Genomic Press - Copyediting Manual: Reference Guide

REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE

GENOMIC PRESS COPYEDITING

SPECIFICATIONS FOR AUTHORS

1. Introduction and Target Audience

The target audience for this document is Genomic Press authors, as we provide a comprehensive set of style rules and guidelines for Genomic Press manuscript contributors.

2. Reference to other documents

2.1 General issues this document does not cover, Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines on any general issues, such as issues not specific to a particular area. www.chicagomanualofstyle.org. provides the recent edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.

2.2 Style guides

There are various external guides that you can refer to as agreed with your Genomic Press project contact. They include;

AMA Manual of Style (for medical books)

APA Style Publication Manual (for psychology books)

ACS Style Guide (for chemistry books)

AGPS Style Manual (Australian titles only)

2.3 Dictionaries

Spelling and reference dictionaries are necessary for specific topic areas. Useful dictionaries include;

Merriam-Webster's Dictionary (this dictionary can be used for general terms)

Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary (this dictionary is ideal for medical terms)

Dorland’s Dictionary of Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations

Dorland’s uses abbreviations that do not exist in Chicago or AMA and should only be referred to after exhausting other references.

3. Important information

3.1 English language variant

You should include a dedicated line that states the following: English language variant: This submission is written in (British or American) English.

3.2 Declaration of possible conflicts of interest

A declaration following the Journal”s policy on conflicts of interest. If no contributor has a conflict, include this: “All contributors have confirmed that no conflict of interest exists.”

Include any patent or patent application numbers along with the authors if applicable.

3.3 Abstract

For manuscript requiring an abstract, provide a concise abstract no longer than 350 words that summarizes the rationale, aims, outcomes, and conclusions of the work in a single, continuous paragraph without subheadings. The abstract should be placed on its own page, separate from the Title page and the body of the manuscript. Avoid references.

Explain any uncommon abbreviations.

3.4 Opening pages in articles

3.4.1 Authors and their institutions

Provide the complete names of all contributors (for instance, “John D. Doe”) in the correct sequence.

Avoid using titles, salutations, academic qualifications, or accreditations. Include the contributors' institutional affiliations (departments, organizations, and places, but not postal addresses) from the time the research was conducted. Designate footnotes for affiliations in a sequential manner using superscript numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on).

Include the lead correspondent’s full name, physical address, phone number (with the country code when necessary), and email address. For contributors whose affiliations have changed post-completion of the research, provide the current affiliation and location below the listed numerals. For author groups or research teams represented as contributors (such as the CARDIoGRAM Consortium), list the individual members of each team and their affiliations in supplementary materials; include the following sentence in the acknowledgments section: “Refer to Supplementary Acknowledgments for detailed information on the consortium.”

Note any occurrences of shared principal or lead authorship or equal contributions in a footnote without a number.

3.5 Software and settings

All submissions must include original Word document files that can be edited. All manuscripts should be written in Arial or Helvetica, font size 11 or 12, space: 1.5 lines.

3.6 Reference Style and Citations

Our reference style is Vancouver, which can be chosen from computer programs that manage references, such as Clarivate”s EndNote™. Place reference citations in parentheses, preceded by a space, e.g., “as described previously (5, 6)”; “several research groups (7–12) have found.” Avoid using superscript or other formatting for reference citations.

Authors and contributors should avoid using italics and bold for emphasis. However, italics may be used to introduce new terms, but their use should be kept as minimal as possible.

Authors should observe the Latin binomial conventions. That is italicized and capitalized for the genus and lowercase italics for species.

Italics can be used for foreign phrases. However, this does not include phrases that have become familiar through continuous use as in vivo, in situ, or postmortem.

Italics can also be used to write labels that appear on a figure mentioned in a figure footnote, such as HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; white arrows, blood flow. When a label is within a figure legend, it is italicized and placed within parentheses. For instance, blood flow (white arrows).

If italics or bold is used to denote a glossary inclusion, then it should be retained.

It is mandatory to use serial commas for US English. However, it is not mandatory for UK English.

The relative pronouns “that” and “which” are not synonymous. The term “that” is used in polished American prose to narrow a category or identify a particular item of interest. For instance, any bridge that is longer should be located outside the state. The term “which” is to non-restrictive. It is describe an item already identified, not to narrow a class or identify it more precisely. It is typically preceded by a dash, comma, or parenthesis. For example, next to the office walked a toy poodle, which is not your typical police dog. Use “which” can only be used restrictively when it is preceded by a preposition, such as “the situation in which I found myself.”

Number with 4 digits should not use commas except when aligning tables. Commas should not be used between a figure number and part letter when referring to figures in the text. For instance, Fig. 2.2B. When referring to people, authors, and contributors should use “who” and not “that.”

3.7 Use of italics and bold

3.8 The use of commas and that/which

Commas should not be used after introductory words or phrases that do not need a pause, such as “on average” or “in most instances,” or prepositional phrases (which begin with a preposition, such as at, in, after, by, for, with, etc.) unless it clarifies or avoids misreading.

Commas should be used after introductory words or phrases that demand a pause, such as however, although, before, until, and nevertheless.

Commas should not be used after a short introductory phrase when the first word of the independent clause is an article. However, commas can be used if the independent clause begins with any other part of speech, for instance: After resting, cancer patients, … Occasionally, the students go up the hill.

Commas should also be used after introductory adverbial clauses. If rapid explosions do not take place, … When bloody pus is present, … Although the theory is not applicable in this case, … Reference numbers and footnote identifiers should use periods and commas that precede colons and semicolons.

3.9 Use of quotes/extracts and single/double quotation marks

Use US-style “double” quotation marks, with closing punctuation inside marks. For quotes within quotes use ‘single’ marks. When using UK & Australian English, use ‘single’ quotes with closing punctuation outside marks and “double” marks for quotes within quotes.

Authors should carefully transcribe all the quotes extracted, maintaining the original punctuation and spelling of the extract. Correct and enclose errors within a quoted passage within brackets. If errors must be maintained to retain the sense of the passage, authors should acknowledge the error by using “[sic].”

All quoted materials should be related to a reference with complete details. Quotes should be prepared as reduced text when the material exceeds four typeset lines. Set them smaller and indented from the main text. Do not use quotation marks in this scenario.

3.10 Capitalization

Minimizing capitalization is recommended; capitalization should be reserved for proper nouns.

To avoid challenges where the copywriter has to decide what to capitalize, authors and contributors should omit fully capitalized headings within the manuscript.

Title Case headings (at the top of the page) should have the first word capitalized. The first words of all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, subordinate conjunctions, and prepositions of four letters or more should also be capitalized.

Conjunctions including: and, but, or, yet, nor so unless the conjunction is four or more letters.

Articles: a, an, and the, unless it is the first or last word of the title. Prepositions: on, at, to, in, and for, unless the preposition is four letters or more and is the first or last word of the title.

The word “Is” should always be capitalized in article titles. In infinitives, the word “to” should be in lowercase. Consistency in spelling and capitalization should be ensured when using the name of a product or a newly coined term.

Initial capitals should be used for specific features in the text. For instance, Fig. 1.1, Table 4.1, Article 3. Figure, Article, Box, Plate, and Table should start with a capital letter if they appear with a number.

Professional positions, such as physician, therapist, and psychologist, should be written in lowercase.

Capitalize adjectives derived from personal names. Capitalize nouns and adjectives designating cultural styles, schools, movements, and their adherents if they are derived from proper nouns. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary provides adjectives in common usage. Some words are capitalized when used to refer to a school of thought but lowercase when used metaphorically. National, personal, or geographical names and words derived from them are often lowercase with nonliteral meanings. More details and examples can be found in The Chicago Manual of Style.

The second word should start with a capital letter for sentences that begin with a symbol, lowercase Greek letter, or number, for instance, ß-Globulin and 7Hydroxymitragynine.

In all situations, conventions of Latin binomials must be observed (that is, italicized and capitalized for the Genus, and lowercase italics for species).

3.11 Using register marks and trademarks

Register marks or trademarks should not be used unless you use NCLEX or MATLAB titles. The proper spelling and capitalization of the product name are enough for publications not used for advertising or sales purposes.

3.12 Name of drugs/medicine

Do not capitalize: 6

All proprietary drug names, such as Prozac, Xanax, and Ozempic should begin with a capital letter. Registered trade drug names, such as Clorox, Rolex, and Kodak, also begin with a capital letter. However, the generic names of drugs are written in lowercase, such as ibuprofen. Generic names come first, followed by the proprietary name in parentheses. For instance, duloxetine (Cymbalta).

3.13 Using abbreviated genus names

Authors and contributors should expand the genus and species in titles/subtitles/section heads.

Only genus names should be capitalized and species names should be lowercase. Spell out the genus and species name at the first mention. In subsequent mentions, only the capitalized and italicized first letter of the genus should be retained and followed by a period, then the species name. If the same species name occurs with two different genus names starting with the same letter, the subsequent letter should be used to distinguish the two names.

You only need to spell out the genus name if it occurs at the beginning of a sentence in the first mention.

3.14 Percent

Percent should be spelled as one word and not “per cent.”

The word “percent” is often preferred in narrative texts for single reference to a figure.

Using the percent symbol (%) is also preferred after Arabic numerals in nonnarrative texts or multiple percentages.

Always use the symbol % for percentage ranges after both numbers in the range with an en dash or the word “to” separates the two numbers, such as 15%–30% or 15% to 30%.

3.15 Headings

It is important to maintain consistency in the presentation of the headings. Avoid using abbreviations in the headings, particularly when abbreviations are first mentioned. However, if the written form of a text is extremely long or the abbreviation is in everyday use, you can use the abbreviation in the heading. All the headings must be arranged in a hierarchical order. You will need to use a system of letters or numbers.

3.16 Plurals

Plurals should be used consistently and correctly. Although the trend is toward English plurals, specific words with Latin plurals or the Latin plural only are preferred. For instance, the plural for vertebra is vertebrae.

When using the name of a product or a newly coined term, the spelling should be current and consistent with plurals.

Pay attention to the sentence structure when a noun ends with an “s.” Some words are written in a way that they appear to be plural but are singular. For instance, the discipline of “human factors” is considered a singular word in a similar way to “economics” and “physics,” which are also viewed as singular words.

3.17 Use of abbreviations, acronyms, possessives, and contractions

A list of abbreviations can be used to ensure consistency throughout the text. The meaning of abbreviations and acronyms should be provided at the first mention in each article. Then the abbreviations can then be used in the main text.

Abbreviations should not be used in tables, boxes, footnotes, and other displayed items. The use of abbreviations is only encouraged where there is a need to save space; for instance, in the column heading, you can use the abbreviation and spell the abbreviation correctly in the footnote.

Only common abbreviations should be used in the headings to maintain clarity.

Periods should not be used with acronyms or abbreviations written in capital letters. This applies to whether they are two letters or more or when the lowercase letter is within the abbreviation. For instance, WHO, BBC, UNESCO, AIDS, DNA, RNA, VP, CEO, etc.

Periods are used with abbreviations that end in lowercase letters. For instance, p. for page, vol. for volume, a.k.a., p.m., Dr., et al. In et al., et is not an abbreviation, but al is. The rule does not apply to units of measurement.

Some abbreviations are lowercase, such as “tid,” while others are a mixture of capital and lowercase letters, such as PhD and BSc.

Periods should be used in abbreviations, such as “etc.” and “c.” which use lowercase letters.

Below are exceptions to the use of periods in acronyms and abbreviations: A person’s or company’s initials when used in text. For instance, J.K. Rowling. Academic degrees ending in lowercase letters. For instance, DLitt.

Abbreviations of a genus and species. For instance, E. coli.

Use “Figs” to refer to multiple figures and “Eqs” to refer to multiple equations, even at the start of a sentence.

UK ENGLISH: In UK style, an abbreviation with a full point, such as ‘Fig.’ should be used to cite ‘Figure.’ ‘Figs’, without a full point, should be used to cite ‘Figures.’ The same applies to ‘Equation’ (‘Eq.’) and ‘Equations’(‘Eqs’). However, the UK style does not include full stops in abbreviations, such as ‘Dr’, ‘Mr’, ‘Ms’, and ‘St’, which contain a single word’s first and last letters.

For plural terms, use the plural version of an abbreviation. For instance, “RBCs” for red blood cells without the apostrophe.

How an abbreviation sounds when spoken aloud guides the use of “a” and “an.” For instance, the correct term is “an RNA molecule” instead of “a RNA molecule.” However, there are exceptions to the rule. For instance, the abbreviation “SNP” is enunciated as “snip” when pronounced loudly. Therefore, use “a SNP” beforehand and not “an SNP.”

Both possessive and plain eponyms are variable depending on the field of research or the preference of the author.

However, the following are instances when you should not use possessive eponyms in medical material:

With cell names, such as Merkel cell

With stain names, such as Gram stain

With test names, such as the Wassermann test

With equipment names, such as Foley catheter

When the name is after an article, such as the Cushing syndrome

In hyphenated names, such as Gram-Weigert

In names that refer to places and not persons, such as Lyme disease

It is acceptable to use possessive eponyms in science and technology texts. For instance, you can use “Newton”s law of universal gravitation” or “Einstein’s theory of general relativity.”

The United States should be “United States” when used as a noun. However, “US” should be used as an adjective - for instance, Involvement in Ukraine by the United States and US involvement in Ukraine. US can also be used as an acronym for ultrasound.

When using running texts, names of territories, states, and possessions of the United States should be spelled out when standing alone. A preference would be when following the name of a city, for instance, Bethesda, Maryland, has no official boundaries. DC is excluded from this. Using their two-letter postal codes to abbreviate in bibliographies, tabular matter, mailing addresses, and lists would be best.

You do not need to define abbreviations in common usage in full at the first mention. Examples of such abbreviations include DNA, ECG, AIDS, GP; Consider your article's audience when determining whether to define abbreviations at the first mention. Consult Merrian Webster’s Dictionary to help determine whether to consider an abbreviation as being in common usage.

3.18 Numerals

Numbers below 10 should be spelled out in technical and scientific writing when they are not used to measure or time.

NOTE: Using 24/7, 367 days/year, 12 hours a day, 365 days a year are acceptable, provided that they are consistently used. In the case of phrases like this, hyphens are used to modify another thing - for instance, our 365-days-a-year business or when a number is used to replace a noun.

There must be consistency within a series of numbers. For instance, three dogs, seven cats, and 13 chickens can be edited to 3 dogs, 7 cats, and 13 chickens. You should write ordinal numbers as words from first to ninth, then change to 10th onwards. Suffix indicators, such as st, nd, rd, and th, are not superscripts but should be used as regular text.

While referring to a range, the word "to" can be used instead of a hyphen or an en dash but must be consistently used throughout the text. Exceptions for this requirement include birth and death dates, where an en dash should be used. For instance, Socrates 470–399 BCE.

The degree sign should be used when referring to temperature, and the word "degree” should refer to angle measurements.

Hyphenate measurements when used as compound adjectives.

” a 15-mg dose” but “a dose of 15 mg.”

“6-mm wire” but “a wire measuring 6 mm.”

Ranges of doses should be written in this form “a dosage of 5–10 mg.”

Use hyphen to write fractions; for instance, three-sevenths, one-third, threequarters.

A decimal point should be placed on the line.

When writing numbers with five or more digits, commas should separate the digit in threes; for instance, 45,600; 234,400; 3,234,222. It would be best not to use a comma when writing four-digit numbers, such as 1200.

Instead of words, use numerals to express degrees, percentages, temperatures, dates, ages, units of measure, page numbers, sums of money, and addresses, except when the number is at the beginning of the sentence. If you must write out the number, the following abbreviation should be written in full, such as Five milligrams.

In decimal numbers with a value below one, it is recommended to put a zero before the decimal point. Decimal quantities of 1.00 or less are usually exempted, such as in probabilities and correlation coefficients where zero is often omitted before the decimal point. For instance, P<.5. The letter P, for probability, is capitalized and italicized.

3.19 Measurement units

Any system of measurement can be used. However, SI units of measure are preferred if their use is consistent. Check with your Genomic Press project contact if you use different measurement systems in different parts of your article.

No space should be used in 25%, 45°C, and 30°N.

Singular forms are used without the period. Full space is placed between the number and the unit and in compound units. For instance, 80 mL, 200 mg, , and 170 m s-1

You are allowed to replace “per” with the solidus “/” only once in any expression, such as mg/kg per day. Ask your Genomic Press project contact if you need further information in case you have consistently used other forms, such as mg/kg/day.

A numeral should precede all abbreviated standard units of measure.

A numeral should precede all abbreviated standard units of measure. A degree sign (”°”) should be used for temperature, and the word “degree” should be used for angle measurements.

When referring to units in general terms, write it in full. For instance, the water was measured in liters per hour.

When referring to volume, use the capital letter “L” for liter, such as mL and dL.

3.20 Dates and time

In dates, the month comes first, followed by the day, and then, the year; for instance, March 2, 1990. A comma should follow the calendar date if it appears in mid-sentence.

The UK English format for date is 2 March 1990.

If you use a 12-hour clock, the format for time is 9:45 a.m. and 0945 if you use a 24-hour clock.

Use standards abbreviations when referring to hours (h), minutes (min), and seconds (s).

Day, week, and other time measures should not be abbreviated unless used as part of dosage information, where “d” can be shortened for day and “wk” for week.

Use a strict three-letter abbreviation in the text, tables, and figures when abbreviating the months of the year; for instance, Jun., Jul., and Sep.

Instead of “fourteenth century,” use 14th century.

“BCE” (before the common era) should follow the date, and “CE” (common era) should precede it. Therefore, it is correct to write “450 BCE” and “CE 2001.” Authors should avoid using “BC” (before Christ) and “AD” (anno domini).

The abbreviation “c.” is used to cite “circa” followed by a date. For instance, c.1900.

Use four numerals followed by an “s” to express decades; for instance, the 1960s and not the 1960"s.

Contract the dates. Instead of 1960–1965, use 1960–65 unless referring to a period over the end of a century, such as 1960–2005. Use an en dash in such scenarios.

Refrain from using vague phrases, such as in the last decade or in the next few years. Instead, use specific dates; rather than a recent experiment by Smith (2000), write “The experiment by Smith, 2000.”

Do not quote specific product and service prices. If you must include them, indicate the year for which the prices are valid.

3.21 Using en dash

Used en dashes in the following scenarios:

When one or both sides of a phrase have two or more words. For instance, MTA Metro–North Railroad, Nobel Prize–winning, and Dallas Cowboys–style.

When using “open” compound terms, the compound noun is open, it should be kept as a noun. The same applies when using an en dash to join the term to a subsequent element unless it is ambiguous. For instance, use nuclear weapon–derived radiocarbon instead of nuclear–weaponderived–radiocarbon. The same applies to toxic chemical–induced disease instead of toxic–chemical–induced–diseases.

When en dashes are used to join elements, the elements should be closed up to ensure there are no spaces between them and the dash.

Never use en dashes after colons.

Use en dashes in ranges. For instance, 1–3 mmol or 20–40K.

Be sure to recognize the awkward construction that involves ranges and negative numbers, such as –5 –2°C. In these cases, the en dash should be changed to “in the range of –5 to –2°C.”

UK English

In UK English, the en dashes should be used in the following ways:

To couple two or more names or ideas, such as oxidation–reduction, C–D interactions, mother–father relationship.

It can also be used instead of “versus,” such as ‘dose–response curve.’

It can also be used to refer to mixtures, such as oil–water, water–ethanol, and seawater–rainwater.

It can be used to show chemical complexes, such as Tris–HCl.

Use other marks instead of em dashes when possible. En dashes should be used instead of em dashes; however, when there is no specific value in a table row, use em dash.

This example illustrates that unspaced em dashes can be used in pairs within a sentence–to separate parenthetical clauses–as shown here.

3.23 Hyphens

Hyphens can join elements of compound words and adjectives.

En dash should be used instead of a hyphen for adjectives where at least one of the items has two or more words.

Hyphen connects specific words, including adjectival or adverbial compounds, such as high–risk and ill–defined measures.

Most adjectival phrases that are not made of two nouns are hyphenated. An example is a high–performance machine.

3.22 Use of em dash

However, it would be best if you were careful with adjective + noun phrases. Permanent combinations are often not hyphenated; for instance, yellow fever symptoms, white blood cell count, Great Dane lifespan, etc.

A hyphen can be used in medical text when using positive or negative in compound adjectives; for instance, HIV-negative participants. Do not use hyphens in adjectives that end with “ly.” For instance, in “roughly finished illustrations.”

Do not hyphenate a compound adjective that is in the predicate. For instance, “A well-mannered boy visited his house;” however, “The boy who visited his house was well mannered.” An exception to this requirement is “self-compound adjectives”, such as “self-righteous,” which is hyphenated anywhere it appears in a sentence.

Hyphens should be used as minimally as possible in compound words. You should close up compounds that start with “anti,” “down,” “co,” “hyper,” “multi,” “post,” “pre,” etc. The requirement to close up terms is applied even when double vowels or consonants are created, such as “anti-inflammatory” or “Posttraumatic.”

Consistency should be maintained within groups of words, such as antepartum, prepartum, and postpartum; bottle-fed and breast-feed. However, it is correct to use live birth and stillbirth.

The common base of two or more hyphenated compounds should be omitted except in the last one.

First- and second-degree burns

12- and 17-year-old boys

3- by 6-in strip or 2 x 5 in strip

2- by 3-m board or 2 x 3 m board

Repeat the common word in a hyphenated compound word. For instance, “a wellfed and well-behaved boy” and not “a well-fed and -behaved boy.”

UK ENGLISH

You should keep the compound noun open if it is open when isolated. Even when hyphenating a subsequent element, this applies, for instance, weapon-derived radiocarbon instead of nuclear-weapon-derived-radiocarbon; toxic chemical-induced disease instead of toxic-chemical-induced-diseases.

The spelling of the name of a product or a newly coined word should be correct and checked for consistency when considering using hyphens.

3.24 Geographic references

There should be consistency in geographic references; for instance, South Eastern Asia; Southeastern Asia; South-eastern Asia. Choose one of these terms and use it consistently in the text.

The names of well-known geographic regions should be capitalized. Examples include Western Canada and the Lake District, and sub-Saharan Africa excepted. Lowercase should be used for generic geographic terms that precede proper names; for example, the city of New Haven.

3.25 Displayed and run-on/run-in lists.

Provide a displayed list if:

If each item on the list is long.

The long list makes it difficult to read when presented run-on in a paragraph.

The material was presented as a displayed list. Situations where a list should be run-on.

When the items on the list are short.

When the list is presented in a readable paragraph format. When providing details on the constants and variables used in an equation.

3.25.1 Use of punctuations in run-on lists

It is recommended to enumerate run-on lists with Arabic numerals in parenthesis, for instance, (1), (2), etc. Separation by commas is sufficient in a simple series with little or no punctuation within items. A comma can be used to separate entries if one entry has a comma; otherwise, semicolons are encouraged. The word “and” or “or” should precede the final item.

3.25.2 Use of punctuation in displayed lists

Introduce the list by using a colon instead of a dash. Use phrases, such as “Includes the steps” instead of “Including the following steps,” if the list is syntactically part of the sentence that comes before it. Items that are complete sentences should be listed in sentence case. They should then be followed with a period or appropriate terminal punctuation. Instances where a colon introduces lists:

Start with lowercase letters without end punctuation if the list contains short phrases.

Start with uppercase letters with end punctuation if the list includes complete sentences.

Start with lowercase letters and punctuation if the list contains long phrases without complete sentences. The end punctuation may be either commas or semicolons. The last item should end with a period.

If unable to make your list appear in the above format, consistently use or delete periods after every entry in the list.

3.25.3 Using bullets or numbers for displayed lists

Confirm that all numbers and letters in all lists and outlines, including reference lists, are consecutive.

Number all lists that should be enumerated using Arabic numerals with a period and en space. For instance, use “9 [Text for item 9].”

You can use bulleted lists when the content of the list should be emphasized, but the items do not necessarily require a priority listing.

Use non-numerated and bullet lists for materials converted from paragraphs to lists to make sure that the details are easily accessible.

Arabic numbering (1,2,3) should be used, and lower cases letters (a,b,c) should be used for subdivisions of points. Use Roman numbers (i, ii, iii) for further divisions.

3.26 Tables and boxes

Genomic Press style uses a period between the article and the table or box numbers; Table 2.4, for instance.

Spell out all abbreviated terms in column headings. However, you may use abbreviations and spell them in the footnote if you need to save space in the column headings and the table’s body.

The range of values, such as 25–29 mg, should not be shortened to 25–9 mg. Consistently punctuate all items in a column.

Tables within the manuscript should be marked correctly. Labels used should also be consistent.

Capitalize the first word in every table entry. Refer to every table within the text in numerical order according to where they occur in the article; for instance, a table in section 2 should be referred to as Table 2.1.

Simple but essential lists and critical information can be presented using boxes. You can number them or use identifying icons. Although you may not need to cite them in the text, apply clear guidance as to where they should be placed within the text.

Example

Table 1.1 Provide the title in full, ideally as a single sentence. Place a period at the end of the sentence.

Multiple headings

Heading Subheading (unit of measure) Subheading (unit of measure) Text More More

Table 1.2 Provide the title in full.

3.26.1 Table footnotes

References in the footnotes should be indicated by superscript Roman letters (a,b,c) in the body of the table. Double alphas are recommended where footnotes go beyond 26 (aa, bb, cc). Every new footnote should start on a new line when listing footnotes below the table. The order of information at the foot of the table is as follows:

Footnotes

Relevant explanation of acronyms, abbreviations, and terms listed in alphabetical order, for instance, na, not applicable; nd, not determined. The permission from where the text or table is reproduced (Follow the wording provided in the permission documentation or the Genomic Press permission tagline).

List the footnotes in the table title first; then, the subsequent letters should be from left to right across a table and from top to bottom while reading the table; for instance, left to right, column heading first.

Table number. Table title ᵃ

1.

2.

3. Example

3.26.2 Data sources and credit lines

Data sources and credit lines should appear with the table/figure legend to which they refer. Provide the references in full. Ensure stylistic consistency by editing the credit lines. Use the same style as in the reference in that manuscript for the credit lines. A credit line should come after “Reproduced with permission from,” “Modified from,” “Data from” and may be followed by the number of the page. For instance, “From Kirchheiner J, Nickchen K, Bauer M, et al. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Mol Psychiatry 9:452, 2004.”

“Modified from Paxinos G and Franklin KBL. Paxinos and Franklin’s the mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates, Compact: The coronal plates and diagrams 5th Edition, San Diego, Elsevier Academic Press 2019 p.XXV.”

Information on data sources should be provided consistently. The credit line should also be preceded by “From,” “Modified from,” “Based on” as needed.

3.26.3 Table body text

There should be consistency within individual tables and between other tables. Ensure titles, headings, and texts meet capitalization, emphasis, and abbreviation requirements. Also, remember to check the footnotes and column styles, among others.

3.26.4 Table with totals

Ensure that the columns and rows add up if there are any totals.

3.26.5 Units of measure

Delete the unit of measure from every entry in a column or row and add the units in parentheses in the column or row heading if they all have the same measurement unit.

3.27 Figures

In Genomic Press style, the period should be placed between the article and figure numbers, Fig. 2.3, for instance. You should cite “Figure” as “Fig.” and “Figures” as “Figs.” The use of the abbreviated format should apply even when these terms appear at the start of a sentence.

UK ENGLISH: In UK English, ‘Figure’ should be cited as ‘Fig.’ with full point while ‘Figures’ should be cited as ‘Figs’ without the full point. The abbreviated format can also be used at the beginning of a sentence.

Refer to every figure within the text in numerical order according to where it appears; for instance, Fig. 2.1 is the first figure in section 2. When making a text reference to more than one figure, the reference should appear as: “Figs. 1.1 and 1.2” or “Figs. 1.3-1.5”

When referring to part of a figure, you should use, for instance, “Fig. 2.2A.” if you are referring to more than one part of one figure, use “Fig. 2.2A-B” OR “Fig. 2.2A and C” ensure that part labels appear in uppercase unless your Genomic Press project contact advice otherwise.

Normal typeface should be used on the part designations in figure legends. Avoid bold face.

3.27.1 Contents within figure legends

The preferred order for the contents within the figure legends includes the title of the figure, explanatory legend text, acronyms, and abbreviations. The last is permission statements or credit lines. Also, have explanations of the symbols used.

When mentioning labels appearing on the figure, list them alphabetically and set them in italic type. Place the footnote between the legend text and credit line: HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; LTP, long-term potentation. Italicize and place labels that occur in the legends within parentheses. Mature hippocampal neurons (arrows).

3.27.2 Style and punctuation

If a figure has more than one part, you must explain each part within the legend. For instance, Fig. 3.1 Trabecular bone analysis. (A) Before and (B) 8 weeks after treatment.

3.27.3 Sources

You should provide full acknowledgment to the source in the legend. Include the manufacturer's name, town, and country when citing industry data from a manufacturer. Ensure that you provide full information. References and credit lines should have the same style.

3.27.4 Scale bars

If your figure contains a scale bar without providing its length, the information should be included in the legend. For instance, “Immunostained hippocampus. Scale bar = 20 µm.”

Give magnification if there is no scale bar. For instance, “Immunostained hippocampus. Magnification x400.”

3.27.5 Halftones

It is essential that the art be provided in a usable format.

3.27.6 Color and colorful e-products

Your Genomic Press project contact will inform you whether your article will be printed in black and white, contain a color plate section, or have color figures online.

Genomic Press copyeditors will conduct assessments of figure legends accordingly. The copyeditor will alter the legend if it contains a reference to color in a figure which will appear black and white when printed but appears in color when accessed online. For instance, if the copyeditor has prior knowledge of color correspondence, it can be added to the legend. For instance, “Hydrogen atoms are blue (white in print versions), and nitrogen atoms are pink (gray in print versions).”

Refer to a paper with a color plate section in the legend: “For interpretation of the reference to color in this figure legend, see the color plate.”

The copyeditor will assess each legend on a case-by-case basis, ensuring optimal results with emphasis or preference for the e-version. Changes made will be communicated to the author.

3.28 Permissions

3.28.1 Figures

The figure log should be as accurate as possible. Use the same style applied to both credit lines and references. The credit line should begin with “From,” “Modified from,” “Based on,” etc. Sometimes the credit line is enclosed in parentheses, depending on the reference style.

Refer to your Genomic Press project contact for guidance on using an eyebar to anonymize patients.

3.28.2 Tables

Generally, tables need permission only if you cite one source and the table is laid out in the same way as the graphical presentation of the original table.

If you used two or more sources for data within a table, acknowledge the sources as per the standard Genomic Press reference format for that project. The Genomic Press project contact should be aware of the situation in case they need to clear case rights. Create a footnote for the credit lines.

3.29 Footnotes and endnotes

It would be best not to use footnotes and endnotes within the body text. When footnotes and endnotes have been used, the copyeditor will integrate them within the text where necessary.

A deceased sign (dagger symbol) and a string of six or more reference numbers listed in same text are exceptions.

Write a new footnote or endnote in a new line. Capitalize the first letter and use a period in the end.

To denote footnotes, use superscript Roman lowercase letters.

3.30 Acknowledgments

You will receive instructions from your Genomic Press project contact on handling acknowledgments in the manuscript.

3.31 Cross-references

You can have cross-references within the text of an article. The cross-reference should be structured using the section number and closest main heading to a particular content. For instance, see section 1, Phenotype Variability, instead of using the page number. Use parentheses if the cross-reference is parenthetical. For example, (see section 3: Generation of transgenic animals). It would be best if you did not cross-reference to other articles in Reference Modules. Therefore, if such exist, strip them from the text.

Please change all references to specific page to section number cross-reference or article number cross-reference Ensure you ask your Genomic Press project contact for advice if needed.

Do not use the terms above or below. Instead, use as discussed earlier, later, or in the following section. Mention the title of the element for non-numbered elements.

You may be contacted to check or complete the cross-references.

3.32

Standard punctuation in a sentence should be used after an email address. Email addresses are not case-sensitive. Besides, it is common to use the Roman style. For instance, for inquiries, send an email to jane_doe@web.com.

Use “Email” when the word “email” is used at the start of the sentence.

Words such as “Homepage” and “website” are both one word. Always capitalize HTML.

Web addresses are not case-sensitive.

Always precede referenced to websites by https://, http://, or ftp://, depending on the website’s URL.

Cut back long URLs leading to destination sites or a homepage.

The styling of splitting of long URLs is considered at the composition stage. It is not your responsibility as the author.

Genomic Press does not need access dates in its public citations of electronic sources. However, access dates may be needed if there is no date of publication or revision that can be determined from the source. All hyperlinks should be active.

3.33 Religion and politics

Describe religious and political beliefs and practices as accurately as possible. Support statements and claims about politics and religion by a reference.

3.34 General terminology

Try your best to avoid: Changes in verb tenses. Modifiers that are placed in the wrong place or that dangle Non-agreement between subject and verb

Do not use jargon, such as schizophrenic patient.

The Internet and Word Wide Web

Look out for redundancies or extraneous use. For instance, the use of past experience, close proximity, repeat again, etc

Avoid using sexist language and, instead, opt for gender-neutral terms Discuss how to handle male and female pronouns with your Genomic Press project contact. There are biological implications for the race and ethnicity of patients as they are sometimes specific in health science texts. Ensure that you use appropriate terms to describe racial and ethnic groups. For more details, refer to the AMA Manual of Style.

4. Appendices

4.1. Appendix A: Displayed equations in math and chemistry

Refer to Appendix B: Equations Style Sheet Checklist. You are required to submit equations in MathType, Math ML, or LaTeX. Ensure you check for inconsistencies with the format of the equations provided. Also, notify your Genomic Press project contact of the inconsistencies. Refer to Appendix 2: Equations Style Sheet Checklist for a comprehensive checklist. If your equations use the below formats, highlight them to your Genomic Press project contact.

MathType

Microsoft Equation Editor

Text format

Image format

Custom fronts or symbols

Highlight unique fonts, symbols, colors, or bold characters to your Genomic Press project contact.

4.1.1 Spacing and breaking of equations

Inform your Genomic Press project contact if you have specific requirements on spacing within equations.

Indicate a suitable point that a lengthy equation may be split and communicate your preference to your Genomic Press project contact.

4.1.2 Enumeration

Do not number the equations. However, if you refer to the preceding equations in the manuscript, a numbering system will be introduced for all equations. Restart all the numbering from [X.1] for every article. A similar rule is applied to chemistry equations displayed in the manuscript. The numbering should be from [X.1], [X.2] for all equations. When the two are displayed in the same article, Arabic numbering should be used for math and Roman numbering for chemistry equations. The numbering will distinguish the equations by having different numbering schemes.

4.1.3 Delimiters: Parentheses, brackets, and braces

The delimiter bracket styles, as supplied by authors in the submitted equates, should follow the below format:

Parentheses are ()

Brackets are []

Braces are {}

The order of delimiters used in pairs is {[()]}

You can extend the sequences of delimiters by large parenthesis, brackets, and braces as necessary: However, the braces may be omitted from the sequence. Double vertical bars, angle brackets, and vertical bars have mathematical importance. Therefore, please do not use them to supplement the sequence of common delimiters.

There is a specific meaning attached to the use of “(…]” and “[…)” and may be used intentionally.

4.1.4 Decimal points

Decimal points should be in the line, but the copyeditor may seek more information from you.

4.1.5 Fractions

In running texts, use solidus; for instance, 1/2. Use two-line fractions may be used where the fractions are displayed. Always use the solidus in text for complicated fractional indices to ensure they can be printed on one line. For instance, “4 x (y+z//5).”

Use appropriate bracketing to set simple fractions on one line. For instance, [(k+y)/x]r.

You can use fractions where available.

4.1.6 Text citations of equations

“Equation” should be cited as “Eq.” while “Equations” should be cited as “Eqs” without the period. The abbreviated format can be used at the start or within a sentence.

Use parentheses to cite equations. The article number should precede the equation number. For instance, “Eq. (X.8),” “as shown in Eq. 4.1.”

You can only change delimiters if you use brackets. Therefore, you need to inform your Genomic Press project contact.

Use “Eqs.” When citing two or more equations. Also, use commas to show a range for discontinuous series and en dashes. For instance, “Eqs. (X,1), (X,3) (X,5)” OR “Eqs. (X.5)-(X.7).”

When the text used both chemistry and math texts, the chemistry citation is done in lowercase Roman numerals, and maths is expressed in Arabic numerals. For instance, “Eqs. (X.1), (X.2), (X.iv).”

4.1.7 Greek

Greek characters are used for mathematical variables. An exemption is the use of mu for microns which is an upright μ. At the same time, it should not be used alone. For instance, use micrometers for “μm.”

Use “mcm” to cite micrometers and “mcg” to cite micrograms for education books.

4.1.8 Roman and italic

Please use Roman and italics for exponential e, trigonometric functions, imaginary I, and subscripts or superscripts that are not variables. The global standards do not set the choice to use either Roman or italic letters for things such as vectors or differential d. However, it is part of the style choice preferred by a specific field. If consistent, the author's style will be followed.

4.1.9 Integration limits

Set the integration in text-sized typ with limits that follow the sign with superscript and subscript. For instance:

4.1.10 Summation, product, and union limits

Use respective signs in text-sized type with limits centered above and below. Side limits are used for integrates. For instance:

Genomic Press will consult authors before making any changes to a sign format as it can change the meaning.

4.1.11 Multiplication

You can use a mathematical cross (”x”) or a centered middot (”·”) to indicate multiplication. Consistency must be ensured. The copyeditor will use judgment for multi-contributed books in situations where usage differs from one article to another.

4.1.12 Ratios

You should not put a space on either side of a colon to indicate a ratio, for instance, 3:4.

4.1.13 Units

Please do not use v (lc Gr. nu) and v (lc “vee”) together since they are similar in print. Authors will be consulted in case such issues arise.

4.2 Appendix B: Equations style sheet checklist

Work through the checklist provided for projects that contain equations. Responses should be entered where necessary. After completing, ensure that the checklist is submitted alongside the manuscript.

Displayed equations: your confirmation on what is important for publication.

Color requirements: provide your confirmation if the color in equations is essential to publication.

Spacing requirements: Chicago Manual of Style provides essential information on breaking lengthy equations. Refer to it and confirm if breaking specific equations are essential to publication.

Custom lines: confirm if using custom lines is essential to publication.

Special or custom fonts: Provide your confirmation on whether unique or custom fonts are needed.

Fractions: confirm if you have a specific style of preference for equations. For instance, ½ or 1/2

Overbars on brackets: provide your confirmation if overbars on brackets are essential to publication.

The version of MathType used: Provide your confirmation on the version of MathType you prefer

NOTE: Typesetter can convert versions 4, 5, and 6

Math mode/style: confirm if you used Math mode/style in your manuscript. If you used another style, kindly notify your Genomic Press project contact.

Alignment: Provide your confirmation if the specific alignment is important to publication

Previous edition equation: Provide your confirmation if equations from previous editions should be used. If so, provide any corrections and changes to these equations.

4.3 Appendix C: Clarifications you need to make with your Genomic project contact.

Use of errors in equations

When the full source/references of any quote information are not provided

Whether equations should have special fonts, symbols, colors, or bold characters. Specific spacing requirements for equations.

When decimal points do not sit on the line in the manuscript. Use of italic for differential and multi-lettered variables.

Whether all the hyperlinks are active

That all statements and claims made regarding religion and polities are backed up by references

The use of Greek characteristics to represent units of equations.