The Sunday Times Magazine [April 23, 1967]

insure the sweet smell of success with daily use of concentrated ASTRING-0-SOL again st bad breath.

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So, every m i nty refresh,ng mouthwa sh mode from ASTRING -0 SOL costs you only a few centavos'

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•·19·1·67

SPARKS

How con you ex• pect your ship to come in if you're afraid to send it out?

by Will;s Forbes

OUR COVER

Easy to handle, yet more IPthal than It looks, the flamethrower here being used by this 37th Division lnfanb-ymaa to Ou.sh oot. the Japanese enemy from his la.<;t,.ditch hideouts, played a slgnillcant role in the mopping up operatlmts during the Battle for the Liberation of Manila. In lntramuros, where this US Army photo was taken, the weapon, an lngen ions device beklhlng hot flame in huge spurfB, bad to be used on where the foe was ¥Id likely to be The tTtoroughllP.S<i or the flamethrower's job minimized to a great extent the dangers from unexpected Ja.pane.se snJping.

The Sunda)' Time,, l\fagazine is published e,•ery week by the Manila Times Publishing Co., Inc. Fiorentino Torres St , Manila, Philippines

ARRID with

Perstop

STOPS perspiration stains

CIHII .. IOU-DI

STOPS odor for 24 hours

The fellow who g•h hot under the collo, sets the world on f.re

EDITOR - Rodolfo G. Tupas; MANAGING EDITOR - Jean Pope; A~CIATE EDITOR - Gloria Garchitorena-G o Io y ; WOMEN'S SECTION EDITOR - Lydia C Gutierre-z; EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS- Benjamin V. Afuang, Ernesto M Macatuno; ART OONSULTANTDemetrio Die go; ART SECTION CB I E F - Rodolfo Ragcdon; ARTISTS - Severino Marcelo ; Ben Cabrera; LAYOUT ASSISTANT Inocencio Tolentino; PHOTOGRAPHY - E F Nievera, Domin a dor Suba Anto nio Lopez Jr.; ROTO COLOR - A. de Ocampo, Fer• min Obi s po , Mauro Obispo; ADVERTISING MANAGER - Luis L. Nunez.

Drpartment, The Ma.nlla Tlmes Co., la,:

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When you're just a breath away..•

FDR MEN WOMEN

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• Fulty imported components

• Fully i mported Solid State Amplifiermakes tube amplif".ers obsolete

• 16 watts of solid power-

• Fully automatic. 4:"f"'8d Garrard semiprofessional record changer with floe.ting turntabfe that eliminates hum and distortion

400

• Fully- i mported Solid State amplifiermakes tube amplifiers obsolete

• World famous Gamud fully automabc

4 speed record changer

• 150 hours of be.l'te,y operation u nder norm a l usage with ord inary flashlight batt e r i es on ei t her r ecord pl ayback or r ad io

~t more living out of lif e be on top of t he world r each up and t ouch the skyl That's the O valt ine Feeling.

A healthy fee ling. Th e feeling you get when y o u have al l t he nutrition you need for s o mu ch more v i t al it y. And delicious

Ovaltine is th e only chocolate drink that g ive s you t hat much nutrition

Ovaltine ' s 27 food elements give you vitamins and minerals you may lack in your diet So get th a t Oval t ine Feeling. Start drinking O v al ti ne 3 times a day Everyday

Drink de li cious Ova lti ne - hot or cold

IN THE WEEK'S MAIL

Paying fo! graces

It is rustressing to n that E M Macatuno, In "Between Poverty and P ress" {STM , Mar. 19), ncit take note of the foll ing:

1. The Parish Priest Magmarale, San llllguel Bulacan is Msgr. Jcse Aguinaldo, not Father Re !ado San Pedro;

2 During fiestas, the parish oriest charges '8.00 not fl0.00 for baptism , the parish church, every Thursday and Sunday , fee is P6 00 provided come on time Moreover the parish priest in his tour of duty goes to the ba and gives baptism and lemnizes weddings free charge to those who are need of it. Perhaps. And and Jcse were in the c pit arena during their v

3. The P35 00 charged the celebraticn of the has been in existence e before the war and this eludes the hire cf trans alion for PlO O:J;

4. Wedding fees start f15.00 not P35 .00 pro · the parties give prior at least three weeks the date of wedding. stated above, it is free these who can not afford

5 Blessing of the dead free. For telling of church bells and the b ground in the Catholic metery, the fee is Pl0.00 nat r25.000. To indigents, bl ing and lot is free However if you want De Luxe ice naturally ycu have p3y the price;

6 U they did a little putation or research, would find that Ca practice is still the c esl in our place Why? is f5.00 in the P Church, considering that cavan of palay is PlB .00 P20 00. Before the war, dinary mass is P2 .00 W palay is P2 .50 and that TURN

It's a healthy feeling. And only Ovaltine gives you all the nutrition needed to be that healthy.

Evacuation scene (above) is enacted on Avenida Rizal (n ear Dorotea lose street) where civilians haul away some of their belongings an d scurry doum the avenue, heading lo, north where the area was spared the ravages of the liberation battle. Fires on several places in this vicinity of Sta Cruz district, beginning on the old Azcarraga street,

liNE

were set off by retreatav? Japanese. Note lacOtle of Manila Grand Ot,era House, right foreground , sporting the name FIUPINAS.

BEGINNIN OF THE END

Remnanu of a Japanese unit on Espana street (kit) mr,ggle with the few things they could salvage of their equipment as they beat a hasty retreat toward northern Manila, away from the southern part of the city which bore the brunt of battle betwem the returning United States forces and the desperate Japanese '' defenders' ' in January , 1945. Huge, dark smoke billows out of a building set ablaze by sheUlire.

I Hot. lively t~.m' m, Jung ... Jung. that swings ... aoom so~ It's got the sp_arkle the a11-out h tor 7-UP - d tnskY• ·· Reac te that's fresh an ke thirst quit. thetas h ng power to ma drink 7.Up! quenc • anytime combo t,me

tio applies to all the blea, ings

For ycur information, I am not connected with tbe church , the priest, nor do l belong to any Catholic ganization In faimeas justice to Msgr_ Jose B. Aguinaldo, whom I had the oceasion to interview about Mr Macatuno's article, let us straighten out these "Inaccurac ie s " Let us not ca11 a shadow of doubt on a good man , who has done much for our town

SILVERIO San Miguel Bulacan

* * *

It wa.s never the lntentloa ol the writer to "'cast & sb&dow of doubt on a good man. .. The writer merely recorded the opinions and grievances of the humble folk (Ii M.a.gmarale, bellevln1 tha.t they at leBBt deserve an open hearing, If not 1111nlflCIUlt a'iSista.nce to their economic arul religjoua plight. The ba.rrio folk ma:, not been exe.c.t In tl:elr fl. gures, but It does seem obvious that they are payla1 for certain religious services, which often they can ill-afford -Ed * * *

Getting the medals straight

With refere nce t o the ar• ticl c ab o ut President Marcos , which appeared in your April 9th issue , stating that "Lt. Ferdinand E Marcos of the 21st Infantry Division could have been the only Filipino soldier in Bataan In 1942 to win the Congressicnal Medal or Hcnor " (p 62), did not a Sgt. Calugas of the Philippine Sccuts receive the Ctlngressional Medal of Honer for his exploits in Ba· taan?

A VALMONTE

We concede the distincti ;; a should have been cleal'er. Lt Fer.fuu.od E. lllarcoa &f the 21st Infantry Divisioa o :,ul:l ha.ve been the only member ol the Philippine Army lJS&FFE to win lhe medal. Sgt Jose Calo• gas woo the Congres11ioaal Medal of Honor ea a mem• ber of the Philippine Scout!!, then under the U.S Anny. Sgt_ Oalugas was asergeant in Balasa, bat lie took over an aband1111ell ca.onon, covered the n,tnal of hl5 unit and saved 9011181 of Uves. He later became a Captain In the U.S. Ann1, and accordlag to our lllfor-

BENJAMIN

The y oung man was Pepe , a tall mestizo wi th a n ou trageously long nose. He was one of th e m cst colorful and mischievous members of the n e igh borhood gang during the occupation. Let m e ill ustrate : Hungry as Victor Hugo's Jean Va l Jean , a nd p a rtly to show off his daring, Pepe one bor in g afternoon stole the pet goose cf some• body nea r t he nei ghborhood . Pepe should have sto len a c hicke n instead. To his utter dismay, the g oose tucke d under his arm made more noise th a n a hospital ambulance's siren The whole neig hb orhood was aroused. Pepe ran fast· er tha n the wind and avoided identification

But what I picture clearlY. now is Pepe on his k nees, i n one the the yards between the wards of th e Philippine General Hospital, fran· i:ically blow ing t he fire to life The can of kang• kong was proppro up by stc nes It was February, 1945, an d Ma n ila s c uth of the Pasig had been put lo the torc h by the Japanese and was now under se ige b y Amer ican artillery.

Street fighti n g was savage _ Manila was hell Co mpared to it, Dante ' s inferno would hav e se med li k e a week-end holiday in Hong Kc ng

I reme mb e r h ow P e pe , gaunt and a bit dazed, but without misch ie f n e w, g e t up and lcc-ked a t me nsting on t h e railing of the hospital corri· dor. He ma n a ge d a brave smile. Then he announced he was ha ving boiled kangkong for din• ner

I can still see him bow- twenty two ye a r s ago, but as fres h a nd real as n ow

The mass acre of Manila

Those who witn e ss e d the f an atical b a ttle of southe rn Ma nila ca n recall th e ir p e r so nal ex• periences only wit h g r ea t agitation

There was the n e wly-we d g irl se v e n mon t hs pregnant, who was he ld by th e Japanes e m a rin es in California st. w hile th ey tortured he r husband and finally shot hi m- ri gh t before her e y e s. She has not yet quite g otte n ov e r this tra um a.

The n t h ere were th e families w h o w e re h e rd• ed into t h e Pr ice r es id enc2 at the c c rn e r of California a n d Colora d o str eets and th e n mas sacred. Onl y a f e w survi v e d m ir ac ul ously . But to this d ay t h ey st ill im a g ine the blood smeared all ove r th e ir c lot hes

S imi la r SC€ nes t~ k place in Intramuros

All these fl as hb acks h av e b ee n retained by the mind

Th e r e are so und s t o be rem e mbered too

I re m e mb e r m cst th e s ound of a Japanes e ~ t w hizz ing pas t by m e c n e day before Manila we nt up in s moke. Th e 1st ca valry was wi.th• i n shooting di s t a nc e of Manila bu t h a rdly a ny• bo d y in th e south ex p ected h e ll to bre ak loo se so s udd e nly and so vio le ntl y.

Th e bullet was fired by a J a p a n ese sniper fro m our n eig hb or's d or m ito ry at th e back of our h ou se It p asse d b etwee n m e and my cc u s in Jim • my as we desce nd e d t h e b a ck s t e ps to feed our p r ecio us pig i n th e bac kya t d

It misse d b o th of u s but it found another ta r get : th e come ly middl e-a g e d lady who ren te d ou r fi rs t floor Fo r t un ate ly for h er life, but unfo rtun a te ly for h er e g o , the bull e t la nd e d inpard on us-th e lady ' s h ip . Yo u see , she wa s in a be nding pos it ion, was hing h e r face, when the

IT IS STRANGE how the mind can forget so much after more than two decades and still remember vividly a young man pathetically cooking kangkong i n an empty can of milk.

A Sherman lank of th e 1st Cavalry "tours " Fort S antiago in February, 1945.

bullet struck her. She quickly stood up and let out a scream that Jed us to discover that ahe was a coloratura soprano.

But the next scene I remember was rather IIObering. Two Japanese marines were crawling Wre snakes In the grass in the backyard of anodler neighbor on Pennsylvania street. They were dragging along a drum of gasoline. I wondered wha't they were up to until they spilled the gasoline on the house and set it on fire.

This was the night the Japanese marines put southern Manila to the torch.

When dawn broke our neighborhood in Ermita was in chaos The panicked male borders at the YMCA at the corner of Pennsylvania and Oregcn were scaling the wall of the Lichauco home trying to flee the guns of the Japanese marines who were thirsty for blood.

When I turned to look at the left at the front our house, a stout Japanese marine with a gauze mask was aiming his pistol at me. Fortunately again, one BlJJls a pisto~ by bringing it down slowly from a high position In a split Sf'cond , I had turned about and made a record dash back to the house. ThTEe years later, I was easily chosen to join our college track and field team.

PGR made into a fortreM

Shortly after the flying columns of the 1st Cavalry stormed into Manila (February 3 and 4), the families in our neighborhood were inching their way towards the Philippine General Hospital. My cousin Jimmy was luckily versed in Katakana and was able to convince a Japanese soldier that all we wanted was to se£k refuge at the PGH At that precise moment in that particular neighborhcod, other Japanese marines were slaughtering all Filipino males within sight.

Thus it was short of a miracle that the soldier escorted us across Taft avenue. When we crossed Taft avenue, a whole line of suicidal marines of the Japanese navy menacingly stood up, pointing their ugly guns a'.t us. One out of every three was armed with a machine gun (it was called machine rifle, with the magazine pushed down frcm up).

Before we crossed. unknown to most of us, the most beautiful girl In the neighborhood, Cecilia, was hit in the leg by sniper fire and was lying prostrate on the street until the advancing American 37th division discovered and rescued her.

But as for us, when we crcssed Taft avenue, we had no idea whether the Japanese marines would decide to t£st their guns en us or not. Had they so decided, we wou:d have ~n just a memory now.

After we crossed, I saw a Japanese officer kiss his sumarai sword reverently, point it vigorously In the direction of the Americans acrcss Taft avenue and swear violently in guttural kanzl. I am sure that Japanese perished in the battle. He didn't sound like he was going to surrender at all.

But I remember somebody in the group had asked water for the children from the Japanese Eoldiers One brushed her aside but another poured water in her cup from his cant£en and then gave the others as well. He was the only gentleman in his detachment .

We finally sought refuge in Ward 11, the pediatric ward of my father. I shall always remember rather sEntimentally this ward and the PGH as an Impregnable fortress The fantastically thick walls of the PGH saved our lives.

When the Americans started to bombard the PGH with 155 mm and 240 mm. howitzE.rs, 16,000 refugees from Ermita and Malate (my father's estimate) , crammed into the PGH. This could be an accurate estimate. I remember, as the bombardment reached its greatest intensity , many people moved into the "basement" (under the first floor)

240 mm. howitzers CJf the Americans

For about two weeks, the PGH withstood the fiercest barrage of American artillery directed by piper cubs overhead. Why this barrage continued for two weeks when PGH was packed with Filipino retugeEs, I have not been able to fully under-stand to this day. Surely, they must have known, at least from the piper cubs overhead and from the 37th Division frontline men that there was only a handful of Japanese at the PGH The only Japanese I remembEr were the few who dressed as dcctors and ordered the men to put out the fire wherever it started The -rest were outside the PGH along Taft avenue. I can hear it now-the crushing, grinding, tearing sound of artillery shells exploding Into a mass of concrete or on the hospital grounds.

The howitzer shells were preceded by eerie whistling sounds. Everytime there was a bar-

real money , it might have been different

Sherman tank climbs the front steps

For nearly two weeks, fighting around the PGH was furious and unabating. On occasion , we could see Japanese huri grenades in wha t is now the National Science Development Board compound One day, somebody told us that a Sherman tank had climbed the front steps of the PGH but wa s thrown back by an anti-tan k gun of the Japanes e. F or one week , troops of th e 37th Division trie d t o c ross Taft avenue in f r ont of PGH but we r e r e p e ate dl y repulsed

One day abou t F e bruary 16 or 17 there was hysterical shouting in the nex t w ard Ward 9 , where some American p atie nts w ere b ~ing tre ated.

It was th e firs t ward li b erated by the American Gl s The battle, at least fer u s , was ov e r

rage, the wh1>le ward went into fervent prayer I can still hear it now-the Jong murmur of fright.

The casualties were heavy. I remember young surgeons like Dr. Victor Reyes, operating on the casualties 20 hours a day I rem e mber Dr Reyes because I held the plasma for a young boy I picked up in the corridor and brought to the operating room. I remember this b e cause after staring at the pool of blood for hours , I felt faint and asked a nurse to hold the plasma

My own father was nearly hit by sharpnel and until the day he retired he asked the carpenters to preserve the damage at the ward door where the sharpnel lodged.

While the artillery barrage continued without let up, food and v.(ater became scarce. One meal for each member in our family consisted of three spoons of luga,o. Later, I remember , I had one glorious calcium pill for dinner

Water now had to be fetched from the artesian well at the hospital grounds at the south wing. My cousin Jimmy and I fetchEed water in demijohns But this chore became perilous when the barrage started. I remember one afterncGn the barrage caught us while we were still on our way back. A sharpnel hit the demijohn which my cousin Jimmy had firmly over his head . The demijohn burst and the water bathed my cousin while his hands were still over his shoulders as if he was surrendering Gcod thing for my cousin Jimmy-he hadn't taken a bath in weeks

After this barrage one family offered us one b&yong of money if we fetched one demijohnful of water for it. We just smiled politely without even bothering to answer The offer was ridiculous-the family offered to pay Japanese "Mickey Mouse" money. Now if they had offered

As we w alked out of th e PGH c ar r ying our sackful of b e lon ging s I lo oked a t my la th er and m other. The y h a d age d And so had all of u s at PGH

A

dev~&ted c ity

Manila , south of the P a sig, ha d eith e r b Een r a ze d to the g r ound b y th e J apanese m a rin es or blown into s hreds by Ame rica n artillery . Ou r house was gone and like man y of the peopl e in the south. it wa s from then on a story of rich esto-rags. -1

Manila, as MacArthur ca ll E"(j it , beca m e tlle "Warsaw of Asia." the m o st dev astate d ci t y in this part of the world

With this in m i nd we m.ight h a ve ex p ec ted more t:nderstanding fr om th ose wh o coerced th e Filipinos into accepting th e " parity" prbvis ion in our Constitution in e x ch a n ge fer th e paym e n t by the U S government of wa r da m ages P e rhaps there wa s understanding-but a bsolut e ly no sympathy.

And who is thi s Pr ofessor D a vid R eaga n wh o makes light of - the fac t that parity was· forced upon us? He would like us to be li e ve now th at we welcomed parity with o p e n arms We a r e afraid the professor needs a new pair of glasses : it is not open arms we have but arm s that hav e been twisted.

We now look back at the Japanese attrocities committ e d during the war. But when are we going to look back at the postwar atrocities li~e parity a nd the attempts to retain the Philippines as an economic colony of the Un ited States?

Thick concrete w&lls of PGH withstand American 240 mm. howitzer bombardment.

The Japan e se retreated Into In tramuros

Jean Pope's haunting a well-written pieces (IJ Stories On The Big Cl STM, April 2) are eloq commentaries on our em society.

One cannot help but der what causes all social cancers in our at present. And one helpless when he begln1 realize that the situa set:ms incorrigible

The most that one can is ask questions for starti a one-person crusade Is downright disaster. For tance we ask: What are police authorities do about extortionists, pimps: and boys for sale loite from dusk to dawn aro the Quiapo vicinity who do nothing but molest pcopl wailing for rides home? And to think that they do theit trade right under the very noses of policemen; the p:>lice outposts are just a fetGyards away and most boya knew the policemen on the beat. And who will protect the riding public when jeepney dri vers begin charglnr P 20 for the usual P.10 rid simply because there few j ee pneys plying routes at cne or two o'cl in the morning? There anr a lot of questions to 111k about the state of things at' present and one feels terribe to think that we are in the gutters right- now most of us don't care much about It.

Families who own lifesized statues of saints like the "Mater Dolorosa" which are the objects of venera• tion and admiration during the Holy Week processlon1 will find "Resurrection" by Carmen Guerrero Nakpil (STM, March 26), heart• warming. as it confirms the pride and joy in owning such "family fortune."

The fortune Is found not so much in the splendor of gcwns and jewels with whlcb that image is endowed but in its greater significance as a force which remindl one of his faith when Itvers. The article Is aptly tltled.

BILLY R. BALBASTRO '1357-B Jhocson St Sampaloc, Manlla * * *

MA. LUISA LL. RAMIREZ Baao Camarine, Sur TURN TO

Look closely at t he eggshell .•. so delicate and yet it fully protects the tint life inside it . •.

Surely you would wa nt the same protective surface on your interior walls. Yo u'll have just that ••• plus the luxurious feel of smooth satin whe n you insist on painting with Dutch Boy Satin Eggshell . •• the odor• less, semi-gloss enamel that stands up to ru gged wear and tear. Whether it's paint ed on plaster, wood, con• crete, wallboard , furnitur e , or shelving, Du tch Boy Satin Eggshell protects as it bea utifies because ••

SKINNY?

A New Easy Way To Help Put on Pounds and Inches of Firm Solid Flesh Without Overeating is available with .. .

consensus OFOne

By CARMEN GUERRERO NAKPIL

BENEVOLENCE

ISPAT on the very first Ame rican soldier I saw that unspeakable day in February 1945 A few seconds before, he had shouted at me from behind a tree i n the Malate street-"Hey you! Wanna get yourself killed?"

I crossed over from the middle of the street whe I had been walking and I saw that his features wer flushed with fright as he hunched behind tree, rifle, steel helmet , dusty uniform and large woode n rosary beads which he wore like an amulet around his neck Damn you! I thought. Th ere's nobody here but us Filipino civilia n s, and you did your best to kill us. I spat, but I was dry-throated and he was not aware of my scorn. I had not eaten or slept for more than a Wf;ek. My husb and had bee n tortured by Japanese soldiers in my presence, and then led out to be shot. Our home had be e n ransacked, put to the torch, its ruins shelled again and again. I had seen the head of the aunt who had taught me to read and write roll ~e r the kitchen stove, the face 6f a friend who had been crawling next to me on the pavement as we tried to reach the shelte r under the Ermita church obli tera ted by a bullet, a legless cousin dragging himself out of a shallow trench in the churchyard and a young mother carrying a baby, plucking at my father's sleeve--"Doctor, can you help me? I think I'm woun ded"- and the shreds of h er ribs and her lungs as she turned around.

WATE·ON

If s.kln.Dy. thin and underweig'ht take improved WATE-ON t o h e lp put on pounds and lnchea of f irm. h ealth,y looklng flesh

Clinically tested. Foat w e ight galna 4, • •• as m ucb u 20 and 30 pouO~ve bee n reported No overeating. WATE- ON helps mll,ke busWne, <"httlu, arms. Jeg1 till out , helps p u t firm solid fl es h o n skinny figures all over body WATEON helps fight fatigue. low re,;ist. ance. 11eepi esaoeaa a nd nervo u. nea that ao o fte n accompany unduWelgh t.

P'or men, w omen. chUdren and convalesce n ts. It's a cllnJ cally tuted pleuant f onnuJa aold around the world. Buy 50,ne t oday At au druptorea.

Now aYaJla bt e in 3 new exciting navon, em ulat on or tabl e t form Strawberry • Banana • Cherry

Each I 00 (J.l /3 0. oe ) con ta lna the following and will s upply the indicated pe r centage. of th e Adult ~

I h ad heard the screams of the girls I had grown up with as they were dragged by Japan ese soldiers towards the Bayview Hotel (to be raped, as we later fcu nd out) and the mindless groans of the men tied together by the elbows and machinegunned by stonyfaced Japanese I had seen all the unfor gettable, indescribable carnage caused by the detona tion of bombs and land mines on the barricaded streets of Ermita and the carpet-shelling by the Americans which went relentlessly on , long after the last Japanese sniper was a carcass on the rubble I had nothing in all the world except the dress on my hack, an unborn child in my be lly and in my arms, a little daughter , burning and whimpering with the fever of starvation. (Yes , the redoubtable Gemma).

And this precious American, awaited desperately for the last three years, pinkcheeked and overfed, tall and mighty, wanted to know, his dear Arnericanese idioms rising over the crashing of the bullets and the shells, whether I wanted to die

He stared and then gave a little shrug- after twenty two years I could probably still pick out his face in a crowd He resumed spraying bullets in his periphery, and I walked on consumed by my silent fury.

So this was Liberation I was no longer sure what was worse , the inhumanity of the Japanese or the helpfulness of the Americans It had turned out to be a macabre sort of friends hip . On the third day of February a family friend who lived north of the Pasig had telephoned the news . That ancient river which bisected Manila was to decide who was to live or die, for the Americans had decided to risk the whole city for the sake of the few American lives in Sto Tomas, and had executed a sortie into the internment camp while the Japanese went on a rampage in the south. "The Americans are here," the friend had whispered just before the telephone lines were cut . Almost jubilantly, we had dug trenches in the yard and hid in the improvised shelters, expecting a quick and happy deliverance at the hands of the American army But once again , as in Bataan, we had put our faith in the myth of the benevolent protector who did

Manila boys gape at retomlng Americam. Later the question aziaes: which I• the inbwnaaity of the .J~ or t111, belpfolame or the AmerlcauT

not materialize until massacre, fire, shelling from both sides had reduced Manila to the last circle of hell and its people to wild-eyed, shivering madmen. Those who had survived Japanese hate did not survive American love Both were equally deadly, the latter more so because sought and longed for.

Yet it was in an American tent that I ate, ravenously, my first thick slice of buttered white bread, where my wounds were bound and my baby led. It was an American relief station that admitted me to a bed where my son was born and an old black dress, reek1ng ol disinfectant and failed deodorant. We Manilans lived many months by driving jeeps, and typing letters and stealing K-rations-part of the $2 billion dollar aid which the American ambassador still manages to throw tn our faces with every speech he makes. Verily, the Americans giveth, the Americans taketh away.

And when it became clear that life did go on, dellpite one's personal preferences, one succeeded in belq grateful that that American soldier encountered In tlle lunacy of battle did not simply run his bayonet tbrcJU1b one I sometimes wonder why he didn't. 1be myth al f>enevolenee comes alive when oDP. wants It least.

CONTINUED

The recent expose of the fake drug racket (STM, April 2) calls for our full cooperation To the medical profession, it is of serious ccncern.

This is an age of specifics

The medical practitioner relies more and more on the drug preparations made ava il a ble to him by the pharmaceuti cal and drug houses. He makes a careful study of each current product, noting its composition and form, action and uses, administration and dosage, side effects, and contraindications. From the various medications, he selects the ones, which, in t),illi,. opiniop, are most appI'W priate for his particular cases Imagine his frustration when he learns that some of his choices are among those listed with spurious brands! Yes , how could the customer tell the genuine from the imatation? The next time the physician meets his patient, he should better scrutinize the drug he had prescribed . The combined efforts of the National Bureau of Investigation and the Food and Drug Administration (NBI-FDA) should be pushed through relentlessly if we expect to gain back the trust and confidence of the gullible public.

OSCAR T. JUCO, M D. 516 W Antipolo Street Gagalangin, Manila

Fight ASTHMA

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"Through an inadvertence, it was reported in the March 8 isuue that Scottisue paper advertised in its label to contain 1 ,000 sheets per roll. was found to contain only 675 sheets by a ctual count.

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The Senate hearing last Monday brought out the fact that Scottissue paper alcne of all brands of tissue paper sold locally , c ontain s the eorrect number of

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* * • Are our laws going to the dogs?

In 1963 there was a proposal submitted to Congress to legalize the "casinos" existing in Pasay City The justifications advanced to support this proposal were: to convert the illegal gambling activity into a lawful enterprise to provide a new source of revenUe through licensing and taxation ; to make the "casinos" a legitimate tourist attraction ahd, most important of all, to elfmlnate the evUs flW'roundlng tbe Illegal activity and, thereby, improve the &OCia1 condition in the Greater Manila area .

The proposal was rejected by the Opposition - at the time, the NPs in the House -who raised a storm on the morality of legalizing gambling_ The bill died in spite of the endorsement of a considerable number of outstanding citizens and authorities like the then NBI Director Jose Lukban and exSecretary of Justice Salvador Marino who informed the public that gambling cannot be suppressed; the activity merely saddled and taxed the rescurces of our law enforcement agencies; clogged the machinery of justice and that legalization is the only remedy

Now, surprisingly, our Congress-under the leadership of the NPs - has approved the legalization of an entirely new form of pmbUng activity, deg racing , using a set of filmsier excu• ses than the justiiications tot licensing the "casinos ." The moralistic considera• tions which were raiSE>d against the legalization of the long-time extant "casinos" have been conveniently sel aside now.

Where is the sanity , logic and consistency behind this move? The action of Congress in this new proposal to legalize dog-racing raises a serious question about the sincerity ot our legislators to liquidate the seriouscial and economic problems created by rampant Illegal gambling.

ALBERT M. ABAD 1839 Leveriza St Pasay City

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MACARTHUR'S DRAMATIC RETURN~

By P.A. ZAPANTA

~ese morta r s hel l e xplodes In front o( advancing Amerka.n column In Leyte 1944, wounding three of the men in this U S. army photo.

THE FROG-LEAP from Palau Island to Leyte by the "returning" army of Gen. Douglas MacArthur was viewed in US naval circles as the "most daring maneuver in the history of naval or amphibious warfare" - for it meant jumping 1,500 miles to the Philippines without adequate air support.

The US 5th and 13th A:ir Forces had not enough airstrips to handle longrange fighters and heavy bombers which could fly over to this new theater of operations, so that MacArthur's forces had to rely solely on carrier-based planes. On the other hand, Japan had land-based aircraft in Borneo, Formo-

so and Hainan.

"

This depend ence upon navy air support was a hazardous gamble that we almost lost." said Lt. Oen Whitney Courtney , one of MacArthur's staff officers

Just as MacArthur 's convoy-a fleet of 650 battleships, aircraft carriers; cruisers, d estzoyers , transports and landing craft- steamed toward the direction of Leyte , the Japan ese TURN TO NEXT PAGE

THE PHILIPPINES

Iii left, making a dash for cover, -ms to have seen mortar ebell, part ot Japaneee oounterflre, oomlng.

m a de preparations for the island ' s defense fo r they had an t icipate d , contrary to beli e f , th e im p e ndin g Am e rican Leyte landing Gen e r a l Tomo yuk.l Y amashita , conqueror of Singa pore. issued orde rs · to Gen Sosaku Suzuki whom be appo inted to command the Japan e s e 35th Army in the Visayas, to defend Leyte at all cost, until such ti me when he (Yamashi t a) could bP fully p repared for th e "showdown" in Luzon w hich h e thought was his trump ca r d and thus t urn th e t ables on th e Am e ricans

MacArt hur 's Southwest Pacific headqu a r- , ters estimated a total of 21 ,700 Japan e s e troops in Ley te at the moment, c:imposing of one divisi on - the 16th of th e 14th Arm v

Lt. Gen. Sh i ro Makino, commanding th e 16th, knew o f t h e Am e rican appro a ch to L e yte as early as Cctobe r 17, 1944 , but th e fellowi ng day he r e ported to h is supe riors th at his division was no t dead sure if it was an atta cking fo r ce.

Then, earl y In the morning of Oct. 20, MacArthur·s Southe rn Task Force and Northern Task Force s imultaneously pounded for tw o hours the beache s lying be tween Tacloban and Tana uan , facing the Leyte Gulf, from navy vessels , and afterwards air strikes. were launched agai nst enemy military lnstailations and airfields Before noon the X and XXIV Corps of the task torces were r eady t o land on the P al o-Ta clob 3 n area and Dulag , respectively. There had been but light resiS tance from the J apa n e s e.

Landing as hor e we r e about 225,000 Am e rican soldiers-mere A m e ricans than t hose tha t landed in Norma nd y.

In th e aftern oon of the same day, Gen MacA rthur, Presid e n t S e rg i o Osmefla, Genera l Carlos P . Romulo , a nd o t hers wad e d ashor e rh e captured· heaches, and t o the Filipino people Mac Arthur an d Osmena delivered thei r f irs sp~che s on P h ilippine soil.

Before sundo wn, t he X Corps had secure d a firm hold on the are a e xtending from th e tip of the Catais a n Peninsula to the v i cini t y of Palo town and had seized its mos t important objectives: the Tacloban airs trip and Hill 522 at Palo Then too t h e XXIV Co rps h a d seized Dulag airs tri p and Ca t mon Hill.

Enemy c ha nges strategy

But the war in Leyt e w a s t o l a s t a longer time-tw o months to b e e xac t. When the Americans had over run a consi d e r a bl e t e rritory in Leyte, Yamashita received a message from the Imperi al Headqua rters in Tokyo to consolidate all the thr ee armed forc e s of the Japanese In the P hil ipp ines and finis h off the American landing , instead of just r esort t o a delaying a c tion Yamashi ta , howe ver, was strongly against it, explaining t o Field Marshall Hisalchi Tera uchi that it would m ean a waste of time, effort and m en.

.._., But the Japanese E mpe r'o r had s tam ped his approval on such plan, a n d Yamashita could not do otherwise exce p t t o " p r oceed wit h it stubbornly."

As th e Ameri c ans were pushing inland , Japanese reinfor c ements arrived at O r moc, one of which was the 1st D ivision, vete r an o f the Manchurian campaign and c onsidered by a Gen. Tomo c hlka a s the b est e q u :pp t!d division In the entire Japanese Army.

But even with the a p peara n ce In the picture of the much-needed reinforcements , the Americans were not deterred fr o m m a 'kl ng advances, bullding o r repairing airfields as possible as they could , s o that b y late November

Yamashita had to write Suzuki: "If t he constructi on of air bases ls permitted t o continue , the communications between the SouthE>rn areas and the ' homeland will be cut and this would be a serious situation. Therefore, w e µiust occ upy Burauen airfiel d as soon as possible and at the same time neu t r alize Tacl.oban and Dulag alrfields. "

Filipino

Suzuki personally took command Burauen operations, while Tomochlka mandf'd the Ormoc torces

Three objectives in Burauen were at back of the Japanese mind : the Bayug field, Buri airfield and San Pablo airfield zuki was to coord;nate with Makino and paratroop units. But because of radio ues , Makino was not able _t'o recelVE> the message as to the f;n3l date of attack

Japanese operations began on Nov. with three Japanese transports thundering Leyte Gulf at an altitude of about 50 I only. But soon one crashed- between Rizal Tarag'ona towns , another o~ the Buri ai and still another on a beach near Dito rl American an t i-aircraft guns filled the sky bursts of shell-fire that, under this canopy murderous firing, the enemy planes had tbe chance of ever coming out · In piece

In the evening of Dec. 25 , however, a 150 Japanese fr'om Maklno ' s divislOn Q descende d on the Burl a i rfield In a move 10 capture It Paratroopers from Suzuk1's outfit were a xpected to reinforce them , or so MakJnO had thought. But he d '. d not mow that di& date of attack was moved to Dec 8. Here the US Army ' s repon on the Japanese at ack:

"At 0630. the 16th Division launcbed surprise attack. Led by a Filipino, tbe J anese broke into the American bivouac while the men were still asleep. Some w bayone ttc d while in the blankeLs, or th e y could retreat, shoeless and In their and undersh.!r ' s.xxxThe service troops were ing at everything that moved . probablJ' ructing casualties amODg·our uoops."

Dec 6 found the enemy repulsed the Buri airfield, but on Dec. 7 ;J paratroopers counter-attacked, ove the llberat'ors, and oceapled airfleld.

pa.ck train~ handle IIQPlies tll.-p mml-flli.,._-y mountains of Leyte

ADM KURITA'S CENTRAL FORCE entering Sibuyan Sea, Oct 24 a m but was bombed by US carrier-based planes and had to tum back

BATTLE FOR LEYTE GULF

the same day more than 1,000 paratroope rs were dropped on the north and sou th aid e s of the San Pablo airfield These paratroop e rs succeeded In burn.Ing some planes, v e hicl e s and a gasoline dump

It was not until Dec. 10 that the US I 1th Airborne Division got help from th e 38th Division , after which the Japanese were eventually beaten off

Once more the enemy launched conc e ntrated attacks on the three airfi e lds- th e! r last. For a while , It was a seesaw b a ttl e for both protagonists, both sustaining heavy casualties . When however Suzuki learned that Ormoc had fallen Into the hands of the Am e ricans, he gave the· signal to forego the Burauen operations

The Japanese consequently wound up acblevlng no Important gains. They had held up MacArthur's army for two mont~ , it ' s true but that d id not constitute a barrier for his ~rmy to dri ve on to Manila . MacAr thur himself recalled that th e Japanes e e mp e ror told him that the failure of th e Jap a n e s e tro·ops to cling firmly to the so-calle d "Yamashifa iille" in Leyte precip:tat e d Japan e s ~ d efeat in • Philippines.

Japanese troops nad bee n push e d f a rth e r westward to the sea by the unremitting advance of the US forces , which were num e rically superior and better-equippe d than the Japanese, in land , air or sea On April 16 , Suzuki , who have done all be could , p e rish e d when the boat that p!cked him up was bombro and sank near the coast of Negros

Thus ended the Leyte Campaign.

In January 1944 , there were 257 ,766 Amrrican troops In Leyte and out of th is t otal th ? us arn:1{ suffered 15,500 casualties including 3 ,500 dead and nearly 12 ,000 wounded . To-

mocbik a e stima ted that there wer e 61,800 t roops in Ley te a nd t h at 48,790 of them were k'll e d in ba t tle

Th e great es t n aval war in h ist o ry

Bu t t h e most mom e n t ous b a t tle in Le y te wa s fough t on s ea. Th a t n ava l fight b etween th !? two con te nd i n g fo r c es-t h e B attle fo r Leyle Gull-w as descr i b e d a s th e "gre atest in the histo r y of nav al w ar far e."

It w as prob a bly in t h is on e n ava l operation tha t th e J a p a n e s e t hou gh t it b est to stake all what th e y h a d t o win th e war; and seldom In h is tory th a t a country ha d don e s o as J ap a n h a d -a nd yet los e vi r t u ally everything.

How e v e r , b a d the res ul ts of this d e cisive b a tt le b een In favo r of the Ja p anese. the whole as p e ct o f the Pac Uic war would likely have ch a n ge d , to o .

Soo n afte r the Americans landed in Leyt e, Ad mi r al So bmu Toyod a, commander-inchi ef of t h e J a p a n ese Navy, launch e d the new J a p anese d efense plan called "SHO-GO, " which c a ll e a f or the massing of sea and air power L a nd -b ased planes w 'ould s t rike the first blow . Toyod a fig u red that the Americans would find t h e ms e lv es in a tight fix once their supply lin e wa s stretc hed and would not be sufficiently pro te c te d fr o m the air The n earest Americ a n ai r fie ld at t h e time was 500 mlles from t h e Ph ilippi nes On tne other hand, Japanese t roops w oul d b e provided with ample protectio n b y the J apanese alrlorce stationed in airfi eld s in the Philippines and whlcb were withIn easy range.

Bu t t h e Japanese High Command was igno ra n t of the destruction of their airfields and pl anes in the Philippines by sorties of US carri e r -b ased planes which started as early as Sep t. 12, 1944. "SHO-GO " was executed when TURN TO NEXT PAGE

ADM_ SH IMA'S SUP PORTING FOIIC ..,,fathd,-ing after Adm- NioloiMuro's defeat l •.,,

Crouching

through ruins nr ~oitthf'ro Manila.

S oldit• rs nr the 37th, from building norlh or Pasig, Hre aero:.,; river at Japanese marines.

,n

The greatest naval battle history was fought off Leyte

there were but a handful of Japanese airfields and planes left.

Swinging Into action when the "SHO-GO" was given the nod· were the remaining but no ),ells formidable combat vessels of the Imperial Navy coming from the Japanese mainland and Japanese-)Jeld Brunel Bay in west<?m Borneo. There would be three attacking forces passing through dlfierent routes: the Northern Forces coming from the mainland of Japan was Commanded by Vice-AdJnjral Jlsaburo Ozawa; the Central Force coming from Borneo was commanded by Vice-Admiral Takoo Kurlta, and was designated as the main attacking force; and the Southern Force, composed of two fleets, also coming from Borneo, each fleet commanded by Vice-Admiral Shoji Nishimura and Kyoshido Shima, was to support Kurita's force. Complementing these three forces were: Northern Force------2 converted battleships. 1 large carrier, 3 light carriers, 3 lig)J.t carriers, 3 light cruisers; Central Force---- 5 battleships, 10 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 15 destroyers; Southern Force---- 2 battleships, 2 heavy cruisers, 1 light crulser, and 2 desttoyers.

Ranged against the Japanese force were the US 3rd Fleet commanded by Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and 7th Fleet under VlceAdinlral Thomas Kinkaid. The composition of the much superior A.merican navy was: 3rd Fleet-8 large aircraft carriers, 8 light cruisers, 6 new fast battleships, 6 heavy cruisers, and 9 light cruisers; 7th Fleet~ old battleships, 5 heavy cruisers, 6 light cruisers, 18 escort carriers, 144 destroyers, 25 destroyer escorts, 11 frigates, and 39 PT boats.

The enemy coordinated attack was so timed as to Jet all Japanese forces arrive at Leyte Gulf on Oct. 25, 1944, and then and there, thus leaving the beachheads to run out of supplies and at the same time be at the mercy of Japanese land troops which were slowly being reinforced.

The Japanese had come up with a do'ozer of an Idea: the Ozawa's Northern Force was the weakest of the three Forces and therefore was properly utilized to ensnare the bulk of the American force Into a fight in the north, 111 order to reduce the US naval strength at the Gulf; as well as giving Kurita's central force a better chance of licking the enemy. Kurita was to proceed to San Bernardino Strait while Nishimura and Shima were to pass through Surlgao Strait and hit for the Gulf.

As far as plans go, the strategy of the Japanese was brilliant. However, the Japanese carriers did not carry their full complement of planes and pilots, unlike the Americans. BP.sides, the US battleships were equipped with the latest In radar. But the Americans had to rPCkcm with the Japanese super battleshipsthe "Yamato" and "Musahl"-known to be the biggest In the -world and armed with 18.3 Inch suns, the largest ever to be mounted on any navy.

Opening action

First contact with the Japanese navy was made when us submarines, Oct. 24., periscoped Knrlta's central force north of Palawan, and Immediately they radioed Its poslt!Oll and

launched t'orpedo attacks, resulting in the sinking of 2 Japanese heavy cruisers and critically damaging another. One of the cruisers was the "Atago," flagship of Kurlta, and the admiral had to be fished out of the waters for transfer to the "Yamato."

Before long, Kurlta's force was again sighted north of Mind'oro, and planes from Halsey's fleet bombarde d it merc1lessly. Kurita's heavy cruiser, the "Myoto" was put out of action and the super battleship "Musahl," the center of the bombardment was sunk with 1,100 m(I under the rain of bombs and torpedoes.

US planes staging the initial attacks, eventually sighted Shima's and Nishimura's forces near the Sulu Sea, and accordingly n'otifled Kinkaid. Kinkaid came to the conclusion 1hat Ure two forces were going to enter Surigao Strait and thus gave orders to his fleet to deploy between Panaon Island and the mouth of Surlgao Strait.

In the afternoon of the same day, search pilots of Halsey stumbled upon Ozawa's Northern ;Force steaming northwest of Luzon. Ozawa , doing llis best to attract the 3rd Fleet, had divided his force Into two, and It appeared to the pilots as two separate forces, giving, when evaluated, the picture of a gigantic enemy naval force. Halsey hadn't the foggiest idea what the Japanese were up to and so ordered his fleet to strike at Ozawa's force

down with his flagship, the "Yamashiro ." Only the destroyer " Shigure " survived the incredible barrage of cannon balls and torp do blasts The 7th Fleet sustained only -one casulty, the destroyer " Albert W Grant , " whi ch could not escape on ti m e and w as hit 19 times by both friend and foe alike I •

Trooper of 11th Ai r bo rne Division views Manlla burning from Paraiiaque w h ere the 11th was pinned down.

"with all of our striking strength concentrated Seeing the d e b a cl e ahead, Shima's force and leave San Bernardino Strait unguarded." wriggled out ot th e c lu t c h of snarling PT boats, Its breath com ing In great pants and Catastrophe at Surlgao Strait edged Its way bac k do wn the strait retracing Klnkald's PT boats - 39 of them - were its course In the company o f the "Mogaml," waltiDg at the extrme south of the Surigao which was badly d amaged, and the "Shlg u re " Strait hovered two flanks of heavy and llght At the cr a ck of da wn, Am erican p l anes h o ve cruisers and the battleship line of the six old into view , saw th e limping "M'ogaml," and battleships. bombed It until It s a nk . S hima withd rew from Midnight of October 2! saw Nlshlmura's the attack , with a few vesse ls left at his comforce running smack into the PT boats. But mand . the battle was to get hotter yet. At 2:30 a.m. But as the US navy was g a ining the UPthe next day, five US destroyers knifed down perhand it rece ived th e t e rrifyin g r eport that the Strait and fired a total of 47 torpedoes Kurita had returned and w a s no w off the against tl)e enemy. The Japanese destroyer western coast of Samar, having penetrated the "Yamagumo" was sunk, the battleship "Ya- San Bernardino Strait He was stalk in g Kinmash!ro" blew apart Into halves and sank. kald ' s northernmost force . Kinka i d w a s In Undaunted, Nishimura gave orders to "pro- grave peril Bewildered , Kink aid knew that ceed with the attack." Then the Japanese Halsey's fleet would be unable t o r espon<.L!ll. "Fuso" struck by a torpedo, but It pressed on- his calls for help for several hours And ward together with the cruiser ""Mogaml" and much In his mind also was the grim possibilthree remaining destroyers. lty that, given the chance, Shima migh t c ome

Then the rest of the US destroyers came back to Surigao Strait, and so h e could n ot sweeping down from the west side of the well leave the Straits unguarded This was the Strait and unleased Its fury, hitting the "Fuso" major quesuon hanging 'over his h e ad with torpedoes and sinking the destroyer Kinkaid finally decided to spli t his for ces "Mlchishio." Still, the Japanese column relent- Into two. Meanwhlle, Ozawa ' s m ission to t r ick lessly plodded on. Halsey Into a fight was a compl e te success ,

At 3 a.m. October 25, Nlshlmura's force beyond the wildest dreams of the Japanese came within 23,000 yards of the main battle Ozawa, however , committed a grievous misline of Kinkaid. US cruisers hurled volley take by not notifying Kurlta of the success of after volley of shells, followed by the old his decoy mission, which would hav e prob a bly battleships. In less than half an hour they fired spelled the difference between defeat a nd viemore than 300 rounds of H and 16 inch ar- tory tor the Japanese navy mor piercing projectiles and over 4,000 rounds Kurlta's fleet , now reduced to 4 ba t tleof 6 and 8 Inch projectiles. The "Fuso" fu- ships, 6 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers and 11 rlously fired back, but being subjected to the destroyers, proceeded down Samar coast, In curtllln of hellish firing, could not stand long, the morning of Oct. 25. Then Kurita sighted began to qwver, then listed and sank. a group of the 7th Fleet and took this to be Klnkaid's 7th Fleet virtually destroyed Halsey's fleet composed of large aircraft carNlshimura's force. Nishimura himself went

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ricrs But this was a complement of only escort carriers, three destroyers and four des:, t royers under the command or- Rear Admlrai Clifton A Sprague

The duel between the two powerful navies 'of the world soon reached a new pitch of In tensity. Kurita, feeling that a battle was now unavoidable, gave the orders to attack . But th "general attack " that he gave threw his ships ln •o confusion as each ship tried to maneuver Independently from each other, with faster ships clipping the waves at such tremendous speed that many others we re left behind.

At any rate , his force fk"ed at will, sendin volleys aft e r volleys of ear-splltt :ng armor-piercing she lls which often Just passed through the thin hulls of the US carriers without e xploding, thereby sparing most of the carriers.

Planes from the Sprague 's escort carri e rs · retaliated_- dropping bomb afler bomb until the Japanese "Suzuya" and "Kumano " were sunk. Six Avengers loaded with 500pound semi-armor piercing bombs dropped their "eggs" on the " Chlkuma" too, and sank It . US destroyers were not to be outdone as they released torpedoes each time they had the chance , scoring hits more often than not. To evade direct hits from the Japanese big guns which we re blazing away their largest projectiles , the destroyers zigzagged In their course. laying a thick blanket of smokescreen about them and around their companion carriers

Sometimes S p r a g u e ' s vessels found themselves bracketed on all sides by Kurlta ·s battleships and cruisers, all firing broadsidPS at them , and some of them floated long enough to fire hundre ds of rounds before rolling over to one side and di e.

But tor the brilliance and Intrep idity of Sprague's men , couple d with th e effectiveness of his planes, to hit t he enemy and run, the 7th Fleet would have not endured for long the tremendous fire power of the enemy / Then , too, Kurita's vaccllating attltudl' cost h im the victory that was already with• In his r e ach . Despite the fact that his vessels were rampaging upon the American vessels and firing the loudest and deadliest shells , and despite the fact that help for Kinkaid from Halsey was way far !)ff yet, Ku. rlta seemed not to have the courage and the wisdom t'o follow through with his orders to destroy the enemy force. Had be done so, and had be finally destroyed K1nkald's force. he could have easily turned to Leyte Gulf and peppered with shells the transports lyln'J at anchor there and the supplies and troops now congested on the be aches , and he probably would have saved the day for the JapaneJ~;_ as il turned out , be unexplainably sta lled , and this delay In the prosecution of his general attack gave Kinkald 's force a breathing spell and the opportunity for Halsey s aid to come on time In fact, when Kurita ceased hostilities , some 200 planes from Halsey were already on the way to Kin· kaid. Then Kinkaid himself launched all available planes from his carriers and In coordinated attack , struck at Kurita 's still-dispersed vessels which had not yet arrived at the rendezvous which Kurita had designated. Kurita was not given a chance to rest and plan his subsequen t action . At the moment also, Kurita received word from Shima U1at Nishimura's Southern Force had been deStroyed at s u rig a o Strait; thus, Kurlta thought, be was walking Into a death trap as Nishimura d ld because be bad all alCIIII

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been fll!'htlng against a small force or K1Q. kaid's whole fleet. He finally dlreeted hla force to drift to San Bernardino Strait, without knowing even up to this time that Ozawa bad lured Halsey's Fleet away fr'om him . Victory bad slipped from his grasp Into Halsey's.

After this catastrophic event for Kurlta, there was but slender hope for Yamashita to turn th e tide of war against the Americana. For even as the naval battle was going on, MacArthur 's 1st Cavalry Division was landing at Llngayen . and meeting no stiff resistance there , was soon racing down to Central Luwn and to Manila.

The race towards Mauila

The e le ctrifying order that sent the First Cavalry Division to proceed from Its concentra ti on at Gulmba was from MacArthur himself who on January 30, 1945 told Major General Mudge : "Go ro Manila Go around t he Nips, bounce off the Nips, but go to Manila. Free the internees of Santo Tomas. Take Malacaflang Palace and the Legi.slatlve Building " The lead-off set forth at exactly one minute after midnight on the first day of February. Marching in three columns, tht> troops rolled under illackout, crossing rivers and ric e paddies. For flank protection, the Marine Air Groups 24 and 32 flew over them At dawn the cavalry men were at Cabanatuan, their first objective.

The Americans placed Bailuag under control as soon as they reached it From here, th e y went southward again, crossing the broad Angat River which they had to ford . The column divided again here, 'one which proceeded to the barrio of Angat and the other• which turned southward over the secondary roads to Santa Maria . It was then that both eleme nts met their stronge s t resistancE of the day. On high ground commanding the road and the river valley was entrenched a Japanese battalion. The Japanese opened up on the hal t ed troops with fire from mortar, machine guns and small arms In time , they slacked off and the cavalry joined forces and rolled on again.

At daylight on February 3, the Americans were within 1-5 miles of Manila . At Novallches , passing through and later , overcoming, the Japanese wne resistance near Ipo Dam, the cavalry men went through heavily- mined Novalicbes Bridge. Not until after somebody from the column ran onto the span amid enemy fire and cut the burning fuse were the Americans able to fight their way onward

Although many bridges had been de.stroyed and the enemy offered bitter resistance at San Manuel, Pangaslnan (the Japanese launched a tank counterattack), Guimba, Nueva EclJa and Balluag, and NovallchPS Bulacan, the flying columns covered 100 miles In 66 hours and were now knocking at the doors of Manila.

TURN ro PAGE 21

Not eve n s pe ars , u sed for hand-to - hand fi g h ting, co uld save the Ja panese d efe nd e r i. of Man ila and Cent ral Luzon

CheerJ n g Fili p inos, on approach to Manila, greet MacArthur ' s t roops which were aided by F11ipino gu e rrilla s.

MacA rth ur destroyed the _Japanese XIV army tha t defeated him in Leyte

Th e J s l Cavalry , s u pported by 44 th tank battaJion , ra mbl e,; p ast City Hall which r ese mbles Swi ss cheese .

THE FANATICA L DEFENSE OF MANIL A A

T 6:35 P.M., FEBRUARY 3, 1945, the flying columns of the 1st Cavalry crossed the boundary of Manila past the Balintawak monument.

By this time it became clear that General Yamashita had not planned to delend e ither Manila or Central Luzon and yet the Japa§ delense of Manila was fanatic.

Why? General Yamashita had inte nd e d to lose Manila by delault, along with the Cen tral Plains after he had decided in December 1944 to pull the bulk of his forces to the Mt Province and set up headquarters in Baguio. Twice General Yamashita ordered the Japanese navy to evacuate Manila. But twice the Japanese navy countermanded his orders (testimony of Yamashita at his trial which some American writers seemed to confirm).

So as the Japanese army moved out of Manila mar.ines under the Japanese navy moved in TURN TO PAGE 34

For one month, invading troops shoot, shell, grenade, and burn to demolish

An American shell bits Jones bridge on soul.II side ol Pasig Stark silhouettes of lealless trees In Plaza Lawton and grotesque of Jones Bridge dramatize fieNJe fighting south ol the Paslg, February, 1945.

To a man of Admiral lwabachi•s kidney~ su"ender was out of the question

A nu•ricao GI and Filipino gm•rrilla st11~1n ohli\'iuus lo slain Japan,•s.i soldit•r, with brains hlown out, in front of Santo Toma ,; Uni\"t•rsit}· i:at('.

D u ring the s econd half of December, Vice Admiral Des hi c hi Okuchi prepared th e defense of Manila a nd pl ace d the separate nav a l d e fens e under t h e co mm a nd of Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabachi. Th e d e fense force. 16 ,000 strong, was place d u nde r G rn e ral Yokoya ma of the Shimbu army grc up but Admiral Okuchi, insisting that Manila s h ould b e defended to the bitter end . wc ul d o b ey n o o rders from the a rmy to do otherwi se . T o sa v e face Yokoyama, with only 3,750 ar rt\ y troop s, transfHed the co mmand to the fa11 1 Iwaba c hi.

O n F e bn:ary 15, Yamashita ce nsured Yokoyama for s urr e nd e ring his command to Iwabac hi an d o rd e r e d him to withdraw from Manila i m me di a te ly. But by February 17, despite the fact t ha t h e wa s inform e d of this order and beca u se Krueg e.r 's Sixth Army had cut off all withdra w a l rout e s, Admiral Iwabachi decided to defe nd Ma nila to the la s t Japanese m arine.

At dusk on F e bruary 3, Filipino scouts (o ne of t h e m wa s Manuel ~o l ayco) led the 1st Cavalry a nd a tta c h e d units to UST. But on the way, at the Chinese cem e tery , the Japanese op ened fire from a mong th e tombstones i n the graveyard a nd a running battle ensued.

Th e 1s t _ Ca va iry moved on anyway to UST wh ere the Am e ri c ans were interned In the mea nti m e t roo p s o f the 8th Cavalry were det ac h e d from th e co lumn and sent to Malacanang and th e Legi s lative building south of the Pasig

Th e cours e of the Legislative building lay a t Qu e zon boul e vard toward Quezon br idge As the

A 44th nattalion lank ••rash-,s thmui:h walls of Sta_ Schola.-;1-i<-a Collei;•· on l'<'nns.,•lvania st.. bypa.~n11; burnrd street ,·ar

Dismounted troopers of 1st Cavalry fire bazookas at Japanese entrenched In dugouts of Rizal baseball stadium. Fanatical Japan ese defenders played the game for keeps.

troops came abreast of Far Eastern University, the Japanese inside let loose a devastating fusilade, firing with anti-tank guns, machine guns and mortars. The cavalrymen came to a halt, disqu;unted and returned fire. The cavafrymen were later reinforced by troops from the 5th Caflllry. But after being pinned down for several llours, General Chase of the 1st Cavalry decided to close in at usr first and then try for the LeCltlative building later. Malacaftang, in the eantime, had been taken by troops of the 8th Valry.

When the cavalrymen closed in on UST, Mawas a dying city. Fires were burning every,11ere and the explosion of all bridges lining north of the Pasig to the south were being blown by the Iwabachi's 9Uicidal marines.

At USI', 64 Japanese troops were holed up in ii Education building where they held 276 or the 3,400 Internees as hostages. The Japanese tbioeatened to kill the hostages if they were not pwn a safe-conduct pass from the premises.

The 37th Division, approaching Manila from the north, and the 11th Airborne, approaching lranlla from the south, were still too far to give Ille cavalrymen assistance.

When the cavalrymen learned of the hostages, Col Charles Brady was compelled to negotiate with Lt. Col. Hayashi for the release of the hostaps.

On February 5, Col. Brady and his men escorted the Japanese to a point approximately

one mile from usr where the Japanese were re- ' leased.

On February 7. General MacArthur made his dramatic return to Manila. MacArthur rode through the- city amidst cheers from the Filipinos.

Even at this moment, the 37th Division , which fougbt its way to Manila on February 4, engaged the Japanese marines in a fire tight along the Pasig River.

When the Japanese dug in, the American artillery went into action The Japanese too were lobbing artillery shellfire from the south.

Fighting was bitter as it progressed. There was street fighting along the Espana , Quezon boulevard route, and Escolta. -

The 8th Engineers finally installed a pontoon bridge at Nagtahan for the cavalrymen. Th e Japanese spotted it and tried to demolish it with artillery fire. But the cavalrymen were able to cross and savage fighting broke out in Paco and Ermita. The 8th Cavalry moved forward in Paco.

The battle of Manila later resolved itself Into the compression of the Japanese marines into the Luneta-PGH- Port area-Intramuros area. The 37th Division applied pressure on this area from the north and east The 1st Cavalry drove in from the south and the 12th Cavalry drove towards Port area and Manila Hotel.

Every building and every wall became a Japanese strong point. Open spaces were mined

a nd barricaded and protected with Japanese anti-tank guns and automatic (machine riOe) guns.

The Japanese conducted a nigh t attack in the vicinity of Fort Abad against t h e 12th Cavalry and fought fiercely to r etain their posilion at De la Salle College on Taft aven u e. Japanese marines held on stubbornl y to the perimeter aro1.nd the Philippine Gener a l Hosp ital.

One of the most viciou s fig htings took p!Q!llil' at the Rizal baseball and footb a ll stadium~. '.fhcassa ulting force was the 1st Cavalry Th e 11th Airborne D ivision was pinned down at Paraiiaque.

By February 16, the section of Manila in the hands of the Japanes e marines be ca mesmaller and the 37th Division took over operational command of the shrinking street-to-street, house-to-house room-to-room (and in the caseof the Manila' Hotel, landing-to-landi ng) battle.

For two long weeks, the advancing troops shelled, shot, gren aded, bombarded , burned and fought their way through the rubble that was once a be autiful city.

On February 16, 500 Japanese marines, with artillery support, counterattacked. It turned out to be the last one The Japanese were pushed back and cornered in Intramuros . It was there the last of them perished or surrendered.

By March 3, all vestiges of organized resistance in Manila were overcome.

The Filipinos up flarth liberated then,se/1res

BREAKTHROUGH AT BESSA'tlG

IN WARFARE, the mountain terrain is an ideal defense position. It was, therefore, no stroke of military genius which prompted Gen. Tomuyuki Yamashita to order his men to take to the hills upon the return of the American forces. Most rugged of Luzon highlands is in the north and it was here that Yamashita chose to make his lastditch stand

The Japanese perimeter in Mt. ProYince had, literally, a crack on the western side along the !locos Sur border : a narrow, obscure mountain defile called Bessang. This pass marked the highest point (elevation 5,250 feet) of a long, winding road known as Highway 4 · {or the Ce"antes road), which started back west at the Bagabag junction of the town of TagudiL

Artist 's concept of Bess ang- Pa55 a a seen from Its south side. Ridges flanldllg the defile •• some of the bloodJet1$ fightiap la the NGri11 zon liberation campaign.

Th" one-lane road, on cne side, hugged • rocky mountain wall; on the other side was a sheer drop into dark, seemingly bottomless mvines. Not a few vehicles before and during dlP war had fallen off these dangerous cliffs Biastward from Bessang lay the small valley 9DWn of Cervantes, gateway to the Mankayan mines further southeast.

The Pass had lo be fortilied and defended by the Japanese by all means, since its capture by the Filipino guerrillas (USAFIP. NL) would enable the liberating forces to pour through the opening men and materiel with which to track dcwn the elusive Yamashita who was believed to be hiding somewhere in the wilderness of Bontoc

Charged with the defense of Bessang (in llocano it means "gap") was the 19th TORA or Tiger Division under Lt. Gen Yoshiharu Ozaki; estimated strength of the Japanese at the start of lhc Bessang assault was 80,000 men. Pitted against this fanatical horde were five regiments ~prising the entire USAFIP, NL. namely the 121st Infantry under Lt. CcL (then Major) George M. Barnett; the 15th Infantry under lla;or (then Captain) Robert Arnold; the 66th Infantry under Filipino Major Dennis Molintas; the 11th Infantry under Major Herbert Swick; and the 14th Infantry under Majer Donald Blackbum. Overall command£r was Lt. Col. Russel W. Volkmann. Total manpower strength of the USAFIP was plaC<:d at 20,000.

Japanese fortificaticn of Bessang Pass was elaborate: at least three tunnels running through IIUTOWlding ridges - hid enemy artillery which ClOllld be fired at very advantageous positicns .Nature, too, was en the side of the Japanese. Frequent heavy rains made the Cervantes read almost impassable; thick fog wrapped the Pass flllm morning to evening, ccnoealing Japanese movements about the area.

Deadlock

The Battle for Bessang Pass properly began on Jan. 8, 1945 when a battalion of the 121st Inf. under Major Conrado B. Rigor started pushing enemy lines along Highway 4. The towns of Suyo and Butac along the tortuous route were secured with comparative ease but Japanese resistance became more fierce as the ascent to the Pass progressed. For a time the attack was suspendPd when word went around that the Americans 1rDUld make air strikes on the Pass Meanwhile, a detachment under Captain Emilio Narcise "circumvented" Bessang and assaulted Cervantes from the northwest. The Filipinos captured the valley town on February 20. In the first week al Karch. however, the Japanese couoteratt:aclced and retook Cervantes from a mere platoon left to guard the place. On March 13, Narcise's men stormed the tcwn anew and got it back after fierce skirmishes. Not to be outdone, the Japaaese, getting reinforcement from 73rd Infantry of the TORA Division, struck back and once more regained Cervantes from the Filipi...

1be battle for Cervantes was in a way the pattem of fighting about Bessang. The Filipinos could cnly inch their way up, capture a ridge, ally to lose it by Japanese bamai charges. A cue In point was an area called Lower Cadsu, llelaw Buqcual Ridge on the left of the Pass, Wllk:b dlanged hands four times.

Determined to make the liberation of the North a Filipino affair, the USAFIP forces slugaid 1111 lhr&ugh April. American air strikes helped 1101ten the Japanese defenses but the bombIlle could not be kept up because of the close._ of Filipino lines to those of the enemy. llad-to-band fighting, grenade lobblngs, ~t _....,... -ilaracterized the battle of atttition.

On April 2 significant progres 5 •as achieved when a battalion of the 121st moving from the eut made contact with another battalion ope-

rating north and northwest of Bessang Pass. But three days later, Japanese artillery atop Mcunt Buccual opened up and pinned down the Filipinc advance units. Reinforcements for both sides (from But.ac for the Filipinos and from Bontoc-Mankayan for the Japanese) poured in and for some time the battle was a stalemate

.lapanese 'IIDMk' aUack

In May, General Ozaki decided en a bold plan to end the fight once and for all. Butac, a small town west of the Pass along Highway 4, was known to be the Filipinos' main supply line. The Japanese general's scheme was to cut of( the supply with a surprise attack on Butac. To do thi.~, Ozaki sent one battalion to skirt Bessang by mov.ing down south and reach Aiilem, a small town about 15 kilometers southwest of Butac. From Aiilem, the Japanese launched a ferocious attack. A detachment of the USAFIP's 14th Infantry, failing to beat the C'nemy to Alilem, struck at the enemy's rear even as another battalion of the 121st moved in from the front to squeeze out the raiders. Failure of the Japanese commandos to cut oU supply lines of thEc USAFIP made much oI the difference between victory and defeat Toward the end of May, the Filipino soldiers were pili11g ht!iavy 81-MM mortar shells on secured ridges dotting one side of the Cervantes road. By this time, too, the full fcrce of 66th Infantry which had been operating in Mt Province, the 14th Infantry which had helped the 37th Division of the Sixth Army under Gen. Walter Krueger in securing Cagayan Valley, and the 11th Infantry had joined with the 121.st and the 15th for the final push to Bessang. Incidentally, it was the 121st which bad been spearheading the drive against the Japanese since the Occupation. All together, the USAFIP, NL was composed mostJv of Bataan and Corrcgidor veterans. To them.

Jap-made "caves" like this one bid enemy ariillny which made it "bot" for advancing USAFIP, NL troops.

therefore, the capture of Bessang Pass would be sweet revenge.

The capitulation

A unique feature of the Bessang campaign was the attachment of two American units to the USAFIP, NL. First week of June General Krueger ordered the 122nd Field Artillery Battalion and the First Battalion of the 123rd Infantry, "I" Corps, Sixth Army to assist in the big push up to the Pass. For the first time in Philippine military history American units were "under the command of Filipino officers." 'lbe set-up was only logical because the Filipinos knew tbe terrain like they did the inside of their palms.

On June 10, hell really broke loose on Bessang. The USAFIP poured everything they had One by one enemy strongholds fel!. But just~ the stubborn, the strategic Mount Buccual was within reach, the Japanese braced themselves up for one mighty counterattack. The. result was heavy casualties on both sides

(At the end of the North Luzon campaign Japanese death toll was placed at 52,000 and 32,000 captured ; USAFIP NL casualties were listed as 1,441 killed in .action, 3,475 wounded in action, and 84 missing in action for a total of 5,000 )

But superior firepower from the USAFIP side could not !>e stopped_ In the early hours of June 14, two companies of the 121st stabbed into the heart' of the Bessang area and routed the remaining Japanese defenders So, after six months which saw some of the bloodiest fightings in the Jiberation campaign, the way to Yamashi ta's lair was open t'fow, with the Fili~American fo,-ces moving in from either side of the Mt. Province, the fate of Yamashita was sealed.

-&.. OLIVER FU>~

·The reconquest by US forces in t

THE GREATEST DEVASTATIO

One half -0f Manila, pat'tlcula.d7 the South, is destroyed during the American reconquest. Tank and a.rtlllery fire reduces 1lO shambles buildings like the Post Office (right) ,and the Insular Ice Plant (left). Sta Cruz bridge (right foreground) Is demolished by retreating Japanese

phase of the war resulted in F THE PHILIPPINES

By ERNESTO M. MACATUHO

"r HERE IS HUNG ER among us

Plagues of rots and locusts gnaw at our food supplies. Public health and sanitation hove been set bocl< a quarter of a century Housing is shocking in its inadequacy and squalor. Our communications are destroyed, stolen or disrupted . Schools hove been burned and teachers hove been killed.' ~

BEVERAGE SYRUP

CONTINUED

The words were President Manuel Roxas' The time was the inauguration of the post-war Philippine Republic en July 4, 1946. President Roxas, in that inaugural address, summed up the condition of the ccuntry, then only siowly emerging from the ravages of the war.

For ·the Filipino, it was a dismal picture of the future. So much had to be dcne and there were hardly any tools with which to restore if not build a better Philippines. Optimism, however, was the supreme virtue of the '46 generation, just as hope· and resourcefulness held the Filipino of the occupation yea rs, tcgether.

After die(e&I. and occupati-On, destrocUoa

The de struction and desolaticn that met the Filipinos, especially the Manilans , after the din and smoke of battle had c !eared would have been enough to break down their spirit were it not for the fact that they were made of sterner st uff; that they could endure and survive much more than these;- that they lived through the painful, ag onizing defeat in 1942 and the subsequent occL'paticn of a cruel conqueror.

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M ix any flav o r o f JULEP with water as you would fo r drinking Po ur into ice trays or moulds, add sticks, and freeze . Yo u' ll love them.

Faces, so familiar in pre-war years , were gone. Quezon was dead Abad Santos was dead Many leaders of the Ccmmcnwealth period were mcmentarily under the cloud of suspicicn on the issue of "collaboraticn " Men held in respect had their names dragged intc the mire as the People's Court starte d the trial of those accused o f sympathizing openly with , if not actual ly helping, the Japanese regime To those who went with Quezon to the United States to form the skeleton government of the Philippine Commonwealth government, the country they went back to was different Devastation was widespread, familiar buildings were in ruins but what the returned native felt most was the change in attitude among the pecple towards their government and their former guardian, the United States There was too a change in the mode of living and tempe rament: the peaceful and civic-minded Filipino of the pre-war days seemed to have evaporated and in his place stood the aggressive, fasttalking Filipino who was ready with his gun, acquired during the guerrilla days, or with his tongue which had gained liuidity from the days cf buy-and-sell and survival. The days of austerity during the occupation vanished when American goods, supplies and money started pourIng in Money that cculd have been spent for rehabilitation was frittered away in luxurks 11 was a good time for some time. But even then

Partial view of buildings on EscoUa is seen through twisted mass or steel that was once Quezon bridge .

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Photo taken by Evaristo Nievera on February 5, 1945 from Ongpln st , shows Binondo church in the foreground and Ermita, Intramuros and Port Area burning in the background

The US Congress approved payment for ·only one tenth of the actual war damage suffered by the Filipinos

Americans shell PGH and lntramuros with 240 mm. howitzers. Artillery batteries were emplaced DA1rth of the Paslg.

Nothing but a bullet· and-shell - peppered facade remains of San Juan de Letran bulldlng alter 1st Cavalry got through with it.

CONTINUED

shadows of inflation, high prices , inequitable distribution of wealth, unemployment, scarcity of prime commodities had started to loom on the horizon until they finally settled on the warscar red country.

Worst devastation in history

In her book , "American policy towards the Philippines , " Shirley Jenkins said that the return of America n forces in the Phiilppines in 1944

caused destruction far greater than the Japanese conquest in 1942 and their subsequent occupation of almost three years.

A United States congressional report stated: "Official reports, photographic evidence, ahd statements of those who have seen the ruin and destruction are unanimous in asserting that, of all the war-ravaged areas of the world, the Philippines are the most utterly devastated from the standpoint of the ratio of functional construction on functional economy_ social facilities of the nation. and the effect ot war damage on I

Sta. C1·uz (or MacArthur) bridge beror,e (1945) and after ( 1952) t he battle of Manila (below and lowermDSt photos). A concrete bridge has since taken the p~ of the temporary one.

the capacity of the natlcn to rebuild and repair."

Damage In 1941-42 was confined mostly to military targets such as Manila, Cebu, Davao and Zamboanga. The OCCl!pation years saw widespread destruction but this too was confined in areas where guerrillas operated and In the supply lines of the ·Japanese,

Aerial bombings and continuous artillery fire rendered many parts of the country in shambles in 1945 Manila, in particular, tock a heaV)! brunt of destruction and Its extent, accc.nling to an oUicial American delegatlcn that visited the city while smoke from the ruins still curled in the air, was simply beyond descriptlc.n Manila had earned the dubious distinction of "Warsaw of the East." Th~ city was worse off than Tokyo, Shanghai , Singapore and other Aslar cities

Huge losses

The war in the Philippines, according to the US War Damage Corporaticn, destroyed $7lMI,· 767.595 Qf public, private and church property. Other agencies, however, believe that the Philippines had suffered m<-re than that The Phil!Jlpines Census Bureau esUmated damage to property in the Philippines at $1 ,295 million. This estimate is still much lower than that made by the US Resident Commissioner and subsequently US Ambassador to the Philippines Paul McNutt He said, in a hearing at the c::mmittee on foreign affairs of the US House of R~ prE:sentatives in Jan\lary, 1946:

"The ratio -of present cost (1946)- to pre-war cost is $4,080,000,000. The authorized appropriations under the Act ( Philippine Rehabilitation Act) is $400,000,!)00 for private property." 1111a represents only cne tenth of the JOSSes Jn the Philippines The US Congress was willing to pay a comparatively negligible amc_unt to the losses suffered by the Filipinos in the war.

And yet, in August 13, 1943, President Roosevelt himseU said: "We shall keep the promise just as we have kept every promise which America had made to the Filipino people. Ycu will bo assisted in the foll repair of the ravages caused by the war ." This promise appears to have remained unfulfilled since the US Ccngress appropriated cn!y the amount of $400 million for war damages Filipinos, however, coutd consider themselves some\'ihat lucky, for the original amount Intended for Philippine war damages was only $100 million. It was only after repeated request, fer more aid did the US grant the additional $ilOO million.

A desperate situation

A day after the Commonwealth was re-eatablished on February 28, 1945, President Osmefta cabled the head of the United Naticns Relief and Rehabilitation Administration that " within this ruinell capital city (Manila) we find our-selves face to face with problems of staggering proportions. :rhousands anll thcusands of families are without shelter and are in rags, millions are facing hunger and starvaticn."

A relief prcgram was started immediately. $1 million was sent pcsthaste. In more than • year's relieJ operation, some $10 million was seat to the Philippines plus four million pounds of uged clothing and some ten thousand tens of supplies. But these were not enough. Set againSt the needs, this amount was small. The minimum requirement for Immediate reJieJ following die re-establishment or the Commonwealth wu $100 million

The Philippines, as in the start of the -r. once again took a minor role. The United saa.. and the Allied natlcns were concerned prtma· rily with the speedy destruction of the Japane!II! empire.

Battered edirace on E-lta looks ready to collapse uy moment. Fierce street fi~ng took place a.long Escolta a.ad Dasmariaas.

Shellfire produces mBll-ma.de cyclone at the grounds of the University of t-he Philippine.", (above) then located at Padre Faura st. Photo below shows the University's Palma Rall rent through with shell boles

"We -shall keep the promise ... You will be assisted in the fu~I rep ai r of the ravages caused by the war''

Legis lative building collapses, as if slashed in haJr by giant swor d Building received shellfire from American 240 mm howitzers, 37 mm. arti ll ery and tank guns.

In the absence of direct aid from the UNRRA and the United States, the Philippines still would have been able to start significant relief work on the devastated country. But because the Philippine Commonwealth, as Jenkins pointed out, was semicolonJal In status, and although Its balance-of-payments position waa foreign exchange was largely tied up In currency reserves, held In the United and these were not available for relief because the country had no right to alter· currency rate which was tied to the American dollar:

To the hungry, Ill-clothed, suffering Fillplnoa the knowledge that the assets of their govment were held in the vaults of the United States did not give any comfort and much fess alleviate their desperate situation.

The Commonwealth government bad little money, too, to maintain its President T rum a l'.l signed into law only on November 10, 1945. Senate bill No. 1281, transferring to the P hiU ppine gcvernment '142 million which bad been impounded by the Federal nie US government after ten months. finally allowed the Philippine government to spend its own money .

st full

nou ris hing goodness

Jai-Alai edifice, burnt but still erect, survives February, 1945 holocaust.

"Full repair"

To the great number of Filipino civilians who suffered most during the war years, many facts about the hesitancy of the United States to give the promised "full repair" to the damages they had incurred had just started to surface, and when these became known th ey did not diltlinlsh, much less erase the feeling that the United States not only neglected them during_a critical period but also seemingly refused to acknowledge thr fact that by justice alone they should receive significant if not full payment for what they lost du.ring the war.

The United States Congress approved payment of war ·damages cne tenth only of what the Filipinos actually suffered. And even this amount has not been fully met. $73 million are still left to be paid. President Eisenhower, at one time, was even intending to deduct $20 million from this balance. Eisenhower claimed that the Filipinos owed the United States some $17 million plus $3 milllcn interest. It was only after some sharp protest from then Foreign Affairs Secretary Felixberto Serrano who said that the debt and the war damage claims were two different , separate matters, did the US President relent

"The Philippines has a lot of friends in Am• rrica," a former Philippine Ambassador said "But" he added. "their voice is not heard."

Escolta, during the Occupat ion year s , s hows red sun waving over pedestrians. Not e intact tower of Sta. Cruz ch u rch in b ackgro und Phot o taken farther down Escol ta. (above, right) shows little tower of belfry blown off by American she ll fire.

American s fire 37 mm gun at church towe r in lntra.muros where Japanese marines made their last-ditch stand.

HUNTING SNIPE.RS

DURING THE BATTLE OF MANILA, i: Japanese marines used the church belfries to either spy on the American and Filipino guerrillas- or snipe at them. The view from the church belfry is a commanding one, since it is usually the highest point in a ·neighborhood. Sensing this, the advancing American forces brought out their 37 mm. guns to blast the Japanese belfry occupants to - kingdom come. Here on -this- spread are the stories of two church towers - one in Sta. Cruz church and the other at San Agustin, lntramuros.

IN CHURCH BELFRIES

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''Leyte, then Luzon:' But Admiral King THE DISPUTE THE LIBERAT/011

F O RMOSA or Luzon? That was the question the J oint Chiefs of Staff had deb ated shortly before the American forces successfully landed at Leyte. But MacArthur, who was bent from the begi,nning on liberating Luzon immediately after Leyte, won. On Octolr er 3, 1944, or two weeks before Leyte A-Day, the JCS reached a decision favoring MacArthur.

For ~e generals, it did seem difficult to decide whether a landing on Luzon or on Formosa or somewhere else should follow Leyte. Admiral King who strongly differed with MacArthur had been insistent on the Formosa-first plan. He had made the generals glance at the chart of the Western Pacific which suggested many arguments favoring the taking of Formosa, including a beachhead at Amoy en continental China. King theorized that It would "put a cork in the bottleneck of Japan's communications with her conquests of 1942." Moreover, Formosa was "a step nearer the enemy's heart than Luzon. To invade Formosa after Leyte would continue the successful 'leap-frog strategy' leaving the most powerful Japanese strong points (of which Luzon was one) to wither on th e vine " MacArthur d i s p u t e {I King's arguments with both practical and political considerations The invasion of Formosa which was in Admiral Nimitz's bailiwick wculd need troops Nimitz who did not have nearly cncugh troops cculd get ncne from Europe until Germany surrendered nor cculd he borrow frcm MlleArthur who already bad his troops on loan from Pacific Ocean areas. Furthermore, MacArthur would not let. Formosa be substituted for Luzon. He put more value en having a loyal and cooperative pcpulation like the Filipinos to help the US

Armed Forces than the Formcsans who were "hostile or indifferent."

MacArthur, moreover was committed to the fUlJ liberation of the Islands It was his pledge of retun, which became the keystonP of the Filipino guerilla mcvement and the symbol for a nation in its time al greatest need. MacArthur'• own sentiment for the pines was never more lincere than at this moment.

The deadlock between "Formosans" and Luzon-. ites" was broken when Admiral Spruance (formerly of the Third F1eet) and Rear Admiral Forest Sherman sided with MacArthur and the other Army lead· ers. In early September 1944, tl!e two pressed for the attack of Luzon , tM Bonins and the Ryukyua 111d dropped the Formosa plan altogether. The planpresented at an lnfonnal conference in San Francuco September 1944. (la October 3, 1944 tile Joint Chiefs of StaU issued their last important strategic directive of the• Pacific War The directive. among other things, provided that GenE:ral MacArthur would Invade Luzon on December 20, 1~, with Admiral Nimitz providing cover and $Upport; that Admiral Nimitz would Invade one er more islands (such as Iwo Jima) of the Bonins-VolcallO group on January 20, 1915, and one or more islandl (such as Okinawa) in tha Ryukus on March 1 l!Nl5; and that in deferem:e to Admiral King, the invasioll of Formosa was not cancel· ed, but "directives aa to possible operations agalDlt Formosa, the Pescadorel and points on the (]llna coast would be issued later ,.

The Formosa directives wE:re never issued, and 0.neral MacArthur, with .-ne delay, carried out bis plan to land in Lingayen, January 9, 1945 -B.. A.ftJ.&NG

MacArthur declared. nsisted on Formosa ...

OVER OF LUZON

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II"- F.aperaaza. Osmeiia and MacArthur greet each oUler wannly In Malaeai\ang where rebmalng government-ln-e:dle offieiaJs and their families beld • reunion sllol'tly alter the liberation of Manila..

, (01Ic 111or,1ing in February. 1945, 11. lotld JJZfllo,ion .,tartled the congregation attending Maaa at t// r; !,fllla t fi clturcl1. One explosion followed another and smolu- blac ke ned the Rkies. It Wl13 n.ot t~ American., 1>om bit1g Manila but tile. J111)11t1886 whi:> ll'erc· demol i.• h it1g military inst11llat,ona. ST.'lf .,ta f fme mber Lydia Gutierrez u·113 one of t1iose III t1ie c h urc h At that momen~, she t~ht of the idM of rcco rdilJg the 11UCoeedmg eventa-m 11 diary Togetw· wi /11 16 other mcmber11 in her f111nily {in cl uding on e i n-law a ,ul baby nqi~ 81w spcnt ma11y da ys a 11 d nighf.$ in a d~gout. 1!~" au excerpt., from tha t d ia1·y prepar,;d m the idlOIII <-1 a 14-•1ea1·-old.)

SATURDAY, FEBRUAR Y S, 1945

The same half-bori ng. hall-scary life. Early in \he afternoon Papa , Frank and Nong came heme with 3 bayongfuls of money. (Papa had mcrtgoged the farm.) We knew that the Amerilan~ were near so we decided to spend the Japanese money quickly

Mama and all of us went back and forth to S;m Andres market We bought brown sugar at f'S00.00 a kilo; red bean s a t P4@ 00 a kilo; chicken eggs at 1'100.00 each. A bGttle of peanut butler was l'800 00; cocon uts were P150 00 each; ca ssava flour tsoo 00 a kilo; coconu t oil PS0.00 a tansan bottle. Rice was 1'1,800.00 a gan ta (Some ~ellers asked 1'18.00 Philippine m oney. ) We couldn't buy more as the sellers just brought the goods to the market little by little . And then 12 Japanese soldiers surroun ded th e m a rket to get all the food. We escaped and ran heme as fast as we could.

•Baby and I sprnt t,., nig ht in Frank and Josie's at Gi!orgia st. It was 9 p .m ., but the skies were red and orange and brig ht like sunset because of the fires. We watched the fires frcm the poreh and then went to bed But I couldn't sleep, I lay awake, I was very impatient and hcmcsick. By midnight, we could hu r faint machinegunnlng and shooting. Bu t the s cund was ·o far, far away. The night seemed s o Ieng

SUNDAY, FEBRUAR''f f, 1945

Alter -Mass we went to market agafn . The girls dropped by from home an d told us tha t Erny said that there was news fro m th e Quemas that the America ns arrived last n ight in Caloocan and were comi ng towards Riza l Ave. Tha t ' s why ,,..e heard the machinegunning. It was so hard to believe! The majority of the pe ople heard the good news and rushed to the market. The market was almost empty. The re were just hard kernels of yellow corn, a few ccconuts and kangkong and talinum.

Papa bought a big pushcart for '5,000 000 and ::.mailer one for 7'3, 000 .00. Mama bought meat for 1'1,500.00 a kil o.

The Japs !coked de sperate. They were very, very strict with the p eople . P e ople were slapped more often withou t kn owing why.

THURSDAY, F.E;BRUAR Y 8, 1945

Few people walked ou t In the streets because of the shellJ ng, The shr apnels /ell like scattered stones on r ocftcps Ey midn ight shellE came nearer. Frank and J os ie got up and brought Bcbby down. Baby an d I followro. It was dami: and cold at the landi ng cf t he stairs But we spent the rest of the nig ht there. Frank brought a small suitcase an d foodstuffs in case we'd ha ve to run. The n I we nt up tc get more blankets but when I rea c h ed the top of the stairs I couldn't move beca use I was afraid But I ran into the r oo m, pulle d the blankets and ran down the stairs. The cement steps where we lay were so col d an d my bones ached. Frank put an oil lamit l)n d playe d with cards to kc1::p awake. I slept very lit tle.

TBE LONGES WA IT

IJ LYDIA C. GUTIEUEZ L-~----~-------

FBW.ll'. FEBUBl' t, 1N6

We awoke hearing the rumbling of tankM We thought they were American tanks but we were mistaken. We spent the_,whole morning downstairs. We only went up ffl the afternoon but were alert and ready to l1lll down. whenever a shell bum. The time palled so slowly. How dreary! We ate early anci decided to sleep on the cemmt steps and the landJng, Around 10 p.m. we heard a great commotion. There were two big fires, one In Irasan !llld one on L.everiza st. All the people were running back and forth carrying their . poasessions and piling them up on the sidewalks. The streets were noisy and crowded with people talking and nmning with their belongings. Frank brouiJ!t Josic and Bobby home and told Baby and I to watch the house We were !>O afraid We started folding bla>ikets and packing. Frank came bllck with the others from home with a puahcart. Jbey made several trips. Frank and I brought down the refrigerator with Baby putting a sack undor• neath sc·we could slide it down the two Olshts of stairs, Into the yard and on the aldewalk. But the fire was getting nearer so we left It and aved the other things. From hOllle we watched the houses burn one by one. No one stopped the fire as there was no water In the fire hydrants. The whole Kalaw Court was burned and the whole block (bcund by Georgia, San Andres, Remedios and Florida sts.). The fire stopped by itself around 3 a.m. We all ate colfee and pallbo at f a.m. and then we lay down and reated, Ing very sad.

&\TUBDAY,

FEBJWA.ltl' lt, lN

When It got bright we started flxir,c OID' house. We were preparing the wholellay to run away For my knapsack I got,.a nepa bar ui4 put one change cf c~othing, m¥ veil, and some clean strip 5 of cloth'tn case •~ got woUl\ded. Mama gave each of 1111 .rice bean 3 and some money. We also were Pl'll & • tag with our name and addreu (613 Malate, lllanlla) written In India 111k. We ned it with our blessed Mlraculcus medaJa. We were never to remove It. We pack<.d our pushcarts with food, clothes and cooking utensils and left one empty for the children to ride. The s.helllng was getting worse and worse, so that we cculd not even IO outdoors to get water from the well..

SIJNDAY, n:DIJAIIY U.

We had breakfaat housework but once in a down the trapdoor the lhelllng. Blrlnr and her butcher their pig and wl Biring fried all the pork &alted the rest. We were the time. Then II bunch stopped in front of cur We shivered! We noticed bigger and blgaer. It wa• Vermont and Taft b blowing the fire towardl were flying again, Papa wculd be safer under the was concrete, so tliey broke We all ran under the Japanese passed on Wrilht to shoot. We lay fiat but wt we went back hoQJe. SUddenly bunches of .towards our house. Bome were carrylna poarNI/:N, cal. They said the JaJII them In their lhe1ters. their .tamWa. We pve they ran out BP.ID, 'Die er and the smolre time to /IO. We trips back and f on

llli uiw We a " the whJcb a pall and

d Re• the dors'.

to (J Ncng ran .back jUlt in time cause the OQr ll'Clllt porch. We ran under There were IU"OUnd a dlere. The next shell fell In between our houses. We ran out. and dust In the driveway reached !JIii' beads and choked us We wan t ed Hemingway's but their house was The Japaneae saw u s fro m the machlnegunned us! We ducke4 and ck to our backyard. Nong r e memwall they had torn down and we all to the Gonzales' house All the rethe Bagasan 's followed us e GonzaJ ~• house there were many, · most of them w!>unded. The shells e is and ~explos ions fell withou t stopwas very noisy with explosions, people pain, d es pairing, praying . We held Is tight and didn 't ste p praying. One and hit the Amador's house We beard m ing and sheuling h y sterically._ Then came to .join us sayi ng every e ne m his died. Then a shell burs t so near and things hitting my face I thought I and dyinr;: I cculdn't move. None of Then the Japs cam e again and they ed us! We hug ged the groun~. g were hit Mr Baga san got hit m nd None band a ged him Baby's dress blood but she said it was the man who got•hit and

each other , a.In.Id of stepping on •pa rts of de a d bodies We reached Vermont and the Vasquez house but they didn 't let- us In because It was a Red Cross headqua rte rs a nd none of us were wounded We reached Tennessee st. and turned left At Georgi a s t we saw four Japs and th e y sa_w us! We ran fa st ln tq a building We hid a while but were a fr a id the re might be Japs In the building The n Nong peeped and they were gone. Thank G od ! We turned left on Geo r g ia and came to Vermo"1 an d turned rleht till we reache 4 th e corner of F lori d a st a t last! Two blocks a way wa s our shelter a m ong the ruins but It was too hot t o pass . But If we stood there , lhe ,Taps might SEe us. So Nong thought we'd better dash through the hot street Irasan wa s burning We saw many dead bodies Most of them we !mew We came near the place whe re we had our shelter. I t was very, very quiet, n ot a soul. There were dead bodies all over the place When we CIUlle to our place what a m ess It was! We came nearer a'lld called Frank, nobody an ' ~. ThE.n we called Chars and ln i and Chlto~ut nobody answered. We appr oached reluctantly. We saw Ini and Frank but we ,aw blood. We didn't know who was wound e d It was Chilo! We -did not expect It t o be him. When they saw u.; they were so surpr ised! Most of us cried and cried They said they sa w our house being hit directly and then bursting in names and t hey were sure we were all .dead They told us that Chilo was sitting· and a s ha r p- nel went through his leg, took out a pjece of hi s hand and hit the ' ether leg When Chlto hea rd tha1 bis friend Ding-ding died, he <;ried !IJld crie d The :'.Mis never stopped one alt b- the other and when they burst the smoke and ashes came under the tables and we we r e all fai n ti ng one by one. There :was a man with one ann gone and he was delirlous, and quarreling with another man under a roof nearby The jud ge was ·drinking and he was desperate and crying. He said his wife and all his other children d ied. He told us to take his daughter If he d ies. Chars ran out to l look for medicine and came back with a sleeping tablet from Mrs Kalaw but the Japs almost saw her on her way back A m an just pulled her back a s she was beginning to cross the street. Then the Japs • came to the street and we had to stop the children from c ry- lJ1g .µid had to· remain very quiet. Again. all the shells fell In our vicinity and debris, stone s and aharpnels were falling all over The people were screaming and crying around us. We clung to qur medals and prayed and prayed One s hell fdl riglit near us and we choked and coughed end most of us were fainting and we could see figures getting out of our shelter.

wltb blood:, face ud clothing and 8)'ea •waJtw ~, - first-aid ,taUn 11111011C ralD!J.

1 all burned Immediately wheneve r t. Our hOl!se, the Hemingway's, BaAmador"11, were all burning now It g hotter and hotter. '111en the $moke the house as the Gonmles' house too We crawleci to the next house ft There was a shat.ow hole and it ~d sandy soil so we started digging just so we could lay flat on our We found a mattress wliich we used bodies . We stuck out our heads and people passing on Wright st. They their wcunded. Then we saw dors walking We found a botwpr and cave the children some me Intense. We had to go ~en [llto the It wae very quiet• all were dead. We could not !CO to Remedios and Florida as the il01'8 ' and Montes' house made aa O\'en. We turned left We walked nervoual holdlnc on to

Maxi mo went to get water, it tasted like gun der and smelled like the dead We put a drcps of llsterlne In It and drank one sip each. The shelling never stopped the whole nJght

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY IS, 1945

Papa cooked some cassava and we ate It with sugar. Also a sip each of coffee. We didn't care to eat. Now there is a different kind of shell. It buries itself under the earth and the earth shakes. Maximo, the Amador's helper got hit by this ·kind of shell when he came baek ca rrying water He was screaming with pain and his body was full ot straight black lines and he was smoking, even his hair. But there was no blood on him. But he continued coqklne -rjce.

Josie made some tea from avocado leaves . We drank It hot cause we were so thirsty. The run was so hot. Near noon planes came and dropped bombs near the rotonda. We just prayed and prayed "MJraculOUs medal save us ,u ove r and over·agaln. There were s hells a gain and no matt lulls Just shells and bombs an d s harpne ls We were just waiting to die, we thou g h t it wa s the end of the world! Peeple ran past our place . One man was carrying a turk e y an d one ·

wa s draggi n g a goat. There wa s an old m a n with a dying baby In his arms a nd Nong ran out to baptize the baby. We 1ound a bottle of brandy and we all s ipped so we'd s top fainting Then we saw sdme clothes ~f the Japanese hangi ng In poles a n d we di~ not know wha t that mean t and we were so afraid When the rice was cooked, we ate The Amadors opened red pimentos and a s p ara gu s and even fruit cocktail

Then there was a lull and we saw people walking with their hands up They told us that th e Am eric ans were on Taft a ve. a nd the gu e rrillas t old them to go lhere. They told us to go too because this was going to b e the battleg r ound We watched them but c oul dn' t de c id e wh ether to follow or not. Then Niilo our ne ighbor, c ame to tell us that Taft un til Paco was liberated alread y. Now we r eaJly h a d to go: Joseling told us to leave him as he c ried from p ain w h e n he was moved But Nl fio an d Tony ca r ried him Into a pushcart We put a board ov er the _other push cart loaded wi th th!ngs and pu t Ch1to on top In the other on e we put the c hildren. We also brought the mattress on t cp of the tab le. There were many guer rillas direc tin g the pe~ ple. , They tol d us to hurry up . We recognized many of them f r om Irasan a n d a lso the ~n selling ba n a nas in the market. There were big holes in the s treets a n d dec tric posts and wires and we had a · ha rd tim e pus h ing the pushcarts.

When we r eached the comer of Taft a nd Rem edios we thought we saw some Japa nese with dark green uniforms and helmets ~nd gun s. But they were big and as we approached they we r en't J a panese. Th" Y were Americans! Americansf We were so happy ! Some peop le ran to them telling them wh a t happe~ed , e othe~ Americans were in foxholes w1th thei r machine guns ready. A Span ish la dy ran and kis~ed the hand of one of the Ame ri c an soldlers. The people thanked them over and o ver again. Some peopl1= gave them bottles of wine. Then we came to a big crater and we could no t let !h e pushcart through So' w e j u s t ca rri ed L'ie · tJimgs.

'l'hEn we went to the lfrs t aid station among the ruins. Georg e and Joseli n g h ad been treated and lay on the ce m e n t . T h en I lined up carrying Clla an d holdlng Pichy. We were way behind th e c u rved line a nd wat ched the people being trea ted It w a s v e ry fri ghtening. The~E was a man with s tones e n d clothe s stuck lo his back weund s and the d octor h a d a h ard time taking out his stuck shi rt an d he was in so much pain . The d octor a m putated finge r s and r':m~ved little sh ra p ne ls bu t not th e ones way ms1de which nee ded an opera tion. The doctor ran 01.1 of medicin e s and we had to go a way ~thout Plchy and Cila being trea ted. The Phili p pine Red Cross nurse m a d e so u p for the woun d ed ,lyin g among the ruin s W f!: p u t Pichy in a pu~hcart and she was c ry in g very m uch thin~ abou t her parents wh o died An Ameri ca n sodie r cheered her up a bit . There wer': s eve~I America n soldiers and th ey a lso ea r ned th eir wounded and dead. W e fou n d the rest of t~f!: family .in a ruined house where Ma d re Mar ia Sausa b rought them a nd gave th em c orne d beef The American soldiers told u s to walk e n and wel'.11 be p icked up by tn1ck s.

We walked on and wa ved al th e trucks that passed by b ut t h ey only pic_ked up tho~ who we r e wou n ded We m et a friend wh o sa id Chilo, P!ipa. Chars, Nong and Toot s were headed for Mal a c a ilang Everyone told us to go to Malacailang c ause t here were bread a n d apple s there . T h e n we sat Jn front of a P a nd aca n sc hoolh ouse waiti ng for a t ru c k t o take us to Ma laca n a ng but It was getting dark so we j o inPd the crowds g oi n g to the schoolhouse . It wa s full of r e fu g ees, so we slept under the schoolh ou se. We pu t t he mattress on th e ground for t h e children. I slept on top of our bundles of c lothes so t hey would n 't be stolen We opened th e c an of corned beef but we didn ' t care to e a t. Wf.' were so very tired and sleepy .

Ba lete Pass and Kennon Road OF THE BATTLE

IT'S HIBi!

DUTCH

IN the thrust fr o m Manila towards the North by the US Sixth Army's crock 1st Corpscomposed of the 25th, 33rd, and 37th Divisions - two bottlenecks almost upset the timetable for the liberation of Luzon. These were the Balete Poss in the boundary of Nuevo Ecijo and Nueva Vizcaya, and the Kennon Rood, the gateway to Baguio City, the lost stronghold of the Japanese which guarded the fortress of Yamashita in the Mountain Province.

•.. ,.."'"'(., UT CH 1 8 19 onoen saoa

HOMOGENIZED VITAMINS A & D ADDEO

Actually. Lhe w ell-trained 25th and 33rd US Divisions, supported by Luzon guerrillas started their drive to capture Baiete Pass (gatew,w to the Cagayan Vall e y compr i sing Lh e provinces of Nueva Vizcaya I , abeia and Cagayan) and Baguio City immediately after the liberation of Manila in February 1945. The motorized units of the liberation forces raced across Central Luzon capturing provinces w;thln the rich rice belt in record lime only to be stopped in their tracks when they r eached Balele Pass and Kennon Road.

ceeded towards Naguliian supported by battle-scarred Philippine infantry regiments The US 25th Division in Balete, meanwhile engaged the enemy in " bitter, seesawing , h,11-tohill, mountain-to-mounta i n fighting

The combined elements of tht' 33rd and 37th D i visions. supported by planes that employed carpet bombing and dive bc.mbing. resorted to a p ncher mov~ment one force advancin~ along Kennon and the O l her thrOUl?h Naguillan - towards the P n~s city

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Ironically , while the 33rd Infantry Divis i on was inching itself slowly along Kennon Road, the !locos provinces were being liberated by guerrilla forces. It was a different case in Cagayan Valley and Mountain Province where the bulk of retreating Japanese forces. supported by tanks and heavy armor , were concentrated. In the months or February March , April and May , no less than 500 Japanese tanks and armored cars passed by Bayombong. Nueva V i zcaya my hometown. These mechanized units bore the scars of war

Retreating Japanese told about rotting bodies in Balete Pass : casualties on both the American and Japanese sides were very heavy

While the Baguio and Balete Pass lines remained intact, all other Japanese organized resistance south of these strongholds crumbled Because the 33rd Division was making slow progress a I o n g Kennon Road , the 37th US Division was thrown In and pro-

At one point during th l' height of the assault towants Baguio mere than 700 tens nf explosives In bombs and art,llery shells w e re used in one day AftN several days of fierce fighting Baguio was liberated on April 27 11145

Fire throwers and bulldozers

But the 25th Division was rinding a hard time in Balete Pass. gateway to the Cagayan Vi-llcy American troopers had to resort t~ firethrowers lo flush Japanlse so;dlers out of their mountain redoubts Com m e n ti n g on lh t!' Amencan tactics General Muto or the Japanese forces said , "Based on prl'vlous concepts or tactics the terrain features ol these ar'l?BS (Balete Pass and Kennon) provided Impregnable ror\. 1Lcations However. U1e Americans started anacting tn the beginning of February and kept ,& 11P inc.essantly 1be superior enemy bombardment aad shelling gradually obll\. erated the jungle. Bull-

HE ··aoTTLENECKS""

By JOSE A. QUIRINO

ozers accomplished th e possible. Tanks an d arJlery appeared in posi11 o n s w h e r e w e had thought they would nPv e, penetrate . Our front-line lroops destroyed bulldoz e r s tanks. and artillery in valnt hand-to-hand fighting. owever . the enemy a danced inch by inch c apring this mountain ta kg that hill.

adv <1 r.CP of thr• L i b p ration force w as a nli -c lim a ct:c

By Jun <' 23 19 45. the• e n-

1i n • Ca;;ayan Vall C'Y h a rl be en captured b y comb i ned F.1-Ameri Cl n 1rocps

0/ this final pha se of 1h e Luzon campaign (o,1ly Y .:.. mashita in Mountain Pro vince was unaccoun:ed fr r

G c- n D c u g i<1s Mac a r , hur nm c-d: " Our n o r th c r n and

The 25th Division also tillzed pulldozers in a lque way. Caves in the ountain redoubts of the apanese along the winding ta. Fe trail of Nueva Vizaya were sealed thereby urylng hundreds oerhaos ousands. soldiers alive.

On May 13. 1945. the US th Division finally brok ? ugh Balete Pass and e battle of Luzon entered Is final phase. Ironically. l was at this point that neral J.wnes Dalton was ed bya Japanesesnipcrln ete Pass. For this rean, there's now a marke,· enUtying the spot where ton was killed. Tod a y. Is area of the Sta. Fe trail known as Dalton Pass.

fighting

eneral Joseph W Stil.

I, Vinegar Jo e himself. a teran of the Burma camgn, said of 1he dif!icuilnvolvc,d in 1he Bal elP akthrough:

"This seems t o b e as gb as anything could

, . . In Burma ii was ck, almost impenc,trablc,. gle. Her.' thc,re arc, cliffs t nrc, almost impossible, scale as W<'II as 1h ,• rst sort of mountain rain:·

4fter Baletc, Pass. th ,,

ha,•c joined forc es. securing th,:. enti r e, l ength of t h <' C ae;ayan Valk,y h ea rt of Northe rn Luzon This junctur,, climax e s a can,paign which ov e rran th e 2G0-milc va ll c,y in 28 days Batt e r e d e n e my r e mnant s ha\' c, b e e n drivc11 into 1he rugged mountain r a ng es to th e, eas t a nd WC'St cut off from all source s of supply ."

For all inte n•s and purpos es. lh e fall Of B:tlel !' P ass close d ihc, maj'cw phase of th e Luzon campaign "one of the most savage and bitt e rly fought in American history.· · according 10 MacAnhur himself.

No t ., r r a in pre s e ntC'd greatN logis1ical difficUIie s and non e provided an adversary with mor e naturally impr egna bl e strong holds.

With th e cap1ure 01 th ?. Cagayan Val i e y, MacAnhur annou nc e d: "O ur troops - comprising the 1st Corps and th e· North Luzon Gu c, rrillas. all of 1h <> Sixrh Army closely an d most c,ffec1ively supported by the Far East ern Air Fore',, and the Sev c, n h FleethaVP libC'rate d lhC' island or Luzon embracing 40.420 square miles an d a population of eight m1lllon ."

WHEN PIMPLES BOTHER, YOU Turn 7b

In scattered places in the country one can still see reminders of the war

In a flight of concrete stairs, in the middle of a field of weeds,leading nowhere

In photographs brought up from the bottom of the deep by skindiving photographers, showing the skeleton of once powerful vessels that plowed through the waves, and ended in a burst of flames under enemy fire.

In a cracked helmet and a rusting cable, nea.rly trodden underneath by a crowd that has come to witness the anniversary rites in a beach where once a returning force emerged from the sea, to effect a baptism of lire and hope:

But there is a reminder of nnother war th at is s ti ll there for all to see

It is a w~r born from another war . Where t he fir st was swift and devastating, this one is slow and productive. Where the first left easily detectable evidence of waste and pillage, this war's products are often inscrutabl e , sometimes like a bad dise~. not di a gnosed until in an advanced state. Where the first war can be telescoped into documents, and photographs, and famous words, and archives, this one cannot; its amorphou3 state lends itself to nothing more than spe-· cula ti on a n d regret. Most importan t of all, while the fir st war 's frontlines were defend~ ed, a nd won, this one is not even being fou ght. It is subtly, silently, maddeningly. b e in g endu re d.

The seco nd war, the outcome of the first, is the war that leaves probably the greater sc ars , clai min g as its victims those who p asse d thr ough the kiln and came out translo r m ed by h ate and pain into human beings who no lo ng er care to be humane or in grav e c a ses, even to be.

It is th e war that has transformed the go ld into the base, encouraged the petty and the spurious, and created a whole generation of warped and twisted creatures, said to be non-existent before the first war, and now allowed to have the run of the city Th is is the· generation that splashes its identity over the old (Japanese pillboxes, crumbling buildings) and the new (imposing schoolbuildings, churches, beautiful homes). This is the generation that allowed the privation of war to create ravages in its soul, and emerged from the war without setting the machinery in reverse, in order to meet the demands of peace.

These are the two wars. One is forever being remembered. The other everyone is trying to forget.

One is the historical war. The other ts the chaos of peace.

- JEAN

WAR AND THE CHAOS

Hermesetas the best thing that's happened to diabetics since insulin and to weight-watchers since dieting. Sweetens like sugar ... without sugar's calories. C o n ta i n s no sodium bicarbonate . leaves no bitter aftertaste. One t a b I e t is· equivalent to two lumps of sugar. What else? You can cook and bake with it! Aren't you glad Hermesetas was invented?

FPEACE

p b o to taken twelve :,esr,. after li~on llhow" CHICked helmet and nJ!lting cable lying on Red Beach. Palo, Leyte.

Facade of ,Japanese pillbox at Nichols airbase, one of strong points of Japanf'6e position. has been dl'fac,,d by , andals.

0

NE OF MY uncles, who managed an Important Jactory and a large personnel, often sa·ld: "It Ii not sufficient to give an order, one must execute ii bimsdf, as well." It was only a gulp. but not without depth. What did he wish to a f i rm? That orders are m :sunderstood, that the executants often show proof of a lack of judgment. that c ircumstances 'change during the course of execution and lastly, th a t a manager worthy of th,s tine name must follow an order all along its path if he wishes to be certain of controlling its effects.

One m!ght be tempted to reply: "If that Is the way It is, what gocd are subodinates? How can a gene manager be present everwhere? What role will the lower echelons play If the boss wants to do everyth,ng himself? And how can ass istants , wortl)y of confidence, be trained if they are given no lnltlat ive?" Leg: tlmate questions. They must be answered, and that Is easy.

No, the manager cannot be present everywh~e at every moment, but he can - and should - make frequent soundmgs to be sure that the order remains. like a teleguided missile, on the path to which it has been assigned The manager has ordered that such and such result be obtained in six months. It would be prudent if, after a month, he inquire as to the advance obtained, and in case it is insufficient, the reasons for the delay.

More soundings would verify the exactitude of the information given by his departments. The sententious uncle whose maxim I have already cited, also said: " All information is false." This is a fact. All information is false because, when the truth is unpleasant , th e departm-~nts have a natural tendency to camouflage it, either not to disappoint and annoy the manager. or to exonerate themselves.

I do not blame, I observe 1n fact, human nature is such that nothing is more difficult f o r a manager lhan to obtain exact facts in order to establish and b a c k up his judgment. Whence, the necessity to go after the truth himself Napoleon asked the general in charge of artillery how many shells were available. The lists received, the Emperor went in person to the battery, had the caissons opened and counted . The forest culttvator who does not himself mark th!' trees to be cut knows neith-

THE ART OF COMMANDIM

er what he has nor what he is selling. On paper, everything looks true. One cann o t administer without files; one cannot manage on files. In order. to bring orders to a conclusion. as in Io v e, one must see things close up. One does not command filing cards; one commands men. One must, therefore, know these men; know that this one, while being a hara worker full of go, is too impulsive to entrust with a task which requires ordE:r and tact; know that this one, a good leader of men, will lack f:rmness in difficult periods and will be terrified of responsibllitles. In brid, turn down or place ,n jobs wh ' ch suit their shortcom:ngs the Impulsive ones and the bullies. L,ttle by little, man by man, throughout life, form a team accustomed to a method, dependable because it has always felt well-managed and wellcontrolled-tha t is a great part of the art of command!ng.

hesitate to blame .nlm If he ceased to be so. Discipline demands obedience in action, not the abdication of JudgmEnt. No man is worthy to command If he Is not, In every circumstance, master of himself. H-e who gives in to his passions, who seeks to please, to astonish, who shows himelf Incapable of being Im • partial witn regard to hta own plans. Is not a desirable manager. The true manager can listen without anger to all oplnlom , be they the most contrary to his own, even If be must push them aside at the moment of decision It having w e I g h e d tbem carefully, he finds they do not measure up.

We have said that he must follow an order all along its path. Not only is that true for the present, but a manager mllll be capable, as mu<:4- u human intelligence allow1. of drawing the graph OI anger; to take revenge, brilliant at the momem and full of mortal b&Qslidlngs; he acts to ob\alD lasting effects, conforming to the principal ID• rests of a company or I country. He thus tries ta look far ahead.

I well know that the fa. ture Is enveloped in Imp~ netrable mists. Yet, la many cases, it is impossl, ble to predict for cer&a!a the consequEnces of an ad -or inefflc1ency.

The team must not belong to the tribe of bless·zd yes-men. D,scipline Is opposed neither to frankness nor to sincerity. A manager surrounds h I mself with men who respect him, but who respect him because he Is worthy of nspect. and would not

From Adolph Hitler·• first roar. it was not necessary to be a great politician to forebode great misfortune if this man.laC were not stopped before he set Europe on fire. Ta6 remote act,ons are lllllll& often indiscernible; IDlmedlate and intermedlarj actions are obvious to a firm mind. All the dala are alr~ady present. TIit manager must be capable at once of sensing the ct> mands of the moment, rl measuring the consequeDces of a dec1Slon. and ,. weighing severely the hftl situations.

The art or ('nmro•™:;: others Is essentially of commanding oneself.

'R.f serve a place for

LIFE

WORK YOUR WAY THROUGH COLLEGE?

Dr. Feinberg: What r thoughts on a working bis way lege! I want the and I could use y. My !)&rent& are the decision to me.

MC>Jt young men face the e question you do. Even they have ample money tuition, fees and books, y rarely admit that their owances are big enough to cover all the things the er ..fellows are doing _ And parents are rarely pful. This generation ot nts Is torn between two extremes Raised durthe depression years, y mothers and fathers \odlly:

1. Are dedicated to the a that their children lhould have a better life than they had.

2. However, they are also tful toward their chiln because the children 't appreciate how soft !heir lives are.

As a psychologist , I have g been concerned with problem of work and its tionship to general peradjustment.

In fact, the more I ob• the more I am conthat the responslbiof work can be benefiemotionally as well as ly_ For many young and women, it is a g experience that be duplicated in latWe. table work can proa boy with an opportuto lest his mettle on pwn, away from the ·on and watchful of his mother and fark can be an essential ent, moreover, of socialization process working youngster can the Importance of resblllty, self-discipline, t for authority that he otherwise resist . gh work can bring Y beneflts to maturing g men, I recommend it some reservations

l'irat, I think that, ~here Ible, work shoUld be

llM side/

avoided during the first two years of college life . That's because the college freshman and, to some extent the sophomore too, has everything to gain from committing himself totally to the new demands on his mind and the new social challenge

Second, bear in mind that college makes mental demands on a conscientious young man that are far more intensive than t h e scholastic demands of high school.

Therefore, unless the college academic program is correspondingly reduced, the student · should confine all his work activity to the summer vacation periodavoiding part-time work altogether

As both a parent and a college professor, I h;i ve made a few observations with respect to young men working their way through college

A few youngsters are exceptional. W e I I-organized students can handle the challenge of both class and work with relative easewhen they want to . In fact, many a student le arns a valuable lesson in this way ; how to make time count.

To those who ask for a definition of suitable work , here are some guidelines Hours of work must fit in with tlle student's academic schedule and hours of study. He must have time for both His study time must b e equal to, and preferably double, his class hours

Physical demands should be such that they do not drain his energy for both books and classwork Bear in mind, however that most adolescents are h0 ealthy and strong, and aren't likely to do themselves harm On the whole, parents tend to be over-concerned about physical strain.

Finally, don't try to influence the spending of the boy's earnings. He worked hard for his money. Let him spend it as he wants . With experience , he will learn how to budget himself.

ASTHMA?

GIUICK RELIEF WITH

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Let that be the LAST! Be prepared Get Aspaxadrene with t he Aspax inha lator Reach for ,t when an.. other attack comes Just a few puffs will give ycu relief _ regardless of cause duration o r fa_ mdy background Quick relief with Aspaxadre n e

Aspaxadrene also re li eves s uffering caused by bronchitis , hay fever influenza, whooping cough o r colds Contains Adr.na.Jln COncffluatt- 3.95-. pl!&$ e:llhl Olhe r harm.le-a inpcdlfflla, ronru n1 • i-onu:ile11 :inc, peTftt-t balanor

I Al..~ ~GO Tffc MOS,- Mc04t,5_,,, -Z8 II\) ,AM.,/' /VIOfl€ T>ltON ·n-le c..u.iMs OF _ ,A- C. E{J.:/7:,. IN MA ..J O,Z

I FL..,,f;[) TO THc HtLl.-S A-r.P 5.JrvJ A-G-TION /,J iHF f<-ES1S'PINC£ MOl/e',Mev, · ·

WifB<E I MADE GoOO LISE OF MY Stciu. tlJ GUE)e1t..<-Av'IARFA~ - - -

rm M'f fl.A.o,o Tfl-AN5"'11TTeR..., fJe,OfTW lrff': t\-1~ OF- 0~

OIM/Tr4(M€N . . . ,. --t,.e. As-i"~.,s As r~ ;-f::.r~"" I'-" ,.._• .,., b,, l~'f {!:7Yt!.1>t"e.r f'r•Jf'<"'fr;

IJ/AS m Fl/2':.T j\llA-1\) -rr> unu -Z€ Su001F1G G,+Db€T5 5'uC# M ' fVll,G, IC... e-Y€ / U/1111-€ PU/ZSV!N 6 Tire" OF A 51::c...RE, AGeJJr. ..

Ramie T • blecloth 5eh lo,- 4 to 12

Romie

S~AU., WI:

nc:ipk ,n,, 18

• 5$5 J uan Luna SL, Cebu C11y

• 8,J J Bo r ja SL. ca,ayan de Oro e n,. ·

• Skol Rural Tr-ad.Inc Lecarpi Cl\y

• UI Tcnninal Site, Colon O u~cle City • 11..nl'\aw Merc~cl.be Mart Makall Commudal C e n ter. Ma.ka.U , Riu.l

Write fo r frtt cotalogitt Just su d PO SO to COfff malling and handl ing; th is a mount is dedu c tible: f rom JOilr first pur- '"' chase

Steamy Doings On Home Front

KANKAKEE Ill •ni e U nited States Is contmually In h ot wa te r - about 2.4 trilllon gallons yearly

It Is estimated that 80 per cent of all water used in th e hom e ts ho t Th e h ot water tau• cet. Is tun1 ed on 111 ti m es a da.r in th e average h ome. Thl" tota l Includ es tub baths. rallglng aa-ou n d 15 ga ll ons for complete dunking a nd a bou t 32 oun ces for grooming.

Besid es h ig h e r hea lth e nd sanitation s tand <U-ds. t h e b ig Increase in ho t wate r use dualng the las t tw o d eca d es arises from th e gro wt h ot a ut om atic W:\ != hin g m achin es and dish • wa s h ers

THE S UND A Y T I MES MAGAZINE APR IL 23 1967 63

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