Redaktörer Sara Holmgren, Hanna Oreborg, Johanna Svensson
Formgivning Carolin Frick Lönegård & Co
Första upplagan, första tryckningen
ISBN 978-91-511-1058-5
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Dear students,
Welcome to a new school year! In your hands, you hold the book VOICES. VOICES will help you develop your skills in English, but we also hope to open your eyes to the world.
We chose the name VOICES because you will get to listen to and read about the voices of others. We hope that you will learn about other people and other parts of the world by viewing their perspectives.
We also chose the name VOICES because we want to teach you to use your own voice in different ways. You will use your voices to tell your own stories, but also to ask questions and be curious about others. You will use your voices to discuss different things, form opinions, and change those opinions when you learn new things.
In this book, you will learn about people with different backgrounds, different personalities, and different stories to tell. Some of them are fictional, and some of them are real. We hope that you will find different traits that you recognise in yourself, but also learn about what life can be like for others. These stories are not there to put a spotlight on you whenever you find similarities but to show you that you are not alone, that you are not the only one with your struggles and thoughts. We hope that you will find connections that will strengthen you when using your own voice.
In year 7, we will focus on Great Britain and Ireland, in year 8, you will encounter different parts of the Americas, and in year 9 we open up to the rest of the English-speaking world.
If you find English challenging, there will be support to help you along the way. If you find English easy, there will be challenges and additional materials to push you further.
Whoever you are, we hope that working with this book will boost your English, give you new perspectives, and strengthen your own voice.
Mia Smith and Jeremy Taylor authors of VOICES
CONTENT
Unit 1
▶ TECH YES? TECH NO?
Unit Starter
1A Bionic Bodies
1B Women in Tech
In Focus: Register
1C The Speed of Technological Change
1D Techno? Yes!
Project: History of a Technological Device
Grammar: Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Changes in Spelling
Unit 2
▶ OF LOVE AND LONGING
Unit Starter
2A Who is Your Crush?
In Focus: Gender-Neutral Language
2B Love Rules!
2C Romeo and Juliet
2D Great Lives Great Loves
Project: Fan Fiction
Grammar: Genitive
Unit 3
▶ SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO?
Unit Starter
3A Home to Jamaica
3B The Cultural Mix of New York
3C Sedna – an Inuit Legend
In Focus: Eupheisms
3D Mexican Border
Project: Animal Migration – Discover the Journey
Grammar:
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Sentence Adverbs
Usually and Used to
Unit 4
▶
THE AMERICAS
Unit Starter
4A Islands in the Sun
4B 50 States
4C O Canada
4D Civil Rights Movement Timeline
In Focus: American/British English
Project: Explore the Americas
Grammar:
Demonstrative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Unit 5
▶ WHO SAID THAT?
Unit Starter
5A But the Ad Says …
In Focus: Prefixes
5B Urban Legends – The Legends We Love to Fear
5C The Whole Truth?
5D Who Tells Our Story?
Project: #BML – Say Their Names!
Grammar:
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Time
Linguistic Differences
Unit 6
▶ THE ROAD LESS TRAVELLED
Unit Starter
6A Tips for Explorers
6B Early Explorers
In Focus: Pronunciation and Stress
6C Robinson Crusoe
6D Two Journeys, Two Outcomes
Project: Investigate an Explorer
Grammar: Passive Voice in the Present Simple Passive Voice in the Past Simple Usage of the Passive Voice
BONUS SECTION
Extension Work
Unit 1 – Luddites
Unit 2 – The Chemistry of Love
Unit 3 – The Interesting Case of Joe Hill
Unit 4 – “The Hill We Climb” – Amanda Gorman
Unit 5 – The Maroon Wars – A Tale of a Divided Jamaica
Unit 6 – Canals and Trains – Transport That Changed History
Source Criticism
Study Techniques and Strategies:
Vocabulary Training
Reading
Listening Writing
Speaking
Model – Narrative text
Model – Dialougue
Verb Table
Unit 1 ▶ TECH YES? TECH NO?
Get Talking!
1. What is the most important technical device in your daily life and why?
2. In what ways has technology changed how people communicate compared to the past?
3. Screen time is a hot topic. How much screen time do you think is reasonable at your age?
4. Do you think there is such a thing as ‘too much’ technology? Why or why not?
5. In which way can technological inventions help people’s social life?
6. Imagine all mobile phones were removed for a full month for everyone around you. Discuss which changes you would have to make in your life and which other devices you would need. Make a list and compare it with your classmates’ lists.
Unit Starter
This unit is all about technology! To start you off, here are some questions to discuss with your classmates.
1A
Before you read the text
→ If someone loses an arm or a leg, what can it be replaced with?
→ How good is this replacement compared to the original body part?
→ Scientists are trying to develop artificial body parts that are as good – or even better – than the parts we already have. Does this thought scare you or excite you?
→ Look at the word list. Are any of the words new to you?
Text type
• dialogue
Language
• basic level
• informal register
• American English
science fiction film eller serie om framtidsscenarier, teknik eller rymden TV series tv-serie recently nyligen accident olycka rebuild (rebuilt, rebuilt) återbygga bulldozer schaktmaskin 60 miles an hour ca 97 km/h special effects specialeffekter enjoy tycka om, njuta av colonel överste (militär rank) secret agent hemlig agent age ålder gender kön, genus bionic teknik som efterliknar biologiska funktioner similar liknande, likartad these days nu för tiden actually faktiskt
Bionic Bodies
Malik and Amelia are talking about a science fiction TV series that Malik has recently watched. Read their dialogue and answer the questions that follow.
Malik My mom told me to watch a TV series called The Six Million Dollar Man.
Amelia And? What was it about?
Malik It’s about an Air Force pilot who had a really bad accident. His body was rebuilt, so his new arm was as strong as a bulldozer. He could run at 60 miles an hour, and his eyes could zoom in to see things 20 times larger than they really were.
Amelia Was it any good?
Malik Well, it was made in the 1970s, so the special effects are not the same as they are today, but I enjoyed it. Colonel Steve Austin – that’s the pilot – becomes a secret agent and, with the help of his superpowers, is able to help save the free world.
Amelia Malik, you’re 14. Aren’t you a bit old for superheroes?
Malik No way. Superheroes are great for any age and any gender. I found out there’s a bionic woman with similar powers to the Six Million Dollar Man. She was introduced as a spin-off from the show.
Amelia Okay, I might see if I can find her on the internet. But what about real bionic people?
Malik What do you mean?
Amelia Well, there are people who need a new eye, a new arm, or a new leg. How good is the science these days? I don’t think people can get an eye that can zoom in better than a real eye, but can we make a bionic eye that actually works?
Malik I haven’t heard of anything like that. But you see runners at the Paralympics …
Amelia You mean blade runners?
Malik Yes, they’ve got special artificial legs so they can actually run faster than people with legs made of flesh and blood.
Amelia And I saw a program about bionic arms. People who have lost an arm can have a new arm with amazing robotics.
Malik I have a question for you, Amelia.
Amelia I’m ready for it.
Malik If scientists said they could take out your eyes and give you bionic eyes that would allow you to see in far more detail, so you could see a mouse from two miles away, would you get bionic eyes?
Amelia I don’t think so. I don’t trust the technology at the moment. Sometimes my phone stops working, and that’s a pain – but imagine what would happen if your eyes stopped working!
Malik I don’t agree. I like the idea of working with bionic body parts that are not only as good as what we have but actually better. Maybe one day I’ll have bionic eyes, legs, and arms of my own.
Amelia Like the Six Million Dollar Man?
Malik Exactly.
artificial konstgjord flesh and blood kött och blod robotics robotteknik scientist forskare allow tillåta far more mycket mer trust lita på a pain en plåga, asjobbigt imagine föreställa sig stop working sluta fungera agree hålla med, instämma as good as så bra som
Steve Austin saves astronauts in the TV series The Six Million Dollar Man (1974).
Did you get it?
Paddle
Answer the questions.
1. Why did Colonel Austin stop working as a US Air Force pilot?
2. What is said about how special effects have changed over time?
3. Who is the female equivalent of the Six Million Dollar Man?
4. Who are blade runners?
5. Which body parts are mentioned in the text?
Swim
Answer the questions. Use details from the text to explain your answers.
6. Amelia says: ‘Malik, you’re 14. Aren’t you a bit old for superheroes?’ What does she suggest by saying this? Do you agree with her?
7. In the text, a comparison is used to explain the power of a bionic arm. Which comparison is made, and what does it tell you?
8. Who is ‘tech yes’ and who is ‘tech no’? Amelia or Malik? Explain your answer.
Dive
Discuss in pairs or small groups.
9. If you had bionic eyes, what jobs would you be able to do better than people with normal eyes?
10. In the future, we will likely have bionic body parts superior to the parts we were born with. Does this idea excite you or worry you? Explain your answer.
11. The TV series The Six Million Dollar Man started as a book called Cyborg by Martin Caidin published in 1972. In general, do you think books are better than films or TV adaptations?
Language work
Useful chunks
Here are some good-to-know phrases from the text. Answer the questions with a classmate. Can you think of other ways to use the useful chunks?
as strong as Who in your life is as strong as a superhero, and why? be able to Who is able to do something impressive, and what is it?
be a bit
be a pain
these days
When do you think someone might say, ‘Aren’t you a bit too old or too young for that?’
Studying for exams can sometimes be a pain. What strategies might help make it easier?
Do people still repair holes in socks these days? Why/why not?
be ready for What’s something you are ready for and why?
would you get
flesh and blood
Would you get excited, scared, or curious if you saw an alien? Why?
Would you feel comfortable replacing any of your flesh and blood body parts with bionic ones? Why/why not?
like the idea of Do you like the idea of replacing human teachers with AI robots in the classroom? Why/why not?
Which word?
Match the descriptions with the words in the box. Write sentences using the words.
science fiction TV series recently accident rebuild special effects enjoy secret agent age gender
1. to recreate something again from its parts
2. in the not-too-distant past
3. a genre that often describes the future and worlds with technology more advanced or otherwise unlike our own
4. an unexpected and generally unwelcome thing that happens
5. film techniques that make it possible to show something spectacular that one cannot film normally, often with the help of computers and animation
6. a program that is serialized, meaning it has many episodes, usually with a specific set of characters, and tells a story spread out over time
7. the number of years a person has lived
8. to find pleasure in
9. a person officially working for a government agency, but whose identity is changed or hidden so that others do not know
10. the way a person identifies themselves — often as male, female, or non-binary (includes both how people see themselves and how society sees them)
Pair up
Match each sentence beginning with the correct ending to form a complete sentence.
1 I thought I had seen this before A when all of the devices stop working.
2 There is a lot of talk about B we can create pets for people with dementia who might accidentally forget to feed them.
3 Many of the foods we eat C how little people exercise these days.
4 ‘I am so proud of my son’ D that was far more than a science fiction program.
5 With the help of robotics E my own flesh and blood!’
6 Rod Serling created a TV series F but they will really help us learn the material.
7 Trust is something that is built up slowly over time G we might be able to enjoy in the future with the help of technology!
8 All of these exercises might be a pain H every day have artificial ingredients.
9 Imagine what kind of amazing things I and it is so easily lost.
10 The trouble really starts J but maybe it was just something similar
Speak
Prepare a short presentation about one bionic body part. Make notes rather than writing out the whole text. It can either be something real that you have found out about, or it can be a bit of science fiction. In your short presentation, tell your classmates:
• what the bionic body part is
• how it works
• why it is as good as or better than the original body part
• what exactly it can do
• what could go wrong with it
Be ready to ask your classmates questions and to answer questions they may ask you.
Write
Film proposal
Martin Caidin wrote his book Cyborg (the inspiration for The Six Million Dollar Man) in the early 1970s. Technology has improved a lot since then. It is time for a new kind of bionic hero with updated powers that fit the 21st century.
Write a film proposal for a modern bionic hero story. Make sure you address the following points:
• What is the title of the film?
• Is the film with real actors and some computer effects, or is it fully animated?
• What powers does the bionic hero have?
• What dramatic situations will your hero face?
• How will the film end?
Show your film proposal to your classmates. Do they think you should send it to Hollywood?
Listen
Defibrillators
Something amazing happened at Jenny Chow’s school last month. Listen to the Tech Health Show podcast to hear Jenny’s story.
Read the questions before you listen. Feel free to listen more than once if needed.
1. How does Jenny Chow stay fit?
a) she runs b) she cycles c) she swims d) it’s not mentioned
2. How old is Jenny Chow?
a) 15 b) 50 c) it’s not mentioned
3. Is Jenny an only child?
a) yes b) no c) it’s not mentioned
4. Who can use a defibrillator?
a) only doctors and nurses
b) only doctors, nurses and paramedics
c) almost everyone
5. What happened to Jenny Chow in the staff room?
a) she organised a training course
b) she had a cardiac arrest
c) it’s not mentioned
6. Are there more defibrillators or more cardiac arrests each year in the United Kingdom?
a) more defibrillators
b) more cardiac arrests
c) it’s not mentioned
7. How many people survive a cardiac arrest?
a) 10%
b) 50%
c) it’s not mentioned
Before you read the text
→ Which famous women who worked in mathematics or science do you know about?
→ Why do you think more men than women study engineering at university?
→ Are role models important to young people? Why? Why not?
→ Look at the word list. Are any of the words new to you?
Women in Tech
Most people use computers every day, but most software developers today are men. In the early days of computers, many women were involved in calculations and computing. Why did that change? In the mid-1980s, home computers were advertised to men, with no women in the ads. But is that the whole explanation? Some say that workplace culture and others mention a lack of role models. Let us look at some important women in STEM.
Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics.
Ada Lovelace (1815–1852)
Text type
• biographic articles
Language
• standard level
• neutral register
• American English
developer utvecklare be involved in syssla/arbeta med calculation matematisk beräkning computing databehandling advertise göra reklam explanation förklaring lack brist role model förebild
Ada Lovelace was born into a rich family in London. Her father was Lord Byron, a famous poet, and her mother was Annabella Milbanke Byron. Ada had private tutors and studied literature, languages, music, and mathematics. She also studied on her own. She then studied under the first professor of mathematics at the University of London. At this time most girls didn’t get an education at all, so Ada was quite special. She met the mathematician Charles Babbage. Babbage had created a difference engine, an early version of what we today call a computer. Ada was only 17 years old, and Babbage was 42, but intellectually they were on the same level. They started working together, communicating through letters.
tutor privatlärare on one's own på egen hand difference engine differensmaskin, en sorts tidig dator intellectually intellektuellt communicate kommunicera letter brev
Babbage’s Difference Engine – an early mechanical computer.
health issues hälsoproblem spend (spent, spent) tillbringa
translate översätta notes anteckningar twice as dubbelt så include inkludera remarkable anmärkningsvärd, imponerande ahead of one's time före sin tid programming language programmeringsspråk award utmärkelse, pris lifetime livstid
Lovelace married William King, the Earl of Lovelace, in 1838, and they had three children. She had some health issues and spent a lot of time in bed. She spent this time thinking about how to build a flying machine and worked on different mathematical problems. Ada’s most important work was translating an article about Babbage’s difference engine. She added some notes of her own. Those notes were twice as long as the article itself and included what we now call the first computer code.
It took the world a century to understand how remarkable her work was, but today she is seen as a brilliant mind ahead of her time. There is a programming language named after her, ADA, and an award for women in STEM in her name. Ada Lovelace died when she was only 36 years old, but she did more in her lifetime than anyone could imagine.
Grace Hopper (1906–1992)
Ph.D. doktorsexamen join gå med i navy flottan create skapa possible möjlig Medal of Freedom frihetsmedalj several åtskilliga, många
Grace Hopper helped open the door to the world of computers for many others. She got a Ph.D. at Yale University and later taught mathematics at Vassar College before joining the U.S. Navy. She spent parts of her career in the Navy at Harvard University, working on Mark I, an early version of today’s electronic computers.
Hopper was part of a group that created the first programming language based on the English language, FLOW-MATIC. This language made it possible to program using words, not only numbers. She also wrote the first textbook that taught others how to program the computer. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2016, several years after her death.
Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000)
To most people, Hedy Lamarr was a beautiful face and one of the most iconic stars of the early years of Hollywood. She was born in Vienna, Austria, as Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler. As a child, she loved learning about technological inventions from her father. She soon became interested in the film industry and started acting at a young age. She made a few movies in Europe before she met a Hollywood producer and ended up in Hollywood with a movie contract and a new name: Hedy Lamarr.
Lamarr was called ‘the world’s most beautiful woman’ by the movie studio, but she was more than just good looks; she was smart as well. When she was not acting, she kept designing new inventions. Among other things, she created a tablet that turned water into a carbonated soda drink. Together with her friend George Antheil, she developed the frequency-hopping spread spectrum. This technology is the foundation of what is today called Bluetooth, which connects your headphones to your cellphone.
After she stopped acting and left Hollywood, Lamarr lived a very lonely life and only talked to her family and friends over the telephone. Although she was celebrated as a movie star during her career, she was praised for her technological discoveries later in life. In 2014, 14 years after her death, she was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
iconic ikonisk, legendarisk Vienna Wien
Austria Österrike as a child som barn act skådespela end up hamna
good looks en vacker yta, skönhet tablet tablett carbonated kolsyrad develop utveckla foundation grund connect koppla ihop headphones hörlurar cellphone mobiltelefon
although fastän celebrate fira, hylla praise hyllningar, lov discovery upptäckt induct uppta, inviga Hall of Fame en plats där människor inom ett särskilt område hyllas
computer science datavetenskap ahead framför position anställning, jobb meterology meterologi, läran om väder
department institution, avdelning predict förutsäga, förutspå defense systems försvarssystem Air Force flygvapnet offer erbjuda successful framgångsrik, lyckad
Margaret Hamilton (1936–)
When Margaret Hamilton went to university, there was no such thing as computer science. Hamilton decided to study mathematics, not knowing what was ahead of her. After a few years of working with mathematics, she got a position working at the meteorology department at MIT. There, Hamilton developed methods to predict the weather, programming computers to do so.
Hamilton continued working on projects where she was writing computer code, including defense systems for the US Air Force. Then she heard about the Apollo project. NASA was going to send people to the moon, and Hamilton wanted to be a part of the project. She was offered two different jobs at NASA and played an important role in the project. When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps on the moon in 1969, they could thank Margaret for many parts of their mission being successful.
coin a term mynta, skapa ett uttryck software engineering programutveckling tribute hyllning depict avbilda
Hamilton was one of the first women at NASA. She is said to have coined the term software engineering. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. The greatest tribute, though: she was depicted as a LEGO figure in 2017. How cool is that?
All the code for the Apollo mission, written by Margaret Hamilton and her team (1969)
Did you get it?
Paddle
Is the sentence about Ada, Grace, Hedy, or Margaret? Sometimes there is more than one answer.
1. She was born in Europe.
2. She helped a rocket fly into space.
3. Her father was a famous poet.
4. She was awarded a medal by the US president.
5. She was a movie star.
6. She wrote the first textbook about how to program a computer.
7. She was very lonely in the last years before she died.
8. She worked with weather issues.
9. She studied mathematics.
10. She died more than a hundred years ago.
Swim
Answer the questions. Use details from the text to explain your answers.
11. How does the text show that society’s view of women’s contributions has changed over time?
12. How did both Hedy Lamarr and Grace Hopper make technology more accessible to others?
13. The text describes Grace Hopper as someone who ‘helped open the door to the world of computers for many others.’ How did she do this?
Dive
Discuss in pairs or small groups.
14. Which of the inventions and discoveries mentioned in the text affect your everyday life today?
15. Which different universities and colleges are mentioned in the text? If you could choose one to study at in the future, which one would it be and why? Locate them on a map.
Language work
Useful chunks
Here are some good-to-know phrases from the text. Answer the questions with a classmate. Can you think of other ways to use the useful chunks?
in the early days
a lack of
What do you think it was like in the early days of streaming compared to now?
What happens when there’s a lack of skilled players in a sport? on one’s own
Describe a time when you decided to handle a difficult task on your own. What did you learn from that experience? health issues
What are common health issues people face as they get older? twice as
How would you feel if your trip took twice as long as expected? ahead of one’s time In what way do you think Greta Thunberg is ahead of her time? an early version of How do you think an early version of a phone compares to today’s phones? later in life
What is something you think people appreciate more later in life, and why?
predict the weather
Why is it important to predict the weather be successful
Verbs and nouns
What does being successful mean to you?
A few of the words in the text can be both a verb (an action word like ‘jump’ or ‘write’) and a noun (a thing, like ‘book’ or ‘bicycle’).
Look at the words in the box below and write two sentences for each one.
• In the first sentence, use the word as a noun.
• In the second sentence, use the word as a verb.
Example: noun: I went for a run in the park this morning. verb: I run every day to stay in shape.
Tech idioms
Idioms are phrases that don’t mean exactly what the words say. Instead, they have a special meaning.
in the pipeline something that is planned for the near future or has already been started but not yet completed
digital footprint the traces you leave online
break new ground to do something that has never been done before, that is new and innovative be on the same wavelength to understand something in the same way, to have the same thoughts
pull the plug to stop something immediately the nuts and bolts of something the practical details of something, not just theory
get your wires crossed to misunderstand someone
have a screw loose to be eccentric, crazy
Which of the idioms above fit in the gap?
Change the grammatical forms if needed.
1. I think this project will • • •
2. Maybe so, but do you know • • • ?
3. Yes, the product will keep track of people’s • • • and help them consider their online habits.
4. I hope we • • • as the sales staff on the time plan.
5. Yes, this has been • • • for quite some time now.
6. Just keep your fingers crossed that the CEO didn’t • • • when getting the run-down from the programmers.
7. It would be a shame if we had to • • • once everything is set to go.
8. I’ve been so stressed out over launching it. Sometimes I wonder if I • • •
Antonyms
An antonym is the opposite of a word. Can you find the antonyms for these words? They are all in the word list.
1. top 2. destroy 3. be excluded from 4. half as 5. leave out 6. together
Listen
AkiraChix – educating a new female STEM generation
Listen to the story of AkiraChix, an organization that offers an education in programming for young women. Read questions 1–5 before you listen. Feel free to listen more than once if needed.
1. Where in the world does AkiraChix operate?
a) The Middle East b) South Africa
c) Eastern Africa d) Eastern Europe
2. What is said about education worldwide?
a) boys get less education than girls
b) girls get less education than boys
c) boys and girls always get the same level of education
d) boys and girls usually go to school for the same number of years
3. Women from six countries can apply for the program. Name at least two of the countries. The starting letters are given.
4. What is the motto of AkiraChix?
a) ‘she learns - she builds - she counts.
b) ‘she leads - she learns - she serves’
c) ‘she builds - she serves - she leads’
d) ‘she learns - she counts - she serves’
5. How many women had completed the CodeHive program by 2022?
After listening
6. Locate the countries mentioned on a world map.
7. What do you think of AkiraChix? What is the best thing about their organisation and their activities? Are there any negative aspects?
Write
Fan letter
People who manage to make great breakthroughs like the ones mentioned in the text often become role models for others. Write a fan letter to one of the women in the text. Tell her why you find her and her achievements so inspiring.
Speak
Below are some quotes from women in tech. Read them and discuss what they mean. Which one do you personally like the best? Why?
‘Humans are allergic to change. They love to say, ‘We’ve always done it this way.’ I try to fight that. That’s why I have a clock on my wall that runs counterclockwise.’
– Grace Hopper, pioneering computer scientist
‘An ugly baby is better than no baby at all. If you wait and wait and wait for your product to be perfect before you release it out into the world, you will often never get there.’
– Kathryn Minshew, Co-Founder/CEO The Muse
‘I was taught that the way of progress was neither swift nor easy.’
– Marie Curie, first woman to win a Nobel Prize & the only person to win the Nobel in two different sciences –chemistry and physics!
‛‘Don’t let anyone rob you of your i magination, your creativity, or your curiosity. It’s your place in the world; it’s your life. Go on and do all you can with it, and make it the life you want to live.’
‘I can excuse everything but boredom. Boring people don’t have to stay that way.’
– Hedy Lamarr, Inventor & Actor
– Mae Jemison, first African American woman astronaut in space ‘We need to understand that if we all work on inclusion together, it’s going to be faster, broader, better, and more thorough than anything we can do on our own.’
– Ellen Pao, former Reddit CEO & current Project Include CEO
‘If you haven’t failed yet, you haven’t tried anything.’
– Reshma Saujani, Founder of Girls Who Code
‘Science is not a boy’s game, it’s not a girl’s game. It’s everyone’s game.’
– Nichelle Nichols, Lt. Uhura on Star Trek and NASA Ambassador
‘All sorts of things can happen when you’re open to new ideas and playing around with things.’
– Stephanie Kwolek, the chemist who invented Kevlar
IN FOCUS
Register
The same ideas can be said or written in different ways, using different registers. You need to consider who you are talking or writing to, what kind of situation you are in, and what your purpose is.
Look at the words below. They are all synonyms for the word good, but they carry different styles. good awesome marvelous satisfactory super duper satisfying wicked rad favourable slay splendid neat awesomesauce brilliant positive wonderful
Discuss with a friend where to place them on a scale from informal to formal. Informal is when you speak to a friend – someone your own age that you know well. Formal is used in a professional or educational setting, perhaps when speaking to an older person you haven’t met before. Note: There is no exact right or wrong answer here.
When you write texts in school you need to find a register that is more formal than when you chat with your friends. Below are some examples to consider.
informal formal
contracted forms I’m, it’s, you’re I am, it is, you are active/ passive I’m pouring water into a glass. A glass was filled with water.
slang This book was wicked!
This book was great.
There are also examples of when incorrect language use is considered alright because the situation is so informal. In texts written in a school context or in a work context, this is usually not suitable.
informal formal
punctuation and emojis
Can't wait to see you!!!!!
Looking forward to seeing you.
capital letters I’ll come over when i’m done with my english homework I’ll come over when I’m done with my English homework.
Rewrite the text below to make it more formal, in a way that a grandmother would appreciate.
going to, want to/ want a, got to/got a, kind of, give me, let me
Rewrite the text below to make it more informal.
YO grandma wazuuuup??? i’m on my way to hudiksvall now to C U!! we’re gonna have a blast, it’s been ages since we hung out!!! lemme know if i should hitch a ride with a bus or sumthin, K? LUV U!!!
Dear Annie,
I am very much looking forward to making your acquaintance this weekend. Getting to know you over the internet has been very much to my satisfaction, but I do indeed wish to get to know you better. I will be arriving by train at 2,36 PM, will you be able to fetch me from the train station?
See you soon, Dexter
Text type
• article
• reading stamina practice
Language
• standard level
• formal register
• American English
technological teknologisk change förändring probably troligtvis invent uppfinna potter’s wheel drejskiva, som används vid kruktillverkning come (came, come) up with hitta på, skapa means medel, hjälpmedel load last incredible fantastisk advance framsteg spread (spread, spread) sprida sig the Middle East Mellanöstern reach nå century århundrade
compare jämföra incredibly otroligt spread spridning feature särskild funktion company företag event evenemang thanks to tack vare
Before you read the text
→ Technology is all around us. Are you a fan of technology? Why or why not?
→ What new things have been invented since you were born? How do things change?
→ When things change, do they always change for the better?
→ Look at the word list. Are any of the words new to you?
The Speed of Technological Change
The wheel was probably invented around 5,000 years ago. The Potter’s wheel may have been the first kind of wheel. Around 500 years later, someone came up with the idea of using wheels as a means of carrying a heavy load. This incredible technological advance spread slowly through Europe and the Middle East. It reached China about 1,000 years after its invention. The wheel didn’t reach North or South America until the 16th century.
It’s surprising that great civilizations like the Aztecs and the Incas did not invent something as simple as the wheel. Even the huge pyramids in Egypt were built without the help of wheels. The huge stones were pulled over wet logs by teams of slaves.
It is interesting to compare this incredibly slow spread of technology with technological advances today. If a mobile phone company creates a new feature, the company organizes an event to tell the world. News about the product, good or bad, spreads around the world in seconds thanks to the internet. So how did things change?
3500 BCE
The wheel was invented in Mesopotamia. Roman relief (31 BCE). Chariot with wheels in use.
As with the wheel, many other technical advances took thousands of years to develop. The ideas then spread slowly around the world. So, when did things speed up? One important period of change was from 1685 to 1815. This period is known as the Enlightenment. There’s a nice quote from the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his book What is Enlightenment? written in 1784. Kant wrote: “Dare to know! Have courage to use your reason!”
And people did. For the first time in history, people began to question many different things. Perhaps the world wasn’t flat. Perhaps the church and state should be separate. Perhaps we could fly like birds. There were many scientific discoveries in the fields of medicine, chemistry, and physics. The classification of all living things by the Swede Carl Linnaeus also started in this period. Both the French and American revolutions happened during the Enlightenment.
Another important factor was the growth of cities. As more people lived close together it was much easier to interact with other people. Many societies formed where smart people could exchange ideas. This cooperation made ideas develop faster. By 1789, there were over 70 scientific societies in Europe.
By the mid-19th century, the Industrial Revolution was wellestablished in many countries, but people traveled very little. Roads were poor, and a carriage and horses were things only the rich could afford. As technology got better, people who made coaches saw that a new invention, the internal combustion engine, was coming. They persuaded the government to introduce strict laws about these new
thousands of tusentals slowly långsamt speed (sped, sped) up skynda på, öka tempot the Enlightenment upplysningen quote citat dare våga courage mod reason förnuft question ifrågasätta flat platt scientific vetenskaplig classification klassifikation, systematisk uppdelning i grupper French fransk growth tillväxt society samfund, sällskap exchange utbyta cooperation samarbete develop utveckla, utvecklas
well-established väletablerad poor av dålig kvalitet carriage and horses häst och vagn afford ha råd med coach vagn the internal combustion engine förbränningsmotorn persuade överyga, övertala government regering strict sträng
1850
The Industrial Revolution spread across Europe.
vehicle fordon pace takt, tempo countryside landsbygd require kräva warn varna
quadricycle fyrhjuling successful framgångsrik set (set, set) up grunda founder grundare
assembly line löpande band factory fabrik manufacture tillverkning put (put, put) together sätta ihop, montera
carry out utföra task uppgift level nivå chain kedja limited begränsad pass by åka förbi
machines. In 1865, all horseless vehicles could travel no faster than two miles an hour in towns (walking pace) and up to four miles an hour in the countryside. The law also required one person to walk in front of the vehicle carrying a red flag to warn other road users that a “horseless vehicle” was coming. The law stayed in place until 1896. It was also in 1896 that a man in America made his first car, which he called a quadricycle. In 1903, he started a company to make quadricycles. That company later became one of the biggest and most successful companies in the world. Quadricycles are now known as cars. The man who set up the company was Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company.
It was Ford who, in 1913, introduced the assembly line into his factories. Early car manufacture involved teams of workers putting together a car. Each person would carry out many different tasks. That method required a high level of training. With an assembly line, the workers stayed in one place and the cars moved along on chains. Each worker had one or two limited tasks to do in the short time the car passed by. In 1912, Ford produced 170,211 cars. In 1915, they produced 501,462. By 1920, they were producing over one million cars a year.
It is amazing that in 1896, drivers had to have someone carrying a red flag in front of the car, yet just 24 years later, Ford was producing over a million cars each year. The speed of technological development had increased much faster than the speed of the cars themselves. Today, around 94 million cars are produced each year around the world. Surely, nothing has advanced faster than the technology in cars. Think again.
In 1936, an Englishman called Alan Turing built a machine called the Turing-Welchman Bombe, which today we would call a very primitive computer. Turing’s machine was used during the war to break the Nazi codes. The machine was slow and broke down regularly – but it worked.
By the 1960s, a number of big universities had their own computers. They were huge, cost millions of dollars, and were still very slow. But then new technology started developing quickly. The computer mouse was invented in 1963, and IBM created a floppy disk in 1971 so that data could be shared between computers. In 1972, the first video game (Pong) was released.
In 1975, a magazine called Popular Electronics published details of a new computer, the Altair 8080. A man called Paul Allen and his friend read the magazine and offered to write software for the new computer. Their offer was accepted, and the two men set up a new company. Paul Allen’s friend was Bill Gates, and the company they started was called Microsoft.
Just a year later, in 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the very first Apple Computer. A year after that, the Apple II had color graphics and an audio cassette drive on which users could store data. Many people believe the story that these were designed and built in the garage of the house at 2066 Crist Drive in Los Altos, California, but Wozniak says this story is a myth.
Every year computers improved in speed and graphic quality and came down in price. At first, only big companies could afford computers. By the 1980s, computers were becoming more and more common at home. The video game industry grew quickly as computers got better, and the games and graphics became more complex.
1971
primitive primitiv, enkel break (broke, broken) a code knäcka en kod break (broke, broken) down gå sönder regularly regelbundet
audio ljudcassette drive kassettbandspelare store spara, lagra data information, data
graphic grafisk, som har med bild att göra quality kvalitet
come (came, come) down in price sjunka i pris
common vanlig complex komplex, avancerad
1976
1936
Alan Turing built the Turing-Welchman Bombe
IBM created the floppy disc
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple Computer
the idea of HTML was presented
connect koppla samman telephone line telefonlinje painfully plågsamt user användare rapidly snabbt, kvickt reliable pålitlig impossible omöjlig indeed faktiskt, verkligen
a good sign ett gott tecken potential potential, möjlighet lie lögn hate hat
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN in Switzerland, presented his idea for Hyper Text Markup Language –better known as HTML. This allowed for the development of the World Wide Web, or as we know it today, the Internet.
CERN is a scientific institute based near Geneva, Switzerland. It is an intergovernmental organisation with 24 members, most of them European. The institute allows scientists from around the world to use their facilities. A number of Nobel Prize winners did their work at CERN. A lot of high-energy physics is done there, including work with the large hadron collider.
At first, people couldn’t see the benefits of lots of computers being connected. Early internet connections were made using telephone lines and were painfully slow. But it was a new way to communicate, and the number of users grew rapidly. As the internet became more reliable, and with the spread of fiber broadband, life seemed impossible without it. Indeed, in America, around 99% of people aged under 65 use the internet, and 80% of those over 65 are connected.
But America is not the whole world. In 2023, about 63% of people around the world used the internet. That number is growing quickly, which is a good sign for the future. The internet offers huge potential for education and the exchange of ideas. But it also offers huge potential to those who wish to spread lies and hate. Things are still developing very quickly. Who knows where we will be in ten years’ time?
Did you get it?
Paddle
Choose the correct answer.
1. How long was the wheel used as a potter’s wheel before it was used to carry loads? a) 5,000 years b) 500 years c) 4,500 years
2. Three countries (not nationalities) are mentioned in the text: China, Egypt and … a) Britain b) Switzerland c) Germany
3. Who introduced the assembly line in factories? a) Henry Ford b) Bill Gates c) Steve Jobs
4. According to the text, the speed of technological change is ... a) slowing down b) speeding up c) increasing at a steady rate
5. Which country did the inventor of HTML come from? a) England b) Sweden c) Switzerland
6. These four people were important in creating the computers we use today. They worked in pairs. Who worked together? Paul Allen – Steve Jobs – Bill Gates – Steve Wozniak
Swim
Answer the questions. Use details from the text to explain your answers.
7. How many years were there between the Ford Company producing their first car and the year when they produced more than half a million cars?
8. How did the Enlightenment help scientific progress?
9. Most Swedish people learn about Carl von Linné in school. In this text, he is referred to by another name, which is it? Why is the name different?
Dive
Discuss in pairs or small groups.
10. ‘Only’ 63% of the world is connected to the Internet. This is likely to increase in the future. How will life be different when we are all connected? Will the effect be positive or negative?
11. Many young people are worried that there won’t be any jobs for them in the future. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about this possible situation? Explain your answer.
12. Could robots in the future have feelings? How might this change our attitude towards them?
Language work
Useful chunks
Here are some good-to-know phrases from the text. Answer the questions with a classmate. Can you think of other ways to use the useful chunks?
may have been Who do you think may have been the greatest athlete of all time? Why that person?
come up with Who came up with an idea or invention you admire?
as simple as
How can learning a new skill be made as simple as possible?
as a means of How can mobile phones be used as a means of learning outside the classroom?
carry out
set up
in X years’ time
break down
became more reliable
offer huge potential
What is a project or task you would like to carry out in the future?
Imagine you have to set up a new club at school. What steps would you take to make sure it is successful?
Where do you see yourself in five years’ time?
Have you ever had a bike or gadget break down at the worst possible time? What did you do?
When did WiFi become more reliable in your town?
What invention offers huge potential to help the world? Explain why.
Turn verbs into nouns
Work with a classmate to explore how some verbs can also function as nouns. Follow these steps:
1. Look at the list below. Read each verb out loud with your partner.
2. Write the noun form of each verb in the table. Many nouns are formed by adding a suffix (word ending) to the verb. Common suffixes include: -ion (connect → connection) -ment (develop → development) -age (pack → package) -ing (build → building)
3. Look at your answers. Do you see any patterns in how the nouns are formed? Can you think of other verbs that follow these patterns?
4. Write a sentence using both the verb and the noun to compare their meanings.
Verb Noun connect connection store offer manufacture
Pair up
Verb Noun persuade establish question reason
Match each sentence beginning with the correct ending to form a complete sentence.
1 The astronaut had to A very rapidly compared to older models.
2 The new high-speed train moves B an established leader in technology.
3 The teacher tried to C persuade the students to do their best.
4 The company is now D dare to step outside the spacecraft.
5 A good friend should always be E reliable and support you when needed.
6 Trying new things is good F as long as it is within reason and nothing too dangerous.
7 Factories need a safe place to G store chemicals and dangerous materials.
8 She showed great H courage when she defended her ideas.
Speak
Read the following statements and then write down how old you think the person who made the statement is. Then debate with your classmates. Can you come to an agreement?
1 FORREST GUMP is a lovely film. I’ll lend you the DVD so you can watch it.
4
I can’t believe you’re still on Facebook. My gran is on Facebook! Insta is where it’s all happening!
2
I binge-watched a series called UNFORGOTTEN with my boyfriend last night. It was mega-awesome.
3
I remember when they introduced electric typewriters into our office. It was truly wonderful.
5
I remember the sense of wonder we had when your computer connected, via your telephone line, to the World Wide Web!
6
It’s really easy, grandma. The data is passed from your watch to the cloud and then is synched automatically with your computer.
Write
The greatest invention of all time
Write a short text explaining why one particular invention has made the world a better place. Think about how it has changed everyday life, health, work, or communication. You may choose inventions like the telephone, the steam engine, or antibiotics, but you are free to pick one of your own.
After writing, compare your text with your classmates. Who came up with the best suggestion and the best reasons?
Structure your text like this:
• Introduction – Introduce your invention and why it’s important.
• Main body – Explain how the invention has improved life.
• Conclusion – Summarise why it’s the most important invention.
Before you read the text
→ What kind of music do you prefer for dancing and listening?
→ Do you enjoy acoustic or electric instruments more?
→ What skills do you think you need if you want to become a DJ in a club that plays techno?
→ Look at the word list. Are any of the words new to you?
Techno? Yes!
Music is constantly evolving. In the early 20th century, jazz music became popular, which brought with it not only a new kind of music but also a new style of dance. When rock and roll first appeared in the 1950s, young people enjoyed the music produced by Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and later the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. By the 1970s, rock and roll had become mainstream, paving the way for new kinds of music. In 1976, a band called the Sex Pistols hit the music scene as the first major punk band. With their controversial lyrics (“God save the queen, the fascist regime …”) and outrageous behavior, they appealed to a rebellious group of young people.
Around the same time as the Sex Pistols were taking music in one direction, another group of musicians were going in a very different direction – to techno. To anyone over the age of 60, techno might just sound like “dootz dootz dootz” music. They don’t understand how vibrant and energizing the music can be. They don’t appreciate the skills of the DJs who can beatmatch tracks perfectly – unlike old-time DJs who would talk for ages between tracks!
It is hard to say exactly where techno came from. The German band Kraftwerk had a strong influence on many techno artists. They started playing electronic music in the early 1970s using synthesizers and drum machines. Kraftwerk was also influenced by techno artists from Detroit, USA.
Text type
• article and tips
Language
• challenging level
• informal register
• American English
evolve utvecklas bring föra med sig appear dyka upp mainstream ung. omtyckt av de flesta major stor controversial kontroversiell, omtvistad, omstridd lyrics låttext
fascist regime fascistisk regim, diktatur med kontroll och förtryck outrageous skandalös, upprörande behavior beteende appeal to tilltala, intressera rebellious rebellisk, upprorisk direction riktning appreciate uppskatta, tycka om skills skicklighet beatmatch synka/matcha takten track spår (på en skiva), låt
German tysk influence inflytande synthesizer synth drum machine trummaskin
branch gren, undergrup rarely sällan vocals sång melody melodi emphasis betoning entirely helt och hållet rhythm rytm
violin violin, fiol rely on baseras på, bygga på clever skicklig, intelligent
vibe stämning, atmosfär last vara, hålla på look for leta efter decide bestäma sig för raise öka
grow (grew, grown) up växa up constantly konstant, hela tiden discover upptäcka
So, what exactly is techno? Techno is a special branch of EDM, electronic dance music. The music rarely has any vocals or melodies, and the emphasis is entirely on rhythm and a tempo of 120–150 beats per minute – the same as your heartbeat when you exercise. Early techno featured instruments like guitars, flutes, and even violins. Today’s techno relies heavily on drum machines, synthesizers, and some very clever software.
Many people enjoy the vibe of techno parties, some of which can last up to three days! But what are people looking for when they are deciding which techno party to go to? Sure, the music is important, but perhaps the most important factor is the DJ. A great DJ needs to “feel” the house. They have to know when to raise the tempo and when to slow things down to keep the energy just right.
Do
you want to be a techno DJ? Keep reading for some useful tips
1. Love it! First of all, you’ve got to love the music. If you’ve grown up with techno, you probably already do. But don’t think that you know everything about techno. This music is constantly evolving, so there is always something new to discover.
2. Vinyl or digital? Some DJs turn up at a gig with a USB stick, plug it into a computer, and play the music they put together at home. While the music may be great, it’s not very exciting for the people on the dance floor. People are impressed with DJs who play real records.(bild) Some of them have turned vinyl mixing into a true art form. Yes, putting together a collection of records is not cheap, and it is definitely easier to use digital material, but some of the top techno DJs use vinyl.
3. Learn the basics. There are many software programs that can do the beatmatching for you, but good DJs know how to do it themselves. Like a top cyclist who has a mechanic to fix the bike, they should also be able to do the work so they understand how a bike works.
4. Want to get rich? Think again. Most techno DJs do it because they love doing it, and love the music. There are far more budding DJs than there are venues, so you have to be good to have a chance. Offer your services for free on a quiet night in one of the smaller clubs, and you may have a chance. Go to as many clubs as you can and get to know the people involved in the local scene – and also the popular music. Yes, some top DJs earn good money, but like football players, most do it simply because they love what they do.
5. Be original! Yes, play some of the tracks that you know will be popular, but find some music that no one else is playing in your area. If people like it, your popularity will increase.
6. Work with other DJs. Collaboration is far more effective than competition. Don’t see other DJs as your rivals but as people who can help you – and you can help them.
7. Watch the experts at work. There are lots of videos online showing some extremely talented DJs at work. Better still, watch them live at work so that you see what they really do, not just what you see in a carefully edited piece on social media.
8. Share your mixes online. This will help you get some useful feedback. Don’t forget to link to them from your social media. That way, people who know you will get to know your music – and hopefully like what you’ve put together.
vinyl vinyl, plastmaterial som LP-skivor görs av turn up dyka upp
gig spelning, jobb exciting spännande impressed imponerad record LP-skiva art form konstform definitely definitivt
the basics grunderna mechanic mekaniker work fungera budding spirande, blivande venue lokal, spelställe local scene lokal musikscen
1. How long was the wheel used as a potter’s wheel before it was used to carry loads?
a) 5,000 years b) 500 years c) 4,500 years
1. Chuck Berry is famous for playing __music.
a) punk b) techno c) jazz d) rock and roll
2. The Sex Pistols were a famous __ band.
a) punk b) techno c) jazz d) rock and roll
3. Which two countries were involved in the development of techno?
a) US and Sweden b) Britain and Sweden
c) US and Germany d) Germany and Sweden
4. What beat is typical for techno music?
5. What is said about lyrics in techno music?
Swim
Answer the questions. Use details from the text to explain your answers.
6. Which phrase from the text suggests that a computer is used?
7. Which of the tips involve cooperation between colleagues?
8. In tip number 4, why does the writer want you to ‘think again’?
Dive
Discuss in pairs or small groups.
9. The last tip suggests that you share your music online. Which platforms are used for sharing music today? How do people share their music?
10. Of the useful tips given at the end of the article, which three do you think are most useful? Is there one that you think is not very useful? Explain your answer.
11. Is the writer of this text someone over 60 who thinks techno is ‘dootz dootz dootz’ or someone under 60 who appreciates the vibrant sound of this amazing music? Explain your answer.
Language work
Useful chunks
Here are some good-to-know phrases from the text. Answer the questions with a classmate. Can you think of other ways to use the useful chunks?
constantly evolve What causes technology to constantly evolve? bring with it What challenges can moving to a new country bring with it?
pave the way for In what ways can education pave the way for a successful future?
turn up at When is it okay to turn up at someone’s house without an invitation, and when is it not?
go in one direction
Can you think of a time when trends or opinions went in one direction? What caused it?
a strong influence on Who has been a strong influence on your musical tastes?
slow things down If life is moving too fast what is a good way to slow things down? grow up with How have the traditions and values you grew up with shaped who you are?
have a chance What do you think it takes to have a chance of achieving your dream? put together How do you put together the perfect playlist for a road trip?
True or False?
Are these sentences true or false? If a sentence is false, rewrite it to make it correct.
1. The Sun definitely revolves around the Earth.
2. People working together on something is called a collaboration.
3. Something that happens all the time is said to occur rarely.
4. The words to a song are called the lyrics.
5. If a theory relies on facts, it ignores them.
6. Things that are getting larger increase in size.
7. The limbs of a tree are called branches.
Positive and negative words
Some words have a positive or negative meaning, while others can have both, depending on the context.
Examples:
A word that is always negative: Rude
Rude is always negative because it means someone is impolite or disrespectful.
→ He didn’t say thank you or even look at me. That was really rude!
A word that is always positive: Brilliant
Brilliant is always positive because it means something is smart or amazing.
→ She had a brilliant idea that solved the problem immediately!
A word that can be both positive and negative: Serious
Serious can be positive when it means someone is responsible, but negative when it means something is dangerous or worrying.
→ He is a serious student who works hard to succeed. (Positive)
→ The situation is serious—we need to call an ambulance. (Negative)
Decide whether each word below is positive, negative, or both. Write your answers in full sentences. If a word can be both, explain why.
Speak
If you’re a fan of techno music, find someone who isn’t. If you’re not a fan of techno, find someone who is. Sit down and discuss techno and other kinds of music. Try to find at least three things you can agree on about the music you like.
Write Giving Feedback
Your cousin, a.k.a. DJ PJs has just done her first session as a DJ. She looks up to you as you have a lot more experience than her as a DJ. Write a dialogue, at least ten lines, between you and your cousin written as DMs. It’s up to you to decide how good she was.
Yo cuz! Give it to me straight! Was I cool or was I SUPERcool?
PROJECT
History of a Technological Device
There have been many important inventions in the history of technological devices, from the wheel to the space rocket. In this project, you will focus on just one device and learn about its history and development. Your goal is to prepare a presentation about the history of the device. You will then deliver the presentation to your classmates. You can work alone or in a small group.
Step 1:
Your first task is to decide which device you will research. Write it down on a piece of paper and give it to your teacher. Your teacher will make sure that each group researches a different device. If you need help choosing, your teacher can give you ideas.
Step 2:
Now it’s time to start researching. Find out as much as you can about your device. Think about these questions:
What is the name of the device?
When was it invented?
Who invented it?
How has it changed over time? Why is it important? Are there any fun or surprising facts about it?
Pictures will help show how the device has changed and make your presentation more interesting.
Remember to only use sources in English.
Step 2:
When you are ready, put together a presentation for your classmates. Make sure you include the following: an introduction to your device a timeline of its history some interesting facts about it
If you are working in a group, decide who will talk about each part. Practise together to make your presentation clear and fun.
Finally, share your presentation with the class and answer any questions they might have!
GRAMMAR
Verbs in the Continuous Tense – Verb i pågående form
Present Continuous Tense – Pågående form i nutid
På engelska används pågående form i nutid när någonting händer just nu, när en händelse inte är avslutad.
Pågående form består av två delar: en form av hjälpverbet be och ett huvudverb som avslutas med ändelsen -ing.
be huvudverb i ing-form
I am playing you are he she it is we are you are they are
Exempel:
I am talking to you. Are you listening? She is busy cleaning her room.
It’s so nice that we are all having dinner together. Are you working together on this task? They are driving me crazy!
Jämför: Presens i enkel form används när man pratar om något som görs regelbundet, en upprepad händelse, eller om något som betecknar ett tillstånd.
upprepade händelser It snows every winter in Sweden. We have art every Tuesday morning.
tillstånd This envelope contains a love letter. Dark chocolate tastes slightly bitter.
Ibland kan formerna förekomma i samma mening.
Exempel:
Jen is riding her bike past the tennis court where I practise every Monday.
She is doing yoga.
Past Continuous Tense – Pågående form i dåtid
Pågående form finns i alla tidsformer. Nedan ser du exempel i dåtid.
Pågående form består av två delar: en form av hjälpverbet be och ett huvudverb som avslutas med ändelsen -ing.
I was playing you were he she it was we were you were they were
Exempel:
I was talking to you. Were you listening?
She was busy cleaning her room.
We were all having dinner together. Were you working together on this task? They were driving me crazy!
She was cleaning the mess.
Även i dåtid kan pågående form kombineras med preteritum. Då handlar det om att något pågick när en annan händelse plötsligt avbröt.
Exempel:
I was sitting in my car when my friend knocked on the window. We were having lunch together when the food fight started. be huvudverb i ing-form
Changes in Spelling – Stavningsförändringar
Några verb får ändrad stavning när man lägger till -ing.
regel verb exempelmening
Vid verb som slutar på -e försvinner -e. hope – hoping tease – teasing
Korta verb som slutar på konsonant får dubbel konsonant före -ing. stop – stopping occur – occurring
Verb som slutar på -ie får -y före -ing. die – dying lie – lying
I was hoping you would call me back.
This party won’t be stopping anytime soon!
It looks like your plants are dying so maybe you should give them some water.
Några verb får olika stavning på amerikansk och brittisk engelska.
mill textilfabrik replace ersätta skilled work kvalificerat yrkesarbete government regering friends in high places inflytelserika vänner, högt uppsatta vänner take (took, taken) action agera
Before you read the text
→ In the past, over 50% of people worked in food production, but today it is only 1% in Western countries. What caused this change?
→ Can you think of other jobs where fewer people are needed today?
→ Some jobs may always require humans, but others could be replaced by robots. What jobs do you think will never be done by a robot? Why?
→ Look at the word list. Are any of the words new to you?
Luddites
7th October 1813
destroy förstöra livelihood levebröd sledgehammer slägga smash up förstöra loom vävstol knitting stickning frame ram carry on fortsätta support stötta sort out hantera
My name is James Culver, and I worked as a textile worker in Manchester, England, for over 40 years. I am what they call a Luddite. Like many other textile workers, we realised that the mill owners were planning to replace us with machines. These machines would put an end to our skilled work and allow less skilled, poorly paid workers to take our jobs. We tried talking to the mill owners, but they wouldn’t listen. They knew they could make more money with the machines. We turned to the government, but the rich mill owners had ‘friends in high places’, so we received no help from the government. We had no choice but to take direct action. It was back in 1779 that the first Luddites took matters into their own hands. They destroyed the machines that threatened their livelihoods. They used sledgehammers to smash up the mechanised looms and knitting frames. They hoped that the mill owners would agree to stop using the machines and that they could carry on working. They didn’t realise just how powerful the mill owners were. Instead of supporting the workers, the British government sent 14,000 soldiers to the area to ‘sort out’ the problem.
Last April, some Luddites were killed by soldiers while they were protesting at a mill in Huddersfield, Yorkshire. Many more were rounded up by the army, and the leaders were either hanged or sent to Australia. It seems there is nothing more we can do. The mill owners have their machines and can make even more money. Thousands of people like me, who used to earn a living in the mills, are now unemployed.
Some people ask why we are called Luddites. The name comes from a man called Ned Ludd who is said to be the first person to destroy a piece of textile machinery back in 1779. Is he real or is he a Robin Hood-like character? No one knows for certain.
13th March 1974
My name is Sue Cauldwell, and I am a member of a large union that supports car workers. In the 1960s, the British car industry employed over a million people. British Leyland, which made the famous Mini, employed 200,000 of them. But things are changing. In America, lots of car companies now use robots to make their cars. Of course, some people will still be needed, but as a union representative, I am worried about jobs in the future. Of course, the bosses call us a bunch of Luddites. But, like the original Luddites in the early 19th century, we’re not against progress. We realise that automation can benefit many people. We just don’t like the way the bosses are handling it. If people are going to be made unemployed, then there needs to be a good programme to allow them to be retrained in other forms of employment – robot designers perhaps? Will Britain still have a car industry in 2040?
round up fånga in, gripa make money tjäna pengar earn a living försörja sig unemployed arbetslös
union fackförening employ anställa company företag representative representant a bunch of ett gäng the early 19th century början av artonhundratalet progress framsteg, utveckling realise inse automation automatisering benefit gynna, vara till nytta för
handle hantera retrain omskola sig
engineer ingenjör malfunction fungera dåligt, sluta fungera repair laga, reparera complain klaga increased ökande powerful kraftfull mankind mänskligheten, människor heart transplant hjärttransplantation aerocars flygande bilar creative kreativ, skapande require kräva the human touch mänsklig prägel worldwide över hela världen diagnose diagnostisera illness sjukdom fraction bråkdel
produce producera educate utbilda police patrullera, upprätthålla ordningen probably troligtvis purpose mening, syfte pride stolthet bring (brought, brought) joy to glädja, skänka glädje till prepare förbereda, laga till delicious läcker detention centre tillsynshem, fängelse
1st June 2062
My name is Alice Darville, and I work more than most people; I do three hours a month. I am a robot engineer, and there are still times when robots malfunction and have to be fixed. We’re actually working on a robot that can repair robots, so in the next few years, I might lose my three-hour job.
When AI first started in the 2020s, people complained it wasn’t perfect. With increased computer power by 2035, AI and robotic systems were so powerful that they were able to carry out every task done by mankind. Heart transplants could be done in less than 60 seconds. Aerocars could be made in just four minutes. Back in the 2020s, some people, much like the Luddites, were worried that AI and robots would take all the jobs – and they were right. Who wants to employ a cleaner when a Robox can clean your whole house, including windows, inside and out for just one dollar a month? Even jobs that people thought were safe, creative talents like writers and musicians, and jobs that people thought required the human touch, like doctors and teachers, were replaced worldwide in less than two years, back in 2036. Why have a human being looking at your sick body when a Robodoc can diagnose your illness in a fraction of a second? Nobody listens to music made before 2039 anymore. It’s just so bad!
But there is a big question: Are we happy? The fact that robots produce all our food, educate our children, police our streets, look after our health, and take us anywhere we want to in the world in less than an hour should mean we’re happy, right? Well, call me a Luddite if you want to, but I think life was probably better when people worked 30-40 hours a week. It gave their life purpose. The pride in making something, educating someone, bringing joy to people’s lives through music, books, and preparing delicious meals.
Can I smash up the machines and take us back to a happier time? No way. The Robocops would put me in a detention centre within seconds.
Work with the text
1. Who exactly is Ned Ludd?
2. Of the three people who lived in an era when working conditions were toughest?
3. Would you support a modern Luddite movement? Why or why not?
4. What future inventions are mentioned in the text? How do they work, and do you think they will exist in your lifetime?
5. After reading about life in 2062, do you think society will be happier in the future? Why or why not?
6. Summarise the text in five sentences.
7. Pick ten new words and use them in sentences to show you understand their meaning.
Language work
Useful chunks
Here are some good-to-know phrases from the text. Write down an answer to each question. Write at least one full sentence for each question. For the last two chunks, there are no questions. Write questions of your own using the phrases.
sort out
put an end to
take action
carry on
When there is a big disagreement at school, what is the best way to sort out the problem?
Why is it difficult to put an end to smoking once and for all?
If someone attacked your friend, would you take action? Why/Why not?
Could you carry on talking for hours and hours? Why/Why not? round up
How can coaches round up players after practice? benefit someone Do you think homework benefits students? Why or why not?
carry out
Surgeons can carry out organ transplants – which organs? a fraction of a second
What things can you do in a fraction of a second? turn to take matters into one's own hands
Spelling
Find at least five words from the text that have five or more letters. Say the words to a classmate. Can they spell the words correctly? Can they tell you what the words mean?
Which word?
The following are words that you might hear in a workplace setting, or otherwise have something to do with the workplace. Match the descriptions with the words in the box. Write sentences using the words.
1. to give someone a job
2. to not have a job
3. a reason for being
4. a feeling of self-worth
5. someone who speaks or acts for another person
6. a factory for manufacturing something
7. to continue, keep going
8. forward or upward movement
9. to not work correctly
10. to voice disapproval over something
11. to switch jobs or careers by way of learning a new one
12. something positive or that aids a worker mill progress unemployed pride malfunction complain retrain benefit employ purpose representative carry on
Write
Robots in the workplace
Imagine a conversation between Sue Cauldwell, the union representative, and the bosses of the car company. The bosses are keen to introduce robots to increase efficiency, but Sue wants to keep as many jobs as possible for the workers.
Continue the dialogue in a respectful and civil manner, showing both points of view.
Mr Birkett: Good Morning, Mrs Cauldwell. Good of you to come and see us.
Sue Cauldwell: Good morning, Mr Birkett. Well, we both want the workers to carry on producing great cars for the great British public!
