HISTORIC DOCUMENT'S OF WORLD WAR II IN THE PHILIPPINES VOLUME
III
TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES 1941 - 1946 (THE SAGA OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR)
EDITED BY CELEDONIO A. ANCHETA
WITH SUPPLEMENT
A REASSESSMENT OF THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN BATAAN
PC PM Certificate of l1egistration No_. 594 PUBLISHED'" .EXCLUSIVELY DISTRIBUTED BY
~BOOKSTORE.IIC. WITH SIX STORES TO SERVE YOU Metro Manila 1977
/'?q I
Philippine Copyright, 1978 By Celedonio A. Ancheta and National Book Store, Inc.
First Year of Publication, 1978
All rights reserved
Printed in the Philippines by NAVOTAS PRESS Navotas, Metro Manila
DEDICATION
This volume is humbly dedicated to all the heroes of the Battles of Bataan and Corregidor, living and dead, as a tribute to their sacrifices and valor for their country's honor.
v
FOREWORD
The source of this document TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES is from a microfilm in ' the Modern Military Records Division in Alexandria, Va. This was prepared in 1946 by the Combat History Division ' G-1 Section, Headquarters, AFWESP AC. It should not be confused with a book of the same title by Robert Ross Smith in the multivolume series United States Army in World War II, subseries The War in the Pacific published in 1963 by the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. There are four books on the Philippines in the subseries prepared under the direction of the • late professor Louis Morton of Harvard. These are The Approach to the Philtppines (1953) by Robert Ross Smith; The Fall of the Philippines (1953) by Louis Morton; Leyte - The Return to the Philippines (1954) by M. Hamlin Cannon; ~nd Triumph in the Philippines (,1963) by Robert Ross Smith. Smith's book, Triumph in the Philippines has eight parts. Part One, "Plans and Preparations"; Part Two, "Invasion"; Part Three, ""The Central Plains"; Part Four, "Securing the Manila Bay Area"; Part Five, "The Shimbu Group and the Vi sayan Passages",; P~rt Si~, "The Conquest of Northern Luzon"; Part Seven, "The Southern Philippines"; and Part Eight, "Conclusion". , This present edition has four volumes. These are, Volume I, "Bataan: Into Darkness"; nineteen chapters. eighteen in the expurgated edition. Volume II, "Corregidor: Of. Eternal Memory"; Volume III, "Enemy Occupation.: Guerrillas"; and Volume IV, "The Return: Total Victory". This edition has never been contemplated to be one of the books in the subs eries, and has never been withheld for publication as alleged in tlie expurgated edition. The editor had received a clearance, to have this reprinted, from the General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Services, Washington, D.C. on October 8, 1973. There are no alterations in the original document except the substitution of Book fo~ Volume for the sake of better arrangement. The subtitle, The Saga of Bataan and Corregidor and the Dedication are provided by the editor. vii
viii
TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
The value of this edition to the reading public is ¡ its availability in an easy style. This volume has substantial and enduring value to the Filipino people who are entitled to know the history of World War II in the Philippines. It is complete in itself. This is unexpurgated. To the opinion of the editor, it may serve the interest of scholars, military historians, and researchn-s on the history of World War II 'in the Philippines. The first book by the editor about the war in the Philippines is Exigencies of War (1965), and the second is USAF/P, NL Reports of Operations and other Papers (1976), both published by the Philippine Historical Association, Manila. The editor wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the University of the Philippines and Southern Iilinois University for research grants which enabled him to pursue researches in the National Archives of the United States, in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. and in New York Public Library, 1967-1968, without which it would be impossible for this volume to come out. The SUPPLEMENT has been prepared by the editor, and also £be INDEX of the TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES. C. A. A.
1)niversity of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City February 24, 1977
PREFACE
This history was prepared by order of Lieutenant General W. D. Styer, Commanding General, by the Combat History Division, G-l Section, United States Army Forces Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines. The Combat History Division is under Col. Walter E. Buchly, Ca- . valry, chief of division; Lt. Colonel Le Roy V. Greene, Infantry, executive officer; Capt. Justus C. Bateman, Infantry, in charge of record compilation; and 1st Lt. Frederick C. Dorr, Inf, in charge of research records. This record, putting together the outline of the war in the Philippines, including the published works, was done und.er the direction of Col. Buchly, a Regular Army cavalryman and long time pre-waF veteran of the Philippines; production and makeup was by Lt. Col. Greene; the writing team which ' produced the manuscript was Lt. Col. Greene and Capt. Bateman, both professional newspapermen in civilian life, the former from the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the latter from the Baltil1wre Sun. Research was directed by Lt. Dorr, who was assisted by many volunteers, principal among them Capt. Cipriano Masiclat (PS) A US, formerly the famed 26th Cavalry. In the course of time the complete history of all the persons and units participating in the -campaign of the Philippines during World War II will have been assembled and compiled, but because of the almost total destruction of records in the early phases of the war this will take years. In the meantime there is existing a tremendous demand for an accurate interim history, as complete as possible under the circumstances, for immediate military and research use. To meet this pressing need, these four volumes "Triumph in the Philippines" w~re compiled. Because of the urgency of the information contained in these volumes, each has been made available upon completion and one, "Corregidor of Eternal Memory," was printed in condensed form, in 30,000 copies, for members of the Armed Forces making trips to the island fortress.
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ix
x
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TRIUl\'lPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
The work of this unit has been basically research to salvage records before they were lost forever; to compile copies of widely scattered accounts of participants; to interview those still living and bring together their stories; to uncover lost battlefields and combat cemeteries, and its members have been with the troops at all times in current operations to record all the facts. Philippine Scouts and members of the Phflippine Army gave invaluable assistance on their own times in assisting with ferreting Ol1t the lost facts and the Division is extremely grateful. July 4, 1946 Manila, Philippines
SOURCES
Since this study is, of necessity and for practical purposes, a narrative outline of the entire war in the Philippines, it was thought advisable to establish all sources in a "Source File." This file contains a copy of every source record used, uncovered or assembled. Rather than merely making a reference to a source in 'a long bibliography, the Division staff has actually had copied every source reference because, within a few months, those sources will be so scattered as to be virtually beyond reassembly. For instance, the records recovered by this Division in Malinta Tunnel have gone to the Recovered Personnel office and are in actual use there; many records of engagements are treasured mementoes of the dead, held in the' personal possession of their families on the Islands. 'this source file, intact and preserved', is being sent to the History Division, War Department, Washington, D.C., and thus all the facts in this record may be verified from copies of the original sources. It should be pointed out that the information of the enemy contained herein came from the enemy leaders themselves. Colonel Buchly, Lt. Col. Greene and Capt. Bateman personally interviewed Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, C. G. of the 14th Japanese Imperial Army, . before he was put to death by hanging. They also interviewed Lt. General Akira Muto, Chief of Staff of the same Army under Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, before Muto went to Japan to stand trial as one of the major figures causing the war. The enemy figures and strategic plans are from them. All statements given by them have been ch~cked and verified before being used here.
xi
Frontispiece v vii ix xiii
President Ferdinand E. Marcos Dedication Foreword Preface Sources
CONTENTS BOOK ONE BATAAN: INTO DARKNESS
Pages
Chapte-rs
I II -III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX
Pre-War -Military History The Japanese Plan Pearl Harbor and Clark Field The Attack The Withdrawal Begins The Calumpit Bridge Into Bataan Reorganization The First Battle of Bataan The Pilar-Bagac Road Points and Pockets All Worn Out The Second Battle of Bataan The Last Hours Surrender The Fall of Bataan The Mariveles Massacre The Death March The Islands to the South
2 9
15 23 27
32 34 37 41
48 53
62 70 81
87 93
96 101 107
BOOK TWO _CORREGIDOR: OF ETERNAL MEMORY I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
Early History Fortifications and the Plan The J aps Attack The Defense The Siege The Last Stand The Surrender Into the Unknown Captivity Corregidor Regained The Return xiii
, 114 116
121 128 141 149 154 163 169 173 180
xiv
TRW:\IPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
XII Corregidor: Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
183 187 189 190
1945
BOOK THREE ENEMY OCCUPATION: GUERRILLAS I II III IV V VI VII
A Great National Movement is Born The Enemy Takes Over Prisoners of War and Internees Guerrillas in Northern Luzon Guerrilla Forces in Central and Southern Luzon Guerrilla Activity in the Visayas Mindanao
193 196 204 210 217 224 233
BOOK FOUR THE RETURN: TOTAL VICTORY I II
III IV V VI VII VIII IX
"I Shall Return" The First Blow: Leyte Luzon Freeing the Visayan Passages Reconquest of the Sulu Sea Operations in the Southern Visayas Mindanao: The Last Campaign The Surrender Into Independence
237 241 ~57
277 282 288 295 303 306
SUPPLEMENT
A REASSESSMENT OF THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN BATAAN FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF A FILIPINO - C. A. ANCHETA IN D E X About the Author
.
315 335 34;3
Triumph in the Philippines 1941-1946 PREPARED BY THE COMBAT HISTORY DIVISION
G-1
SECTION~ HEADQUARTERS
AFWESPAC
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xv
INDEX
A
Abad Santos, Jose: 125, 200 Abo-Abo River: 48, 63 Agloloma Bay: 54, 56, 59 Agno River: 259 Agricultural Experimental Station: 89 Airborne Division: 209 Abucay-Moron line: 36 Abucay-Hacienda: 42, 43, 44 American Navy: 10 American Air Force: 10 American Army hospital: 39 American Division: 278, 281 American Woman, raped: 98 Anyasin: 54, 57, 59 Army Medical Corps: 31 Army and Navy Club: 266 Artillery duel: 36 "Artilleryman's dream": 43 Aparri: 5, 13 Asia for the Asiatics: 199 Australia: 10, 67, 84 Arnold, Maj. Gen. W. H.: 28B Arnold, Col. R. F.: 309 Arnold, Col. R. H.: 21ln, 214, 215 Abcede, Col. Salvador: 227 Ablan, Roque: 214n AFWESPAC: 306 B
Bataan: 5, 7, 14, 26, 86, 181, 182 204, 264, 267 Bagac: 20, 38 Baclagon, Col. Uldarico: .235n Barbey, Rear Admiral: 246
Beebe, Brig. Gen. Lewis: 154 Bessang Pass: 273 Bilibid Prison: 204, 207, 260 Bello, Buenaventura J.: 193 Brereton, Maj. Gen. Louis L.: 7 Brougher, Maj. Gen. W. E.: 18, 50, 71 Bluemel, Brig. Gen. C.: 18, 51, 71, 78, 81, 82, 89, 105, 106 Battle of Abucay: 42 Battle of the Points: 54, 55 Bulkeley, Lt. Commdr. John D.: 65,67 Burried alive: 98 B-17's: 7, 16, 84 Bishop, Col. G. H.: 304 Boise, Navy cruiser: 285 Brush, Maj. Gen. R.: 288 Byrnes, Sec. of State: 303 Barnett, Capt. George: 214 Bunker, Col. Paul D.: 157 C
Capinpin, Brig. Gen. Mateo: 18, 71, 76 . Calumpit Bridge: 27, 28, 33, 260 Calugas, Sgt. Jose: 44n . Clark Field: 7, 13, 15, 16, 259, 267 Chynoweth, Brig. Gen. Bradford G.: 18, 66, 107, 108, 227 Corregidor: 2, 12, 58, 85, 108, 109, 127, 153, 180, 183, 266 "Shanghai Bowl": 149 President Roosevelt to Wainwright: 152 last Jap on COl'regidor: 179 initial landing: 150 503rd Parachute: 175 Cebu: 288, 291, 292
335
TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
336 Capas: 102 Christie, Brig. Gen.: 109 Cabcaben: 158 Coral Sea: 238 Corps, X: 248 Corps, XXIV: 248 Corps, XIV: 258, 259, 261, 264, 267 Corps, I: 258, 259, 264 Calvert, Capt. Parker: 212, 214, 215 Commonwealth of the Philippines: 313 D
Davidson, Capt. Maud: 147 Davao: 296, 301 . Del Monte: 300 "Death March": 101, 102, 103, 1()4, 105, 106 Del Carmen: 20, 67 Damortis: 26 Darwin, Port: 67 de Jesus, Brig. Gen. Simeon: 77 Deming, New Mexico: 83 Don Esteban: 99 D'utch East Indies: 11 Dewey's Asiatic Squadron: 116 Donovan, Maj. Gen. Leo: 309 Dumaguete: 294 E
EI Fraile: 67, 271 Eichelberger, General: 238, 254, 276, 282, 288, 295, 300 Eight Army: 282, 295 Enemy set off a torpedo dump: 286
F Far Eastern Air Force: 7. 10, 15, 19, 24 Fifth column: 5, 23, 42 Fertig, Col. Wendel W.: 234, 235n 296 Fabrica airstrip: 291 Fenton, Harry (Aaron Feinstein) : 226, 227 Fil-Amcrican forces: 46, 47, 49, 52, 54 Fourth Marine Regiment (U.S ..): 18, 55, 122, 145; 150, 151 Fresh Japanese troops: 79 Francisco, Brig. Gen. Guillermo: 51, 71, 165 Funk, Brig. Gen. Arnold J.: 43, 71, 79, 136 Fort, Col. Guy: 18 Filipino Infantry Regiment: 256 First Cavalry Division: 260, 266
G
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: 9, 49 George, Brig. Gen. Harold: 35 Generals in Bataan: 94 Gallup, Capt. Brewster G.: 144 Gar, USS: 216 Guerrillas of North Luzon USAFIP, NL: 210, 214, 215 Horan, Col. John: 211, 212 Warner, Maj. Everett L.: 211 Nakar, Col. Guillermo: 2, 210, 211, 212, Calvert, Maj. Parker: 214 Enriquez, Lt. Col. Manuel: 211 Cushing, Walter: 211 Arnold, Col. Robert H.: 211n, 214, 215 Praeger, Maj. Ralph: 82, 212, 213, 214 Moses, Lt. Col. Martin: 212, 213 Noble, Lt. Col. Arthur: 212, 213 Volckmann, Col. Russell W.: 213, 214, 215, 216 Manrique~ Maj. Romulo A.: 215 Barnett, Major: 214, 215
Guerrilla8 in Central and Sottthern L'uzon USAFFE Luzon Guerrilla Army Force: 217, 218 Thorpe, Col. Claude A.: 217, 218 East Central Luzon Area: 218 Anderson, Col. Bernard: 217, 219 Salt Military Area, Bulacan Military Area, Batangas Military Area, Texas Military Area, "Rice" Sector, "Birth of Victory," Bicol Area, and intelligence groups: 219 Western Sector: 218 Merrill, Col. Gyles: 217, 218 Boone, Capt. John: 218 Ramsey, Lt. Edward: 218 Lapham, Capt. Robert: 220 FAIT (Fil-American Irregular Troops): 219, 220 Marking's and Yay Panlilio: 219, 220 Hunters - ROTC: 219, 220 PQOG (President Quezon's Own Guerrillas) : 219 Chinese Anti-Jap Guerrilla Force, Texans, Highlanders, and McKinley Brigade: 219 HUKBALAHAPS: 219, 220, 322 Bicol Peninsula Zabat, Lt. Col. Montano: 222 Lapus, Maj. Licerio "54th Infantry": 222 Escudero, Salvador: 222, 223
337
INDEX
Guerrilla Activitie8 in the Visayas Panay. Peralta, Lt. Col. Macario: 224, 225 Sixth Military District Guerrilla Confessor, Tomas: 226 Masbate Donato, Captain: 231 'l'ansiongco, Major: 231 Romblon Raval, Capt. Constantino C.: 231 Jurado, Maj. Enrique, L.: 231 Marinduque Untalan, Capt. Sofronio F.: 231, 232 CaudiIla, Captain: 232 Hickock, Sgt. Charles: 232 Mindoro Ruffy, Maj. Jose M.: 230 Beloncio, Capt. Esteban .P.: 230 Phillips, Maj. Luwrence H.: 230 Palawan Amores, Carlos Company C, Palawan Special Battalion: 230 Northern and Eastern Palawan Cobb brothers, Alfred and Paul: 230 Garcia, Baldomero. Constabulary guerrilla group: 230 Southern Palawan U.S. sailors and marines: 230 Bohol Guerrilla Northern Ingeniero, Maj. Ismael P. "Behind the Clouds": 230 Eastern and Southern "East Bohol Battalion": 230 Benido, Capt. Esteban: 231 84th, 85th and 86th Regiments under Ingeniero: 231 Samar Guerrillas Northern Merritt, Col. Pedro V. 93rd Division: 229 Southern ' Causing, Lt. Col. Juan: 229 Smith, Maj. Charles M.: 223, 229 Cebu guerrilla Northern Fenton, Harry: 226 Southern and Central Cushing, Lt. Col. James: 227 Estrella, Lt. Col. Ricardo:. 227 Cushing four regiments 85th, 86th, 87th, and 88th: 227 Negros guerrilla Central and Southern Abcede, Col. Salvador .
Seventh Military District: 227 Northern Mata, Lt. Col. Ernesto: 228 Negros O_dental Gador, Lt. Col. Gabriel: 228 Bell, Maj. Henry Ray: 228 Ausejo, Maj. Placido: 228 Leyte Guerrillas Northern Balderian, Lt. Col. Alejandro 95th Guerrilla Regiment: 22R Northeast Leyte Centino, Maj. Ciriaco: 228 East Central Cinco, Antonio: 228 Southern Area Lang, Gordon A.: 228 Northwest Leyte Miranda, Brig. Gen. BIas 96th Regiment: 228 Southern Leyte Kangleon, Col. Ruperto: 220, 229, 246 Panaon Island Jain, Maj. Porfirio and Nazareno, Jose 94th Guerrilla Regiment: 228
Guerrillas of Minda~ao Fertig, Col. Wendel W.: 220, 233, 234, 235n Tenth Military District Hammer, Capt. Jordan A.: 234 Smith, Capt. Charles M.: 234 "Chic" Parsons, Commander: 234 six Infantry Divisions: 235 H
Haba, Colonel: 163 Halsey, Admiral: 248, 258 Hall, Maj. Gen. Charles P.: 261 Haney, Brig. Gen. Harold: 282 Hanson, Lt. Aaron A.: 290 Hermosa: 42, 263 High Commissioner residence: 266 Hillman, Col. Roger: 165, 227 Hiroshima: 276 Hirohito, Emperor: 147, 303 Hoel: 248 Homma, Lt. Gen. Masaharu, 11, 12, 19, 25, 26, 42, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 83, 94, 112; 155, 157, 158, 159, 196, 200, 309 Hay, Camp John: 16, 29 Hart, Admiral Thomas: 17 Hongkong: 10, 11 Herrick, Maj. Raymond: 16 Horan, Col. J. P.: 163, 164 Hospital No.1: 49, 72, 78
338
TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
Hospital No.2: 49, 64, 78 Howard, Col. Samuel: 119, 133 I
Imperial Japanese Army 14th Army: 239 Sugano Detachment: 194 Lt. Gen. Tsushihashi Group: 196, 197 Lt. Gen. Morioka Group: 196 16th Division: 197, 198 103rd Division: 274 Imperial Guard Division: 11 Igorots: 3, 61, 66 Iba Field: 15, 16 Ikuta Detachment: 72, 78, 111 Iloilo: 289 Ipo Dam: 265 Intramuros: 265, 266
Japanese landings: 109 Japanese bombers:, 125, 126 Japs' 105-mm rounds: 130 Japanese naval force Central Force under Vice Admiral Tateo Kurita: 246 Northern Force under Vice Admiral Ozawa:" 246 Southern Force under Rear Admiral Nishimura Shima: 246 Japanese air force: 249 Japanese Q-boats: 262 Japanese cruelty: 283 Japanese atrocities: 293 Japanese banzai: 294 J ap 35th Imperial Army: 296 Japanese Imperial General Staff: 5, !I, Jap propaganda: 49 Japanese women: 59 Jimmu-Tenno Sai: 74 Japs took Denver Hill: 152 J ones, Col. George M: 180, 181 J 010 Island: 284, 286 K
Kamashima, Colonel: 24, 32 Kawaguchi Detachment: 111 Kamawakis forces: 107 Kawamura Detachment: 111 King, Brig. Gen. Edward P.: 18, 22, 39, 56, 68, 71, 74, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 138 Kimura Detachment: 13, 14, 19, 45, 49
Kitano Group: 71 Krueger, Lt. Gen. Walter: 238, 243, 259, 267, 274 Kobata Air Force: 21 KZRH radio station: 65 Kalakuka, Lt. Col.: 163 Ke'mpei-Tai: 197, 198 Kalibapi: 202 Kiangan: 273 Kinkaid, Vice Admiral: 246, 257 Kurita, Vice Admiral: 246 Kuroda, Lt. Gen.: 201, 258, 303 L
Lamon Bay: 13, 14 Laoag: 13, 273 Leyte landing: 174 Lingayen Gulf: 6, 13, 71 Limay: 8, 74, 75, 76, 77 Lim, Brig. Gen. Vicente: 18, 71, 83 Llanes-E:scoda, J osefa: 207n Legaspi: 13, 268 Leyte Gulf, battle of: 246, ,248 Lamitan, Basilan Island: 286 Lahug airfield: 392 Leavy, Maj. Gen. Edmond: 303, 305 Layac Junction: 36, 37 Lough, General: 51, 74, 77 M MacArthur, Gen. Douglas: 4, 6, 7, 14, 17, 20, 24, 26, 28, 41, 52, 67, 79, 113, 122, 124, 125, 133, 134, 180, 234, 244, 278, 280, 293, 296, 303, 309 promoted to a five-star rank: 253 hoist the colors to its peak: 180 sent a message to Anderson: 221 "I shall return": 237 broadcast to the Filipino people: 244 to divide his Philippine forces: 134 Massacre: 97, 98 Mactan Island secured: , 293 Malaybalay was taken: 300 MisSOU1"i, U.S.S.: 303 McNutt, U.S. High Commissioner Paul: 310 Malinta Tunnel: 128, 129, 184 Manzano, Lt. Col. Narc!so: 220 Mindanao: 295, 298, 299, 302 Manila: 70, 124, 129, 260 Mariveles: 49, 64, 97 Morgan, Capt. Luis P.: 235n Mellnik, Col. Stephen M.: 169, 190 Moore, Maj. Gen. George F.: 121, 157
INDEX N
Nakar, Col. Guillermo: 163, 164 Nichols Field: 7, 19, 20, 29, 84, 263 N ovaliches Dam: 265 Nakayama, Colonel: 90 N of'walls submarine: 220 Nara Group: 42, 43, 49, 52, 71, 74 Nagano Detachment: , 64, 71, 75, 79 Natib, Mount: 38, 41, 42, 45, Nurses : 83, 84, 85, 125, 135, 137 Nielson Field: 29 Neptune mine tender: 120
o O'Donnell, Camp: 20, 104, 171, 204 Orion-Bagac line: 5Q Olongapo: 69, 79, 263 Osmeiia, President Sergio: 26, 125, 238, 249, a07, 308, 310 Ohta, chief of the Kempei-Tai: 198 Osawa, Vice Admiral Tokasaburo: 246 Olendorf, Rear Admiral J. B.: 247 Operation Olympia: 275
P Phil'ippinc Army Divisions (PA) 1st Regular: 20, 38, 45, 50 2nd Regular~ (PC): 5, 7, 56, 59 11th Reserve: 18, 38, 50, 98 21st Reserve: 18, 38, 49, 57. 72, 75 31st Reserve: 18, 38, 45, 77 41st Reserve: 38, 44, 51, 72, 73, 105 51st Reserve: 7, 8, 20, 38, 44, 45 61st Reserve: 20, 109, 207 71st Reserve: 18, 33, 110n 81st Reserve: 21, 111, 207 91st Reserve: 18, 32, 38, 97, 228 101st Reserve: 111, 207 Philippine Division (US) 45th Infantry Regiment, (PS): 3, 18, 38, 44, 45, 50, 55, 57, 60, 76, 77, 78, 83, 137 57th Infantry Regiment (PS): 18, 88, 42, 43) 55, 57, 58, 77 26th Cavalry ( PS): 77, 82, 13~, 210 31st Infantry Regiment (US): .(, 6, 37, 39, 75, 76, 138, 149 14th Engineer:s (PS): 81 Philippine Campaigns Sixth Army (US): 174, 238 X Corps: 243 XXIV Corps: 243 6th Ranger Battalion: 242 Suluan, Dinagat, and Homonhon
339 landings: 241 21st Infantry Regiment landed on Panaon Island: 243 1st Cavalry Division landed, northernmost Leyte: 243 24th Infantry Division, beachhead at Palo, Leyte: 243 6th Army completely controlled, the Leyte Valley: 249 Leyte Gulf and Tacloban controlled: 250 US forces occupied Ormoc: 252 MacArthur's armada of 800 ships: 242 Battle of Leyte Gulf: 246 Leyte-Samar operations closed: 255
Luzon operations I Corps landed Mangaldan throug'h San Fabian to Mabilao: 258, 267 XIV Corps landed on the beaches of Lingayen (Bimmaley): 258, 267 1st Cavalry Division drives to Manila: 260, 261 Eight Army (US): 238, 253 XXIV Corps, American Division: 254 First Filipino Infantry Regiment: 255 11th Airborne Division: 261, 262, 265, 267 511th Parachute Regiment over Tagaytay Ridge: 262 8th Army made the final closein: 276 Corregidor operatiolts Corregidor Island: 124, 127, 136, 145, 162, 183 Fort Mills: 116, 117, 181, 183, 184 regular and established units on Corregidor: 120 Caballo Island Fort Hughes: 116, 141, 143, 150, 153, 157, 181 EI Fraile Island Fort Drum (concrete "ship"): 116, 130, 132, 133, 141, 150, 163, 162, 178 Carabao Island Fort, Frank: 116, 130, 132, 141, 143, 145, 150, 153, 178 16th Naval District to Corregidor: 123 flag floated downward: 144 navy radio at Monkey Point: 126 white flag over Fort Hughes: 162 Panay: 288, 289
TRIUMPH IN THE PHILIPPINES
340 Parker, Brig. Gen. George: 18, 26, 38, 66, 82, 134 , Pierce, Brig. Gen. Clinton: 50, 71 Pearl Harbor: 10, 13, 15 P-40's: 17, 35, 55, 58, 62, 67, 84 Percival; Lt. Gen. A. E.: 304, 305 Potsdam Conference : 307 Palawan: 282, 283, 284 Pabilona, Lt. Col. Filemon: 228 Pamanian, Lt. Col. Felix: 228
Q Quezon, Manuel L: 26, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 131, 200, 238 Quinauan Point: 54, 56 Quail: 55 Q-boats (PA): 130 R
ROTC: 5 Ration: 26, 38, 39, 65 Refugees: 39 Royce, Brig. Gen. Ralf: 84 Roosevelt, President: 93 Rackwell, Admiral: 123 Redmont, Lt. Juanita: 147 Romblon Island: 280 Reynolds, Maj. Gen. R. B.: 309 Roxas, Manuel: 310 Romulo, Carlos: 245 Radio Tokyo: 276 RobertB: 248, 249 S South Luzon Force: 7, 32 Sugamo Detachment: 13, 19, 24 Skaguchi Detachment: 14, 21 Sutherland, Bri&". Gen. Richard: 17, 67 Selleck, Col. Clyde A.: 18, 50 Stevens, Brig. Gen. Luther: 18, 50, 71 Segundo, Brig. Gen. Fidel: 18, 46 "Second Battle of the Philippine Sea": 248, 249 Sprague, Rear Admiral C.A.F: 247 Struble, Rear Admiral Arthur D.: 253 Sinay, Capt. Timoteo: 108 Sharp, Brig. Gen. William F.: 18, 21, 66, 108, 112 Saysain Point: 53 Silaiim: 54 Samat, Mt.: 49, 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76 Surrender: 69, 83, 89, 135, 157 SchiBtosomiasis Japonicmn: 256 Sulu Sea: 282
T Tsuchihashi, General: 24, 26, 32, 42 Tuol River Valley: 59, 63 Tanaka, General: 63, 200 Tisdelle, Capt. Achille: 89 Traywick, Col. Jesse T.: 89, 164 Tanks: 39, 72 Tojo, Premier: 201 Terauchi, Field Marshal Count: 241
U USAFFE: 6, 7, 17, 62, 105, 122, 125, 131, 220 USFIP: 68n, 69, 79 USAFIP, NL: 99, 212, 216, 274, 275 Unconditional surrender: 91 United States High Commissioner: 4 U.S. Army Instructors: 5, 8 United States declared war: 18 University Club: 164, 260 University of Santo Tomas: 197, 204., 209
v Vachon, Col. Joseph· P.: 18 Valdez, Maj. Gen. Basilio: 21 Victor III and IV operations: 282, 284 Victor I and II operations: 288, 291, 294 Victor V operation in Mindanao: 295 Vinthers, Pfc. Theodore: 290 Vigan: 5, 13, 194, 272 Visayan-Mindanao Force: 7 Villamor, Capt. Jesus: 35,227,228 Volckmann, Col. Russell W.: 30, 60, 99,271 Voice of Freedom: 129, 154 Vargas, Jorge B.: 198
w WPO-3: 3, 6, 8, 21, 26, 27, 118, 119, 122 Wainwright, Gen. Jonathan: 6, 18, 20, 26, 32, 33, 38, 61, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 79, 80, 88, 89, 93, 94, 133, 145, 151, 152, 153, 304, 305 forces to be known USFIP: 135· promoted Lieutenant General: 135 ordered General Funk not to surrender: 136 received message from President Roosevelt: 139 received message from General Marshall: 144 radioed his last message to General MacArthur and President Roosevelt: 155 prisoner of war: 166
341
INDEX Withdrawal to Bataan: 6, 35 Watari, Lt. Gen.: 12, 14 Willoughby, Col. Charles A.: 18, 67, 190 Wint, Fort: 29 Withdraw to the Abucay line: 40 William, Col. E. C.: 88 Wilkinson, Vice Admiral: 246 Wawa Dam: 265 Weaver, Brig. Gen. James R. N.: 71 Y
of Malaya": 238 Yamashita line: 253, 258 into the mountain province: 264 walked into Kiangan: 304, 305 war criminal: 309 Z
Zamboanga: 282, 284, 285 Zambales coast: 264 Zablan Field: 7 "Zigzag" (highway 7): 264 Zettel Air Field: 286
Yamashita, Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki, "Tiger
I N D E X SUPPLEMENT
Australia: 324, 327 American planners: 329 Asiatic Fleet: 320 Bataan: 318, 319 B-17's destroyed: 319, 322 battered Philippine Army divisions: 326 Binuangan River: 327 Corregidor: 318, 320 Clark Field bombed: 319, 324 Cavite Navy Yard bombed: 319, 322 Cavalry, 26th: 321, 326 Corps, II: 321, 327 Corps, I: 321, 327 City of Stalingraa: 324 Capinpin, Brig. Gen. Mateo: 331 Churchill: 332 Dewey, Admiral George: 320 Dinalupihan: 320 Division, 1st Regular: 321 Evacuees: 325 East Asia: 328 England: 330 enemy naval gunners: 330 , FEAF, crippled: 319 Funk! Col. Arnold J.: 321 Filipino-American forces counter attack: ¡321 Fowler, Colonel: 321 "flying infantry": 323
Four Power Pact: 327 Francisco, Maj. Gen. Guillermo: 331 Guerrilla warfare: 319 Germans: 325 green recruits: 326 Hay, Camp John: 319 Homma: 319 horded unit: 327 Iba airfield bombed: 319 Infantry, 57th: 321, 326 immediate, complete and absolute independence: 329 instructors, American: 331 Jurado, Maj. Enrique: 330 Jap Imperial Navy: 318 Jap denied the use of the road: 321 Japanese entered Manila: 324 Japanese Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: 328 Jones, Brig. Gen. Albert M: 327 kilometer post 167: 321 Kelly, Lieutenant: 322 AWOL: 326 King', Maj. Gen. Edward P.: 327 Lacson de Leon, Medina: 325 Lingayen Gulf: 331 Lamon Bay: 331 Lim, Brig. Gen. Vicente: 331 ?vlacArthut, General: 318, 330; 331
342
TRIUMPH IN 1'llE PHILIPPINES
, Morioka, General: 319 Moron: 320, 421 Marcos, President: 322, 330 Marshall, General 322 Mikami, General: 323 Manila an open city: 324 Maps, large scale: 328 McGee, Brig. Gen. John H.: 328 Military Districts: 331 Nichols and Neilson fields bombed: 319 neutralize the Philippines: 321 Nuval, Lt. Santiago: 330 N asugbo: 330 OIongapo: 320, 327 Off-Shore Patrol: 330, 331 Philippine Army, holding force: 318 P-40's: 319 P-26's, Boeing: 319 Parker, General: 321 Orion-Bagac road: 321 PAAC: 322 Philippine Army Divisions: 326, 329 Philippines is being raped: 329 Philippine Department (US): 321 Quezon, President: 324, 329 rape against young girls: 324 Roosevelt message to Stalin: 325
rations: 325, 32&, 327 Roosevelt, President: 329 supplies in Babtan: 319 Bataan surrendered: 319 Subic Naval Base: 320 Seventh Fleet, U.S.: 320 Silanganan-Natib mountains: 321 Samat, Mountain: 322 Sutherlimd, General: 322 Southwest Pacific: 329 Segundo, General: 331 Tokyo: 324 torpedo (Q-boats): 330 USAFFE: 318, 319, 321, 324 U. S. Pacific Fleet: 318, 327 USFIP: 327 Villamor, Capt. Jestls A.: 322 Vargas, Jorge B.: 324 WPO-3: 318 WPR-5: 318, 329 Wint, Fort: 319, 320 withdrawal to Bataan: 319 Wainwright's I Corps: 321 West Road: 321 weapon, Enfield: 328 Western Pacific: 328 Zero8, Japanese: 322, 330
(L
to R) C. A. Axcheta, Gen. Singaon, Gen. Yan and Sec. Enrile
About the Author Celedonio A. Ancheta, historian and lecturer is a retired professor and head, Department of History and Political Science of the Philippine Christian College, (now University), and also in the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of the Philippines System. He holds the following degrees: Ph.B., University of the Philippines; A.B. (History), University of California (Berkeley); M.A. (History), University of Southern California (Los Ang.eles); B.S.E., Union College of Manila; and Ll.B., Francisco Law School, Manila. He was awarded . a Litt. D., honorary degree in 1975 by the China Academy in Taiwan; lawyer; executive ' assistant and officer-in-charge, Clark Air Base Branch, U.P., 1960-67; a Fulbright Visiting Professor in History in 1967-68 to Southern Illinois University; formerly preside~t of the Philippine Historical Association, Manila; World War II USAFFE veteran; and guerrilla leader in the resistance movement in Northern Luzon. Before the war, he studied military science and tactics in the University of California, and graduated in the ROSS Class No.1, Philippine Army in 1936 at Camp Henry T. Allen, Baguio City. He had edited and authored books on WW II and the guerrillas in the Philippines, Rizal's life and works, and others. Presently, he is a professorial lecturer of Philippine Institutions in the College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines System at Diliman Campus in Quezon City.
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saga of Bats and CorregidOt I edited by Celedonio A. Ancheta; with I. 1 K K A K Y supplement, a reassessment of the history of the Secono E R IT AG E Triumph inth«!Philippines, 1941-1946 : the
From the facts disclosed in this book;C-::c!i1t :;\)!I!gr1d.WJ'[ i'l§4'!~nc x JilrippmCd the real tragedy of the last war wa's the unnecessary sacrifice of the lives of many of our brilliant young men in the battle of Bataan and Corregidor. With the sinking of the bulk of th,e U.S. Pacific Fleet by the Japanese sneak ,a ttack on Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941 and the wiping out of almost the entire U.S. airforce at the airfield in Pampanga at noon of the same day, the retreat of the Philippine-American forces to Bataan and Corregidor for defensive operations was definitely unwise. If effective help for the defenders could arrive from the United States in one to two months, the War Plan Orange 3, as it is called, would of course have been justified. ' But help never came. As things were, retreat to the mountainous regions of northern Luzon after initial resistance at the places of invasion would have been more effective and le!JS costly. When Yamashita found his forces quite inadequate against the returning American forces, he retreated to the mountains of northern Luzon where he took his last stand. The Philippine-American forc'es would have been in a better position because, unlike the Japanese, they would be operating in friendly territory. They would have been ~ettel' able to hold out until effective help came from America say six or more months later. The four-month-long Japanese siege of Bataan and Corregldor told heavily on the health of the defenders many of whom were raw rec.ruits from college and university, and who, if they did not die in action or of illness during the siege, actually perished in the death march to or in the concentration camp at Capas. This flower of our youths, c'ut off in their prime, would have been of better service to the country after the war. The hope of the fatherland was thus needlessly sacrificed in the hopeless, noble and heroic battle of Bataan. Leopoldo Y. Yabes (Ret.) University Professor, University of the Philippin~s
This book is another of a series of Col. Ancheta's informative publications on World War II in which he supplements history as written by other authorities with his own analyses from ~he Philippine viewpoint. As the Commansiing Officer of the 2nd Battalion 15th Infantry PA, Col. Ancheta has proved himself on the battle field. As a military historian his qualifications are pre-eminent in the Philippines today. More important perhaps, however, is the unusually high level of objectivity which he has always brought to his work as an A-rmy Commander as ,veil as historian. Robert H. , Arnold (Ret.) Colonel USAR (Former Commanding Officer of the 15th Infantry, USAFIP, NL in 1944-45) ~
"'LtlHED. EXCLUliVELY DIIT'U""'ED av:
PCPM CertifiCite or Regiltl1ltion
WITH ELEVIN aTORD 10 ....Vi YOU.
N."""., t::I'llIIIJIIII6 ~~ ....... ~IIC. ..,.,. OIVIII. No. S94
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