F effect of the compounds over the long-term. (Alistair B. A. Boxall, et al. 2003).
A plant-based solution
A natural plant based product, Coxynil was compared to established chemical coccidiostats and the finding is summarised and analysed as such: In a university trial by Federal University of Paraná, Biologic sciences sector, department of physiology, Brazil in 2003, Coxynil was compared against Monensin with or without vaccine with following results (figure 1):
EPM – Average standard error; CV – Variation Coefficient; P > 0,05
Researchers: Prof Dr Ana Vitória Fischer da Silva, Prof Dr Alex Maiorka, Prof Dr Elizabeth Santin & Prof Dr Sebastiao Aparecido Borges at Federal University of Paraná, Biologic sciences sector, department of physiology - Natural Anticoccidial (Coxynil) for broilers. Additional research (10) was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, India, to study the pathological and immunological changes in Broilers following experimental coccidial infection and to evaluate the effects of Coxynil – a herbal coccidiostat Vs. Salinomycin on these changes and overall performance (figure 2). Coxynil proved to be extremely beneficial over Salinomycin in terms of body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immunity parameters. Highlights of the conclusion include: Coxynil (Herbal) medicated groups revealed higher titers than Salinomycin treated birds. Coxynil (Herbal) had beneficial effects on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and reduced the severity of lesions. It was effective as a feed additive and natural coccidiostat. In yet another study (9) on Efficacy of coxynil as herbal anticoccidial, published in Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 26(1) 2012: 75-76, the following was found. With Coxynil (Liquid), wherein Broiler birds with established Cecal coccidiosis were treated with Coxynil Liquid successfully and OPG were observed post treatment: “A remarkable decrease in faecal OPG was observed which became zero in 10 days in all eight samples. Similarly decrease in OPG in litter material was also observed showed (Table1). Periodic observation of the flock showed general improvement of health condition of birds. There was significant reduction in sporulation percentage after treatment. From the third day onwards, no sporulation of oocysts was observed.”
Coxynil as a herbal deterrent on goats
A case of Coccidiosis in Kids (Osmanabadi, an Indian Meat Speciality breed of Goats), aged about three to four months was reported to Parasitology Department, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur on February 2, 2001. Animals under observation were numbered from one to 10. 10 animals were tested for coccidial oocysts per gram of faeces and their readings (mixed infection of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and Eimeria parva) are as under: Animal No. - Oocysts per gram, Number of faeces 1 30000 6 38000 2 33000 7 30000 3 40000 8 31000 4 25000 9 29000 5 27000 10 20000 76 | June 2018 - Milling and Grain
Table 2: Average weekly weight gains (g). a) Before oocysts challenge. Gr./ week
CA
CB
CC
CD
IA
IB
IC
ID
I
92.2
85.8
91.9
92.7
90.3
87.6
91.3
92.3
II
166.7
156.4
170
183.7
162.3
148
174.2
178.8
III
209.95
185
216
229
204.5
180
214.4
234.2
Average 156.28bcd 142.4ab Total
468.85
427.2
159.3cd 168.47d 152.37abc 138.53a 159.97cd 168.43d 477.9
505.4
457.1
415.6
479.9
505.3
CC
CD
IA
IB
IC
ID
b) After oocysts challenge. CA
Gr./ week
CB
IV
276.35
255.3
273.75
274.5
61.58
68.5
106.1
118
V
240
238.3
287.04
310
160.01
200.9
215.6
218.4
315.3
290.6
328.2
348.8
230
258.4
VI Average
277.22de 261.4cde 296.33e 311.1e
150.53a 175.93ab
831.65
451.59
Total
784.2
888.99
933.3
527.8
296.3
316.4
206abc
217.6abcd
618
652.8
** Significant at 1% level.
Table 3: Average weekly feed intake (g). a) Before oocysts challenge. CD
IA
IB
IC
ID
139.22 131.27 137.85
138.12
137.25
132.27
139.68
138.45
311.72 300.28
302.6
330.66
287.27
303.4
313.56
325.41
III
466.08 423.65 434.16
471.74
470.35
421.2
435.23
480.11
Average
305.67 285.07 291.54
313.51
298.29
285.62
296.16
314.66
917.02
940.52
894.87
856.87
888.47
943.97
Group/week I II
Total
CA
CB
855.2
CC
874.61
NS- Non Significant b) After oocysts challenge. Group/week IV
CA
CB
CC
630.07 589.74 626.88
CD
IA
IB
IC
ID
625.86
193.97
239.75
385.14
403.56
V
619.2
679.92 711.85
725.4
475.22
548.45
605.83
604.96
VI
819.78
726.5
854.56
650.9
671.84
802.97
838.46
823.78
Average 689.68cd 665.39cd 720.84cd 735.27d 440.03a 486.68ab 597.98bc 615.66cd Total
2069.1 1996.2 2162.5
** Significant at 1% level.
2205.8
1320.1
1460
1793.9
1847