Project: OASIS Essay

SHU Interior Architecture & Design

Project OaSIS:

AUTHENTIC SEAFOOD RESTAURANT & LIVE FISH MARKET

An Essay Written by Benedict Aditya Trianda L6

OBJECTIVE:

“Develop a spatial design proposal for an existing building based around your culture and / or career aspirations.”

“a room is empty until someone enters.”

Henk Oosterling, Philosopher.

project brief:

“The project sites are located within buildings in the center of Sheffield. All of the buildings have a relationship to an external space that can be utilized as part of your design proposals. You are to gain an understanding of your chosen site and the surrounding context through a variety of methods and media in order to develop a proposal that is a unique response to the constraints and potentials of the place.”

constraints:

The constraints I have made are as follows:

1. The site is preferably on the smaller side

2. The site should be relatively easy to redesign or change its purpose

3. Avoid purpose-built sites (example: offices, schools, existing spaces with a predetermined layout to function properly)

4. The site should have good reason for redesigning

5. The site should be open for monetization

6. The site should interest me

These constraints help me pick and decide a site that is suitable for consideration. Arguments and reports made along the way will refer back to these constraints reference purposes. In keeping with the spirit of my previous works, I will approach this brief as realistically as possible. Keeping it grounded in reality helps me make crucial design decisions and should in theory, increase the project’s overall feasibility to be considered by a real client, whoever it may be.

PROJECT OASIS:

AUTHENTIC SEAFOOD REASTAURANT & LIVE FISH MARKET

Creating a new experience that captures the essence of authentic Indonesian-style seafood, never before seen in the West. A restaurant that takes users on a journey through the interior & architecture inspired by the beautiful sandy beaches and tropical rain forests of North Sulawesi.

About me, Indonesian in the United Kingdom

As specified by the brief, we are tasked to create a design project that is based on a specific culture and then create our own brief as a response. The brief I decided to go with will reference how my Indonesian heritage is of mixed descent, having parents from different islands in Indonesia. I have decided to side with my mother as I believe her background has more interesting elements that will benefit the ideas I have for my proposed project.

My mother comes from a city called Manado in the island of North Sulawesi. Being a capital, Manado is a small but beautiful city that is famous for its oceans and underwater tourism, as well as its lush rainforests. It is located in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi Island, south of the Philippines, and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. Just like most South East Asian countries, Indonesia is located in the equator line giving it a tropical climate all year round. Very ideal for agriculture. The placement of the Sulawesi islands gives it a geographical advantage for sea trade and exports. (Chinese Merchants. The. (2023) North Sulawesi - Wikiwand. Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https://www.wikiwand.com/en/North_Sulawesi ).

Architecture wise, Sulawesi has a unique traditional house called “Rumah Walewangko” and its designed to be propped up on stilts. Made primarily out of wood. These types of houses are known as “Rumah Panggung”, which translates to “stage house”. Guests would have to go up a flight of stairs to get in. (Kompas Cyber Media. (2023) Rumah Walewangko, Rumah Adat Minahasa Halaman all - Kompas.com. Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https:// www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/01/22/140000669/rumahwalewangko-rumah-adat-minahasa-?page=all ).

I wanted to use this to create a seafood restaurant that captures the essence of this island living experience. A key experience I would like to capitalize on for this project is to mimic the feeling of going underwater. Thematically this makes sense as Indonesia is known for its underwater tourism as mentioned previously. An ideal layout would have the ground level be lowered as if stepping into the sea. Rainforests, just like the ocean, are also a big contributor to Indonesia’s identity. Having indoor plants will be a quick and effective way to reference this. The dishes itself will be served like they would be in Asia, a full lengthy process showing how it is prepared, cooked, and eventually served on a plate. Something that is rarely seen in the UK. I find that it would be great opportunity to bring the Indonesian seafood culture seeing how prominent it is back home. Something different, not like the usual fish and chips joint. It would be interesting to see how the western world would react to how fish is served in Asia, and can hopefully create a unique experience out of sheer novelty alone. Attracting locals but also catering to Indonesian students in the UK, making it a place they go to should they ever miss home.

EXISTING SITE

The existing site is made up of steel construction to create the bicycle storage racks. access to the top floors are achieved through strairs, ramps, and a small lift. Due to simple construction, tear down should be not too difficult a task.

EXISTING SITE

With the constraints I have made for myself, the best option to go for is the train station. In terms of location, The train station is at a strategic location right in the heart of Sheffield, and within walking distance to most places of interest. There is not a lot of food options in the train station at the moment that serves heavy meals. Having a restaurant there is only logical as there is high foot traffic which will generate income. With people from different cultures crossing paths on a daily basis, the exotic feeling alone should entice them guests to visit. In addition, the part of the train station is detached from the main building. It is in front of the taxi bays. Hypothetically speaking, the proposed restaurant can be open till late, despite most stores closing at 6PM. While there is a plethora of restaurants to choose from, most if not all of Sheffield’s restaurants are located in town. One of the main issues users may face is the distance to get to the heart of the city. Another point of contingent might be Sheffield’s daunting hill right in front the train station. In addition, most of the restaurants found in town are fast food brands, not representative of Sheffield. This creates an opportunity to capitalize on late night train passengers by creating scarcity. (Sumo Group, Inc. (2023) 9 Scarcity Marketing Tactics (Proven Methods Inside). Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https://sumo.com/stories/scarcity-marketing).

The existing facade in the train station is decorated with prominent and recognizable arches that has been retained over the years. This shows respect of the artistry that went into the construction of the train station. The facade will be kept in the proposed design. From a size perspective, the train station is quite sizable which contradicts one of my personal constraints. However, looking at it from plan view, it is evident that the current site is only used as a shell. This gives me an empty canvas that I could easily rework.

site analysis

LOYAL CUSTOMERS

Due to its close proximity to Hallam’s university buildings, OASIS has the potential to bring in many customers. Most of the students are international, which will encourage visit as people generally like to experience new things. Just counting on Indonesians alone, there are approximately 150 Indonesians in Sheffield. This coupled with the fact that day trips are common, it’s not outside the realm of possibility that Indonesians from other cities in the UK might travel to dine in OASIS.

stand outs

1. Located strategically near the city center

SITE analysis

The solar diagram shows that dawn occurs around 06:15AM and sunrise follows shortly at around 06:50am. The sun sets at 19:35PM and dusk will be reached around 20:10PM. As per late March-early April, the expected daylight will last around 13 hours.

2. Walking distance from & to many places in town

3. 1st impression of Sheffield

4. Located near the Interchange

Sheaf St, Sheffield City Centre, Sheffield S1 2BP

precedent study

Pino’s Warung

Unit 2, Italian Alley, The Stables Market, Chalk Farm Rd, Chalk Farm, London NW1 8AH

“Say hello to Pino Edwards, owner of Pino’s Warung. Serving authentic, traditional and heartwarmingly good Indonesian cuisine Pino’s wishes to showcase his homeland’s rich and tasty dishes. Sip on the Bakso, a 12hr cooked bone broth and meatballs; Gado-Gado, an Indonesian salad that packs a punch; or the smoky, nutty and spicy chicken satay cooked over a Japanese charcoal grill for an extra BBQ flavor.”

(Esri. (2023) Pino’s Warung | Homemade Indonesian street food | Camden Market. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.camdenmarket.com/food-drink/pinos-warung )

Pino’s Warung is a small Indonesian food stall located in Camden Market London. They operate in a simple and straightforward counter-service system. Architecture wise, there is none. It is simply limited by the amount of space each stall gets in Camden Market. However, contradicting its modest physical appearance, Pino’s Warung has a cult following and presence on social media and is known among Indonesian students in the UK, as well as the locals. One of the contributing factors that helps Pino’s Warung succeed is the fact that Indonesians are known to be very proud of their nationality. Regardless of the situation, if it has something to do with Indonesia, rest assured Indonesians will be there. This type of behavior ensures that the proposed restaurant is almost 100% guaranteed to be financially viable. One of the most recent posts from Pino’s Warung Instagram page shows the Indonesian ambassador to UK paying a visit.

Last, First. (2023) Pino's Warung (@pinoswarung) • Instagram photos and videos. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/pinoswarung/

pino’s warung

Request Only. So. (2023) Pinos Warung in London - Restaurant menu and reviews. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://restaurantguru.com/Pinos-Warung-London

precedent study

Ngopi UK

56 Dale End, Birmingham B4 7LS (Birmingham)

“Ngopi (ng-ow-pee) is the first and only Independent Coffee Shop with Indonesian vibes in Birmingham, England, UK. The brand “Ngopi” itself represents the act of drinking coffee. Our tagline is “Let’s Ngopi!”, it is the Indonesian way to say let’s have coffee. We are staying true to our root by bringing the vibrant and ever-growing Indonesian Coffee Culture and its products to England.”

(Bringing The Vibrant. (2023) Ngopi UK | Indonesian Speciality Coffee – NgopiUK. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://ngopi.co.uk/)

Ngopi UK is a small independent coffee shop founded by a group of Indonesian students. Similar to Pino’s Warung, one of their main selling points is the Indonesian culture itself. For example, the greetings would be done in Bahasa Indonesia. This creates a familial bond that Indonesians can relate to. In terms of the café itself, its mainly a minimalist and modern design. The decorations are that of contemporary Indonesian iconography, further cementing the Indonesian culture. Indonesian pop songs can often be heard when dining, creating a very welcoming environment for Indonesians. Compared to Pino’s Warung, Ngopi UK is smaller in scale in terms of production as they don’t serve quite as many heavy meals, and opted for lighter meals such as street food and pastries.

Last, First. (2023) Instagram. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/ngopiuk/

Last, First. (2023) Ngopi Menu. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://menu.ngopi.co.uk/

precedent study

Layar Seafood

Jl. Manyar Kertoarjo No.23 - 25, Mojo, Kec. Gubeng, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur 60285, Indonesia

Founded in 1999, Layar Seafood rose to relevancy by serving fresh fish live from the tanks or by newly caught premium grade fish. They serve a variety of dishes, ranging from traditional Indonesian recipes to fusion dishes based on Asian and Western countries. One of their selling points are the spices used made up of various Indonesian herbs & spices that results in a dish that truly tastes authentic. (Kibo Creative. (2023) Layar Seafood. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.layarseafood.com/about)

Layar Seafood is a famous restaurant chain back in Indonesia, and for this instance, specifically the one from Surabaya. As opposed to the previous 2 precedents, Layar is used more for the main design inspiration and not a business strategy. Layar Seafood was chosen for its heavy influence on tropical and island elements. The interior space uses warm colors such as browns and yellows to make it feel more welcoming. More traditional Indonesian elements such as statues and ornamental wooden carvings & sculptures can be found throughout the space, making it its main design languange. Being the main source of inspiration for OASIS, many design and technical cues are influenced by Layar. An example would be the way guests can pick their own fish and be involved in the entire cooking preparation process.

Last, First. (2023) LAYAR SEAFOOD JAKARTA - eatandtreats - Indonesian Food and Travel Blogger based in Jakarta. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://eatandtreats.blogspot.com/2016/01/layar-seafood-jakarta.html

PREFACE

I have decided to follow through and double down on the whole tropical design. I believe the contrast between the tropical feel of Indonesia would create interest seeing how different it is to Sheffield’s culture. It is going to be quite thematic in its execution from the layout, to how people navigate the space, and also how the interior is decorated. To follow through with the idea of going underwater, I find that the train tracks are situated roughly 2 meters lower than the current ground level. An atrium design would be most suitable to keep all the “main attractions” at the center of the space, creating a feeling of importance. The approach of digging down into the ground also fits better with the existing as to not disrupt the flow & continuity of the train station as a whole. This will keep the facade as is without changing its appearance from the outside. The vertical space can now be adjusted to be more spacious by lowering the mezzanine level, creating head height. Hypothetically, if I were to keep the ground level as is, the mezzanine would have to be scrapped, if not reconstructed to be higher. This will make the proposed roof level higher than the main building, overpowering it. The most ideal outcome is to retain as much of the existing facade as possible. In addition, keeping the ground level the same makes it harder for me to sell the idea of going underwater. Going down a level is the most literal interpretation of this idea, and it will create the most immersive experience compared to other methods.

design changes: existing zoning & circulation

As discussed, the existing space is used more like a shell rather than an actual interior. It is very straight forward, basically having the ground and mezzanine levels be used as a bicycle store. A portion of the area has been converted into a small bicycle shop that is separated by a wall from the rest of the space. Similarly, the same area is converted into toilets of the same footprint. Different areas and spaces are created using the steelwork scattered in the bicycle store that not only acts as Access to the mezzanine can be achieved via stairs and a small lift. If seen a whole, the bicycle store takes up “half” of the overall space, with the other “half” is used as a bin store. This presents an opportunity to potentially combine the two spaces to create a larger whole. With simple zoning comes simple circulation. As shown in the existing plans, the path created is purely functional. It is simply the way the space is used that creates this simple yet effective circulation.

PROPOSED ZONING

A couple of things are required to be done for the existing in order to maximize its potential. I will start by demolishing any internal walls and connecting the 2 “halves” together to create a large singular space. Approaching it as a restaurant, I divided the space into a dining and service area. The previous space occupied by the bicycle store is to be converted to the designated dining area, while the bin store is to be converted as the service area. considering how prominent the dining area is to the left hand side, a proposed mezzanine level will be added that serves as secondary dining space. This will make the improve the balance and overall distribution of guests. As shown by the diagrams, the entrance is positioned at the far end of the site to ensure space use is maximized. A study by La Trobe University published an article in 2017 mentions that “Roughly 90% of humans are right-handed and this is one of the traits that separates us from most other primates who don’t really show any overall preference for left or right handedness”. (La Trobe University. (2023) Why are most people right handed?, News, La Trobe University. Retrieved April 09, 2023, from https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2017/ opinion/why-are-most-people-right-handed ). This means that there is a bias for people turning to the left as supported by an article by www.Physlink.com. (Physlink.Com, Anton Skorucak. (2023) Why are left turns on a cycle easier than right? Also, when I run track I notice that everyone always runs counterclockwise. (Retrieved April 09, 2023, from https://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae678.cfm).

circulation key

There are 2 ways of entering the main dining area in the proposed design. The first one being stairs, while the second being the accessible ramp. To better explain why these were the 2 methods chosen, I will discuss them into 2 separate parts.

Access to dining via stairs:

Option 1 uses the traditional stairs. Simple, effective, and accessible to most people. Out of the two, this option will get guests to the dining area the quickest. Narratively, the act of going down the stairs is a more visceral experience compared to the accessible ramp, as if guests are quickly jumping head first into the sea. Visually enhanced by the difference in levels compared to the entrance. I see this as symbolic of the trade routes sailors would use to traverse the vast oceans, with different areas having higher and lower foot traffic as if they were ocean currents. Hearkenning back to the fact that indonesia is a maritime country. I played with the idea of “slower currents” as a buffer area where guests can linger for a while looking at some points of interests, before getting to their tables. For this instance the buffer areas are the 1st set of waiting area seats, fresh coconut juice, preparation table, and live fish tank.

Access to dining via accessible ramp:

Option 2 uses an accessible ramp that spans almost the full length of the space. This was something that I had planned very early on in my concept to have guests snake around the dining area and have the it be the centerpiece of the proposed design, in addition of it being inclussive to guests who are in wheelchairs. As opposed to using stairs, the accessible is considerably slower. However, it can be argued that it feels more immersive as guests gets to experience more of the space. Similar to how stairs are symbolic of going into the sea, the ramp is intended to symbolize indonesia’s rainforests and land expedition. The buffer areas for access via ramps are the built-in aquarium, floating benches, large planter, and the 2nd set of waiting area seats.

1. Main entrance

2. Stairs to ground floor

3. Accessible ramp

4. Floating bench

5. Built-in aquarium

16. Service entrance

17. Kitchen store

18. Stairs to mezzanine

19. Mezzanine dining

20. Banquette seating

6. Waiting area

7. Main dining area

8. Fresh coconut juice

9. Preparation table

10. Live fish tank

11. Open grill

12. Disabled toilet

13. Public toilet

14. Main kitchen

15. Cargo lift

TECTONICS

Built-in Aquarium:

Out of the 4 mentioned, the aquarium is the most complicated as it has the most moving parts in its most literal sense. The idea for having the aquarium right next to the accessible ramp came about when thinking about balance. On the opposite end, guests who take the stairs to get down to the main dining area is greeted by a live fish tank. Not only is it a point of interest, it is also a design element that involves water. It makes sense to have the aquarium on the left-hand side. Similar to how the mezzanine level was added to the right-hand side, this sort of positioning benefits guest circulation and distribution. An issue that arose when deciding to have it installed on the same side as the ramps means that there will not be enough clearance for both the aquarium and circulation. The solution was to have it be built in to the wall, making sure it was concealed as best as possible. I needed to design it in such a way that it appears seamless at a glance. In the proposed design, the entire wall is decorated with timber slats. This was intentional to not only create interesting texture, but also as a form to hide the gaps in the access panels. To elaborate further, there are 2 types of panels that are built in. The first type of panel is situated at the top of the aquarium that is placed on a track, allowing it to be pushed back like a drawer. This is meant for fish feeding the fish and general water cleaning purposes. The second type of panels are larger and are simply bolted on to the wall. It is situated under the aquarium and houses the pumps, water filters, and any other miscellaneous equipment or machinery. Right behind the aquariums, a series of lights that aids in regulating water temperatures and lighting up the water to make it appear as though the water is glowing from the perspective of the guests.

Water Feature:

The water feature was a concept that was conceived quite late in the design process. I needed to sell the idea of an underwater environment in a way that simple but convincing. Originally the idea I had to achieve this effect was to have actual water in a glass container. Small water pumps are to be installed to create gentle water ripples that would cast a refraction on the floor. This would make the refractions dynamic feeling. The container itself will be reinforced with steel support structures. Beneath it, light fixtures will be added for lighting up the main dining area. Inspiration was taken from automated stage rigs that can be lowered using a series of pulleys for quick set changes. (Laser Show System. (2023) PDF.js viewer. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https:// www.jrclancy.com/downloads/JRC_Cntrwt_Rigging.pdf). While that initial concepts works in theory, a couple of maintenance issues started to reveal itself with the design. First reason, having water would mean that water changes need to occur often. This may disrupt the operational times as no guests would be able to have their meals in the main dining area when it is time for a water change. Second reason, having water may result in potential leakage, a liability best avoided early. Water is also considerably heavy. Potentially the water level could be kept to a bare minimum, but it would greatly impact the ripple effects and refractions created on the ground floor. Shallow waters would create less ripples. The water pumps proposed while small, can make or break the design as a faulty pump would mean that there would be no ripples at all, making the feature useless. Third reason, having light fixtures installed right beneath the water container may cause shortages, meaning extra care and effort would be needed to ensure the system works overall. As a response to these 3 issues, I have decided to replace the water with a water sculpture, made of glass or acrylic. This will be cheaper in the long run as there would be no water changes necessary, ensuring that guest dining can be maximized. In addition, while the effects created by actual water is nicer, it is very inconsistent. A glass or acrylic sculpture as shown in this picture achieves the same effect consistently. Another advantage would be that the water feature can be installed more permanently. A pulley system might not even be necessary for this specific application.

TECTONICS

Accessible Ramp:

The accessible ramp was added to be inclussive, accommodating to guests in wheelchairs. A decision was made to have it be split into 3 main sections that wraps around the main dining area. Earlier attempts had the ramp stop in 2 sections and even in 1 section. Given the 2 meter height difference however, it was not plausible as the slope angle would be too steep for wheelchair access. (Registering. (2023) What are Ramps and How to Design Them? - The Constructor. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/ ramps-design/164670/). The proposed design with 3 sections is then further broken down to have a series of flats instead of one continuous slope. The intention behind this design choice is too deliberately slow guests down, which may seem counterintuitive at first. However this allows the guest to immerse themselves for longer. Creating more of an experience to the journey. The accessible ramp is made in a steel construction. Steel is a strong and sturdy material with plenty of room for customization for any property, as mentioned in (Checking This Box. (2023) 4 Types of Materials for Commercial Ramps | EZ-ACCESS. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.ezaccess.com/post/4-types-of-materials-for-commercial-ramps). Although the construction makes it heavy, the permanent nature of the ramps intended for the main dining space makes this a non-issue.

TECTONICS

Floating Bench:

Construction for the floating benches uses the same principal of a floating shelf, using internal brackets and a series of metal rods to achor it to a surface with a minimal look. All access to the support structure are hidden away within the bannisters itself The benches are installed to the side of the accessible ramp banisters to encourage guests to slow down to take a look at the aquarium, which makes it a buffer area. Given the small size, these benches should not intervere with the overall flow and circulation of the ramp. Right behind the benches, the tall trees in the large planter provides a level of privacy to the guests sitting.

Upon completion, I am satisfied with the outcome I have managed to produced. All the elements work effectively and efficiently. Progress wise, I find that this project came together really quickly as I decided to tackle it head on by spending as little time as possible on the intial concepts, and spent more time refining it through a selective elimination. Making sure to compare and contrast the concepts thoroughly, deciding on praticality and feasibilty. The decision to have the ramp circle the main dining area proved to be effective and the mezzanine provided the necessary balance for guest distribution. However, there are still a few things that I would have done differently given more time.

For instance, the main entrance could be moved 1 pillar to the left along with the mezzanine stairs and kitchen walls. This will make the kitchen more appropriately sized for the high demand of the restaurant. This would not comprimise the overall flow, just make it more compact. As shown above, moving the entrance to the left would make the space in between the mezzanine and dining area not as big. In addition, the added space in the far right-hand side of the building allows room for storage. Possibly a room where a generator and electrical components can be stored. Not only that, service access could be greatly improved by not having to go around the train station to use the service lift. The storage in the kitchen could be repurposed as a small employees bathroom, access way to be confirmed. There are 2 options for the mezzanine. One option would be to add more banquette seating on the side. Alterntaively, the kitchen wall from the ground floor can be extended up separating the area and closing the kitchen further. The kitchen now has a double height space which could be used for storage or even a split level kitchen, where different stages of preparation could happen or perhaps add more dish variety.

A possible consequence however would be on the live fish tanks and the accessible ramp. Currently in the proposed design, 9 tanks are present. Should the kitchen walls be moved forward, it would mean that either the number of tanks are to be reduced, or possibly making the space in between the preparation and the tanks smaller. The latter seams to be more ideal option. In regards to the accessible ramp, moving the entrance would mean that the overall length of the ramp would be reduced. With a shorter distance, the angle would get more steep. Should not be a problem in the grand scheme of things, but it is worth noting. Potentially, an accessible elevator could be added to allow guests in wheelchairs to get to the mezzanine. Shifting the main entrance to the left provides more than enough space accommodate for it. It would be installed in line with the stairs to create symmetry and to generally have the access points be in the same area.

Bringing The Vibrant. (2023) Ngopi UK | Indonesian Speciality Coffee – NgopiUK. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://ngopi.co.uk/

Chinese Merchants. The. (2023) North Sulawesi - Wikiwand. Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https://www. wikiwand.com/en/North_Sulawesi

Esri. (2023) Pino’s Warung | Homemade Indonesian street food | Camden Market. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.camdenmarket.com/food-drink/pinos-warung

Kibo Creative. (2023) Layar Seafood. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.layarseafood.com/about

Kompas Cyber Media. (2023) Rumah Walewangko, Rumah Adat Minahasa Halaman all - Kompas.com. Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/01/22/140000669/rumah-walewangko-rumahadat-minahasa-?page=all

Last, First. (2023) Instagram. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/ngopiuk/

Last, First. (2023) LAYAR SEAFOOD JAKARTA - eatandtreats - Indonesian Food and Travel Blogger based in Jakarta. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://eatandtreats.blogspot.com/2016/01/layar-seafood-jakarta.html

Last, First. (2023) Ngopi Menu. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://menu.ngopi.co.uk/

Last, First. (2023) Pino’s Warung (@pinoswarung) • Instagram photos and videos. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/pinoswarung/

Request Only. So. (2023) Pinos Warung in London - Restaurant menu and reviews. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://restaurantguru.com/Pinos-Warung-London

Sumo Group, Inc. (2023) 9 Scarcity Marketing Tactics (Proven Methods Inside). Retrieved April 07, 2023, from https://sumo.com/stories/scarcity-marketing

THANK YOU

Benedict Aditya Trianda L6