contrasts between English and French literature. . Production in English prioritises large scales and global actors, while production in French focuses on the local actors and the historicity of phenomena. However, we have seen that there are many common themes. It should be interesting to examine how a multilingual agenda could be constructed.

A second level of analysis enabled us to examine the output of French authors in English and in French based on keywords defining the approaches and themes defined by GRIP participants, and we noted dissimilar publication rates for these themes. We have thus been able to detect a process of accumulation of knowledge first in French followed by publication in English, which tends to prove that works in French reflect the interests of the scientific community in

France which are then translated into English. These differentiated publication practices in the two languages are an essential result of our analysis. It should enable us to reflect on the communication of research results. We encountered questions similar to those raised by Fernanda Beigel (2021) in her presentation to the GRIP Conference in November 2022. Our exercise has provided empirical material to guide strategically GRIP’s laboratories and partners.

Semantic cartography also has its limits. Like any map, it is a tool for navigating and exploring new regions . Let's follow this metaphor: the map makes it possible to explore the territory even for those who know it. This work has been designed for the members of the Institute so that they can develop a collective interpretation of the global research landscape. The potential of these results lies in the ability to initiate innovative research orientations when studying the globalisation processes.

validation with imput from the researcher from the Grip

Annex Illustration graphique du processus de fouille de texte (data-mining) et analyses.

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