Communities in Transition: Emerging Issues and Concerns in the CALABARZON Region by Eula Marie Mangaoang

Cover Design and Lay-out by Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang Printed by _______________________

COMMUNITIES IN TRANSITION:

Emerging Issues and Concerns in the CALABARZON Region Papers presented during the Consultative Workshop on Managing Communities in Transition: Emerging Issues and Concerns in the CALABARZON Region (April 29, 2008)

Agnes C. Rola, Merlyne M. Paunlagui, Virginia R. Cardenas, Aser B. Javier, Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon and Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang

College of Public Affairs and Development University of the Philippines Los Ba単os College, Laguna, Philippines August 2011

Suggested Citation:

Philippine Copyright:

Rola, Agnes C., Merlyne M. Paunlagui, Virginia R. Cardenas, Aser B. Javier, Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon and Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang (2011). Communities in Transition: Emerging Issues and Concerns in the CALABARZON Region. Papers presented during the Workshop on “Managing Communities in Transition: Emerging Issues and Concerns in the CALABARZON Region”. College of Public Affairs, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines. 42 pages. 2011 by the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

PREFACE Communities in Transition (CIT) are places undergoing changes in attributes from being predominantly rural to having urban features. The process of transformation is not without problems. For example, the in-migration to these places has contributed to social tensions, while industrialization has led to increase in pollution. In the meantime, local governance does not have enough capacities to regulate these increasing tensions. There is a need to understand the steps that society can take to be in a sustainable community pathway. One of the aspirations of the University of the Philippines Los Ba単os (UPLB) is to contribute its science in shaping the CIT into sustainable communities. To operationalize this, UPLB has a university wide program on Rural-Urban Transition whose objective was to encourage discussions within the various UPLB colleges of the policy and institutional considerations in the transformation process. To reach out to the larger community, the UPLB, through the College of Public Affairs sponsored a workshop held last April 29, 2008 to collect the views of the various sectors on issues confronting the transformation of a typical CIT, the CALABARZON. The workshop whose results are presented in this publication was designed to discuss the growth as well as the strategies that can be taken for sustainable development of the CALABARZON region. This region formed through Executive Order 103 in 2002 is composed of five provinces Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon. These provinces are in various stages of development triggered by an official declaration of the area as an agro-industrial zone. The discussions focused on the institutional, governance and environmental aspects of the development pathways of the region. Sectoral representatives also raised emerging issues such as on commerce and industry, labor, agriculture, fisheries and real estate. The challenge therefore for the UPLB and its partner agencies will be to caution the regional strategies towards sustainable development for CALABARZON.

Luis Rey I. Velasco, PhD Chancellor UPLB

ACKNOWLEDGMENT As part of the mandate of the College of Public Affairs, UPLB to employ trans-disciplinary approaches in conducting comprehensive studies on communities in transition, a workshop was conducted by the College to identify and look into the different institutional and governance issues in CALABARZON communities, as well as discuss the possible collaboration with partners to address these issues. The conduct of the “Consultative Workshop On the Emerging Concerns in Communities in Transition: The Case of CALABARZON” last April 29, 2008 at the CPAf Building, UPLB was made possible through financial support from the UPLB Distinctive Excellence Fund as well as support from the UPLB Committee on Rural-Urban Transition. We thank Chancellor Luis Rey I. Velasco for providing these funds. The workshop would also not have been possible without the attendance of the representatives from the various national agencies, local government units of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal and Quezon, non-government organizations, the provincial Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the five provinces of the CALABARZON, farmers and fisherfolk organizations, Irrigators’ Association of Laguna, Resort Association of Calamba, the Federation of Free Workers and the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (PAMALAKAYA). Annex A contains the complete list of the organizations represented in the workshop. Indeed, the active participation in the discussions contributed to further one’s understanding of the real and emerging concerns as CALABARZON develops. Active participation of the representatives of the various departments within the UPLB is also warmly acknowledged. The CPAf family, its faculty, researchers, extension specialists and administrative staff made sure that the workshop was conducted smoothly. CPAf management likewise would like to acknowledge the effort of Ms. Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang in putting the workshop materials into this book form. All errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. The Authors

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgment List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations

i ii v vi viii

A Community in Transition

Agnes C. Rola CALABARZON in focus: A situational analysis of a community in transition

Merlyne M. Paunlagui ISSUES IN A COMMUNITY IN TRANSITION Institutions Virginia C. Cardenas What are institutions? Role of institutions in changing communities Institutional issues and trends in CALABARZON Institutional responses Governance Aser B. Javier Governance as power Governance as process Governance as interaction Governance as managing of the self Weaknesses in institutions and course curricula Environment Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon

23 23 23 23 25 27 28 28 29 30 30 30 32

iii

Land conversion

Solid waste management Water pollution in Laguna Lake Protected areas and disaster risk management Trends in Laguna Lake Basin

35 35 35

Towards a Sustainable Community: Summary of Recommendations

36 37

Agnes C. Rola and Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang Characterizing a sustainable community Elements of a sustainable community Recommendations

37 37 39

References

Annex A: Institutions/Organizations Represented in the Workshop

LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Population densities (in persons/kilometer) per 8 province in CALABARZON from 1970-2007. 2 Prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 9 0-5 years old in the Philippines, Southern Tagalog, and CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions in 2001 and 2003. 3 Areas (in hectares) of land in CALABARZON 17 provinces planted to temporary crops. 4 Areas of land (in hectares) in CALABARZON 17 provinces planted to permanent crops. 5 Daily minimum wage rates for non-agriculture and 19 agriculture activities in CALABARZON provinces, in1997 and 2007. 6 Distribution of households in CALABARZON 22 provinces with access to different water sources, in 2000. 7 Weaknesses in infrastructure/ institutional setup 31 in communities and course curriculum delivery in schools and universities. 8 Number and size of farms in CALABARZON 32 provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE

PAGE

Diagram showing the structure of a community.

Diagram showing the structure of a predominantly rural community.

Diagram showing the structure of a community in transition.

Political map of CALABARZON region.

Population of provinces in CALABARZON from 1948-2007.

Population growth CALABARZON from 1970-2000.

Number of in-migrants in CALABARZON provinces from 1975-2000.

Infant and child mortality rates in CALABARZON region from 1990-2003.

Household size in CALABARZON provinces in 1995 and 2000.

Literacy rates per province in CALABARZON in 1990 and 2000.

Crime rate in CALABARZON region, per type of crime.

Crime rate per province in CALABARZON region, per 100,000 people.

Crime solution efficiency in CALABARZON provinces, from 2001-2006.

Gross Regional Domestic Product in Southern Tagalog, CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions, from 1991-2005 (in million pesos at constant 1985 prices).

Shares of agriculture, manufacturing and services to regional GDP in Southern Tagalog and CALABARZON.

Capital investments in CALABARZON provinces from 1996-2001.

Farming area (in hectares) in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

Number of farms in CALABARZON provinces from 1975-2002.

Number of farms in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

rates

provinces

FIGURE

PAGE

Average farm size (in hectares) in CALABARZON provinces, from 1975-2001.

Distribution of farms by tenure in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2001.

Distribution of land area for agricultural and other uses in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2001.

Percentages of employment by major industry group, in 1995, 1997, and 2005, in CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions.

Percentages of employment by major occupation groups in 1999 and 2005, in CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions.

Percentages of increase in daily minimum wage rates in CALABARZON provinces from 1997-2006.

Poverty incidence rates in the Philippines, CALABARZON, and its provinces in 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006.

Distribution of households with electricity in CALABARZON provinces, in 1990 and 2000.

Distribution of households without toilet facilities in CALABARZON provinces, in 1990 and 2000.

Diagram showing the process of change from pre-development to post-development landscapelifescape.

Framework showing the methodological dimension of addressing problems in communities in transition.

Diagram showing the benefits brought about by land conversion in Calamba, Laguna.

Sustainable development model for communities in transition.

Diagram showing the importance of transition and governance synergy.

Diagram illustrating the four dynamic views of governance in communities in transition.

Diagram illustrating the five dynamic views of governance in communities in transition.

Comparative land use of Laguna de Bay region from 1996-2000.

Satellite image showing land-use changes in Laguna de Bay region from 1993-2000.

Conditions and trends in the Laguna Lake Basin.

Attributes of a sustainable community.

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CALABARZON CPAf CLUP ELA GDP GIS GPS LGU LLDA MIMAROPA NGO NSO RGS TOP-COP UPLB

viii

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon College of Public Affairs and Development Comprehensive Land Use Plan Executive-Legislative Agenda Gross Domestic Product Geographic Information System Global Positioning System Local Government Unit Laguna Lake Development Authority Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan Non-Government Organization National Statistics Office Rural Goods and Services Tourist-Oriented Police - CommunityOriented Police University of the Philippines Los Ba単os

A COMMUNITY IN TRANSITION

Agnes C. Rola Professor and Dean College of Public Affairs and Development, UPLB

The transformation of communities in transition into sustainable communities is laden with a number of problems and issues. Various organizations, the civil society, governments, private sector, the academe, and other social systems that make up the community participate in the transition process, and altogether they are confronted with a number of socio-economic, institutional and environmental challenges.

What is a Community in Transition? A community is characterized by different components: people/ organizations, resources, and technology, which interact through activities based on a set of policies, institutions and governance systems (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Diagram showing the structure of a community.

In a predominantly rural community, farm households, which comprise the people/organizations in the community, utilize available land, water and other resources predominantly for agriculture with the help of traditional agricultural technologies.

The way by which farming communities make use of these resources is governed by a rigid set of policies, which include labor sharing arrangements, traditional norms, customary laws, and communitybased resource management principles (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Diagram showing the structure of a predominantly rural community.

On the other hand, there is what we call communities in transition, which are areas of human habitation that continuously evolve from being predominantly rural to attaining characteristics of an urban community. These areas are differentiated from rural and urban communities, in that people devote land for both rural and urban economic activities, derive income from both natural resource-based activities and urban employment, and participate in many activities often jointly conducted by public and private groups.

In this kind of community, there is a shift in the use of resources from pure agriculture to agro-industry, and from traditional to more mechanized technologies. Households are more inclined to deriving income from activities other than farming, thus the boom of the service sector and migration. Communities in transition are also characterized by a greater competition for land, water and other resources, and environmental degradation. Moreover, communities in transition are governed by state laws, norms influenced by migrants, and local governments which have certain power over these communities (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Diagram showing the structure of a community in transition.

One of the typical examples of communities in transition is the CALABARZON region, which in recent years had gone through such a change. The following section is a situational analysis of the CALABARZON region, showing changes in recent years. Issues in communities in transition in terms of institutions, governance and environment, are subsequently discussed. The last section contains the recommendations to attain a sustainable community.

CALABARZON IN FOCUS: A Situational Analysis of a Community in Transition

Merlyne M. Paunlagui University Researcher College of Public Affairs and Development, UPLB By virtue of Executive Order No. 103 enacted in 2002, the Southern Tagalog region was separated into two groups of provinces. The provinces Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon have been collectively known as the CALABARZON region, while the rest of the provinces under Southern Tagalog: Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan, are grouped together as the MIMAROPA region. As of 2007, the CALABARZON region is divided into 19 congressional districts, and made up of eight (8) cities, 134 towns, and 4,012 barangays. Its regional center is Calamba City, Laguna. Figure 4 shows the map of CALABARZON region. The following sections will provide an in-depth situational analysis of the region and determine the conditions by which it is considered a community in Figure 4. Political map of CALABARZON region. transition. (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/ee/Ph_CALABARZON.png)

Population Figure 5 shows the population of provinces in the CALABARZON region from 1948-2007. Cavite was the most populated province in the region in 2007 with around 2.85 million people, followed by Laguna,

and Rizal. Meanwhile, Quezon was the least populated, having up to more than 1.88 million people.

Figure 5. Population of provinces in CALABARZON from 1948-2007.

In terms of population growth, Rizal had almost consistently registered the highest growth rate for 30 years, except during the year 1995, when the population of Cavite increased by about 6.47%, or about three times the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population growth rate. On the other hand, while Quezon surpassed the national population growth rate in 1970, its growth rate dropped to 1.87% by the year 2000. Figure 6 illustrates the population growth rates per province from 1970-2000.

Figure 6. Population growth rates of provinces in CALABARZON from 1970-2000.

The increase in population in the region could be attributed to a number of factors. Aside from live births, the increase in the number of migrants into the province could have contributed to the population growth. This was especially true for Cavite, which registered an increase in the number of in-migrants from the year 1985, and had since acquired the highest number of in-migrants from 1995-2000 with 229,432 in-migrants. Batangas registered almost the same rate of increase in migrants as that of Quezon from 1975-1990, but it later lagged behind from 1985 onwards and had the least number of inmigrants in the region (58,502 in-migrants) (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Number of in-migrants in CALABARZON provinces from 1975-2000.

Along with births and migration, there was also a decrease in child and infant mortality rates in the region, as shown in Figure 8. Meanwhile, decline in average household size from 1995-2000 in all provinces except Quezon may imply a decrease in population growth (Figure 9). Table 1 shows the different population densities per province in CALABARZON region. Cavite, the most populated province in the region, also had the highest population density in the year 2007 at 2,219 persons per square kilometer (sq. km.), followed by Rizal (1,745 persons/sq.km.) and Laguna (1,406 persons/sq.km.). The least populated province, Quezon, also registered the least population density at 189 persons/sq.km. This trend implies that, with increasing population density, there comes smaller space available for human habitation.

Figure 8. Infant and child mortality rates in CALABARZON region from 1990-2003.

Figure 9. Household size in CALABARZON provinces in 1995 and 2000. Table 1. Population densities (in persons/kilometer) per province in CALABARZON from 1970-2007.

Province

1970

1980

1990

2000

2007

Batangas

291

371

467

553

709

Cavite

404

599

895

1,156

2,219

Laguna

398

553

778

962

1,406

Quezon

104

129

158

201

189

Rizal

165

299

747

797

1,745

Health and Education The CALABARZON region suffered setbacks in literacy rates in 2000, especially in the provinces of Rizal and Quezon, where literacy rate went down from about 96.69% and 97.46%, respectively, in 1990, to 90.89% in 2000. Cavite registered the highest literacy rate in 2000 at 97%, but it was still slightly lower than in 1990 (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Literacy rates per province in CALABARZON in 1990 and 2000.

Meanwhile, malnutrition became less prevalent among children aged 0-5 years old in the CALABARZON region. From 27.8% in 2001, the prevalence of malnutrition was pegged at 22.4% in 2003, which was lower than the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall prevalence of malnutrition in the same year. The rate in CALABARZON was also lower than in MIMAROPA, which registered 34.2% malnutrition prevalence (Table 2). Table 2. Prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 0-5 years old in the Philippines, Southern Tagalog, and CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions in 2001 and 2003.

Area Philippines Southern Tagalog CALABARZON MIMAROPA

2001 30.6 27.8

2003 26.9 22.4 34.2

Peace and Order Among the crimes that occurred in the region were: physical injury, which was most prevalent in the year 2006, followed by theft, murder, robbery, homicide, and rape, which was least prevalent during the same year (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Crime rate in CALABARZON region, per type of crime (NSO, 1996; Ramirez, 2007).

Among the provinces, Quezon consistently had the highest crime rate per 100,000 people from 1990-2005, peaking in 2003 at about 52 crimes per 100,000 people. In 2006, Cavite had the highest crime rate at around 39 crimes per 100,000 people. Figure 12 illustrates the crime rates in CALABARZON provinces from 1990-2006. Batangas had the lowest crime rate in the same year. However, the efficiency by which crimes in the province were solved was extremely lower compared to that of other provinces, especially in 2004, when the efficiency plunged down to 24 %. In Cavite, the efficiency rate decreased from around 81% in 2004 to 38% in 2005.

It was observed that in Quezon, the efficiency rate had increased to 81% beginning 2003, the year when it had registered the highest crime rate level. This may mean that the law and order agencies may have stepped up crime solution mechanisms to address the alarming crime rate levels in that period. The efficiency rate was consistently highest in Rizal, slightly dipping at around 74% in 2006. From 20022006, there had been lower incidence of crime among the provinces (Figure 13).

Figure 12. Crime rate per province in CALABARZON region, per 100,000 people (NSO, 1996; Ramirez, 2007).

Figure 13. Crime solution efficiency in CALABARZON provinces, from 2001-2006.

Economy Trends in the gross regional domestic product (measured in million pesos at constant 1985 prices), as shown in Figure 14, showed a steady increase since 1991, slightly declining only from 1997-1998, the time of Asian financial crisis. The manufacturing sector had the greatest share to the regional GDP from 1991 to 2005, its share having been almost consistent from 1995-1997 and slightly dipping from 1997-2001. From 2002 onwards, the shares in service sector

steadily increased to almost meet that of the manufacturing sector (Figure 15).

Figure 14. Gross Regional Domestic Product in Southern Tagalog, CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions, from 1991-2005 (in million pesos at constant 1985 prices).

Figure 15. Shares of agriculture, manufacturing and services to regional GDP in Southern Tagalog and CALABARZON.

Meanwhile, the shares of the agriculture sector continuously decreased and remained the lowest during the same period. It has abruptly decreased particularly in the year 2002, at the same time when shares in manufacturing and services boomed.

Figure 16 shows the capital investments made in the CALABARZON provinces from 1996-2001. While capital investments in the region were at their peak in 1997, they sharply dropped in 1998, perhaps due to the Asian financial crisis, and had since then continued to fall until 2001. Batangas had the highest investments in 1997 with 66.3 billion pesos worth of investments, but in 2000, investments in that province fell behind that in Quezon, where investments were up to 23.6 billion pesos.

Figure 16. Capital investments in CALABARZON provinces from 1996-2001.

It is noted that the decline in capital investments despite growth in the regional GDP was in line with the increasing share of services sector in the output of the region, which requires less investment than manufacturing and farming. It may mean that with the onset of financial crisis in 1997-1998, industries in the region may have opted to invest in business opportunities that require lesser investment. Moreover, it may imply that the economy has excesses that allowed an increase in GDP despite setbacks in investments.

Agriculture The decline in the share of agriculture to the regional GDP may partly be due to the decrease in farming areas in the region, which could be brought about by conversion of farmland into other uses. As seen in Figure 17, all provinces had experienced a decline in farm area from 1991-2002. Laguna suffered the highest decline with over 50%,

followed by Rizal with 41%. Quezon, which has the largest farm area among the provinces in CALABARZON, also suffered a 30% reduction in farm area.

Figure 17. Farming area (in hectares) in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

Likewise, there was a fall in the number of farms (Figure 18 and 19), and in the average farm size in the region, in the same period (Figure 20). Rizal was an exception, where the average farm size has increased to 2.294 ha in 2002, as shown in Figure 20.

Figure 18. Number of farms in CALABARZON provinces from 1975-2002.

Figure 19. Number of farms in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

Figure 20. Average farm size (in hectares) in CALABARZON provinces, from 1975-2001.

In terms of farm tenure, most of the farms in the region are fully owned, except in the province of Quezon, where most of the farms are tenanted. From 1991-2001, there was a decline in the number of fully-owned farms in each of the provinces, which may also imply that less land in CALABARZON is devoted to agriculture. Lands may have been sold to real estate, industries and other businesses, and farmers may have opted to share land with other farmers or landowners. Then again, there were also noted decreases in distribution of tenanted farms in some provinces, such as Batangas, Laguna and Rizal (Figure 21).

Figure 21. Distribution of farms by tenure in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2001.

The farm lands in the provinces were largely used for planting of permanent crops (e.g. coconut, banana), especially in Quezon province, where 80-81% of farm land had been allotted for this use from 1991-2001 (Figure 22).

Figure 22. Distribution of land area for agricultural and other uses in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2001.

The area devoted to temporary crops (e.g. palay, corn, sugarcane) decreased in all provinces over the period. In Batangas, for instance, the area planted to rice and corn was greatly reduced by about 46% and 60%, respectively, from 1991-2002. Even the land devoted to its leading crop in 2002, sugarcane, was slightly reduced by 8%.

Meanwhile, the area planted to sugarcane was greatly reduced in Laguna by 96%, and area devoted to corn production fell sharply by 90% in Rizal (Table 3). Table 3. Areas (in hectares) of land in CALABARZON provinces planted to temporary crops.

Province

Palay

Sugarcane

Corn

1991

2002

1991

2002

1991

2002

Batangas

32,442

17,567

26,884

24,817

27,026

10,925

Cavite

21,144

10,917

620

880

4,188

1,125

Laguna

37,123

25,094

3,597

150

1,519

1,006

Quezon

70,265

51,636

23,698

11,333

Rizal

11,519

9,632

5,949

618

Likewise, there was a decline in the area of land planted to permanent crops; the land planted to banana and coconut was reduced by 20% and 36% respectively. In the provinces of Cavite and Rizal, lands planted to coconut were upsized as the land planted to banana decreased (Table 4). Table 4. Areas of land (in hectares) in CALABARZON provinces planted to permanent crops.

Province

Coconut 1991

2002

Banana 1991

2002

CALABARZON

54,499,343 43,547,273

17,710,743

11,289,872

Batangas

3,112,703

2,671,641

2,956,376

1,349,805

Cavite

700,292

1,033,266

2,241,583

1,614,113

Laguna

4,386,706

2,963,352

2,079,927

1,409,572

Quezon

46,126,564 36,475,743

9,257,504

6,260,496

1,175,353

655,886

Rizal

173,078

403,271

The decline in the number of farms, as well as the area planted to crops, could have a bearing on the fall in the shares of the agriculture sector in the CALABARZON region. This may have been due to the growing boom of service and manufacturing industries, eventually leading to land conversion at the risk of the agriculture sector.

Labor and Employment In CALABARZON, employment was highest in the services sector, and lowest in agriculture (Figure 23). However, despite the decline of agricultural productivity in the region, farming remained to be the major source of livelihood for people in the region, as shown in Figure 24.

Figure 23. Percentages of employment by major industry group, in 1995, 1997, and 2005, in CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions.

Figure 24. Percentages of employment by major occupation groups in 1999 and 2005, in CALABARZON and MIMAROPA regions.

Table 5 shows the minimum wage rate for the different provinces in the region. It is noted that in the year 1997, all the provinces had the same wage rates for each of the non-agriculture and agriculture activities, while the rates were already varied in some provinces ten years later (2007). Table 5. Daily minimum wage rates for non-agriculture and agriculture activities in CALABARZON provinces, in1997 and 2007. Province

1997 Nonagriculture

2007

Agriculture* P

Nonagriculture

Agriculture* P

Batangas

175

150

130

277-242

252-217

232-197

Cavite, Laguna, Rizal

175

150

130

300-242

275-217

255-204

Quezon

175

150

130

277-224

252-204

232-184

*P - Plantation agriculture; NP - Non-plantation agriculture

The minimum wage rates remained lower for agriculture economic activities than non-agriculture activities, with the provinces of Cavite, Laguna and Rizal having the highest minimum wage rates. While wage rate was lowest for the non-plantation agriculture activities, pegging only at PhP 184-232 per day compared to the PhP 204-252 rate for plantation activities, and PhP 224-300 rate for nonagriculture activities, it had the highest increases in minimum wages from 1997-2006, especially in the provinces of Cavite, Laguna and Rizal, with the increase marked at 78% (Figure 25).

Poverty Figure 26 summarizes the poverty incidence rates in the CALABARZON region. Poverty incidence rates decreased in most of the provinces in the region from 1997-2003, with the exception of Quezon and Batangas. It is noted that poverty incidence in Quezon, which was 32.8%, was higher than the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall poverty incidence of 24.5%. By 2006, poverty incidence fell back only in the province of Cavite. Likewise, the number of poor families decreased in this province in 2006, while in other provinces, the number has increased.

Figure 25. Percentages of increase in daily minimum wage rates in CALABARZON provinces from 1997-2006.

Figure 26. Poverty incidence rates in the Philippines, CALABARZON, and its provinces in 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006.

Access to amenities

Figure 27 and 28 show the distribution of households in CALABARZON with electricity and without toilet facilities, respectively. While poverty incidence was high in 2006 in most of the provinces in CALABARZON, more and more households had better access to basic amenities, such as electricity and toilet facilities, especially in Cavite, Laguna and Rizal. Quezon had the lowest percentage of households with electricity and toilet facilities, at about 63% and 84% respectively.

Figure 27. Distribution of households with electricity in CALABARZON provinces, in 1990 and 2000.

Figure 28. Distribution of households without toilet facilities in CALABARZON provinces, in 1990 and 2000.

Most of the households also acquired improved sources of potable water (e.g. faucets, tube/wells). In 2000, around 90% or more of the households in most of the provinces gained access to safe drinking water, except in Rizal with 74% (Table 6).

Table 6. Distribution of households in CALABARZON provinces with access to different water sources, in 2000.

Province Faucet Batangas Cavite Laguna Quezon Rizal

62.87 66.24 59.87 38.67 49.40

Water Source Tube/ Dug Well Spring Well 29.80 16.80 4.10 28.71 1.08 1.01 34.58 1.00 2.15 51.09 11.36 0.11 24.18 2.98 2.30

Others 1.65 1.35 2.36 2.18 21.15

Summary The CALABARZON region generally had its share of positive developments, such as lowered child and infant mortality rates, prevalence of malnutrition, and incidence of crime, along with growth in labor participation and slightly improved access to amenities in most of the regions. Meanwhile, population growth, intense in-migration, and increase in poverty incidence, as well as the decline of literacy, capital investments and share of the agriculture sector to the regional GDP somewhat hindered the development of the region. Among the provinces, some areas such as Quezon were observed to be predominantly agricultural compared to Cavite, Batangas and Rizal, which became more and more urbanized. Differences in the trends on socio-economic conditions in each of the provinces indicated that there is uneven development in the CALABARZON region.

ISSUES IN A COMMUNITY IN TRANSITION Institutions Virginia R. Cardenas Professor, College of Public Affairs and Development, and Vice Chancellor for Community Affairs, UPLB Economic activities in the CALABARZON region, which is rapidly undergoing the transition process from a rural to urban area, have an impending effect on the lives of its people, especially women and children. The changes occurring in these communities reflect the ongoing changes in the dynamics and functions of the society for it to better achieve its desired goals. These goals are achieved through functional institutions.

What are Institutions? Institutions take part and are affected by societal changes. They are â&#x20AC;&#x153;any concept, notion, or idea that serves the interest of societyâ&#x20AC;?, and are viewed through two dimensions: culture, which is reflected through knowledge, skills, norms, belief systems, symbols and artifacts; and social organization, which determines the pattern of social relationships, human interactions, and moral imperatives. One of the important concepts linked to institutions is the changing landscape in communities in transition, composed of interacting ecosystems with commonalities such as soils, climate and natural vegetation. It is characterized by unique biodiversity, land use patterns and socio-economic structure that human beings are able to use and control. Consequently, the landscape (biological ecosystems) influences the lifescape, particularly its users or human dimension (social, economic, cultural aspects). It also mirrors the way by which these components interact to yield meanings and experiences that suggest cultural, sensual and spiritual responses.

Role of Institutions in Changing Communities The diagram below (Figure 29) shows the changes that may occur as communities in transition progress from rural to urban. It explains that

change leading to post-development landscape-lifescape is brought about by a mix of technology information, products, processes and services.

Figure 29. Diagram showing the process of change from pre-development to post-development landscape-lifescape.

From this framework, a methodological approach for analyzing and addressing problems in communities in transition was developed (Figure 30). Here, issues on ecosystem productivity, integrity and resilience, and human welfare are determined and analyzed to derive possible trade-offs and alternatives and eventually address the problem. Furthermore, future problems can be predicted and the results disseminated for further analysis.

Figure 30. Framework showing the methodological dimension of addressing problems in communities in transition.

The analysis can focus on a number of subsystems. These are: 1. The production or technical subsystem – looking into the major function of the ecosystem; 2. Supportive subsystem – environmental transactions, input procurement and product disposal; 3. Maintenance subsystem – involves accomplishment activities and interdependent behavior; 4. Adaptive subsystem – changes, adaptation; and 5. Managerial subsystem – a set of directive, control and coordination activities that keep the ecosystem functional. The problem analysis framework can be applied in agro-ecosystems analysis, natural resource management, social change and development studies, and future lifestyles. In particular, institutions play an important part in facilitating changes that communities in transition undergo for them to attain development. There is a need to re-examine the theory and practice of social development and the role of institutions in it.

Institutional Issues and Trends in CALABARZON While the country boasts of a strong institutional capacity backed by sturdy civil societies, socially and environmentally responsible business groups, empowerment activities, and devolution and decentralization initiatives, institutional programs are ineffectively implemented. In addition, there is a need for information and a struggle against graft and corruption. Institutional changes are especially evident in the CALABARZON region. Cases of land conversion in Cavite and Calamba are presented to discuss the changes in the institutional dimension. From 1986-1994, about 12,000 hectares of farm land in Cavite were converted for recreation, residential and industrial use. On one hand, it brought about a number of benefits. Landowners earned a windfall income of PhP 20.09 billion, and paid disturbance compensation of about PhP 905.1 million to tenants. Young residents and migrants were also able to get additional non-farm jobs. Furthermore, the land conversion raised the net present value of government revenues up to PhP 2.85 billion, and the total value of economic benefits up to PhP 27 billion (1995 constant prices).

While it has its advantages, land conversion in Cavite also brought about drawbacks. This includes domestic abuse, family disintegration, poverty, and self-degradation. Human trafficking, which commoditized and exploited young residents and migrants in the region, also became prevalent. It also affected the food supply in the region, changed the income sources and household roles of men and women, and jeopardized the economic and welfare security of the elderly. Meanwhile, land conversion in Calamba, Laguna allowed for wider and more intensive LGU programs on infrastructure development, creating revenue for the local government units (LGUs), and employment and livelihood for the residents (Figure 31). On the other hand, flaws in the implementation of these programs marked the LGUsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lack of readiness in addressing the problems such as the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; loss of long-term, sustainable sources of income, overseas migration in search for employment, corrosion of family values and early onset of independence for children, and the changes in authority and role.

Figure 31. Diagram showing the benefits brought about by land conversion in Calamba, Laguna.

Some of the institutional issues confronting CALABARZON region as a community in transition:

1. Conflicts on open-space policy, rural-urban relations, and property rights; 2. Trends, motives, demand for rural goods and services (RGS); 3. Strategies to improve RGS; identifying actors, cooperation and marketing strategies in RGS; and analyzing the role of local politics in RGS improvement;

4. Demand for space and products in the light of scarce fuel/energy/ water and limited housing and infrastructure areas; 5. Peri-urban agriculture; 6. New rural goods and services; 7. Negative trends impairing rural areas under pressure from urban areas; 8. Power relations; 9. New social systems and class positions; 10. New rural functions and social changes; and 11. Attitudes to new opportunities, including education.

Institutional Responses In order for institutions to ably address the changes in communities in transition, they should comprehend the pressure that human intervention puts on the environment, and the societal responses that will alleviate such pressure. The diagram below (Figure 32) illustrates the kind of sustainable development that communities in transition need to achieve their desired goals.

Figure 32. Sustainable development model for communities in transition.

The model involves planning land use, as well as the landscape (ecological structure) and lifescape (social, economic infrastructure) in the community, strategically allocating a number of productive activities (e.g. agriculture, crafts and industry) and services (transport, trade, communication, finance, market, etc.) to tackle social problems.

Governance Aser B. Javier Associate Professor College of Public Affairs and Development, UPLB Institutions are indeed important in the transition process of communities in transition, but how do they bring the community closer to its goals and help it achieve its desired conditions? Governance, as an enforcer and enabling mechanism for institutions, can help facilitate the change process for these communities. It is noted that in CALABARZON, which hosts 42% of all ecozones in the country, transition and governance synergy is important. Issues arising from the transition process in CALABARZON into a first-class industrial center call for improved governance and development strategies (Figure 33).

Figure 33. Diagram showing the importance of transition and governance synergy.

Communities in transition are characterized by the four interrelated views of governance: being a power, process, interaction, and mode of self-management. From these viewpoints, many issues that confront the governance dimension of communities in transition have emerged (Figure 34).

Governance as Power For the local government units (LGUs) in CALABARZON to efficiently

Figure 34. Diagram illustrating the four dynamic views of governance in communities in transition.

exercise power or control over the region, they should understand both the internal and external environment by which the region is situated. This is to keep the growing urbanization and pouring in of international investments in the region from overlapping or hampering the functions of the LGUs. Furthermore, it enhances the culture of entrepreneurship in the region, and strengthens the advisory role of LGUs. Another challenge for the LGUs to ably exercise their power is to reinforce their Executive-Legislative Agendas (ELAs), particularly by ensuring that their partner-beneficiaries commit themselves to the strategic plans.

Governance as Process Governance as a dynamic and continuous process should be able to address two gaps. One of these is the Plan Alignment Gap, wherein government, human resource and accounting units are confined with managing the political, structural, and information systems, neglecting the entrepreneurial culture. Another gap is the Institutional Capability Gap, driven by the pressure on local government to strengthen its capacity to come up with better results in line with what industries can provide.

Governance as Interaction Governance is also a form of interaction within and among LGUs and its stakeholders; this concept makes for the development of inter-

local cooperation in the region, which allows LGUs to better deal with issues that hinder government boundaries. Furthermore, the synergy makes the LGUs to flexibly adjust to constraints and abrupt changes in the system. LGUs can start fostering inter-local cooperation by implementing to its sponsored colleges and universities community education models that match school curricula to the industries in the region, and with a focus on entrepreneurship.

Governance as Managing of the Self In 1990, only about 18% of the projects funded by World Bank were able to attain WBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s institutional objectives. Moreover, the high number of casual workers working in local government units reflects weaknesses in terms of capacity building and management in bureaucracy. It is important for LGUs to understand that they should also manage their selves if they are to effectively govern a changing community.

Weaknesses in Institutions and Course Curricula Table 7 shows the weaknesses in infrastructure and institutional setup, and those in the course curriculum delivery. In the institutional setup, there are limitations in policies, administration, finance and infrastructure. Meanwhile, weaknesses in faculty, students, curriculum and evaluation system are pointed out in course curriculum delivery (KPMG, 2003). The diagram may explain how limitations in the curricula of schools, colleges and universities could eventually affect the way institutions are run. For instance, an inflexible school curriculum with limited or nil exposure to technologies or industries may produce students with only little knowledge on maintaining infrastructures and equipment, therefore crippling these facilities in the short term. Problems in the educational system are thus interrelated with that in the institutional setup (Table 7).

The Focal Learning Service Provision Arenas for Local Governance is an approach to address issues in governance dimension of communities in transition. This includes five main areas: project development management and governance, project development management studies, network management, advocacy and information. It also includes cross-cutting tools or research methods that facilitate the activities under each area (Figure 35).

Table 7. Weaknesses in infrastructure/ institutional setup in communities and course curriculum delivery in schools and universities. Weaknesses in infrastructure/institutional setup

Weaknesses in curriculum and course delivery

Policy

Expense allocation is often based on political pressures as against market conditions. Lack of adequate quality control in implementation of policy.

Faculty

Low compensation and lack of clarity on career progression Teachers lack industry rigor, R&D background and exposure to tools.

Finance

No incentives for financial prudence and efficiency in R&D. Excessive controls over finance allocation leads to costly delays.

Students

Lack of opportunity/ encouragement for creative thinking. Lack of counseling for higher education choices and career decisions.

Administration Inefficiencies due to limited Curriculum Inflexible

and rigid curriculum, not exposed to innovation/ industry. Teaching is examoriented without focus on communication skills, problem-solving.

mechanization/automation within R&D setups. Lack of appropriate incentive reward systems.

Infrastructure

Inefficiencies due to limited mechanization/automation within R&D setups. Lack of appropriate incentive reward systems.

Evaluation System

Continuous evaluation is often not systemized. Exams are often memorybased and encourage partial studying through ample choice.

Figure 35. Diagram illustrating the five dynamic views of governance in communities in transition.

Environment Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon Professor and Dean, School of Environmental Science and Management (SESAM), UPLB Rapid population growth is one of the major factors that take toll on the environment. Population in CALABARZON would soon exceed that of the National Capital Region (NCR). This, however, may just be part and parcel of a host of environmental problems hounding the region. CALABARZON also faces other environmental issues on land conversion, solid waste management, pollution, forest degradation, among others.

Land Conversion Conversion of agricultural land for other uses had been rampant since 1991. According to Radford and Toribio (1995), a number of towns in CALABARZON suffered great losses of farm lands. In 1991, about 588 hectares of farm land was lost to land conversion in Calamba, Laguna. About 80% of the 2,500-hectare farm land in the town of Sta. Rosa was also converted for other uses. In Cabuyao, only 1,779 hectares out of 3,045 hectares of agricultural land remained in 1990. The worst scenario was in San Pedro, Laguna, where 3,000 hectares of farm land were wiped out. The table below (Table 8) describes the number and area of farms in the provinces of CALABARZON region. Table 8. Number and size of farms in CALABARZON provinces, in 1991 and 2002.

Province, Number and Area of Farms

1991

2002

Percent of Change (1991-2002)

CALABARZON Number of farms Area of farms Average size

319,865 282,746 703,256 588,516 2.2 2.08

11.6 16.3

Province, Number and Area of Farms

1991

2002

Percent of Change (1991-2002)

Batangas Number of farms Area of farms

103,308 91,254 132,474 112,226

11.7 15.3

Cavite Number of farms Area of farms

31,379 52,528

26,957 40,444

15.1 23

Laguna Number of farms Area of farms

45,241 85,998

38,445 62,555

15 27.3

Quezon Number of farms Area of farms

120,817 112,173 396,790 341,364

7.2 14

Rizal Number of farms Area of farms

18,760 36,466

25.8 12.4

13,917 31,926

Source: NSO, 1991 Census of Agriculture and Fisheries and 2002 Census of Agriculture.

The figures show declining trends both in the number and area of farms per province. The decrease in number was highest in the province of Rizal, at 25.8%, while reduction in size of farm was highest in Laguna, at 27.3%. The intense land conversion activities greatly reduced forest and farm lands particularly in communities surrounding Laguna de Bay by up to 5% and 52% respectively in 1996-2000 (Figure 36). On the other hand, 29% of the area was devoted to industries, while unproductive grasslands grew in size from 8 to 14% in the same period. It is noted that the 494 sq-km. non-commercial forests in 1996 were completely wiped out in 2000.

Figure 37 illustrates the degree of land-use changes from 1993-2000. Possible consequences of land use change include soil erosion and impaired basin hydrology in the lake.

Figure 36. Comparative land use of Laguna de Bay region from 19962000 (LLDA, 2005).

Figure 37. Satellite image showing land-use changes in Laguna de Bay region from 1993-2000.

Despite the prevailing problem of land conversion in the region, there was no formal national regulatory framework governing land-use plan development. While less than half of LGUs in the region didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs), those which were ineffective in implementing the plans. The maps used to help LGUs formulate plans were also outdated, inaccurately or rarely revised.

To help respond to this problem, new technologies such as the GIS, GPS, and Remote Sensing were introduced in LGUs as backup for their current CLUPs.

Solid Waste Management Many towns in CALABARZON were still faced with the dilemma of how to dispose of their wastes. This was aggravated by the absence of a formalized national or regional government solid waste management program. Some towns in Cavite, Laguna and Rizal dumped their wastes into the San Mateo and Carmona sanitary landfills, but still, remaining towns burned their garbage or dumped them in open areas. According to the National Solid Waste Commission, only three barangays in CALABARZON region had implemented Solid Waste Management Programs. These are: 1) Brgy. Teresa in Rizal, with its Residual Waste Management Program; 2) Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo, Rizal, with its Eco-Waste Management Program; and 3) Brgy. Dalipit, Alitagtag, Batangas, with its Solid Waste Program.

Water Pollution in Laguna Lake The pollution problem in Laguna Lake, which is a source of water for households and industries, habitat for aquatic organisms, and source of livelihood in coastal areas, posed a great threat to the CALABARZON region. Findings of water quality monitoring report conducted by the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) from 1994-2004 suggested that four out of 15 rivers draining into the lake are heavily polluted, three of these being in CALABARZON. These are the San Pedro and San Cristobal rivers in Laguna, and the Sapang Baho River in Rizal. It is also noted that all the rivers in CALABARZON showed high fecal contamination, putting the whole population in the region at a serious health risk. The typhoid outbreak in Calamba, Laguna in 2008 was seen not only as a health problem, but also a dire consequence of environmental problems in the region, particularly water pollution. The outbreak raised further questions on the solid waste management programs in Calamba.

Protected Areas and Disaster Risk Management Mt. Makiling, one of the prevailing sources of life for the CALABARZON region, had already been declared a protected area and forest reserve.

However, land in Mt. Makiling is still being converted for other uses. The land conversion particularly in Laguna took toll on the forest reserve. Meanwhile, the extent of damage and loss of property brought about by typhoon Milenyo on the towns of Los Ba単os, Calamba, and Bay in Laguna, Sto. Tomas in Batangas, and other nearby communities in 2006 reflected weaknesses in disaster risk management programs and policies.

Trends in Laguna Lake Basin The following diagram (Figure 38) shows the conditions in the Laguna de Bay region, particularly in the lake, rivers, forest, and shoreland agriculture.

Figure 38. Conditions and trends in the Laguna Lake Basin.

All of the qualities assessed showed downward trends in the diagram. River-based fisheries and aquatic biodiversity showed the worst conditions. Water quality, rice production, forest biodiversity and carbon storage capacities also performed poorly. The decreasing trends imply that environmental and cultural conditions in the Laguna de Bay are deteriorating, and thus needs the utmost attention of LGUs and other related agencies in CALABARZON. Challenges have long been there, only much greater than before, and will continue to worsen with climate change.

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY: Summary of Recommendations

Agnes C. Rola and Eula Marie DC. Mangaoang College of Public Affairs and Development, UPLB Characterizing A Sustainable Community CALABARZON is transforming into a sustainable community. Sustainable communities are planned, built, or modified to promote sustainable living. They tend to focus on environmental and economic sustainability (http://www.sustainable.org). Indicators of sustainability are different from traditional indicators of economic, social, and environmental progress in that they represent an index of social welfare. For instance, traditional indicators such as the GNP or GDP only measure the economic change, and do so independent of other sectors. On the other hand, sustainability indicators reflect interconnectedness of three sectors: economic, environmental, and social. For instance, in the agricultural economy, the environment provides soil and water quality or a natural resource base for the economy that provides jobs and incomes. Incomes determine the poverty status of community members leading to social development outcomes. Sustainability requires an integrated view of the world—it requires multi-dimensional indicators that show the links among a community’s economy, environment, and society. Sustainable communities therefore are “places where people want to live and will continue to want to live” (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, UK 2003).

Elements of a Sustainable Community Some key requirements of a sustainable community are as follows (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, UK 2003): • A flourishing local economy to provide jobs and wealth; • Strong leadership to respond positively to changes; • Effective engagement and participation by local people, groups, and businesses, especially in the planning, design, and long-term stewardship of their community, and an active “civil society” sector; • A diverse, vibrant, and creative local culture encouraging pride in the community and cohesion within it; and

â&#x20AC;˘ The right links with the wider regional, national, and international community. Figure 39 describes the attributes of a sustainable community as aspired for the CALABARZON.

Figure 39. Attributes of a sustainable community.

The three posts reflect the economy, environment and technical values of this community. In this community, there is a balance between non-farm and farm income, and farmers who may want to farm will have economic gains. Some income may also come from ecotourism activities. Agriculture could have multi-functional roles even in ecotourism services. Population growth is expected to be declining and approaching zero. In a community with strong environmental integrity, people will be very much sensitized to the values of a clean environment. With clear property rights, it is expected that water, land and other natural resources will be optimally used.

More modern agro-industrial technologies will be adopted by the residents of this community, and there will be green laboratories and technological parks. Science and technology will be generated, diffused and applied for development.

The base of this community is good governance. There will be harmonization of customary and state rules. There will be sociocultural harmony and conflict management will be practiced even by village leaders or the barangay judicial courts.

Recommendations So how can the CALABARZON attain this utopia: a sustainable community? The transition that the CALABARZON region undergoes as a community is not a smooth-sailing process. More issues and concerns on institutions, governance and the environment may surface and may leave irreparable problems if they are not well managed and addressed. As summarized by the workshop participants, these could include the following: 1. Preparation of regional land use plan This involves not just the comprehensive land use plans of the municipalities, but a regional land use plan. It would be wise to identify areas that should be devoted entirely for agriculture for food security in the region; areas for ecotourism; and residential and industrial areas. Forested areas should be maintained and deforested areas rehabilitated. This is the only way for the region to maintain its rural-urban features: a modern community with first class amenities, but without losing the functions of the environmental services. 2. Planning and implementation of watershed protection strategies To attain environmental sustainability, the region should be divided into watershed clusters. A cluster can cut across provinces or municipalities. Watershed cluster can come up with its own management plan and its implementation. This way, pollution within the waterways can be policed by the communities themselves. This set-up will require inter-LGU collaboration. 3. Producing graduates matching the requirements of the industry By engaging the labor sector in development forums, the government planners and school administrators can set up incentives in local schools to produce graduates that match the requirements of the businesses in the vicinity. This implies less migration of labor and less

social upheavals as employment rate will be high. This will promote less economically insecure households. 4. Establishing peri-urban agriculture This can help ensure food security of the region. The transactions cost in the movement of food supplies will be low, hence food prices will not be very high. The design of peri-urban agriculture can also attract tourists from the nearby urban centers. 5. Monitoring the implementation of the environmental code Government officials should be trained and should put funds into the monitoring of the implementation of the environmental code. Provisions in the Local Government Code (LGC) regarding the environmental protection should also be followed. Training of local officials of their regulatory functions can be done with the help of the academe. 6. Ensure public safety at all times One of the characteristics of a sustainable community is its public safety. Residents and tourists feel secured to live in and visit the area, respectively. To ensure the public safety of tourists in the region, the Department of Interior and Local Government with the Philippine National Police should develop a Tourist-Oriented Police-CommunityOriented Police (TOP-COP). To help the communities in CALABARZON cope up with disasters and calamities, LGUs should put up provincial disaster management offices and Barangay Emergency Response Teams with organizations such as the Red Cross. A proactive and early warning system for calamities should also be in place in all towns of the region. The local government units (LGUs) in CALABARZON can partner with academic institutions and the private sector as they undertake initiatives that help facilitate the transition process. Indeed, in this transformation, the LGUs together with the civil society and the private sector will be the major actors. The sustainable community â&#x20AC;&#x153;dreamâ&#x20AC;? is in their hands.

REFERENCES KPMG Advisory Services Private Ltd. (2003). Industry/Academia Interactions. India: Department of Information Technology, KPMG. Laguna Lake Development Authority (2005). The Laguna de Bay Environment Monitor. Taytay, Rizal: LLDA and Federation of River Basin Councils in the Laguna de Bay Region. National Statistics Office (1991). 1991 Census on Agriculture and Fisheries. National Statistics Office (2002). 2002 Census on Agriculture and Fisheries. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Sustainable Communities. United Kingdom, 2003. Retrieved from http://www. communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/146289. pdf (May 3, 2009). Rola, Agnes C. (2011). An Upland Community in Transition: Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Development in Rural Philippines. Singapore: Southeast Asia Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) and the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). 235 pp.

ANNEX A: INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE WORKSHOP Department of Environment and Natural Resources IV-A Department of Agrarian Reform IV-A Philippine National Police Office of the Governor, Province of Batangas Office of the Governor, Province of Cavite Office of the Governor, Province of Quezon Office of the Mayor, Municipality of Malvar Provincial Planning and Development Office, Batangas Provincial Planning and Development Office, Cavite Provincial Planning and Development Office, Quezon Batangas Province Chamber of Commerce and Industry Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Cavite Laguna Province Chamber of Commerce and Industry Quezon Province Chamber of Commerce and Industry The Federation of Free Workers (FFW) Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (PAMALAKAYA) Irrigatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association of Laguna Representative of the Resort Association of Calamba Municipal Planning and Development Office, Bay, Laguna Municipal Planning and Development Office, Sto. Tomas, Batangas Colleges, Departments, and Units of the University of the Philippines Los BaĂąos