MY FAMILY CHRONICLES
BENEATH THE BANYAN TREE My Family Chronicles
.....:.; ..; .
DEDICATED WITH LOVE
To my mother Jessie Coe Lichauco and to the memory of my father Marcial P. Lichauco
"1 carry our nation wherever 1 go) the oh - so far away essences of my elongated homeland live within me))
Pablo Neruda (1904-73) Chilean Poet
BENEATH THE BANYAN TREE
MY FAMILY CHRONICLES
by
Cornelia Lichauco Fung
Photographs on by Albert Labrador on pages 178, 2 18, 225 Outtakes from the story "Safe Haven" by Sunshine Lichauco de Leon
. 1
Published in Town & Country Phillippin e edition , August 2008 by Summit Media Portraits & photographs courtesy o[ Jessie Lichauco Im age on page 17 o[ Chinese junk courtesy o[ the HK Maritime Museum's collection. Portraits of Maria Santos Lichauco and Timotea courtesy of Mrs. Gretchen Cojuangco and original portrait of Lola Cornelia co urtesy of Teresa Feria Nieva. Photographic enhancements and reproductions by Studio 58, Manila photos of Santa Ana House in 1930s courtesy of the O'Brien family
Beneath the Banyan Tree Copyright Š CBL Fung 2009 Published by CBL Fung All rights reserved. No part o[ this book may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means - whether virtual, electronic, mechanical, phoLOcopy, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the copyright ownec
ISBN: 978-962-85098-2-9 Printed in Hong Kong by The Green Pagoda Press Ltd. 2009
CONTENTS Acknowledgemen ts Preface
Vlll
IX
I. ORIGINS
Family Ancestors - Chinese Origins Introduction - Cornelia Lao Chang Co Early Chinese Records Arrival of the Spaniards and the establishment of Manila Intramuros The Mestizos Lola Cornelia's Neighborhood - Binondo Thomas Ly Chau Co Family Origins An Enterprising Woman From Trading to Property Sugar Trading Processing Sugar Cane Property owners in Manila
3
2
Hispanic Roots - Pedro Fernandez and Francisca Arcinas A family match - Faustino and Luisa Life of the newly-weds
21
3
The Philippine Revolution and Exile in Hong Kong Background - Rising discontent and prelude to the revolution Jose Rizal Discovery of the Katipunan Lolo Faustino and the Revolution - Exile in Hong Kong 1896 The beginning of an armed rebellion The Revolt Second Exile in Hong Kong 1898 and the government in exile: The Philippine Central Committee or "Hong KongJunta" The Spanish American War The Battle of Manila Bay Procuring Arms and Support for the Revolutionaries The Siege of Intramuros and Spanish Surrender Alone in Manila Filipino revolutionaries against the new American colonial power Repercussions abroad - The disintegration of the J unta Luisa's ordeals The American Pacification and Conquest of the Philippines American Civilian Rule
27
4
Life Under Axnerican Occupation The Entrepreneur The Cattle Trade Building a Home - Aviles Malacafiang A lover of nature Schooling - Breaking the Mould A last family reunion and a lavish wedding
45
5
Filipinos Abroad 59 Leaving Home - 19 11 En Route Family Business Matters Planning for a change Traveling to America Returning Home to Manila - 1913 The Family Diaspora Return to the Philippines and A Shipboard Romance - Natividad and Peping Re-entering Society
6
A Change of Fortune Business Difficulties The fiasco of Robert's Department Store A New Start Don Faustino's twilight years
71
II. MARCIAL 7
The ForIllation of a Nationalist and Patriot Marcial's early years First travels abroad - 19 12 Father and Son Early meetings with political leaders - Osmeiia and Quezon Quezon at Aviles Preparing for the future En Route to America - Hong Kong Shanghai Kobe America at last
83
8
Harvard Man -1919-26 Law School and the Start of a Speaker'sJourney The Episode of the Model T Ford A Turning Point Arguments for Independence Moorefield Storey - Mentorship and Collaboration
95
9
SUIIlIIler of 1926 "The SUIIlIIler of Delights" Europe Returning Home to the Philippines An Unexpected Opportunity
III
10 The Crucial Years - 1929-1930 An Active Young Bachelor An opportunity to serve his country Background to the Mission - the King Resolution The Independence Mission of 1929 - The Legislative Commission
121
11 The Second Philippine Independence Mission The OSROX Mission 1932 The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act Quezon's obj ections The Tydings-McDuffie Act
129
III. JESSIE AND MARCIAL 12 Jessie - A Fateful Meeting "In a great old Spanish House" The Isle of Pines Traveling to Manila The Wedding - Marriage "to a foreigner"
145
13 Early Married Life
153
Beginning a Private Law Practice A delayed and extended honeymoon 14 The War Years 1941-1945 Prelude to War Outbreak of War The Japanese Occupation A "Victory" Baby The Liberation of Manila The Amahs and Col. Andres Soriano Liberation and Peace at last
163
Iv. POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION: RE-BUILDING LIVES
15 Post-War Reconstruction and Birth of the Republic
179
Birth of the Republic and President Manuel Roxas The Bell Trade Act of 1946 or the Philippine Trade Act Achievements of the New Republic
16 Mtermath - A Return to Private Life
189
Santa Ana Jessie's Home Family Life Thoughts on Marriage and Parenthood 17 Consolidation Another health crisis Development of the law practice Victoria Fulfilling an African dream A second generation diaspora begins
195
18 The Philippine Ambassador 1963-66 The end of the road
205
V. EPILOGUE
19 Adrift Along The Pasig "My Giving Tree" by Sunshine Lichauco de Leon
221
The New Diaspora Afterwards - People in Her Life Family Does Matter "Where Contentment Lies" by Francesca Lichauco
Appendix & Notes
228
• Cornelia Laochangco-Thomas Lichauco Family Tree • Family Chronology • Notes • Address of Marcial P Lichauco before the Foreign Policy Association of New York Astor Hotel,January 7,1933 • The Philippine Islands • Intimate Recollections of My Eighteen Years Association with Manuel Roxas Acuna
Bibliography and Sources
268
Selective and Partial Index of Names
276
PREFACE
An ancient banyan tree grows behind our house by the river. It bears silent witness to times past when the river was clear and trees bloomed across the Pasig; when blood was spilt along its waters and the river flowed red; when holidays were celebrated with alluvial floats; when fishermen cast their nets upon its bountiful waters. The tree sheltered my home and under its shade I heard tales of my ancestors ... I was fascinated by stories told by my grandmother and other relatives. Their lives spanned the Spanish colonial period and the Philippine Revolution. They survived World War II, and witnessed the coming of Philippine independence. My father Marcial was a vivid raconteur. He spoke vividly and passionately about his youth, his formative years at Harvard and his role in promoting the cause of Philippine independence. Somewhere there existed a portrait of my Chinese ancestor, Thomas Li Chau Co. M ysteriously, no one of my generation had ever seen it. Shortly before my marriage in 1966 to Kenneth Hing Cheung Fung of Hong Kong, a large parcel wrapped in brown paper arrived in our home. It came with a short note addressed to me from an aunt who was of the Soriano branch of our family. She said "Since you are marrying a young man who is Chinese, it is only fitting that you should have the portrait of your Chinese ancestor!" I was overwhelmed by the generosity and significance of the gift. It hangs in my home, a source of pride in my heritage and a reminder of my Philippine and Chinese roots. I was encouraged to write an account of my family's story because it fits into the broader context of Philippine history. What I have written is not a scholarly work, although much information has come from research so that I could include the historical events which shaped the lives of my ancestors. This is a story told for my children and grandchildren and nieces and nephews who have grown up far away from the Philippines. They never knew their Filipino ancestors. They have not experienced the full richness of the Philippine cultural heritage. I hope that these family chronicles will help them to under stand and appreciate their Philippine heritage.
Cornelia Lichauco Fung Hong Kong 2009
IX
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES A Abad Santos, justicejose - p. 123 Abreu, justice - p.151 Agoncillo, Felipe - pp. 31.32,35,46 Aguinaldo, General Emilio - pp. 29-36 Ah Sei - p. 166 Alley, Lee and Voorhees Law Offices - pp. 97,113, Alonso, Teodora - p. 28 Amador de Espadana, Dna Luisa - p. 11 American conquest and pacification of the Philippines - pp. 40-44 American Farm Bureau - p .127 American Federation of Labor - p. 127 Ambuklao Power Project - p. 184 Amorsolo, Fernando - p. 153 Anti-Imperialist League - p .104 Antipolo Cabaret - p. 115 Apacible, Galiciano - p. 30 Aquino, Benigno - pp.135, 156 Arce, Fernando - p. 151 Arcinas, Cirila - p. 23, Arcinas Francisca - p. 22 Arcinas, Salome - p. 22 Arcinas, Vicente - p. 22 Arevalo, Clotilde "Tia T inding" - p. 153 Arevalo, Don Ramon - p. 153 Arevalo, Father Catalino, "Nono", SJ. - p. 215 Arevalo family - p. 14 Asilo de Huerfanos - p.l4 Asociacion de Damas Filipinas - p. 193 Ateneo Muicipal - pp.13, 23
B Bachelor's Club - p.121 Baguio - p. 149 Battle of Tilad Pass - p. 41 Beckman, Benjamin and Mamie - p. 158 Bell, GeneralJ.R. - p. 41 Bell Trade Act of 1946 or Philippine Trade Act - p. 182 Berenguer,jose - p. 11 Berenguer, Macario - p. 11 Bingham, Senator - pp. 124,127 Blanco, General Ramon - p. 28 Blaylock, Alfred, Dr. - pp. 196-97 Bracken,josephine - p. 29 Buencamino, Victor Abreu - pp. 73, 151
276
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
C Cairns, Lord - pp. 205,208 Caridal, Alejandro - p. 121 Carlos,julita Lichauco - pp. 154, 198 Carlos, Meneleo - pp. 154,186, 188,200 Carlos, Menelito - p. 198 Carnaval Magallanico - 1921, p. 68 Castro, Father Rafael - p. 14 Central Bank of the Philippines - p. 184 Central School - p. 50 Chau Lam Ko - p. 199 Chapman,john Hay, The Forum - p. 109 Christian Science Monitor - p. 108 Cho, Morley and Nancy - p. 165 Choa, L. , - p. 151 Choa, Rudy - p. 149 Cleveland, President - p. 31 Club Filipino - p. 121 Cobarrubias, Clemente, - p. 8 Coe, Edwin - p. 145 Coe, Beatriz Powrey, p. 146 Coe, Florence - p. 146 Coe, Beckman, Mamie - p. 146 Cullinane, Michael, pp. 43, 44 Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs - p. 125 Commonwealth of the Philippines - pp. 131,137 Cummings, Charles K. j r. - pp. 148, 216 Concepcion, judge - p. 72 Congressional Record, 72nd Congress of the United States - p. 237 Conling, Manuel - p.14, 15 Cordon Bleu Cooking School - p. 157 Corcuera, Maria - p. 47 Cortes, Rosario Mendoza - p. 11 Cuaderno, Miguel Sr. - p. 184 Cutting, Bronson, Senator - p. 126, 131 Cuyugan, Carlos - p. 50, 51 Cuyugan, Margarita Lichauco, "Nuning" - pp 67, III
D Davies, Governor General - pp. 117,121-23 Del Pilar, Gregorio - p. 41 De La Costa, Horacia SJ.Father - p. 215 De Leon yjoven,jose, "Peping", - pp. 66,67,97,150 De Leon III,jose - p. 67 De Leon,joe Vincent - p. 220 De Leon, Susanna ("Sunshine") viii, "My Giving Tree" De Leon, Maria Luisa - p. 167 De Los Reyes, Isabella of the Aglipay Church - p.212 Del Pilar, General Gregorio - p. 41 Dewey, Admiral - pp. 31 ,32,34 277
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
Diaz, Aurelio de Rocaful - p. 11 Diaz, Judge - p. 11 Doeppers, D aniel Prof - p. 71
E El Cano, Sebastian, - p. 4 El D ebate - p. 143 Eliot, William Charles - p. 95 Epistola, S.V - p.38 Escaler, Ernesto - p. 165 Escaler, Federico - p. 167, 168
F Fanny Farmer Cooking School - p. 64 Farnell, Gillian, p 167 Felix, Alfonso, fiscal - p. 72 Fernandez, Antonio, "Toning" - p. 22 Fernandez, Diego - pp. 21,22 Fernandez, Luisa y Arcinas - p. 29 Fernandez y Arias, Pedro - p. 2 1 Fitzsimmons, William - p. 179 Fitzsimmons children (Thomas, Edwina, Cha rles, Richard, Patrick and Imelda)- p. 179 Foreign Affairs Magazine - p. 106 Foreign Policy Association Speech , NYC Jan 7, 1933 - p. 237-240 Foreign Policy Association ew Bulletin , p. 108 Fukushima - p. 33 Fung, Kenneth Hing Cheung - p. 214, 212 Fung, Marissa - p. 213 Fung, Joa nna - p. 213
G Gamboa, Angel - p. 156 Gianini,A.P. founder Ba nk of America - p. 195 Graphic Magazine - pp.121, 129 Guerrero, Luis Dr. - p 66 Guevarra, Pedro, Hon. - pp. 100, 101
H H acienda "El Porvenir" pp.1 1, 14 H are, Senator - p. 13 1 H arvard Law School - pp. 98 , 105, H arvard University - pp. 90, 95-110 H awes-Cutting Act - pp. 126-27 H are Hawes Cutting Act - pp. 13 1-1 36 H awes, H arry, Senator - pp. 124-126 129 H awkins, Noel, Lou a nd J acqueline- pp. 165-166 H aydn, Elizabeth - p. 150 278
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
H aydn , Ralston, Vice Governor - p. 150 H erran Stree t - p. 190 (Pedro Gil Street) H errera, Victoria - p. 199 Hilado, Solicitor General - p. 156 H oover, H erbert President pp. 130, 133-34 Hudson, Manley Professor - pp. 100, 109, 110 H ong KongJunta - pp. 30,3 1,32,33,3 7,38
I Imperial, Carlos Justice - p. 149 Independence Mission of 1929, (Legislative Commission) pp. 124-29 Indo China, Saigon, Phom Penh - p. 45 Isle of Pines, Cuba p. 145
J J alandoni, Vening - p. 165 Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs - p. 182 J ones Law, 19 16 - pp. 45, 86 Josefa, Bernadina - p. 6
K K alaw, Maximo Dean - p. 129 K alaw, Don Teodoro - p. 109 K atipunan - p. 28 Kidder, Peabody Messrs. - p. 64 King Federick of Denmark - p. 211 King Gustav of Sweden - p. 210 King Olaf of Norway - pp. 210-211 King, William , Senator - pp. 123-25 Kocher, Emile, Professor (Nobel Prize winner) - pp. 59,60
L La Ignaciana - p. 168 La Loma Cemetary, - pp. 9, 14 La Vanguardia - pp. 11 5, 142, 144, 15 1, Labrador,Juan Father O.P. , p. 150 Lachica, Eddie - p. 21 3 Lachuga, Lourdes - p. 205 Lam Co, Domingo - p. 27 Lapu-Iapu,- p. 4 Lau Chang Co, Cornelia, - pp. 15, 17,18.20, 23,24,25,29 Laurel,Jose P. - p. 181 League of Nations - pp. lll -112 Lawton , General- p. 40 Legarda, Don Benito - p. 151 Legarda, BenitoJr.-p. viii Legazpi Miguel de - p. 64
279
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
Legislative Commission, Philippine Independence Mission of 1929, - pp. 124-128 Leyva, Irenea - p.205 Lichauco, Cecilia - p. 169 Lichauco, Clara - pp.8, 20, 130 Lichauco, Cornelia (Cornelita) Amalia, - pp.29,59-62,66,67-69,73,88 Lichauco, Cornelia Lau Chan Co - p. 6-15,23-25,34-35,38 ,77 Lichauco Cornelia Beatriz (Nelly) - p. 166 Lichauco, Crisanto - p. 11,25,30,31 ,35,40, Lichauco, Ditas - p. 169, 219 Lichauco, Sollee Dolores - pp. 25, 34,49,50, 67-69,73,75,93,96,149,158, 180 Lichauco, Emma Roensch - pp. 169 Lichauco, Eugenia - pp. 8, 11, 13,20,24,30 Lichauco, Faustino -pp. youth and marriage 23-25; role in revolution, 27-40, 44; businessman 4550; travels to Europe 61-62; business difficulties67-69; new ventures 71 -75; final days 120, Lichauco, Faust - pp. 37,59,62,67,68,773,75,77,87 Lichauco Faustino Antonio (Tinoy) p. 200 Lichauco , l<rancesca ("Chesa") Epilogue - poem "Where Contentment Lies" Lichauco, Galo - pp. 14,25,30,35,37,39 Lichauco, Goya, p. 37 Lichauco, Helen, "Elena" SmalJ- p. 150, 162 Lichauco,Jessiejosephine Coe - p. 145; meeting Marcial 147; traveling to Manila, 148-49 marriage 150-52; relationship with Luisa, 153; travel to Europe and USA 1937 ,156-68; World War II , 16372 ;postwar 179; Sta Ana ,189- 94; Luisa's death ,201 ;trip to Europe 1958, 200; Ambassador's wife, 205-212; Marcial's last days, 213-16; widow, 219-222 Lichaucojessiejoanne,jay-jay - pp. 199,187,196,198 Lichauco,julita Revilla - p. 48 Lichauco Carlos,julita - p. 159, 196 Lichauco, Galo, p. 14,30,35,37,39 Lichauco, Goya - p. 47 Lichauco, Loretta pp. 146, 196, 201 Lichauco, Luis - pp. 91,93,96, 100, Lichauco, Luisa "Lui" - p. 162, 187, P 198, 206, 199,200 Lichauco Luisa Fernandez y Arcinas - childhood 28; courtship and early marriage 29, 34-45; and the revolution 37-39; trip to Europe 59-63; America 63-64; reunion with family 65-66;at Fanny Farmer Cooking School 64; difficulties with Cornelia's health,59-60; financial difficuties, 73; death of Faustino, 75; with jessie, 150-53; World War II, 169; death 201-02 Lichauco, Luisa vda Nablejose - p. 8, 10, 11, 13,48 Lichauco, Macario - p. 8,,9,10,11,23 Lichauco, Maria Santos - p. 23, 24,25 Lichauco, Marcial - Childhood pp. 47-50; first trip abroad 61-65; schooling in the Philippines 83, 89; First acquaintance with S. Osmena, 86; first meeting with Quezon, 87; Youth - 83-91; travels to USA 1919, 91-94; at Harvard University, 95-110; speaking on behalf of Philippine independence while at university, 1 1-1 04; speech before Harvard Club of Boston, March 11, 1925 , 241 -47; working with Moorefield Storey ,104-110; at the League of Nations, Geneva, 111 - 114; decision to return to the Philippines, 114; returning to Philippines, first job at Sto Tomas University, 116117; bachelor life in Manila, 121-123; joining the Legislative Commission 1929 , 123; work of the Commission, 123-128; death of his father, 128; The Second Philippine Independence Mission the "OSROX MISSION" , 129-134; visit to the White House, 130; Hare Hawes Cutting Act, 131133; Speech before Foreign Policy Association and included in proceedings of Congressional Record of 72nd Session of Congress, jan 17, 1933 , 237 ; meeting jessie, 147, marriage, 150-152; teaching at Sto Tomas, 117,155; working in Solicitor General's office, , 117, 155; working with
°
280
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
Manuel Roxas in the Dept. of Finance ,163. ; trip to Europe 1937, 156-58, World War II, pp 1631721; repatriation to US with Jessie, p. 179 ; Corporate Counsel in the Roxas Presidency, 182; reestablishing law office, 195-198 ; safari in Mrica 1954, 199; trip to Europe and death of his mother Luisa, 201; Philippine ArnbassadOl~ 205-212, death p213-216 Lichauco, MarciaIJr., - p. 197, 199 Lichauco, Natividad - pp. 62,66,67-69,70,71, 75, 158, Lichauco, Pascual - p. 14, 23 Lichauco, Peping - p. 47, 49 Lichauco, Richard - p. 188 Lichauco, Ruth Rothschild - p. 188 Lichauco Sylvia - p. 146, 197, 199 Lichauco, Thomas Santa Maria - p. 7-9 Lichauco, Thomas M. - pp. 29, 37, 44, 59,61, 64, 67,69,70,71,73 Lichauco, Thomas Francisco, "Tommy" p. 197, Lichauco Timotea, "Teang" pp. 14,30,39, 46, 50, III Lichauco, Titang, - p. 48 LichaucoZacarias - pp. 11,25,27,30,31,35 Lowell, Lawrence President of Harvard University - p. 64 Luna,Juan - p. 31
M Mabini, Apolinario - p. 36,42 Macapagal, Diosdado, President - pp. 202,209 MacArthur General Arthur - p. 47 Machado, Gerardo - p. 146 Madrigal, Don Vicente - p. 151 Magellan, Ferdinand - p. 4 Magsaysay, Ramon, President - p. 184 Malacafiang Palace pp. 46-47 Malolos Republic - p. 36 Manansala, Vicente - p. 153 Martinez, Father - p. 215 McDonald, Jeannette - p. 158 McKinley, President William - pp.31,35,36,40 Mejia, Manuel - p. 163, 197 Merritt, Wesley General - p. 36 Montinola, Herminia - p. 73 Montinola, Ruperto - p. 129 Moreno, Gerardo - p. 11 Murphy, Frank Governor - p. 156
N N able Jose, Alejandro - pp. 10, 11 NableJose, Amparo - pp. 10,11,48 NableJose, Donato - pp. 9, 10, 11 NableJoseLuisa Lichauco - pp. 8, 11 NableJose, Mariano - p. 21 Navalta, Lorenza - pp. 191-92 New York Times - pp. 108 281
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
Nieva, Antonio - pp. 151,165 Nieva, Gregorio - pp. 151, Nueva Girona - pp. 146 "Nuning" - Margarita Cuyugan Oppen- p. III
o O'Brien Jessie - p. 190 Ongkapin, p. 35 Osias, Camilio - p. 123 Osmena, Sergio, Mrs. - p. 150 Osmena, Sergio - pp. 84. 86, 87.123.129.131,133-136,154,164,181,168, OSROX Mission - The Second Philippine Independence Mission 1932 - pp. 129- 136 Otis, General - p. 40 Our Lady of the Abandoned (Nuestra Sra de los Desamparados) p. 189 Ozaeta, Ramon - p. 197
p Paraan, Casimiro - p. 151, Parchmont, Cecille Clementine, p. 145 Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad - pp. 43-44 Parian - p. 5 Partido Federalista - pp. 43-44 Partido Nacionalista - pp. 43-44 Pasig River pp. 30,42, 53,176,177, 208 Patino, Teodora - p. 28 Patino, Honora - p. 28 Paterno - p. 151 Philippine Cen tral Bank p. 184 Philippine Trade Act 1946 (Bell Trade Act) p. 182 Picazo, Evaristo - p. 163, 189 Picazo, Leopoldo - p. 189 Platt Amendment - p. 145 Phnom Penh - p. 45 Ponce, Mariano - pp. 31,33-35 Powrey, Aaron McField - p. 145 Powrey Coe, Beatriz - p. 145 Powrey, Antoinette ''l\nette'' , ''l\unt Nettie" - p. 146 Pratt, E. Spencer American Consul General to Hong Kong - p. 31 Primo de Rivera, Fernando Governor General of the Philippines - p. 31 Putnam, Frank - pp. 65, 96
Q Queen Elizabeth II - pp. 208-210 Quezon, Manuel - pp. 86,87, 116, 117, 122,123, 128,130-38, 163,164,180, 182 Quirino, Carlos - pp. 129,151,154,165 Quirino, Elpidio, President - p. 184 Quirino, Felix - p. 151
282
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
R Rajah Lapu Lapu - p. 4 Raja Sikatuna - p. 14 Regidor, Antonio - p. 31 Rehabilitaion Finance Corporation (RFC) - p. 184 Revolution, Philippine - pp. 27-34 Reyes, Salomon - pp. 197-98 Ricarte, Artemio, General - p. 124 Riesgo de Dios, Emiliano - p. 33 Rinderpest - p. 71 Rizal,jose - pp. 27-29 Rocafull, Aurelio Diaz de - p. 11 Roensch, Alfredo - p. 144 Roensch, Emma - pp. 13, 73, 169 Romulo, Carlos P - pp. 215, 2 19 Roosevelt, Teddy - p. Roosevelt, Franklin - p. 134 Root, Elihu, Secretary of War - p. 41 Roxas, Mamerto judge - pp. 183, 186 Roxas, Manuel - pp. 123,125,127. 128,129, 133-136, 155-156,163, 165, 180-185, Appendix Roxas, Pedro - p.31 Roxas, Sixto - p. 31 Roxas, Ruby - p. 179 Russell Sturges & Co, - p.12
S Sabido, Pedro - p.129 Sandico, Teodoro - p. 33 Santa Ana - 24, 189 Salvador, Eugenio, painter - p. 8 Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs p. 125 SEATO South East Asian Treaty Organization - p. 212 Sesangco, (Lao chang co) Nicolas - p. 6 Settlement House - p. 193 Setsuho, Ikehata - p. 433 Shaw, Walter!(., "Bubby" - pp. 152,190,196 Shoenemann, Wilhelm - p. 157 Shurman Commission - p. Smith Bell Corporation - p. 12 Sollee, Oben - pp. 73, 165 Sollee, Eric and Rita - p. 165, 167, 180 Sollee Eric - p. 158, 165 Soriano, Don Andres - p. 170-171 Soriano, Antonio - p. 35 Soriano family - forward, and p.14 Soriano, Ramon - p. 29, 41,53,73 Spanish American War - pp. 31 -34 Storey, Moorfield, Professor - pp. 104-109, 11 3- 114 Sumulong,jose Hon. Sun Vat Sen, Dr. - p. 37 283
SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL INDEX OF NAMES
SyQuia, Pedro (Pete) - pp. 149, 151 Syyap,Julian - p. 23, 30
T Taft Commission - p. 43 Taft, William Howard - p. 42-44 Taussig, Helen, Dr. - p. 196 The Evening Star The Forum,JohnJay Chapman, - p. 109 The Tribune p. 143,144 Tirona, Emiliano - p. 129 Tokizawa, Ulchi - p. 33 Treaty of Paris 1898, - p. 36, 46 Tydings Mc Duffie Act 1934 - p. 136-138
U University of Santo Tomas - p.113, 143, 150 Uy-Sayco, Francisco - p. 14
V Vanderford, Chief Superintendent - p. 72 Vazquez, Antonio - p. 151 Verzosa, Nenita - p. 202
W Warner Barnes - p. 12 Weyler, Valeriano, General - p. 31 White, Paul D. Dr. - p. 97 Wick berg, Edgar - p. 6 Wildman, Rouseville - p. 31-32 Wright, Governor General - p. 47
x-v Z Zalvidea, Luisa and Mariano, - p. 170, 205 Zarcal, Heriberto - p. 31 Zulueta,Jessie - p. 159
284
Beneath the Banyan tree : CS 1399 .L46 F85 2009
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