Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
The new edition of Crossroads combines fresh, lively topics and real-life stories to provide the training and motivation teenagers need to learn English. Meeting real people through print and audio is the key to stimulating students’ interest in the English language. It also provides valuable insights into different aspects of culture in the English-speaking world. Key Features stories from real life.
• Comprehensive written material, including literary texts, which allow differentiation in mixed-ability classes.
Crossroads is a three-level course for Years 8.–10. Each level consists of: Student’s Book A and B Student’s Book A (digital version) Student’s Book A (simplified version) Audio CD’s Teachers’ Resource Pack Crossroads Website: www.fagbokforlaget.no/crossroads Crossroads fulfils the requirements of Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 and has been revised to accommodate the requirements of the new curriculum. www.fagbokforlaget.no ISBN 978-82-11-01537-2
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Crossroads
• Integrated audio material, based on authentic recordings. Students read and listen to
9|A |A
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads 9|A English for lower-secondary students
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads 9|A English for lower-secondary students
Copyright © 2007 by Fagbokforlaget Vigmostad & Bjørke AS All Rights Reserved 2. utgave / 1. opplag 2014 ISBN: 978-82-11-01537-2 Grafisk produksjon: John Grieg AS, Bergen Grafisk design: Sandvik Design Omslagsfoto: Joseph McNally / Getty Images (øverst), Sam Edwards / Getty Images (nederst) Omslagsdesign: Sandvik Design Illustrasjoner: Breakfast Design / Jens Grönberg, Paulina Mingiacchi Oversatt til nynorsk av Jan Tislevoll. Crossroads 9A er utviklet etter Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 og etter justert fagplan i engelsk 2013. Forfatterne har mottatt støtte fra Det faglitterære fond. Spørsmål om denne boken kan rettes til: Fagbokforlaget Kanalveien 51 5068 Bergen Tlf.: 55 38 88 00 Faks: 55 38 88 01 e-post: fagbokforlaget@fagbokforlaget.no www.fagbokforlaget.no Materialet er vernet etter åndsverkloven. Uten uttrykkelig samtykke er eksemplarfremstilling bare tillatt når det er hjemlet i lov eller avtale med Kopinor.
Contents
Getting Started 7 Crossroads 9A and 9B 8
1 The USA 11 A Going to the USA 12 At Heathrow 12 At the Check-in 13 At the Customs 16 B The USA 20 The Country 20 Wildlife 22 The People 24 The Government 24 C An Early Illustrated History of the USA 28 Colonial Times 29 A New Identity 30 The Boston Massacre 30 The Boston Tea Party 31 War and Independence 32 Going West 33 Civil War 34 D Images of the USA 36 E The Big Apple 41
Three Manhattan Neighbourhoods 41 Central Park 43 The Statue of Liberty 44 The Empire State Building 44 F The American Cowboy 46 G The American Indians 50 H Red Shawl Woman 56 Language Corner 58
2 Living in the USA 67 A High School 68 This Is High School 68 B Things You Should Know about High School 71 How to Get There 71 Homeroom 72 Classes 72 Extra-Curricular Activities 73 The Prom 74 Driving 75 C Going Abroad 77 High School 78 Teenage Life 79 Cultural Differences 80
D E F G
Changing Perspectives 80 Growing Up in Little Havana 82 Navajo Youth 85 A Lifeguard 87 On My Own 89 Language Corner 91
3 Move Your Body 97
A The Academy 98 An Important Part of Culture 98 My Job as a Talent Scout 99 B Pro Touch Soccer Academy 101 The Driving Force 101 Football Is Sort of My Life 103 C Racist Hypocrites or What? 106 D Rugby 107 Two Players 109 E On Higher Ground 112 F Surfing the Waves 115 Learning to Surf 115 Surfboards, Set Waves and Safety 116 Language Corner 119
4 Film Magic 125 A Hollywood 126 B Two Hollywood Stars 129 Keira Knightley 129 Logan Lerman 130 C The Actor 132 Few Jobs 132 Instruction 133 Commercials 133 D Welcome to Bollywood 135 At a Bollywood Acting School 136 E Charlie Chaplin 140 F The Stunt Woman 143 Language Corner 149 5 Both Sides of the Law 157
A Restorative Justice 158 Laura 159 Ryan and Jeremy 160 Lauren: It Just Happened 162 Lauren’s Victim 162 B The Princes in the Bloody Tower 165
C On Duty 168 Police at Work 168 The Police Car 169 My Four-legged Officer 170 On Patrol 171 D The Case og Death in the Drawing Room 173 E Capital Punishment 176 F San Quentin 178 Language Corner 179
6 The Dream of America 185
A Leaving a Country Behind 186 The American Dream 187 B Hope in My Heart 188 C The Land Across the Border 197 D The Border Patrol 198 E Mexican Smuggler 200 F Across the Borderline 201 G Two Jamaicans in New York 203 Language Corner 205
7 Shadows of the Past 211 A The Ruin of a Culture 212 The Trail of Tears 213 The Buffalo 214 The Battle of Little Bighorn 216 The Massacre at Wounded Knee 217 B Tatanka Ohitika 219 Mama 220 C Chains 222 D A Slave Account 224 E Underground Railroad 227 F Discrimination and Segregation 229 G Changes 231 Rosa Parks 231 Dr Martin Luther King Jr 233 H How it all Started 234 Language Corner 236 Wordlist 242 Photos and Illustrations 253 Acknowledgements 255
Getting Started Welcome to a new school year! We hope you enjoyed using Crossroads 8A and 8B and that they helped you to improve your English. We also hope you learnt something new about the language, literature, people and cultures of the English-speaking world. Most of the texts in the Crossroads series are based on interviews we conducted with people who speak English as their first language. In Crossroads 8A you met people from various places in the United Kingdom, such as London, Dorset, Cardiff, Belfast and Edinburgh. You also met a young guy from Sydney, Australia. Now you’ve reached the next stage of the journey – Crossroads 9A. Once again you will learn about new places and meet new people, most of whom are from Great Britain and the USA, but this time the main spotlight is on the United States of America. We think it is important to learn about both the present and the past of this vast and varied country. After all, it has more influence on us here in Norway than any other country in the world.
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Crossroads 9A and 9B Crossroads 9A Crossroads 9A 8
Crossroads 9A has seven chapters: 1 The USA 2 Living in the USA 3 Move Your Body 4 Film Magic 5 Both Sides of the Law 6 The Dream of America 7 Shadows of the Past
Getting Started
Each chapter is divided into sections. At the end of each section there are oral and written tasks. Some of them you should do on your own while others are meant for pair work or group work. A symbol will tell you if it is an oral task, a written task or both. It is up to you and your teacher whether you do the tasks on your own, in pairs or in a smaller group.
These are the symbols: = Did you get it?
= Written and oral task (pair work or group work)
= Oral task (pair work or group work)
= Listening
= Written task
= Role play
Crossroads 9B is divided into two parts. Part 1 is called “Enjoy Reading�. Here you will find a range of different texts: poems, short stories, an extract from a novel and a newspaper article. There are also literature tasks and language tasks in this section of the book. They will help you understand and learn from the texts you read. The second part of Crossroads 9B is the grammar section, which is written in Norwegian, as are the tasks in this section. Many students find grammar difficult, so we hope that you will find it easier this way. There are plenty of tasks to choose from. You will also find more grammar practice on the Crossroads website. Remember that practice makes perfect! Learning a new language takes time. However, there is quite a lot you can do to speed up the process. See page 108 for tips on how to improve your language learning.
Good luck with your English studies!
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Getting Started
Crossroads 9B
Crossroads 9A
Every new chapter starts with some information about what the chapter is about. Go to page 11 and have a look at the information there. All the chapters are divided into smaller units. These are called A, B, C etc. See if you can find unit B in chapter 2. In Crossroads 9A we sometimes suggest that you have a look at a certain chapter in Crossroads 9B. This is to indicate a connection between the two books. For example, open Crossroads 9A on page 90 and skim through task 10. Then go to the page in Crossroads 9B we have indicated. At the end of each chapter, there is a Task Bank where you will find a variety of different tasks. See page 58. Some of the tasks are meant for homework, project work or other kinds of assignments where you need to use the Internet, encyclopedias and other sources. You will find these tasks under the heading Dig Into It. See page 59. Every chapter also has a section called Language Corner. Here you will find a few tips about the basics of the English language. See page 58. Learning new words and phrases is a very important part of learning English. Many important words and expressions in Crossroads 9A and 9B are explained in the margin. See page 12. They are also listed at the end of each chapter under the heading Word Quest. See page 59.
1 The USA The United States of America is the world’s only superpower. It has tremendous influence throughout the world and most people know at least a few facts about this huge nation of nations. But do you know how the United States was formed? What is the climate like? What kinds of animals live there? What happened to the Native Americans? All these questions (and many more) will be dealt with in this chapter. Welcome to the USA!
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Crossroads 9A 12
The USA
A Going to the USA At Heathrow have the jitters – være nervøs / vere nervøs across (prep.) – over arrive (v) – ankomme / komme (fram til) deliberately (adv.) – med vilje allow herself – her: gi seg selv / gi seg sjølv
London students Patricia and Shana have been planning their holiday to Los Angeles for more than a year. They are both 21 years old and they have been best friends since they started university two years ago. Shana spent a holiday in the USA together with her parents when she was younger, but Patricia has never been out of Europe. It is their first trip abroad together and they both have the jitters. Let us follow them across the Atlantic. Patricia arrived at Heathrow an hour ago. She does not like flying, so she has deliberately arrived at the airport early to allow herself time to relax before the flight. Suddenly she spots Shana in the crowd:
Patricia comes back after a few minutes and they decide to check in their luggage. Shana takes a look at the monitor to see where to check in. Shana: Oh no, I don’t believe it! We’re in the wrong terminal. Look! The BA flight to LA goes from terminal 4! Come on, we’d better hurry!
At the Check-in
Woman: Good morning, may I see your tickets and passports, please? Thank you. How many items are you checking in? Shana: Just two. Woman: You can put the suitcases on the belt now. Thank you. Here are your receipts and passports. And here are your boarding cards for your flight to Los Angeles. Have a nice flight! Shana and Patricia: Thank you! They go to passport control where a young woman checks that their passports are valid. Their hand luggage is screened at a security checkpoint. Finally, they must go through a metal detector to check that they are not carrying any prohibited items, such as knives, scissors or firearms. They had put their keys and coins in their hand luggage, so there was no beep from the detector. After a quick look in one of the tax-free shops, they sit down at a bar and order two cappuccinos. Patricia: Mm, delicious cappuccino. Why don’t you want any cinnamon on it? I just love coffee with cinnamon! Shana: I prefer my coffee as it is, myself.
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The USA
The girls take the escalator down to the Heathrow Express and 20 minutes later they are in the right terminal, ready to check in.
actually (adv.) – faktisk keep an eye on – her: passe på loo (s) (uformelt) – toalett monitor (s) – skjerm check in – her: sjekke inn BA (s) – British Airways LA (s) – Los Angeles escalator (s) – rulletrapp Heathrow Express (s) – hurtigtog mellom London og Heathrow item (s) – ting receipt (s) – kvittering valid (adj.) – gyldig screen (v) – gjennomlyse med røntgenstråler / gjennomlyse med røntgenstrålar security checkpoint (s) – sikkerhetskontroll / tryggleikskontroll finally (adv.) – endelig / endeleg prohibited (adj.) – forbudt / forbode firearms (s) – våpen beep (s) – her: pipelyd detector (s) – detektor cinnamon (s) – kanel
Crossroads 9A
Patricia: Shana! Over here! Shana: Hi, Tricia! Well, we’re here at last. Patricia: Yeah, I can’t believe we’re actually going! Listen, could you just keep an eye on my luggage for a minute. I need to go to the loo. Shana: Sure.
Crossroads 9A 14
The USA
commence (v) – begynne towards (prep.) – mot stewardess (s) – flyvertinne aisle (s) – midtgang packed (adj.) – her: full av mennesker / full av menneske stuff (v) – stappe baggage compartment (s) – hattehylle, der man plasserer håndbagasje / hattehylle, der ein plasserer handbagasje emergency procedure (s) – sikkerhetsprosedyre / tryggleiksprosedyre runway (s) – rullebane a.m. (ante meridiem) – om formiddagen will have the pleasure of – vil ha gleden av / vil ha gleda av comfort (s) – komfort recommend (v) – anbefale / anbefale, tilrå
The monitor tells them that it is time to finish their coffee. Passengers on flight number BA 848 to Los Angeles are being asked to go to gate 19. Boarding will commence in ten minutes. They show their boarding cards and passports to a man behind the counter. Shana picks up a couple of free newspapers and then they start walking towards the plane. They are welcomed on board by a stewardess who, after a quick look at their boarding passes, points out where they should go to find their seats. The aisle is packed with people. Some are looking for their seat numbers, others are stuffing their hand luggage into the baggage compartments above the seats. After a short while Shana and Patricia find their seats. When all the passengers are seated, the seatbelt sign is turned on. After the information about emergency procedures, the aircraft taxies to the runway and takes off. Captain: Good morning ladies and gentlemen, and welcome on board this flight to Los Angeles. Our flying time is expected to be 9 hours and 45 minutes. We are now cruising at 33,000 feet, and our speed is 650 miles per hour. As you can see, it is a beautiful morning and the weather forecast is good all the way across the Atlantic. The temperature in Los Angeles is 50 degrees Fahrenheit and it looks like it is going to be a sunny morning when we land, which will be at 9 a.m. local time. We will have the pleasure of serving you breakfast shortly. There will be a hot meal later, as well as a snack just before we land in Los Angeles. After breakfast, our flight attendants will hand out earphones for those of you who wish to watch a film. For your own comfort and safety it is recommended you have your safety belt on during the flight, just in case of unexpected turbulence. Sit back and enjoy the flight, and I’ll get back to you with more information later.
Immigration officer: Good morning. May I have your immigration card, please? Thank you. Please put your left index finger here and keep it still. Press a little harder, please. Thank you, now the right one. Thank you very much. What’s the purpose of your stay in the USA? Patricia: I’m spending my summer holiday here with my friend. Immigration officer: Great! Welcome to the United States. I hope you will enjoy your stay in sunny California! Once the immigration officer had collected Shana’s immigration card and
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The USA
In the end, there was hardly any turbulence at all, and the plane landed on time. After disembarking, the girls collected their suitcases and queued up for immigration control. There was a huge queue of people and they had to wait for more than half an hour. Finally it was their turn. Patricia went first.
apparently (adv.) – åpenbart / openbert unexpected turbulence – uforutsett turbulens / uføresett turbulens ominous (adj.) – illevarslende / illevarslande avoid (v) – unngå without any prior warning – uten forvarsel / utan forvarsel withstand (v) – motstå / motstå, halde stand calm (adj.) – rolig, avslappet / roleg, avslappa there was hardly any – det var nesten ikke noe / det var nesten ikkje noko disembark (v) – her: gå av et fly / gå av eit fly collect (v) – her: hente queue up – stille seg i kø index finger (s) – pekefinger / peikefinger
Crossroads 9A
Shana: Are you all right, Tricia? You are not too nervous, are you? Patricia: I’m OK. It’s just that the sound of the engines seems to be changing all the time. Shana: Don’t worry! Dad explained it to me once. I don’t quite remember what he said, but apparently it’s perfectly normal. Patricia: What about unexpected turbulence? That sounds ominous. I thought they had instruments to warn you about those kinds of things. Why can’t they just avoid the turbulence? Shana: Oh, turbulence sometimes appears without any prior warning, that’s all. Patricia: I don’t like the sound of that. Shana: Honestly Tricia – planes are built to withstand all sorts of weather conditions, OK? There really is nothing to worry about. Patricia: I wish I was as calm as you, Shana.
Crossroads 9A 16
declare (v) – fortolle green channel (s) – grønn sone / grøn sone customs officer (s) – tollbetjent hayfever (s) – høysnue strictly prohibited – strengt forbudt / strengt forbode dairy product (s) – meieriprodukt statement (s) – erklæring / erklæring, fråsegn intentional (adj.) – med vilje filled in the form – fylte ut skjemaet
scanned her index fingers to check if she was unwanted in the USA, the girls headed for the exit. But first they had to pass through customs. As they did not have anything to declare, they went through the green channel. Patricia walked straight through, but a customs officer stopped Shana for a routine check.
At the Customs
The USA
Customs officer: Good morning. Do you have anything to declare? Shana: No, nothing at all. Customs officer: Do you mind if I have a look at your handbag? Shana: Not at all, here you are. Customs officer: Thank you. What kind of tablets are these? Shana: Oh, they are for hayfever. I’m very allergic to grass. Customs officer: Look what we’ve got here. I can’t allow you to bring these in, Miss. They are strictly prohibited. Shana: But they are just a couple of apples … Customs officer: Fruits, vegetables and dairy products are on the list of items that you can’t bring into the USA. Didn’t you read the immigration card properly, Miss? You signed a statement that you would not bring any fresh fruit into the country. Shana: I’m sorry, officer, it wasn’t intentional. I guess I was a bit tired when I filled in the form. I’m really sorry. Customs officer: All right, Miss, I’ll just keep the apples. Have a nice day and enjoy your stay! Patricia was waiting at the exit. Patricia: What happened? Shana: Just a routine check. Never mind that now. We’re here! This is going to be so much fun! Shana and Patricia: Taxi!
Why did Patricia get to the airport early? What is a security checkpoint? What is immigration control? Explain what happened to Shana at the customs.
7 List the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by car, train, ferry and plane. Present your conclusion to a classmate and discuss things you see differently. 8 You are on board flight AA 477 from New York to Denver. Your face is pale and you are shivering slightly. You have a terrible fear of flying. You need reassurance from a flight attendant, but you are too embarrassed to say so. Write a note explaining your situation. Give this to your partner. He or she will hopefully be able to help soothe your nerves.
12 At the Customs A You are from Italy. You have just arrived in Miami. In your suitcase you have a couple of items you are not supposed to bring into the USA. It is nothing serious, just some cheese, sausages and a small Parma ham. They are presents for your family in the USA. B You are a customs officer. You are looking for drugs and you decide to stop an Italian in a routine control. Will you find illegal items, or will you just check his luggage and let him go? The man does look a bit nervous, doesn’t he?
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The USA
5 Plane crashes are very rare and the chances of being hurt or killed in a car accident are actually much higher. Nonetheless, many people have a fear of flying. Why do you think this is so? Discuss it with a partner. Give reasons for your opinions. 6 Think back to the last time you travelled by plane. What was it like? What did you do during the flight? Tell your partner about it.
9 You came back from holiday a couple of days ago. The flight home was terrible. Write an email to a friend and explain what happened during the flight. 10 When you came home from a trip abroad recently you realized that you had forgotten your iPod on board the plane. Write an email to the airline in which you explain the following: a) When and where did you fly? b) What was your seat number? c) What does your iPod look like? 11 Patricia and Shana had a wonderful holiday in California. Write the story.
Crossroads 9A
1 2 3 4
Crossroads 9A 18
The USA
* State capitals • Major cities
Crossroads 9A 19
The USA
B The USA Crossroads 9A
Area: 9,631,420 sq. km. Population: 316,669,000 Capital: Washington, D.C. Major cities: New York City (New York), Los Angeles (California), Chicago (Illinois) Language: English and Spanish Currency: US dollar Highest point: Mount McKinley (6,194 m) Lowest point: Death Valley (-86 m) Longest river: Mississippi River (3,780 km) Largest lake: Lake Superior National Day: Independence Day, 4 July National flower: the rose
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The USA
The Country consist of – bestå av be admitted – her: bli lagt til cover (v) – dekke / dekkje vary (v) – variere considerably (adv.) – betydelig, mye / betydeleg, mykje combined (adj.) – her: til sammen / til saman be located – befinne seg i / vere i border (v) – grense til
The United States of America consists of 50 states. The last two states to be admitted to the union were Alaska and Hawaii, which both became part of the USA in 1959. The country covers an area of nearly ten million square kilometres and is the world’s third largest country. The states vary considerably in size, from tiny Rhode Island, often called Little Rhody, to Alaska, which is bigger than Great Britain, France and Spain combined. The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C., which is not located in a state, but in an area called District of Columbia. The USA borders Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. The climate varies from arctic in Alaska to tropical in Hawaii and Florida, so there may well be a snowstorm in North Dakota at the same time as people are
Man against nature.
Everything is bigger in America.This enormous tree is a Giant Redwood.
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The USA
approximately (adv.) – omtrent time zone (s) – tidssone mountain range (s) – fjellkjede weather conditions (s) – værforhold / vêrforhold strike (v) – her: oppstå on a regular basis – jevnlig / jamleg devastating (adj.) – ødeleggende / øydeleggjande cause (v) – forårsake / vere årsak til major flood – stor oversvømmelse / stor overfløyming resident (s) – innbygger / innbyggjar
Crossroads 9A
enjoying a sunny day at the beach in Southern California. The west coast of the USA borders the Pacific Ocean and the east coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. The distance from New York to Los Angeles is approximately 4,000 kilometres and covers four time zones. It is often said that everything is bigger in the USA. This is probably not far from the truth. Some of the world’s largest mountain ranges, largest lakes and longest rivers can be found here and some of the trees are among the tallest, widest and oldest in the world. The weather conditions in the USA can be extreme. In the Midwest, tornadoes strike on a regular basis and the hurricanes along the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico are often devastating. These areas are hit by hurricanes every year, but rarely as hard as by the 2005 Hurricane Katrina which caused a major flood, leaving the city of New Orleans under water. Tragically, many people lost their lives and thousands of residents became homeless as a result.
Wildlife
Which animal belongs where? Match the pictures with the descriptions and find out what the animals are called. Crossroads 9A
1
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The USA
3
2
4
7
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in light of – i lys av frequency (s) – hyppighet, hvor ofte noe skjer / hyppigheit, kor ofte noko skjer advise (v) – råde, gi råd hiker (s) – fotturist take extra precautions – ta forholdsregler / ta forholdsreglar keep alert for – holde utkikk etter / halde utkik(k) etter encounter (s) – møte paw print (s) – poteavtrykk scat (s) – lort contain (v) – inneholde / innehalde
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The USA
In light of the rising frequency of conflicts between humans and grizzly bears, the Montana Department of Fish and Game is advising hikers, hunters, and fishermen to take extra precautions and keep alert for bears while in the field. “We advise that outdoorsmen should wear noisy little bells on their clothing so as to not startle bears that aren’t expecting them,” a spokesman said. “We also advise outdoorsmen to carry pepper spray with them in case of an encounter with a bear.” It is also a good idea to watch out for fresh signs of bear activity. Outdoorsmen should recognize the difference between black bear and grizzly bear paw prints and scat. A grizzly’s paw is larger and its claws are longer than that of a black bear. Black bear scat contains lots of berries and squirrel fur. Grizzly bear scat has little bells in it and smells like pepper.
fur (s) – pels dwelling (s) – hus, bolig / hus, bustad harsh (adj.) – hard, brutal adapt to – venne seg til / venje seg til inhospitable (adj.) – ugjestfri / ugjestmild environment (s) – miljø apply (v) – her: gjelde deer (s) – rådyr reindeer (s) – reinsdyr relative (s) – slektning creature (s) – skapning predator (s) – rovdyr tawny (adj.) – brunaktig outrun (v) – løpe fra / springe frå
Crossroads 9A
A: This animal is hunted for its soft brown fur. The entrance of its dwelling is under water. B: The weather conditions in the far north are harsh. This animal has adapted to the cold and inhospitable environment in which it lives. C: The name of this animal sounds similar to the colour grey. However, it may be brown, silver or nearly black. You would not want to meet it out on a Sunday hike! D: This is a common animal in Europe, but the expression “Everything is bigger in the USA” applies here, too. This tall, brown animal is related to the deer and the reindeer. E: Are you afraid of this animal? Many people are. It lives in the southernmost parts of the USA. It makes a special sound with the tip of its tail. F: The Norwegian name for this animal implies that it likes to clean itself. G: The English name for this animal tells us that it is dangerous. Together with its relatives, this big creature often kills animals much bigger than itself. H: This animal is a predator. It is often tawny in colour, and it can outrun most other animals.
The People Crossroads 9A 24
The USA
predominantly (adv.) – hovedsaklig / hovudsakleg multitude (s) – mengde / mengd a variety of – forskjellige belief (s) – tro / tru multicultural (adj.) – flerkulturell / fleirkulturell currently (adv.) – for tiden / for tida make up – her: utgjør / utgjer tie (s) – her: bånd / band exception (s) – unntak exhibition (s) – utstilling Head of State (s) – statsoverhode / statsoverhovud re-elect (v) – gjenvelge / velje på nytt residence (s) – offisiell bolig / offisiell bustad
The USA is a nation of immigrants. The first Europeans in America were predominantly white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Gradually people from all parts of the world emigrated to America. They came from a multitude of ethnic backgrounds and had a variety of religious beliefs. Today the USA is a multicultural society – a true nation of nations. The American Indians, who lived in North America before the Europeans started colonizing the continent, are now a small minority group. They currently make up less than one percent of the US population. The Hispanics, a group made up of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans and other LatinAmerican nationalities, are the largest minority group. The second largest minority group is the African-Americans. Many of these people have two identities; they are Americans, but they also have strong ties to the country they emigrated from. They are therefore often called African-Americans, Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans and so on. Norwegian-Americans are no exception. They keep their Norwegian and Scandinavian traditions alive through Scandinavian festivals, Norwegian Christmas celebrations, folk art exhibitions and language courses.
The Government
The USA is a republic. The Head of State is the President, who is elected for four years. A President may be re-elected only once. The official residence of
The White House in Washington D.C. has been the home of US Presidents since 1800. There is plenty of space for visitors: the house has 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms.
Crossroads 9A
The USA has always been a republic. It is often said that the closest America has been to having a royal family was during the presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963). He was the youngest president ever and the first Catholic US President. Kennedy was immensely popular. If he was regarded almost as a king, his wife, Jacqueline, was undoubtedly the uncrowned queen of America. She was the youngest First Lady ever, and her beauty and elegance were striking. Tragically, John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on 22 November 1963. The whole world, not just America, was left in shock. Never again have a President of the USA and his First Lady been so popular. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis died in 1994 and was buried next to her husband at the Arlington National Cemetery.
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immensely (adv.) – enorm, veldig regard (v) – betrakte / sjå på undoubtedly (adv.) – utvilsomt / utvilsamt striking (adj.) – imponerende / imponerande assassinate (v) – myrde, drepe
The President
Supreme Court (s) – amerikansk høyesterett / amerikansk høgsterett Commander-in-Chief (s) – øverstkommanderende / øvstkommanderande executive power (s) – utøvende myndighet / utøvande styresmakt carry out (v) – gjennomføre put into effect (s) – gjennomføre consent (s) – godkjenning disagree (v) – være uenig / vere ueinig
The President is the official Head of State and the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces. The President is also head of the political party he or she represents, either the Republican Party or the Democratic Party. The President, along with his or her secretaries, are the executive power of the USA, which means that they are responsible for carrying out US politics.
The Congress The US Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate. The President cannot put any policies into effect without the consent of the Congress. It is the Congress that controls the money the President needs to carry out his or her politics. Sometimes Congress stops the President’s political plans because they disagree with them or because they think they cost too much money. Congress also makes the laws of the USA.
The USA
the President is the White House, which is in Washington, D.C. The USA would not be a democracy, however, if the President had all the power. Political power is divided between: The President The Congress The Supreme Court
Crossroads 9A 26
The USA The Capitol houses the US Congress. It was built in the style of Ancient Greek and Roman architecture.
The Supreme Court interpret (v) – tolke violate (v) – bryte Constitution (s) – grunnlov invalidate (v) – gjøre ugyldig / gjere ugyldig concern (v) – gjelde
It is not always clear exactly what the lawmakers meant when they made a law, especially if the law is very old. One of the important roles of the Supreme Court is therefore to interpret laws. Sometimes they find that a law violates the Constitution. Such a law will then be invalidated.
Federal and State Government The Government in Washington is called the Federal Government and it decides on matters that concern the whole nation. Every state also has its own State Government that decides on matters concerning the state only. The chief of the State Government is the Governor. He or she is elected for four years at a time.
9 Study the map on page 18–19 thoroughly for five minutes. Close your book and write down as many states as you can remember. Read your list to your partner. Compare lists and then make a joint list. Finally, open your books again on page 18–19 and find all the states on your list on the map. 10 Choose one of the 50 states. Browse the Internet for information on its geography and population (percentage of African-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics etc.). Prepare a short presentation, including pictures and perhaps a diagram. Present your findings in a group or to the whole class.
12 Write an email to a friend. Explain why you think it would be a good idea for you to go to the USA together. Mention some places you would like to go to and say what you think you could do there. Study the map on page 18–19. 13 You have just been elected President of the USA. Write a speech to the American people in which you explain what you will do to improve the lives of ordinary people. Tell them how you will make the world a safer place. 14 Match the words: violate droppings consent let assassinate house execute a lot of water residence kill re-elect break scat brown encounter carry out startle unfriendly tawny approval inhospitable meeting flood choose one more time admit scare
27
The USA
6 Pick a state from the map on page 18–19. Say the first two letters to your partner and ask him or her to try to find out which one you mean. Continue the same way until you have guessed eight states each. 7 Describe four of the animals on page 22 to your partner. He or she will describe the remaining four to you. 8 Find a good picture of your favourite place in the USA on the Internet. Show the picture to your group and give a one minute talk about the place you have chosen.
11 What are the advantages or disadvantages of living in a multicultural society? Write down some key words and discuss with your partner.
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1 What is the total population of the USA? 2 Which states start with the letter A? 3 What time is it in Los Angeles when it is 6 a.m. in New York? 4 Which is the largest minority group in the USA? 5 Why do many Americans have two identities?
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The Vikings sailed as far as America. This is a typical Viking longhouse in L’Anse aux Meadows. People and cattle lived under the same roof.
28
C An Early Illustrated History of the USA
The USA
derive (v) – komme av navigator (s) – sjøfarer / sjøfarar voyage (v) – reise med skip account (s) – redegjørelse / framstilling, forklaring countless (adj.) – utallige / tallause inhabit (v) – bebo / bu, leve, halde til (i) ancestor (s) – stamfar origin (s) – opprinnelse / opphav secondly (adv.) – for det andre put forward – her: presentere settle (v) – her: slå seg ned convince (v) – overbevise / overtyde remains (s) – rester, levninger / restar, leivningar settlement (s) – boplass / buplass ancient (adj.) – eldgammel / eldgammal present (s) – nåtid / notid community (s) – samfunn
The name America is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci (1451–1512). He voyaged to the new world which Christopher Columbus had “discovered” and then wrote an account of it. Columbus believed that he had found India. That is why the natives of the new continent were called Indians. It is far from correct to say that Columbus discovered America, even though this is what generations of people have learnt in school and read about in countless books. Firstly, America was not discovered by the Europeans. The people who first inhabited America were the ancestors of today’s Native Americans. They were of Asian origin and they came to America by crossing the Bering Strait more than 20,000 years ago. Secondly, the first Europeans to arrive and settle in America did so about 500 years before Columbus. In the 1950s, the Norwegian archeologist Anne Stine Ingstad and her husband Helge Ingstad put forward the theory that Norse people from Greenland had settled in America as early as the 11th century. They had studied the Norse Sagas and were convinced that there must be some remains of a settlement in North America. In 1960 they found what they were looking for. They found an ancient Viking settlement near the present community of L’Anse aux Meadows, on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland. The settlement was only in use for a short period of time. The Ingstads had finally proved that Norsemen had sailed to America 500 years before Columbus.
Colonial Times
If the Vikings had moved to America in greater numbers and established a community which had continued to prosper, maybe people would have been speaking Norwegian in some parts of North America today instead of English.
claim land – gjøre krav på landområder / gjere krav på landområde land (v) – gå i land trading company (s) – selskap som driver med byttehandel / selskap som driv med bytehandel persecute (v) – forfølge / forfølgje crop (s) – avling harvest (s) – avling feast (v) – feste dispute (s) – uenighet / usemje arise (v) – oppstå dominant (adj.) – dominerende / dominerande side with – er på samme side som / er på same side som
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The USA
establish (v) – opprette prosper (v) – ha framgang
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The first colonies in the USA were along the eastern coast. Settlers from Spain, France, Sweden, Holland, and England began claiming land there at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1607 a ship full of immigrants landed in what is Virginia today. The Virginia Company in England had sent them to establish a colony and to start a trading company there. The name of the captain of the ship was John Smith. Have you heard that name somewhere before? John Smith was the English sea captain who had a romance with the Indian princess Pocahontas in the Disney movie of the same name. In May 1620 a ship with 102 passengers, who had been persecuted for their religious belief in England, dropped anchor at Plymouth in Massachusetts. They were later to be known as the Pilgrim Fathers. In the spring of 1621 the colonists planted their first crop, helped by local Indians who taught them how to plant corn. In October 1621 the Pilgrims celebrated their first harvest with feasting and games, as was the custom in England. Americans still celebrate this first harvest every year in November on Thanksgiving Day, now a national holiday. As people continued to arrive in the New World, more and more disputes arose over territory. Many wars were fought in the 1600s and 1700s over who was to control North America. The dominant countries were England and France. Between 1754 and 1763, a war known as the French and Indian War was fought between Great Britain and its two enemies, the French and the North American Indians. Most battles were actually fought in Canada. American colonists sided with the British in this war and together they
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were to become – skulle komme til å bli independent (adj.) – uavhengig tie (s) – bånd / band maintain (v) – beholde / behalde, halde på missile (s) – kastevåpen squad (s) – her: gjeng, lag
won the war, leaving Britain in control of Canada, as well as of all the English colonies in North America. By this time, there were 13 colonies altogether: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. They were to become the first 13 states of the USA.
A New Identity
The USA
In the eighteenth century, the colonists gradually began to develop a new identity; they started to feel like Americans. As a result, they wanted to break the ties with Britain and create a truly independent country. The British, however, wanted to maintain control of North America because they had made a lot of money from the colonies. The colonies had to pay taxes to Britain, which many colonists thought unfair since they were not represented in the British Parliament.
The Boston Massacre
In 1770 there was a demonstration against taxes. A missile was thrown into a squad of British soldiers, who then fired into the crowd and killed five men. This led to an even greater anti-British feeling among the colonists.
The Boston Massacre, Paul Revere, ca. 1770: The killing of five innocent civilians in 1770, known as the Boston Massacre, escalated the conflict with Great Britain.
The Boston Tea Party
duty (s) – avgift Dutch (adj.) – nederlandsk via (adv.) – gjennom middlemen (s) – mellommenn blow (s) – slag disguised (adj.) – forkledd board (v) – gå om bord the equivalent of – tilsvarende / tilsvarande
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The USA
As a result of all the protests, the British decided to remove all taxes on imported goods except for the duties on tea. The colonists loved tea; they drank around two million cups a day. To avoid paying the import duty on tea, the colonists started to drink smuggled Dutch tea. The British then reduced the price of Indian tea by transporting it directly from India to the colonies and not via middlemen in Britain. This tea was now cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea. However, as it was still taxed, many colonists felt that drinking it would be a blow to their liberty. They were not British and they felt it was wrong that the British should force them to pay duties to Britain. On 16 December 1773, a crowd of men disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded some ships loaded with Indian tea. More than five thousand people watched them throw more than $50,000 worth of tea into the harbour water. That is the equivalent of $1,102,000 today.
The Declaration of Independence, 1776 (Wikipedia.org).
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The USA
War and Independence rapidly (adv.) – hurtig regular (adj.) – regelmessig marked their intention – klargjorde deres intensjoner / klargjorde intensjonane deira
The hatred for the British grew rapidly and in 1775 there were regular battles between British soldiers and colonists. The Revolutionary War had begun. On 4 July 1776, the colonists signed a document that marked their intention to separate the colonies from Britain. This document is known as the Declaration of Independence and it marks the birth of the United States of America.
Going West
Sacajawea or “Bird Woman” is the name of one remarkable member of the Lewis and Clark expedition. She was an Indian woman of the Shoshone tribe married to the trapper Charbonneau. Charbonneau was hired as a scout for the expedition. Sacajawea gave birth to a son two months before the expedition set out to explore the western part of the USA. Carrying her baby on her back in a cradleboard, she walked to the Pacific Ocean and back without complaint. Sacajawea served as an interpreter and mediator when they met Indian tribes along their way and she knew how to find food when game was scarce. She impressed all the members of the expedition with her knowledge and her survival skills. In many ways, Sacajawea was the most important member of the entire expedition.
33
The USA
The first thirteen states were all to the east of the Appalachians. But ever since the first colonists set foot on American soil, people had dreamt of crossing this enormous mountain range to see what the country was like on the other side. In 1804 the two famous explorers Lewis and Clark set off to map the country all the way to the west coast. Lewis and Clark were chosen by the US President to lead an expedition of 40 members to study geology, botany, wildlife and the American Indian tribes, in addition to drawing maps of the country. They returned nearly two and a half years after they had set off from Illinois. The expedition was a great success. News of this expedition inspired ordinary people to move westwards and settle there. In 1848 gold was found in California and in the following years hundreds of thousands headed for the Pacific Coast. The trails from east to west were covered with horses, mules, wagons and people.
dragged on – trakk ut (i tid) / drog ut (i tid) implement (v) – implementere Appalachians (s) – fjellkjede i USA soil (s) – jord set off (v) – dra av sted / dra av garde in addition to – i tillegg til head for (v) – dra av gårde til / dra av garde til trail (s) – sti, vei / stig, veg mule (s) – esel
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The war dragged on. The colonists were helped by the French and finally, in 1783, the eight-year long Revolutionary War was over. In 1789, America implemented its constitution, now the oldest functioning constitution in the world.
remarkable (adj.) – bemerkelsesverdig / oppsiktsvekkjande trapper (s) – fangstmann, jeger hire (v) – leie / leige scout (s) – speider / speidar cradleboard (s) – bærebrett interpreter (s) – tolk mediator (s) – megler / meklar scarce (adj.) – her: knapp
Moving towards a better future. Hundreds of thousands of people moved west in the 19th century.
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The USA transcontinental (adj.) – som går over et helt kontinent / som går over eit heilt kontinent comfortable (adj.) – behagelig / behageleg scattered (adj.) – spredd / spreidd face a brutal destiny – gå en brutal skjebne i møte / møte ein brutal lagnad progress (s) – framgang downfall (s) – undergang issue (s) – her: stridsspørsmål abolish (v) – avskaffe inhumane (adj.) – umenneskelig, grusom / umenneskeleg, fælsleg institution (s) – system claim (v) – kreve / krevje
California became a state in 1850. With the population increasing it became necessary to improve the transport of goods from the West Coast to the East Coast. Soon several transcontinental railroads were built, which made the journey across the USA both quicker and more comfortable. The Europeans were now scattered all over the USA. The people who lived here before the Europeans came, the American Indians, were to face a brutal destiny, however (see chapter 7). The progress of one people led to the downfall of another.
Civil War
The Northern States and the Southern States did not agree on the issue of slavery (see chapter 7). The North wanted to abolish this brutal and inhumane institution, but the South claimed that they needed slaves in the cotton fields. Abolishing slavery was out of the question, they said. This led to the bloody American Civil War, which started in 1861 and ended in 1865 with the victory of the Northern States. This finally put an end to slavery in the USA.
9 Pick seven new words from “An Early Illustrated History of the USA”. Write them down on a piece of paper and ask your partner to explain them to you. 10 Choose a period in American history. Create a character for yourself from this period and write a description of this person and her/his life. Your partner will then ask you questions.
12 Draw a cartoon based on an event in American history. 13 Match the English and Norwegian words: abolish utvandre emigrate øke / auke destiny forkledd tribe jord disguised innvandre immigrate avskaffe duty skjebne / lagnad increase stamme soil avgift
35
The USA
7 Pick one of the pictures on pages 30 and 31 and describe it in detail to your partner. You should also say something about why you like it or not. 8 Which historic event from the text do you find most interesting? Tell your partner. Give reasons.
11 Browse the Internet for information on famous people in the American West in the 19th century, for example Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Mangas Coloradas, Billy the Kid, Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, General Custer, Jesse James, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, Buffalo Bill or William Pinkerton. Download a picture or drawing of the person you have chosen. Give a two-minute presentation to your group or the whole class.
Crossroads 9A
1 Who were the first Europeans to settle in America? 2 Where in the USA did the English set up colonies in the 17th century? 3 In the 18th century, there was a war between Great Britain and its two enemies the French and the American Indians. What were they fighting over? 4 What was the “Boston Tea party” all about? 5 What was the purpose of Lewis and Clark’s expedition? 6 Find one negative aspect about the European colonization of America. Explain your reasons.
D Images of the USA Crossroads 9A 36
The USA
pleasant (adj.) – behagelig / behageleg on the outskirts – i utkanten show off – vise seg fram stretch from – strekke seg fra / strekkje seg frå majestic (adj.) – majestetisk, storslått mountain range (s) – fjellkjede host (v) – her: inneha / ha hiking area (s) – område for fotturer / område for fotturar particularly (adv.) – især, særlig / især, særleg innumerable (adj.) – utallige / tallause roam (v) – streife omkring extinction (s) – her: utslettelse / utsletting
Above: Sunny California: golden sand and beautiful palm trees by the Pacific Ocean. Could you ask for more? Right: Los Angeles (L.A.) means The Angels in Spanish. L.A. was part of Mexico before California became a US State.
Los Angeles is the biggest city in California and the second largest in the USA. The city is the centre of the American music and film industries. The climate is pleasant all year round in “The City of Angels” and the beaches on the outskirts of the city are always full of people.Some of them like to show off, not least at Muscle Beach – a part of Venice Beach, which is a well-known and very popular beach in LA. “The Rockies” stretch from British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico – a distance of nearly 5,000 kilometres. This majestic mountain range hosts some of the best skiing resorts in the USA, such as Aspen and Vail in Colorado and Park City in Utah where the 2002 Winter Olympics took place. It is also a magnificent hiking area, particularly in the Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado and Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The Great Plains is an enormous area to the east of the Rocky Mountains. This was the homeland of the Great Plains Indian tribes such as the Sioux, the Blackfoot, the Comanches and the Cheyennes. Innumerable buffaloes used to roam here before the Europeans came, but they were slaughtered almost to extinction. There are currently about 200,000 buffaloes left in the USA. Today the Great Plains is the USA’s largest wheat-producing area.
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The USA
Top left: A herd of buffaloes grazing at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Top right: Montana, a mountainous state. Middle left: Rural America – a dusty country road and cornfields. Middle right: The USA is the land of mighty rivers. One of them runs through Yellowstone National Park. Below: The incredible landscape of Monument Valley is on the border between Arizona and Utah.
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Right: The Grand Canyon is one of the top ten tourist attractions in the USA. Below: This alligator may be small, but it has powerful teeth! The swamps of Florida are full of alligators.
38
The USA desert (s) – ørken locate (v) – plassere swamp (s) – våtmark marsh (s) – våtmark, myr wetland area (s) – våtmarksområde habitat (s) – tilholdssted / tilhaldsstad ravine (s) – ravine, fjellkløft
There are deserts in several parts of the United States. One of them is the Chihuahuan Desert in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Most of this desert, however, lies in Mexico. It is the largest desert in North America and it covers an area about four times bigger than England. Some of the USA’s Indian reservations are located in this desert. The swamps and marshes of Florida are wetland areas, which are the habitats of a multitude of insects, birds and animals. There may be up to a million American alligators here. The Grand Canyon is 446 km long, 1.6 km deep and up to 29 km wide. This breathtaking Arizonian ravine is visited by millions of tourists every year. It was formed by the Colorado River, which runs at the bottom of the canyon. This river is very popular with rafters.
The Inuits of Alaska traditionally live close to the sea. Fishing and hunting whale, walrus and caribou have always been part of their culture.
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The USA
Wyoming is known as “The Cowboy State”. Cattle raising has been an important part of the culture and economy of this state for more than a hundred years. Blue jeans, boots and Stetson hats are virtually a uniform for people living here. Large areas of the south-western part of the USA used to belong to Mexico. Some cities such as San Diego, have a Mexican touch to the architecture. When the USA took over these areas, the Mexicans who lived there suddenly became Americans. This partly explains the high number of people of Mexican origin living in southern California. About 16 per cent of the Alaskan population are native Inuits, some of whom still live a traditional life hunting and fishing. Warm clothing is essential here due to the extreme weather conditions. In the old days, they used to wear clothes made of sealskin and caribou skin. Even though modern textiles are now available, some still prefer the traditional clothes. Most people in Alaska live in cities, however. Anchorage is the most densely populated city in the state.
virtually (adv.) – praktisk talt essential (adj.) – nødvendig caribou (s) – nordamerikansk villrein densely populated – tett befolket / tett folkesett
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1 2 3 4
Which is the second largest city in the USA? Where is Yellowstone National Park? What is a Sioux? Why is there a lot of Mexican style architecture in Southern California?
5 Pick three of the pictures you like most and tell your partner why you like them. 6 Tell your partner which of the places in the pictures above you would like to visit. Give reasons.
The USA
7 Study all the pictures from “Images of the USA” one by one. Write down all the adjectives you can think of that describe each picture. Tell your partner which adjectives you have chosen for the various pictures. Give reasons. Compare lists and discuss whether some adjectives are more suitable than others. Remember to consult your dictionary. 8 Why do you think the USA is so popular as a tourist destination? Brainstorm some ideas before you discuss this with your partner. 9 Find a good picture of your favourite US State on the Internet. Explain to a group or the whole class a) why you think it is a good picture. b) why this is your favourite state.
10 You are on holiday in the USA. Last week you visited a lot of interesting places and now you are just relaxing by the hotel pool updating your blog. Explain where you have been, what you have seen and what you have done.
11 Write down eight factual sentences about the USA. 12 Substitute the underlined words in the text below with other suitable words. “The Great Plains is an enormous area to the east of the Rocky Mountains. This was the homeland of the Great Plains Indian tribes such as the Sioux, the Blackfoot, the Comanches and the Cheyennes. Innumerable buffalos used to roam here before the Europeans came, but they were slaughtered almost to extinction. There are about 200,000 buffalos in the USA at present. Today the Great Plains is USA’s largest wheat-producing area.”
13 A You are Pierre, a young French student at a travel agent’s in Los Angeles, looking for some information on what to do in the USA. You are going to stay here for two weeks. Before you leave the travel agent’s, invite the girl behind the counter out to dinner. B You are Ellen. You work at a travel agent’s. Suggest a few things Pierre, a young French student, can do during his stay in the USA. Before Pierre leaves the travel agency, he invites you to dinner. Are you going to accept or decline the invitation? counter (s) – skranke decline (v) – takke nei
E The Big Apple d
hat ta
n
r ve
ri
ens
que
new upper yor kb ay
man
hud
so n
rive r
st
ea
er low k bay yor w ne
a
a tl
n
c ti
o
a ce
n
foreigner (s) – utlending vast (adj.) – enorm further (adj.) – videre / vidare nickname (s) – kallenavn / kallenamn multi-ethnic (adj.) – av mange etniske opprinnelser / av mange etniske opphav major (adj.) – hoved- / hovudstroll (v) – slentre sensation (s) – følelse / kjensle Bella Italia (italiensk) – vakre Italia in the course of – i løpet av
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The USA
at
st
is
brooklyn
d an
l
en
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an isl ng nd lo sou
the
bronx
For many foreigners New York is America. A vast number of immigrants who landed in this city never went any further. The Big Apple (New York’s nickname) is probably the most multi-ethnic city in the whole of the USA. New York City consists of five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and The Bronx. Have you heard of them? The most famous is Manhattan. This is where you will find the major tourist attractions.
Three Manhattan Neighbourhoods Little Italy
Little Italy is the name of New York’s largest Italian community. Strolling along Mulberry Street gives you the sensation of being in “Bella Italia” and not in a big American city. The smell of delicious Italian food is everywhere – pizza, tortellini, panini – mama mía! In the course of the 20th century, more
You will find yellow cabs everywhere in New York. If you need one, just extend your arm.
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cuisine (s) – kjøkken, dvs. matkultur, mattradisjon display (v) – stille ut decade (s) – tiår considered to be – betraktet som / sett på som considerable (adj.) – betydelig / betydeleg dare (v) – våge
than five million Italians immigrated to the USA, including more than two million just between 1900 and 1910. Many of the newcomers settled in this neighbourhood.
Chinatown Chinatown is possibly the largest ethnic community in New York and it is the biggest Chinatown in the USA. It is just like a real Chinese city. Chinese cuisine is among the best in the world and there are many Chinese restaurants here in New York. Often they have a roast duck hanging in the window. Fruits, vegetables and spices you probably have never seen or heard of are displayed on almost every street corner. Use your eyes, nose, ears and your sense of taste and you will have a great day in Chinatown.
The USA
Harlem The most famous African-American neighbourhood in America is Harlem. It is famous for its jazz musicians and for a number of great writers who lived there. A couple of decades ago Harlem was considered to be a particularly rough neighbourhood with a high crime rate. People who lived there were often relatively poor and there was considerable unemployment. Few white people dared to walk the streets of Harlem, especially at night. However, this
Above: A lazy Sunday morning in Harlem. Left: You cannot go to New York without visiting some of the ethnic neighbourhoods, such as Chinatown and Little Italy. Right page: Central Park, also known as the “lungs” of New York. The perfect place for a relaxing break.
Central Park
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The USA
When New Yorkers want a short break from their hectic city life and they need to unwind, they do not have to travel far. Right in the middle of Manhattan there is an enormous green oasis called Central Park. Every year more than 25 million people use the park in some way or other. Baseball pitches, tennis courts and skate rinks attract thousands every day and the park is also a very popular area for jogging and cycling. For those who just want to relax, the park has 9,000 benches and plenty of cafes and restaurants. Every Sunday the park is full of New Yorkers and there is always something fun to watch or participate in. Central Park used to be a place you would avoid after dark because of its high crime rate, but nowadays this is far less of a problem and you can find people walking their dogs in the park at all times of day and night (see page 45).
hectic (adj.) – hektisk unwind (v) – slappe av baseball pitch (s) – baseballbane tennis court (s) – tennisbane skate rink (s) – skøytebane participate (v) – delta
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has now changed. As a result of a growing economy, Harlem has become a popular multi-ethnic neighbourhood, and African-Americans are no longer a majority of the population. The Jews, the Irish and the Mexicans all have their own neighbourhoods, as do many other ethnic groups. New York City is the apple everyone wants a bite of.
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Statue of Liberty (s) – Frihetsgudinnen / Fridomsgudinna just off – her: rett utenfor / rett utanfor observatory (s) – observatorium protagonist (s) – hovedrolleinnehaver / hovudrolleinnehavar in good shape – i god form Do you accept the challenge? – Tar du utfordringen? / Tek du utfordringa?
The Statue of Liberty
One of the most famous landmarks in New York City is the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island, just off the harbour. This gigantic statue was a gift from the people of France to the people of America in 1886 to celebrate the USA’s first 100 years as an independent nation. This gigantic statue attracts more than 3 million visitors every year.
The USA
Facts about the Statue of Liberty: Height: 151 feet Weight: 225 tons Length of right arm: 42 feet Length of nose: 4 feet 6 inches Width of eyes: 2 feet 6 inches
The Empire State Building
Until the 1970s, the Empire State Building in Manhattan was the tallest building in New York. It is 443 metres high and the view from the observatories on the 86th and 102nd floors is incredible. On a clear day you can see about 80 miles from the top floor observatory. You will be able to see New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, in addition to the whole of the city of New York. It also plays an important role in a well-known film – it is on the top of this building that King Kong holds the female protagonist in his hands. Are you in good shape? Instead of taking the elevator up to the 102nd floor you can use the stairs. There are 1,860 steps from the ground to the top, so it will probably take you an hour or so. Do you accept the challenge?
Crime in Decline
1995
2000
2005
2011
Murder
2,571
1,150
952
874
774
Rape
5,368
4,290
3,530
3,636
2,752
Robbery
112,380
72,492
40,539
35,179
28,396
Burglary
208,813
146,562
87,946
68,034
65,397
What is New York’s nickname? What are the five boroughs of New York City? What is Little Italy? Why is Central Park so popular with New Yorkers?
5 Do you like big cities? Tell your partner what you like and dislike about city life. 6 If you could travel to any city in the world, where would you go and what would you do there. In pairs, interview each other about this. 7 Explain the following words to a classmate: a) pizza e) skate rink b) Chinatown f) green oasis c) decade g) independent d) nickname h) participate 8 Study the table above together with a classmate. By how many percent has the amount of murders in New York declined from 1990 to 2011?
9 Write down three names of places from “The Big Apple” and say them to a classmate. He or she will then tell you as much as possible about these places. 10 New York is called “The Big Apple”. What about your nearest town or city? In a small group, try to come up with a number of catchphrases for it. Discuss the strong and weak aspects of the catchphrases before you decide which is the best. A group leader from each group then writes the phrase on the board and the class decides which is the overall winner. 11 Plan a trip to New York. Visit the city’s official website and find a guide. Decide where you would like to stay, which tourist attractions you would like to visit, where you want to eat, where you want to go shopping and also look for information on sports events and other entertainment. Take notes. Present all the details of your weekend in New York to a group of classmates. catchphrase (s) – slagord
45
The USA
1 2 3 4
1990
decline (s) – tilbakegang haunt (s) – her: tilholdssted / tilhaldsstad has the distinction – her: kjennetegnes av / blir kjenneteikna av crime rate (s) – forbrytelsesstatistikk / brotsverksstatistikk
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New York City used to be the haunt of criminals. Today the city has the distinction of having the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest American cities.
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12 In Norway we often talk about people having a rich uncle in America. Imagine you are such an uncle. Write a letter or an email to your niece and nephew in Norway in which you tell them about life in the USA. 13 You have just witnessed a person being mugged in New York. Write a report to the police about what you saw. 14 The measurements of the Statue of Liberty are given in feet and inches. How many metres are the right arm and the nose? You may want to have a look at page 186 in Crossroads 9B.
15 A You are a tourist from Scandinavia visiting New York for the first time. You approach a tourist guide to ask for advice about what to do there. As you are a bit nervous about travelling in big cities, you also ask the guide about crime in New York. B You are a tourist guide helping a Scandinavian tourist. After suggesting a few things to do in New York, you sense that this tourist is feeling rather anxious about life in a big city. You explain how the crime rate has declined over the past 15 years.
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mug (v) – rane measurement (s) – mål approach (v) – nærme seg
F The American Cowboy heyday (s) – glansperiode, glansdager / glansperiode, glansdagar breed (v) – her: yngle multiply (v) – øke, mangfoldiggjøre / auke, mangfalde, kopiere cattle (s) – kveg get hold of – få tak i capture (v) – fange
The heyday of the American cowboy was from 1867 to 1887. At that time there were plenty of cows in the USA – and they were free. The cows could survive blizzards, fight off wolves and smell a waterhole 40 miles away. They were hearty beasts. After the Civil War (see page 34) the Americans discovered that the cows the Texans had left when they went out to war had bred and multiplied. Now there were millions of wild cattle on the southern plains. All you needed to do was to go there, get hold of some of these free cows and create your own herd. A lot of money could be made if you could get the cows to market. The only way to do that was to drive them a thousand miles up north to the closest railway – on horseback. The Spaniards first brought horses with them to Mexico. Later they brought them up to New Mexico and to Texas. Some of them escaped and they became wild horses, known as Mustangs. This was the type of horse the cowboy captured and made his own. There are still about 30,000 wild Mustangs in
Crossroads 9A 47
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remote areas of Utah, Nevada, Montana and Wyoming. Some places they breed so fast that they round some up every year and give them away. So, now the cowboy had his cows and a horse. But what was he to wear? First of all he needed a hat because of the burning sun. Mexicans wore a big sombrero and some of the early cowboys wore them, too. Later, the Americans adopted their own version of the sombrero. In 1865 a hat maker called John Stetson came to Colorado, and one day when he needed a hat, he took some beaver leather, pounded it and mixed it with water. He boiled it and pounded it again and again. Out of the beaver pelt, he made cloth and out of that he made a big, round, brimmed hat that he wore when sitting around the campfire. At first, his friends laughed at him. They thought it was a funny looking hat. But then a cowboy asked to buy a hat like his and that was the
remote (adj.) – fjern, langt borte breed (s) – rase round up – samle sammen / samle saman pound (v) – her: slå pelt (s) – (uberedt) skinn / (ugarva) skinn cloth (s) – klede, stoff, tøy brim (s) – (hatte) brem
Crossroads 9A
stampede (s) – vill flukt stirrups (s) – stigbøyler / stigbøylar gear (s) – utstyr gunslinger (s) – revolvermann, gangster
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The USA Cowboys on the prairie, a symbol of America.
start of the typical cowboy hat now known as the Stetson. Eventually John Stetson and his company were making about two million hats a year. Cowboys also wore a scarf to protect them from all the dust, particularly in stampedes. But why did they wear those high-heeled boots? Some say it was to make them look taller, but the real reason was to save their lives. The highheeled boots prevented their feet from coming out of the stirrups. Otherwise they could have fallen off their horses and been dragged to their death. The most important gear for a cowboy, however, was the lasso used for catching cows. He would ride up behind the cows and throw the lasso around a cow’s neck to catch it. The cowboy also wore a six-shooter. These guns have inspired a lot of the violence in cowboy films. There is no doubt that there was violence in the west, but not so much among the cowboys. There were gunslingers and occasional gunfights, but the average American cowboy actually used his gun to shoot snakes and to turn the cattle in a stampede. They did not go out shooting people, but the idea of violent cowboys makes films more exciting.
4 The American cowboys needed horses. Do you know of any other jobs or professions which are – or were – dependent on horses? Discuss.
2
3
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8 9
10
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5 In most cowboy films there are some really tough guys. They always speak in a rough manner. Invent a conflict between two cowboys, then speak your mind in real cowboy manner. Read your text to the other members of your group. 6 John Stetson created a unique type of hat. Now it is your turn to be creative. Draw a garment that has never been seen before. Show it to your classmates and explain why it looks a bit unusual and how it is to be worn.
7 You are a cowboy in the 1860s. One morning when you woke up, you found that your horse had been stolen. Now you were in trouble. A cowboy without a horse is like a taxi driver without a taxi. What did you do? Write your story. 8 Solve the crossword puzzle. Down: Across: 2 catch 1 animal with large 3 pronoun front teeth 5 Mexican hat 4 on your feet 6 rush of frightened 7 cows and oxen animals 8 you put your boots in 7 domestic animal them 8 cowboy hat 9 strong 9 personal pronoun 11 hole with water in it 10 an unspecified amount 13 country nd 12 flock 14 2 person present
Crossroads 9A
1 How did the American cowboys get their horses? 2 Where can we find wild horses today? 3 Why was it important for the cowboy to wear boots with high heels?
Crossroads 9A
A cowboy rode into town and stopped at a saloon for a drink. Unfortunately, the saloon’s regulars had a habit of picking on strangers. When the cowboy finished his drink he went out to his horse. Now to his surprise, his horse wasn’t there. He went back in, handily flipped his gun in the air, caught it, and shouted loudly, “All right, I’m gonna get another drink and by the time I go back out, I want my horse to be there or I’m gonna be forced to do what I did in Texas!” The cowboy, true to his word, had a beer and walked outside to find that his horse was there. The bartender walked out with him and said tentatively, “Say, partner. Before you go, can I ask what happened in Texas?” The cowboy turned and said, “I had to walk home.”
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Treat the Earth well: It was not given to you by your parents,
it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth
from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children. Ancient Indian Proverb
G The American Indians Michael Nephew is the president of the American Indian Society of Washington, D.C. He is Seneca-Cayunga and Cherokee and grew up on a reservation in New York State. term (s) – uttrykk misnomer (s) – feilaktig navn eller benevnelse / feilaktig namn eller nemning consider (v) – vurdere taken off – tatt av
– Michael, do you prefer the term American Indian or Native American? Native American and Indian are both misnomers. Anyone who was born in America could be considered a native of America and an Indian is really a person from India. One of the terms that has taken off in Canada is First Nations, but we do not use the term here. Sometimes we use First Americans or Native Americans, depending on the people who are speaking, for one, and also the people that are spoken to. Some people, including myself, prefer American Indian to Native American. When I grew up, I was an American Indian, and to me, I still am.
– Do most American Indians live on reservations?
A number of native languages have only a few speakers, and they are working desperately to keep them going. Some have unfortunately been lost. The loss of languages, and the potential loss of languages, is one of the big concerns in the Indian world. Many of the speakers of the various languages are old people, and these languages will die out if we do not take precautions.
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– Tell me, Michael, are any of the old Indian languages still in use?
Crossroads 9A
About 50 percent of American Indians live on and 50 percent live off the reservations, either in rural communities or urban areas. There are advantages and disadvantages to both these ways of living. There is much more unemployment on the reservations than other places and many Indians have to move to the cities to find a better job, better education and better housing. On the other hand, food, health care and housing are also more expensive in the urban areas than on the reservations. It is also very hard for those who live in urban areas to continue their traditions, even though most of the urban areas have some type of Indian centres that have different programmes they can go to. They often live more than a day’s drive away from their tribal community, so it is difficult for them to get back as often as they would like to. So, it is easy to lose touch with the tribal culture.
unemployment (s) – arbeidsledighet / arbeidsløyse tribal community (s) – stammesamfunn lose touch with – miste kontakt med unfortunately (adv.) – dessverre potential (adj.) – mulig, potensiell / mogleg, potensiell concern (s) – bekymring
Michael Nephew lives in Washington D.C., but was raised on a reservation in the state of New York. He often goes back to visit his family.
Crossroads 9A 52
The USA Indian reservations in America: On this map you can see where some of the major Indian tribes are located today. Have a look at the map on pages 18–19. Which states are the reservations in?
In the old days, just as most Europeans these days are multilingual, a lot of the natives in America were able to speak different languages, especially if they were in a position were they had to deal with neighbouring tribes. However, often the languages were quite similar. The Iroquois Confederacy, for example, consisted of six tribes, and each of them had their own language. Still, all six tribes could understand one another. But sometimes you needed to know where a person came from in order to understand him or her, because the same word had different or opposite meanings. Examples are the words for salt and sugar in the Seneca and Mohawk languages where the same word means salt in Seneca and sugar in Mohawk. What is typical of Indian languages is that words are often descriptions rather than a label for the item. For instance, the word for deer in one of the Iroquois languages says something about this animal’s ability to see at night. The word for hawk means, “it dives at things”, and for police “they grab people”. – Could you say something about the old Indian religions, Michael? Many people seem to think that Indians had many different gods, but most of the native religions only have one god. They had a respect for everything the Creator made. The Europeans were looking at this respect for all the different things they were thanking the Creator for, believing that we were praying to
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– Are the various Indian languages mutually understandable?
in danger of – i fare for å boarding school (s) – internatskole day care centre (s) – barnehage mutually understandable – gjensidig forståelig / gjensidig forståeleg multilingual (adj.) – flerspråklig / fleirspråkleg confederacy (s) – forbund label (s) – merkelapp item (s) – ting ability (s) – evne Creator (s) – skaper / skapar
Crossroads 9A
There are several reasons why many Indian languages are in danger of dying out. One of them is related to the fact that Indians were often taken to boarding schools. There they were punished for speaking their language. Grandpa used to speak about being beaten for speaking Cherokee. The next generation would often not learn the language because their parents would not teach it to them, because they didn’t want their kids to go through what they had to go through. So, we had a generation that didn’t really learn it well, at least in some of the areas. In a lot of areas now, they are trying to find ways to have the kids learn the languages. They often start at the day care centres, because to speak a language well, it is important to start as early as possible. The younger they are when they start learning it, the easier they pick it up.
Crossroads 9A 54
allow (v) – tillate worship (v) – tilbe, dyrke incorporate (v) – inkludere with regard to – med hensyn til, når det gjelder / med omsyn til, når det gjeld
The USA
these things. They thought Indians were praying to a lot of different things we were grateful for. They thought we were praying to the animals when we killed them, but we were actually thanking the Creator for allowing us to kill the animal. We were also thanking the animal for allowing us to take its life so we would be able to survive. They thought we were worshipping the sun when the sun rose, rather than realizing that we were actually being thankful to see another sunrise and for all that the sun would bring to us. The non-Indians therefore thought we had multiple gods, but it was just respect for all the things that the Creator had made. Some of these religions have died out, but some of them are still very active. Christian Indians usually incorporate native elements into the services. With regard to funeral ceremonies, for instance, even if they are Christians they still do all the traditional funeral things. Back home, they will have a ten-day feast, which is a feast they have ten days after a person dies, and they will also have a one-year feast.
Two Lakota guys and a dude from New York are on a hunting trip. On the first day, one Lakota goes out, and less than an hour later returns with a deer. The guy from New York is blown away. “How did you get your deer so fast?!” “Easy,” says the Lakota guy, “I looked for tracks, found them, followed them, and got my deer.” The next day the second Lakota guy goes out and less than an hour later returns with a deer. The guy from New York is blown away again, just flabbergasted. “How did you get YOUR deer so fast?!” “It’s simple” says the Lakota guy, “I looked for tracks, found them, followed them, and there was the deer.” On the third day, the New York guy goes out. He doesn’t return and when darkness begins to fall, the two Lakota guys go looking for him. They found him lying at the base of a hill, bloodied up, clothes torn and bones broken. “What happened to you?” they asked. “I did just what you told me to do, I looked for tracks, found them, followed them, and the damn train ran me over.”
5 What do you know about American Indians? Tell your group everything you know about their way of life in the old days (see also chapter 7).
11 Form a group of four and create a role play based on the following key words: American Indian, respect for Mother Nature, pollution, dead fish, oil, birds, chopping down the forest, extinct bird
6 American Indians have shown great respect for nature. In what way can such respect be helpful to mankind? Brainstorm some arguments before you start discussing. 7 On page 53 you learnt that words in Indian languages are often descriptions of people, animals and items. You are now going to make similar descriptions for five ordinary words: lamp, school, man, woman, love. Everybody should read their descriptions aloud to the class. 8 Work in a small group. Pick one American state and find some information about Native Americans in that state. a) What are they called? b) Where do they live? c) What is typical about their culture? Present your findings to the whole class or to another group.
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9 You are an American Indian who is concerned about what is happening to Mother Nature. She is being exploited and polluted by mankind. Write a letter to the editor of a major newspaper in which you express your concerns. 10 Unjumble the words: snommier, entavi, nanIdi, larru, banru, homkaw
Crossroads 9A
1 Why does Michael prefer the term American Indian to Native American? 2 Why are many Indian languages in danger of dying out? 3 What is typical of Indian languages? 4 Why did the whites believe that the Indians had multiple gods?
H Red Shawl Woman Crossroads 9A 56
purpose (s) – hensikt, formål / mål, formål Jingle dancer (s) – kvinnelig urfolkdanser av en type Powwowdans / kvinneleg urfolkdansar av ein type Powwow-dans Fancy Shawl dancer (s) – kvinnelig urfolkdanser av en type Powwowdans / kvinneleg urfolkdansar av ein type Powwow-dans basically (adv.) – i grunnen Target (s) – basketballarena i Minneapolis
The USA Traditional dances help to maintain American Indian cultural identity. The costumes have beautiful details.
Hi! My name is Isabella. My Dakota name is Sheena Duta Wee, in English that means Red Shawl Woman. I live in St. Paul, Minnesota, and go to Mounds Park All Nations School. My school’s purpose is to save the native cultures around the US. They teach us Lakota and Ojibway. We also have drum and dance every Friday where everyone can dance. I like to dance the Fancy Shawl. I’ve been dancing since I was walking. I started out as a Jingle dancer and now I am a Fancy Shawl dancer. Both of these are dances from powwow. A powwow is a gathering of the native people in America where everyone dances, socializes and eats. My daily life is basically just going to school or camp and coming home to have dinner and going to bed. I live with my mom and my cat, Reeses Pieces. My dad travels a great deal because of his work and lives in an apartment in the West Side neighborhood of St. Paul. My dream is to become a well known Fancy Shawl dancer and travel to many powwows to compete in competitions like my brother Chaske who’s a Men’s Traditional dancer. It’s strange to live in two cultures. I worry if my cousins were out with my dad going to Target, or someplace else, that people would stare at my dad like he stole my cousins because they have blond hair and light skin. It also can
smoke the pipe – røyke fredspipe / røykje fredspipe sweat lodge (s) – en slags sauna som også har en seremoniell og kulturell funksjon / ein slags sauna som også har ein seremoniell og kulturell funksjon
Crossroads 9A
be confusing living in two cultures because in some ways you want to believe in God the way the Christians see him and the other side of you just wants to smoke the pipe and go in the sweat lodge. My friend has two half sisters who are Indians from Red Lake, a reservation in northern Minnesota. They look enough Indian that you can tell, but they also look enough white that you can tell. So they get made fun of on the reservation for looking white, and in the city they get made fun of for looking Indian. That’s just the way it is in America. We’ve still got a lot to learn.
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4 What are the differences and similarities between the following cultures: American Indian, American and Norwegian. Make a list and share your views with your group.
3 The American Indians must struggle to keep their culture alive. Some say that we should do the same because the English language and the American way of life are a threat to Norwegian culture. Do you agree? Discuss.
5 Write a blog post about being different.
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1 What is strange and confusing about living in two cultures? 2 What kind of prejudice do mixed-race people meet?
LANGUAGE CORNER Crossroads 9A
Do you know the difference between an adjective and an adverb? An adjective describes a noun. It says something about what the noun is like. Examples:
noun
adj.
The ball is blue. noun
adj.
noun
I like juicy oranges.
adj.
That man is kind. 58
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An adverb describes a verb. It can also say something about an adjective or a whole sentence. Adverbs say more about the verb, answering questions starting with when, where and how. Examples:
verb adverb (where)
I ran to my office. verb
adverb (when)
I saw an eagle this morning.
A very common type of adverb is the adverb of manner (how). Most often it ends in -ly. Try not to forget this ending as it is often the only thing that distinguishes the adverb from a similar adjective. Examples: He ran quickly. I normally work thoroughly. She sang beautifully. These three adverbs say something about verbs. They describe how he ran, how I work and how she sang. If we remove the -ly ending from these adverbs, they become adjectives: He is quick. I am thorough. She is beautiful. Read more about adverbs on page 162 in Crossroads 9B.
TASK BANK 1 Patricia is afraid of flying. What are you afraid of? Tell your group. 2 How many US presidents have you heard of? Put your heads together and make a list. 3 Tell your classmates everything you know about Canada. 4 What do you know about American foreign policy? Talk about it in a group.
5 List five examples of how American Indians have been treated badly by the whites. Share examples in a group.
6 You have just come home from your summer holiday. It was a wonderful holiday, but the flight home was a bit rough. What happened? Write about it in your diary. 7 When you were fishing in Alaska recently, you suddenly heard some strange sounds behind you. You turned around and found yourself looking straight into the eyes of a grizzly bear. Write a text about what happened next.
DIG INTO IT 4 Look at the map on pages 18 and 19. Pick one state and find some information about it. Give a lecture to your class on the geography, climate and industry of the state you have chosen. 5 Read more about the life and death of the Kennedy family. Use books or the Internet. Write an essay about them. 6 Use a presentation tool to present the life and history of one of the following Indian tribes: Apache, Comanche, Sioux, Navaho
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WORD QUEST a variety of [ə vəˈraıəti əv] forskjellige a.m. (ante meridiem) [ˌeıˈem] om formiddagen ability (s) [əˈbıləti] evne abolish (v) [əˈbɒlɪʃ] avskaffe account (s) [əˈkaʊnt] redegjørelse / framstilling, forklaring across (prep.) [əˈkrɒs] over actually (adv.) [ ˈœktʃuəli] faktisk adapt to [əˈdœpt tə] venne seg til / venje seg til advise (v) [ədˈvaız] råde, gi råd aisle (s) [aıl] midtgang allow (v) [əˈlaʊ] tillate allow herself [əˈlaʊ həˈself] her: gi seg selv / gi seg sjølv ancestor (s) [ˈœnsestə] stamfar ancient (adj.) [ˈeıntʃnt] eldgammel / eldgammal Appalachians (s) [ˌœpəˈleɪʃənz] fjellkjede i USA apparently (adv.) [əˈpeərntli] åpenbart / openbert
Crossroads 9A
1 The giant redwood trees can be enormous. How big can they get, and how old? Find out and tell the class. 2 Anne Stine and Helge Ingstad found the remains of a Norse settlement in America. How did they discover it? Find out and use a presentation tool to tell your class all about it. Make sure you include maps and photos. 3 Dig into the American Civil War and make a poster on some of the most important phases of the war.
apply (v) [əˈplaı] her: gjelde approach (v) [əˈprəʊtʃ] nærme seg approximately (adv.) [əˈprɒksımətli] omtrent arise (v) [əˈraız] oppstå arrive (v) [əˈraıv] ankomme / komme (fram til) assassinate (v) [əˈsœsɪneɪt] myrde, drepe avoid (v) [əˈvɔıd] unngå BA (s) [ˌbi: ˈeɪ] [ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈeəweɪz] British Airways baggage compartment (s) [ˈbœgıdʒ kɘmˈpɑːtmɘnt] hattehylle, der man plasserer håndbagasje / hattehylle, der ein plasserer handbagasje base (s) [beıs] bunn / botn baseball pitch (s) [ˈbeısbɔːl pıtʃ] baseballbane basically (adv.) [ˈbeısıkli] i grunnen be admitted [bı ɘdˈmıtıd] her: bli lagt til be located (v) [bɪ lɘʊˈkeıtıd] befinne seg i / vere i beep (s) [biːp] her: pipelyd belief (s) [bıˈliːf] tro / tru
Crossroads 9A 60
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Bella Italia (italiensk) [ˈbelɘ ıˈtœliɘ] vakre Italia blow (s) [blɘʊ] slag blown away (slang) [blɘʊn ɘˈweı] overrasket / overraska board (v) [bɔːd] gå om bord boarding school (s) [bɔːdıŋ skuːl] internatskole border (v) [ˈbɔːdɘ] grense til breed (v) [bred] her: yngle breed (s) [briːd] rase brim (s) [brım] (hatte)brem calm (adj.) [kɑːm] rolig, avslappet / roleg, avslappa capture (v) [ˈkœptʃɘ] fange caribou (s) [ˈkœrɪbuː] nordamerikansk villrein carry out (v) [ˈkœri aʊt] gjennomføre catchphrase (s) [ˈkœtʃfreız] slagord cattle (s) [ˈkœtl] kveg cause (v) [kɔːz] forårsake / vere årsak til check in [tʃek ın] her: sjekke inn cinnamon (s) [ˈsɪnəmən] kanel claim (v) [kleim] kreve / krevje claim land [kleım lœnd] gjøre krav på landområder / gjere krav på landområde cloth (s) [klɒɵ] klede, stoff, tøy clothes torn [klɘʊðz tɔːn] klær som er revet i stykker / klede som er rivne i stykke collect (v) [ˈkɒlekt] her: hente combined (adj.) [ˈkɒmbaınd] her: til sammen / til saman comfort (s) [ˈkʌmpfɘt] komfort comfortable (adj.) [ ˈkʌmftɘbl] behagelig / behageleg Commander-in-Chief (s) [kɘˌmɑːndɘr ınˈtʃiːf] øverstkommanderende / øvstkommanderande commence (v) [kɘˈmens] begynne community (v) [kɘˈmjuːnɘti] samfunn concern (s) [kɘnˈsɜːn] bekymring
concerning (v) [kɘnˈsɜːnıŋ] gjelde confederacy (s) [kɘnˈfedrɘsi] forbund consent (s) [kɘnˈsent] godkjenning consider (v) [kənˈsɪdə] vurdere considerable (adj.) [kənˈsɪdrəbl] betydelig / betydeleg, mykje considerably (adv.) [kənˈsɪdrəblɪ] betydelig, mye / betydeleg considered to be [kənˈsɪdrəd tɘ bɪ] betraktet som / sett på som consist of [kɘnˈsıst ɘv] bestå av Constitution (s) [ˌkɒnstıˈtjuːʃn] grunnlov contain (v) [kɘnˈteın] inneholde / innehalde convince (v) [kɘnˈvıns] overbevise / overtyde counter (s) [ˈkaʊntɘ] skranke countless (adj.) [ˈkaʊntlɘs] utallige / tallause cover (v) [ˈkʌvɘ] dekke / dekkje cradleboard (s) [ˈkreıdlbɔːd] bærebrett Creator (s) [kriˈeıtɘ] skaper / skapar creature (s) [ˈkriːtʃɘ] skapning crime rate (s) [kraım reıt] forbrytelsesstatistikk / brotsverksstatistikk crop (s) [krɒp] avling cuisine (s) [kwızˈiːn] kjøkken, dvs. matkultur, mattradisjon currently (adv.) [ˈkʌrntli] for tiden / for tida customs officer (s) [ˈkʌstɘmz ˈɒfısɘ] tollbetjent dairy product (s) [ˈdeəri ˈprɒdʌkt] meieriprodukt dare (v) [deɘ] våge day care centre (s) [deı keɘ ˈsentɘ] barnehage decade (s) [ˈdekeıd] tiår declare (v) [dɪˈkleə] fortolle decline (s) [dıˈklaın] tilbakegang decline (v) [dıˈklaın] takke nei deer (s) [dıɘ] rådyr
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extinction (s) [ıkˈstıŋkʃn] her: utslettelse / utsletting face a brutal destiny [feıs ɘ ˈbruːtl ˈdestıni] gå en brutal skjebne i møte / møte ein brutal lagnad Fancy Shawl dancer (s) [ˈfœnsi ʃɔːl ˈdɑːnsɘ] kvinnelig urfolkdanser av en type Powwow-dans / kvinneleg urfolkdansar av ein type Powwow-dans feast (v) [fiːst] feste filled in the form [fıld ın ðɘ fɔːm] fylte ut skjemaet finally (adv.) [ˈfaınli] endelig / endeleg firearms (s) [ˈfaıɘrɑːms] våpen flabbergasted (adj.) [ˈflœbɘgɑːstıd] forbløffet / forbløffa foreigner (s) [ˈfɒrınɘ] utlending frequency (s) [ˈfriːkwɘnsi] hyppighet, hvor ofte noe skjer / hyppigheit, kor ofte noko skjer fur (s) [fɜː] pels further (adj.) [ˈfɜːðɘ] videre / vidare gear (s) [gıɘ] utstyr get hold of [get hɘʊld ɘv] få tak i green channel (s) [griːn ˈtʃœnl] grønn sone / grøn sone gunslinger (s) [ˈgʌnslıŋɘ] revolvermann, gangster habitat (s) [ˈhœbıtœt] tilholdssted / tilhaldsstad harsh (adj.) [hɑːʃ] hard, brutal harvest (s) [ˈhɑːvɪst] avling has the distinction [hœs ðɘ dıˈstıŋʃn] her: kjennetegnes av / blir kjenneteikna av haunt (s) [hɔːnt] her: tilholdssted / tilhaldsstad have the jitters [hœv də ˈdʒɪtəz] være nervøs / vere nervøs hayfever (s) [ˈheıˌfiːvɘ] høysnue head for (v) [ˈhed fɔː] dra av gårde til / dra av garde til Head of State (s) [hed ɘv steıt] statsoverhode / statsoverhovud
Crossroads 9A
deliberately (adv.) [dɪˈlɪbrətli] med vilje densely populated [ˈdensli ˈpɒpjɘleıtıd] tett befolket / tett folkesett derive (v) [dıˈraɪv] komme av desert (s) [ˈdezɘt] ørken detector (s) [dıˈtektɘ] detektor devastating (adj.) [ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] ødeleggende / øydeleggjande disagree (v) [ˌdısɘˈgriː] være uenig / vere ueinig disembark (v) [ˌdɪsɪmˈbɑːk] her: gå av et fly / gå av eit fly disguised (adj.) [dısˈgaızd] forkledd display (v) [dɪˈspleɪ] stille ut dispute (s) [dɪˈspjuːt] uenighet / usemje Do you accept the challenge? [dɘ ju ɘkˈsept ðɘ ˈtʃœlındʒ] Tar du utfordringen? / Tek du utfordringa? dominant (adj.) [ˈdɒmınɘnt] dominerende / dominerande downfall (s) [ˈdaʊnfɔːl] undergang dragged on [drœgd ɒn] trakk ut (i tid) dude (s) [duːd] type, kar Dutch (adj.) [dʌtʃ] nederlandsk duty (s) [ˈdjuːti] avgift dwelling (s) [ˈdwelɪŋ] hus, bolig / hus, bustad emergency procedure (s) [ıˈmɜːdʒnsi prʊˈsiːdʒɘ] sikkerhetsprosedyre / tryggleiksprosedyre encounter (s) [ɪnˈkauntə] møte environment (s) [ınˈvaıɘrnmɘnt] miljø escalator (s) [ˈeskɘleıtɘ] rulletrapp essential (adj.) [ıˈsenʃl] nødvendig establish (v) [ıˈstœblıʃ] opprette exception (s) [ıkˈsepʃn] unntak executive power (s) [ıgˈzekjɘtıv paʊɘ] utøvende myndighet / utøvande styresmakt exhibition (s) [ˌeksıˈbıʃn] utstilling
Crossroads 9A 62
The USA
Heathrow Express (s) [hiːɵrəv ɪkˈspres] hurtigtog mellom London og Heathrow hectic (adj.) [ˈhektɪk] hektisk heyday (s) [ˈheıdeı] glansperiode, glansdager / glansperiode, glansdagar hiker (s) [haıkɘ] fotturist hiking area (s) [haıkıŋ ˈeɘriɘ] område for fotturer / område for fotturar hire (v) [haıɘ] leie / leige host (v) [hɘʊst] her: inneha / ha immensely (adv.) [ɪˈmensli] enorm, veldig implement (v) [ˈımplımɘnt] implementere imply (v) [ɪmˈplaɪ] antyde in addition to [ın ɘˈdıʃn tɘ] i tillegg til in danger of [ın ˈdeindʒəʀ ɒv] i fare for å in good shape [ın gʊd ʃeıp] i god form in light of [ın laıt ɘv] i lys av in the course of [ın ðɘ kɔːs ɘv] i løpet av incorporate (v) [ınˈkɔːpreıt] inkludere independent (adj.) [ˌındıˈpendɘnt] uavhengig index finger (s) [ˈındeksˈfıŋgɘ] pekefinger / peikefinger inhabit (v) [ınˈhœbıt] bebo / bu, leve, halde til (i) inhospitable (adj.) [ˌınhɒsˈpıtɘbl] ugjestfri / ugjestmild inhumane (adj.) [ɪnhjuˈmein] umenneskelig, grusom / umenneskeleg, fælsleg innumerable (adj.) [ɪˈnju:mrəbl] utallige / tallause institution (s) [ˌınstıˈtjuːʃn] system intentional (adj.) [ɪnˈtenʃnl] med god vilje interpret (v) [ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt] tolke interpreter (s) [ınˈtɜːprıtɘ] tolk invalidate (v) [ɪnˈvœlɪdeɪt] gjøre ugyldig / gjere ugyldig issue (s) [ˈıʃuː] her: stridsspørsmål
item (s) [ˈaɪtəm] ting Jingle dancer (s) [ˈdʒıŋgl ˈdɑːnsɘ] kvinnelig urfolkdanser av en type Powwow-dans / kvinneleg urfolkdansar av ein type Powwow-dans just off [dʒʌst ɒf] her: rett utenfor / rett utanfor keep alert for [ki:p əˈlɜːt fɔ:] holde utkikk etter / halde utkik(k) etter keep an eye on [kiːp ɘn aı ɒn] her: passe på LA (s) [el eı, lɒsˈœndʒɪliːz] Los Angeles label (s) [leɪbl] merkelapp land (v) [lœnd] gå i land loo (s) (uformelt) [luː] toalett lose touch with [luːs ˈtʌtʃ wɪð] miste kontakt med maintain (v) [meınˈteın] beholde / behalde, halde på majestic (adj.) [məˈdʒestɪk] majestetisk, storslått major (adj.) [ˈmeıdʒɘ] hoved- / hovudmajor flood [ˈmeıdʒɘ flʌd] stor oversvømmelse / stor overfløyming make up [meık ʌp] her: utgjør / utgjer marked their intention [mɑːkt ðer ınˈtenʃn] klargjorde deres intensjoner / klargjorde intensjonane deira marsh (s) [mɑːʃ] våtmark, myr measurement (s) [ˈmeʒɘmɘnt] mål mediator (s) [ˈmiːdıeıtɘ] megler / meklar middlemen (s) [ˈmıdlmɜn] mellommenn misnomer (s) [mɪˈsnəʊmə] feilaktig navn eller benevnelse / feilaktig namn eller nemning missile (s) [ˈmısaıl] kastevåpen monitor (s) [ˈmɒnɪtə] skjerm mountain range (s) [ˈmaʊntɪn reɪndɜ] fjellkjede mug (v) [mʌg] rane mule (s) [mjuːl] esel multicultural (adj.) [ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃrl] flerkulturell / fleirkulturell
63
The USA
progress (s) [ˈprəgres] framgang prohibited (adj.) [preʊˈhıbıtıd] forbudt / forbode prosper (v) [ˈprɒspɘ] ha framgang protagonist (s) [prəʊˈtœgnɪst] hovedrolleinnehaver / hovudrolleinnehavar purpose (s) [ˈpɜːpɘs] hensikt, formål / mål, formål put forward [pʊt ˈfɔːwɘd] presentere put into effect [pʊt ˈintu iˈfɛkt] gjennomføre queue up [kjuː ʌp] stille seg i kø rapidly (adj.) [ˈrœpıdli] hurtig ravine (s) [rəˈviːn] ravine, fjellkløft receipt (s) [rıˈsiːt] kvittering recommend (v) [ˌrekɘˈmend] anbefale / anbefale, tilrå re-elect (v) [ˌriː ɪˈlekt] gjenvelge / velje på nytt regard (v) [rıˈgɑːd] betrakte / sjå på regular (adj.) [ˈregjɘlɘ] regelmessig reindeer (s) [ˈreındıɘ] reinsdyr relative (s) [ˈrelɘtıv] slektning remains (s) [rıˈmeıns] rester, levninger / restar, leivningar remarkable (adj.) [rıˈmɑːkɘbl] bemerkelsesverdig / oppsiktsvekkjande remote (adj.) [rɪˈməʊt] fjern, langt borte residence (s) [ˈrezɪdns] offisiell bolig / offisiell bustad resident (s) [ˈrezɪdnt] innbygger / innbyggjar roam (v) [rəʊm] streife omkring round up [raʊnd ˈʌp] samle sammen / samle saman runway (s) [ˈrʌnweı] rullebane scarce (adj.) [skeɘs] her: knapp scat (s) [ˈskœt] lort scattered (adj.) [skœtɘd] spredd / spreidd scout (s) [skaʊt] speider / speidar screen (v) [skri:n] gjennomlyse med røntgenstråler / gjennomlyse med røntgenstrålar
Crossroads 9A
multi-ethnic (adj.) [ˌmʌltɪ ˈeɵnɪk] av mange etniske opprinnelser / av mange etniske opphav multilingual (adj.) [mʌltiˈlɪŋgwəl] flerspråklig / fleirspråkleg multiply (v) [ˈmʌltɪplaɪ] øke, mangfoldiggjøre / auke, mangfalde, kopiere multitude (s) [ˈmʌltıtjuːd] mengde / mengd mutually understandable [ˈmjuːtʃuɘli ˌʌndɘˈstœndɘbl] gjensidig forståelig / gjensidig forståeleg navigator (s) [ˈnœvıgeıtɘ] sjøfarer / sjøfarar nickname (s) [ˈnıkneım] kallenavn / kallenamn observatory (s) [əbˈzɜːvətri] observatorium ominous (adj.) [ˈɒmınɘs] illevarslende / illevarslande on a regular basis [ɒn ɘ ˈregjɘlɘ ˈbeısıs] jevnlig / jamleg on the outskirts [ɒn ðɘ ˈaʊtskɜːts] i utkanten origin (s) [ˈɒrıdʒın] opprinnelse / opphav outrun (v) [ˌaʊtˈrʌn] løpe fra / springe frå packed (adj.) [pœkt] her: full av mennesker / full av menneske participate (v) [pɑːˈtısıpeıt] delta particularly (adv.) [pɘˈtıkjɘlɘli] især, særlig / især, særleg paw print (s) [pɔː prınt] poteavtrykk pelt (s) [pelt] (uberedt) skinn / (ugarva) skin persecute (v) [ˈpɜːsıkjuːt] forfølge / forfølgje pleasant (adj.) [ˈpleznt] behagelig / behageleg potential (adj.) [pəʊˈtenʃl] mulig, potensiell / mogleg, potensiell pound (v) [paʊnd] her: slå predator (s) [ˈpredɘtɘ] rovdyr predominantly (adv.) [prıˈdɒmınɘntli] hovedsaklig / hovedsakleg present (s) [ˈpreznt] nåtid / notid
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secondly (adv.) [ˈsekndli] for det andre security checkpoint (s) [sıˈkjʊɘrɘti ˈtʃekpɔınt] sikkerhetskontroll / tryggleikskontroll sensation (s) [senˈseıʃn] følelse / kjensle set off (v) [set ˈɒf] dra av sted / dra av garde settle (v) [ˈsetl] her: slå seg ned settlement (s) [ˈsetlmənt] boplass / buplass show off [ʃəʊ ˈɒf] vise seg fram side with [saıd wıð] er på samme side som / er på same side som skate rink (s) [skeıt rıŋk] skøytebane smoke the pipe [smɘʊk ðɘ paıp] røyke fredspipe / røykje fredspipe soil (s) [sɔıl] jord squad (s) [skwɒd] her: gjeng, lag stampede (s) [stœmˈpiːd] vill flukt statement (s) [ˈsteıtmɘnt] erklæring Statue of Liberty (s) [ˈstœtʃuː ɘv ˈlıbɘti] Frihetsgudinnen / Fridomsgudinna stewardess (s) [ˈstjuːɘdıs] flyvertinne stirrups (s) [ˈstɪrəps] stigbøyler / stigbøylar stretch from [stretʃ frɔm] strekke seg fra / strekkje seg frå strictly prohibited [strıktli preʊˈhıbıtıd] strengt forbudt / strengt forbode strike (v) [straık] her: oppstå striking (adj.) [straıkıŋ] imponerende / imponerande stroll (v) [strəʊl] slentre stuff (v) [stʌf] stappe Supreme Court (s) [suːˈpriːm kɔːt] amerikansk høyesterett / amerikansk høgsterett swamp (s) [swɒmp] våtmark sweat lodge (s) [ˈswet lɒdʒ] en slags sauna som også har en seremoniell og kulturell funksjon / ein slags sauna som også har ein seremoniell og kulturell funksjon
take extra precautions [teɪk ˈekstrɘ prɪˈkɔːʃnz] ta forholdsregler / ta forholdsreglar taken off [teıkn ɒf] tatt av tawny (adj.) [ˈtɔːni] brunaktig tennis court (s) [ˈtenıs kɔːt] tennisbane term (s) [tɜːm] uttrykk the equivalent of [ðı ıˈkwıvlɘnt ɒf] tilsvarende / tilsvarande there was hardly any [ðɘ wɘz ˈhɑːdli ˈeni] det var nesten ikke noe / det var nesten ikkje noko tie (s) [taı] her: bånd / band time zone (s) [taım zɘʊn] tidssone towards (prep.) [ˈtɘˈwɔːdz] mot trading company (s) [treıdıŋ ˈkʌmpɘni] selskap som driver med byttehandel / selskap som driv med bytehandel trail (s) [treɪl] sti, vei / stig, veg transcontinental (adj.) [ˌtrœnsˌkɒntɪˈnentl] som går over et helt kontinent / som går over eit heilt kontinent trapper (s) [trœpɘ] fangstmann, jeger tribal community (s) [ˈtraɪbl kɘˈmjuːnɘti] stammesamfunn undoubtedly (adv.) [ʌnˈdaʊtıdli] utvilsomt / utvilsamt unemployment (s) [ˌʌnımˈplɔımɘnt] arbeidsledighet / arbeidsløyse unexpected turbulence [ˌʌnıkˈspektıd ˈtɜːbjələns] uforutsett turbulens / uføresett turbulens unfortunately (adv.) [ʌnˈfɔːtʃnɘtli] dessverre unwind (v) [ʌnˈwaɪnd] slappe av valid (adj.) [ˈvœlıd] gyldig vary (v) [ˈveɘri] variere vast (adj.) [vɑ:st] enorm via (adv.) [vaıɘ] gjennom
Crossroads 9A 65
The USA
violate (v) [ˈvaɪəleɪt] bryte virtually (adv.) [ˈvɜːtʃuɘli] praktisk talt voyage (v) [ˈvɔɪɪdʒ] reise med skip weather conditions (s) [ˈweðɘ kɘnˈdıʃnz] værforhold / vêrforhold were to become [wɘ tɘ bıˈkʌm] skulle komme til å bli wetland area (s) [ˈwetlɘnd ˈeɘriɘ] våtmarksområde will have the pleasure of [wıl hœv ðɘ ˈpleʒɘr ɘv] vil ha gleden av / vil ha gleda av with regard to [wɪð rɪːgɑd tʊ] med hensyn til, når det gjelder / med omsyn til, når det gjeld without any prior warning [wıˈðaʊt ˈeni praıɘ wɔːnıŋ] uten forvarsel / utan forvarsel withstand (v) [wıðˈstœnd] motstå / motstå, halde stand worship (v) [ˈwɜːʃıp] tilbe, dyrke
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
The new edition of Crossroads combines fresh, lively topics and real-life stories to provide the training and motivation teenagers need to learn English. Meeting real people through print and audio is the key to stimulating students’ interest in the English language. It also provides valuable insights into different aspects of culture in the English-speaking world. Key Features stories from real life.
• Comprehensive written material, including literary texts, which allow differentiation in mixed-ability classes.
Crossroads is a three-level course for Years 8.–10. Each level consists of: Student’s Book A and B Student’s Book A (digital version) Student’s Book A (simplified version) Audio CD’s Teachers’ Resource Pack Crossroads Website: www.fagbokforlaget.no/crossroads Crossroads fulfils the requirements of Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet 2006 and has been revised to accommodate the requirements of the new curriculum. www.fagbokforlaget.no ISBN 978-82-11-01537-2
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Crossroads
• Integrated audio material, based on authentic recordings. Students read and listen to
9|A |A
Halvor Heger Nina Wroldsen
Crossroads 9|A English for lower-secondary students