Iconographie

[1] © Camaras Sin Fronteras (2016). No está del todo claro si la transformación de Kiev 30 a John Player Special fue hecha por la propia Kiev u otra fábrica. Tampoco hay acuerdo en si fue una cámara hecha para la KGB para espiar a los ingleses o no tenía nada que ver con el Servicio Secreto soviético, [Photographie]. Kiev (Vega) 30 / John Player Special. https://www.camarassinfronteras.com/BH/kiev_john_player_special/kiev_john_player_special.html, consulté le 22.05.2022

[2]Arcinfo (30.04.2022). L’image du jour, [Photographie]. Arcinfo, no.99, p.24.

[3] The News Republic, & Iber, P. (2017). Illustration by Guy Billout, [Illustration]. Cold War World. https://newrepublic. com/article/144998/cold-war-worldnew-history-redefines-conflict-trueextent-enduring-costs, consulté le 09.05.2022

[4] SME, & V. Nerád (s.d.). The barbedwire fence in the border village Vysoká pri Morave in the 1980s, [Photographie]. How the Iron Curtain looked like. https://spectator.sme.sk/g/92748/ how-the-iron-curtain-looked-like?photo=p3313397, consulté le 09.05.2022

[5] SKEMA PUBLIKA, & Munier, F. (2022). Carte politique de l’Europe pendant la Guerre froide, entre 1945 et 1991. L’Europe est divisée par le Rideau de fer, [Illustration]. UKRAINE : Première guerre européenne du XXIe siècle, prémisse d’un nouvel ordre mondial? https:// publika.skema.edu/fr/ukraine-premiere-guerre-europeenne-21-sieclenouvel-ordre-mondial/, consulté le 22.04.2022

[6] Keystone, & Le Nouvelliste (2019). Le mur de barbelés, ici à la frontière germano-autrichienne, à environ 50 km à l’est de Vienne, sera démantelé en 1989, [Photographie]. Commémoration de sa chute: cinq choses à savoir sur le «rideau de fer». https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/ monde/commemoration-de-sa-chutecinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-rideaude-fer-860895, consulté le 22.04.2022

[7] © Getty images, & Le Vif (2019). Les 12 alliés signent le traité de l’OTAN, [Photographie]. Les grandes dates de l’histoire de l’Otan. https://www.levif.be/ international/les-grandes-dates-de-lhistoire-de-lotan/, consulté le 09.05.2022

[8] Vivreaulycée, & Cluzel, F. (2022). Le Blocus de Berlin (1948), Berlinois attendant à l’aéroport de Tempelhof, [Photographie]. Le Blocus de Berlin (1948), première crise de la Guerre froide. https://vivreaulycee.fr/le-blocusde-berlin-1948-premiere-crise-de-laguerre-froide/ , consulté le 29.04.2022

[9] The Central Intelligence Agency (1961). Oct. 26, 1961. After initially being stopped at the border, U.S. diplomats are escorted into East Berlin by the U. S. Military Police, [Photographie]. Booklet, «A City Torn Apart: Building of the Berlin Wall».https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Checkpoint_Char-

lie_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_ Agency_(1).jpg, consulté le 11.05.2022

[10] Fenn-O-maniC (2017). CC- Logo of the Organization of the Warsaw Pact, 1955, [Illustration]. Wikimedia commons. https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg, consulté le 11.05.2022

[11] Getty images, & Russia Beyond, & Egorov B. (2019). Pologne, le 14 mai 1955. La délégation soviétique assiste à la signature du Pacte de Varsovie, [Photographie]. Pacte de Varsovie: grandeur et décadence de l’«OTAN soviétique». https://fr.rbth.com/histoire/82874pacte-varsovie-otan-russe, consulté le 09.05.2022

[12] Wikirouge, & Pokkolii (2022). Portrait de Nikita Khrouchtchev en 1956, [Photographie]. https://wikirouge.net/Fichier:Portrait_de_Nikita_Khrouchtchev.jpg, consulté le 11.05.2022

[13] Russia Beyond, & Egorov O., & Hofbauer R. (2019). Statue de Staline décapitée, [Photographie]. Comment Khrouchtchev a fustigé Staline et son héritage. https://fr.rbth.com/ histoire/83270-khrouchtchev-denonce-culte-personnalite-staline, consulté le 22.04.2022

[14] Insider, & Foster C., & National Security Archive (2019). The missile, identified as the V-301, had a maximum speed of Mach 2.5, according to the CIA, [Photographie]. Declassified CIA images show how the US spied on fearsome Soviet weapons during parades. https://www. businessinsider.com/declassified-ciaimages-us-spied-soviet-union-parades2019-2?r=US&IR=T#ground-launchedsurface-to-air-missiles-pass-by-as-theband-plays-during-the-1961-may-dayparade-6, consulté le 29.04.2022

[15] Getty Images , & Russia Beyond, & Sinelchtchikova E. (2020). Un missile intercontinental russe traversant la place Rouge pendant le défilé militaire à Moscou marquant le 20e anniversaire de la fin de la guerre en Europe, [Photographie]. Comment l’URSS a terrifié les États-Unis avec une arme géante factice. https://fr.rbth.com/histoire/85835-urssfausses-armes, consulté le 29.04.2022

[16] Odeboyz (2017). The USAs missiles in Turkey 1958, [Illustration]. Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Great Compromise 1962-3. https://oedeboyz. com/2017/08/04/kennedy-khrushchevand-the-great-compromise-1962-3/, consulté le 11.05.2022

[17] Europanea, & European Parliament, & Ludovic D., & Lehnartz K. (2019). © The construction of the Berlin Wall, 1961, [Photographie]. C’était il y a 30 ans, la construction du Mur de Berlin. Bundesarchiv. https://www.europeana.eu/ fr/exhibitions/30-years-ago-the-european-parliament-and-german-reunification/the-building-of-the-berlin-wall, consulté le 22.04.2022

[18] France Culture, & Fougeron A., & Rico S.(2019). Une affiche de propagande de Radio Free Europe, [Image]. Épisode 3 : Les ondes font le mur : les radios, armes de propagande de la Guerre froide. https://www.franceculture.

fr/emissions/la-serie-musicale-dete/ berlin-les-sons-du-mur-35-les-ondesfont-le-mur-les-radios-armes-de-propagande-de-la-guerre-froide, consulté le 08.05.2022

[19] maRTS, & Kreusch W. (2011). La fascination de l’Ouest, le 23 août 1961, [Photographie]. Les 50 ans du «Mur de la honte» à Berlin.https://www.rts.ch/ info/monde/3329637-les-50-ans-du-murde-la-honte-a-berlin.html, consulté le 22.04.2022 https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/ how-many-people-have-walked-on-moon, consulté le 10.05.2022

[24] United States Department of Defense graphic in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston (1962). Soviet Military Build Up In Cuba, late October 1962, [Carte], [Image]. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CubaSites1962.jpg, consulté le 10.05.2022

[20] National Geographic Society, & Caryl-Sue, & Thiessen M.(2021). Sputnik, [Photographie]. Oct. 4, 1957 CE: USSR Launches Sputnik. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct4/ussrlaunches-sputnik/, consulté le 22.04.2022

[21] Dinbeat, & por Admin (2021). Reproducción de la sonda Sputnik 2, con Laika en su interior, [Photographie]. La historia jamás contada de Laika, la perra espacial. https://www.dinbeat.com/la-historia-jamas-contada-de-laika-la-perra-espacial/, consulté le 22.04.2022

[22] Russia Beyond, & Egorov B. (2018), Y. Solovyev (1961). « Pour la gloire du communisme ! », [Affiche], [Propagande]. Ces affiches qui ont attisé la fierté de l’exploration spatiale chez les Soviétiques. https://fr.rbth.com/art/80519-urss-exploration-espace-affiches, consulté le 22.04.2022

[23] Royal Museums Greenwich, & Aldrin B. (2019). Photograph by Neil Armstrong of Apollo 11 astronaut, [Photographie]. How many people have walked on the Moon? Royal Museums Greenwich. [25] Procon.org, & pikrepo.com (2022). Classic cars are common in Cuba because American manufacturers could not export there following the embargo, and until 2011, most Cubans were only allowed to buy cars that were on the road before 1959, [Photographie]. History of the Cuba Embargo. https://cuba-embargo.procon.org/ history-of-the-cuba-embargo/, consulté le 10.05.2022

[26] The Conversation, & Historiphage, & Korda A. (2017). Che Guevara et Fidel Castro en 1961, [Photographie]. Trois réflexions sur l’analogie entre la crise coréenne et la crise de Cuba. https:// theconversation.com/trois-reflexionssur-lanalogie-entre-la-crise-coreenneet-la-crise-de-cuba-82840, consulté le 11.05.2022

[27] The Conversation, & Historiphage, & U. S. Department of State (2017). Nikita Khrouchtchev et John Kennedy (ici en 1961, à Vienne), les deux acteurs principaux de la « crise de Cuba », [Photographie]. Trois réflexions sur l’analogie entre la crise coréenne et la crise de Cuba . https:// theconversation.com/trois-reflexions-

sur-lanalogie-entre-la-crise-coreenneet-la-crise-de-cuba-82840, consulté le 11.05.2022

[28] akg images, & The Economist (2021). Photo d’une protestation contre les missiles Pershing-2, [Photographie]. America tears up an arms treaty, and harms itself.https://www.economist.com/unitedstates/2018/10/27/america-tears-up-anarms-treaty-and-harms-itself, consulté le 10.05.2022

[29] Air Force Magazine, & J. T. Correll, & Pearson J. (2020). Anti-nuclear protesters, part of a long-lasting contingent of protesters dubbed the “Women’s Peace Camp,” at RAF Greenham Common, Britain, during the arrival of GLCMs in 1983. The site was designated historic in 2000, [Photographie]. The Euromissile Showdown. https://www.airforcemag.com/article/ the-euromissile-showdown/, consulté le 02.05.2022

[30] Bauer B. (2013). The Euromissiles Crisis 1977-1987, [Photographie], [Peinture]. https://brandonbauer.org/portfolio/ the-euromissiles-crisis/#jp-carousel-2851, consulté le 10.05.2022

[31] U.S federal government (2008). Strategic Defense Initiative logo, [Illustration]. Biography of Lt Gen James A. Abrahamson, USAF. https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Fichier:Sdilogo.svg, consulté le 09.05.2022

[32] © Berlin éducation, & © Boucher M.(2020). Initiative de défense stratégique (IDS), [Illustation]. L’IDS, une initiative américaine au cœur de la « guerre fraîche ». https://manuelnumeriquemax.belin. education/hggsp-terminale/topics/ hggsp-tle-t1c02-032-a_la-conquete-spatiale-un-enjeu-central-dans-la-guerrefroide, consulté le 22.04.2022

[33] AP Photos, & Politico, & Glass A. (2017). President Reagan addresses the nation March 23, 1983, in support of his proposed defense budget, [Photographie]. President Reagan calls for launching ‘Star Wars’ initiative, March 23, 1983. https://www.politico.com/ story/2017/03/president-reagan-callsfor-launching-star-wars-initiativemarch-23-1983-236259, consulté le 05.05.2022

[34] RIA Novosti, & Russia Beyond, & Sinelchtchikova E., & Ankov V. (2017). Les liquidateurs de Tchernobyl, [Photographie]. Tchernobyl: pourquoi les autorités ont gardé le silence pendant 24 heures. https://fr.rbth.com/ ps/2017/04/26/tchernobyl-pourquoiles-autorites-ont-garde-le-silence-pendant-24-heures_750608, consulté le 13.05.2022

[35] AFP, & Repik V., & RTS Info, & agences/bri (2011). Photo de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl prise en avril 1986 et sur laquelle on voit la destruction du réacteur n°4, [Photographie]. Tchernobyl, une catastrophe gardée sous silence.https://www.rts. ch/info/3102798-tchernobyl-une-catastrophe-gardee-sous-silence.html, consulté le 22.04.2022

[36] AFP, & 20minutes (2022). Une photo d’archives prise le 13 avril 2021, montre le dôme de protection géant construit au-dessus du sarcophage recouvrant le

quatrième réacteur détruit de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl, [Photographie]. Inquiétudes autour de Tchernobyl, tombée aux mains des Russes. https://www.20min.ch/fr/story/inquietudes-autour-de-tchernobyl-tombeeaux-mains-des-russes-378415404733, consulté le 11.05.2022

[37] Twitter, & United Nations Photo, @UN_Photo (2020). #Onthisday in 1987, USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev indicates that his nation is ready to sign a treaty designed to eliminate US and USSR medium-range nuclear missiles from Europe, leading to the INF Treaty. Here Mr. Gorbachev addresses General Assembly, [Photographie]. https://twitter.com/un_photo/status/1233410276822855680?lang=fa, consulté le 11.05.2022

[38] © belgaimage, & Le Vif (2019). Ce traité sur les Forces nucléaires intermédiaires, emblématique de la fin de la Guerre froide, a été signé par Ronald Reagan et Mikhaïl Gorbatchev en 1987, [Photographie]. Missiles de portée intermédiaire: la mort du Traité FNI change la donne en Asie. https:// www.levif.be/actualite/international/ missiles-de-portee-intermediaire-lamort-du-traite-fni-change-la-donneen-asie/article-news-1179757.html?cookie_check=1650635971, consulté le 22.04.2022

[39] Exquisite Gift Baskets (2013). Mikhail Gorbachev Wins the Nobel Peace Prize, [Photographie]. On This Day – October 15, 1990 – Mikhail Gorbachev Wins the Nobel Peace Prize. https:// exquisitehomebaskets.wordpress. com/2013/10/15/on-this-day-october-151990-mikhail-gorbachev-wins-the-nobel-peace-prize/, consulté le 11.05. 2022

[40] Nato (2019). Signature du traité FNI par le président Mikhaïl Gorbatchev (URSS) et le président Ronald Reagan (États-Unis) à la Maison Blanche – Washington – 1987. Un moment historique pour la sécurité de l’Alliance, [Photographie]. L’OTAN et le traité FNI. https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_166100.htm, consulté le 22.04.2022

[41] Stringfixer (2019). Manifestation du lundi à Leipzig, 16 octobre 1989, [Photographie]. Révolution pacifique. Stringfixer. https://stringfixer.com/fr/ Peaceful_Revolution#wiki-2, consulté le 10.05.2022

[42] © Raymond Depardon, & Magnum Photos, & Vanity Fair , & Maire J. (2014). Des Berlinois prennent pacifiquement le Mur d’assaut, le 11 novembre 1989, vus par Raymond Depardon, [Photographie]. La chute du Mur de Berlin vue par six photographes. https://www. vanityfair.fr/actualites/diaporama/lachute-du-mur-de-berlin-vue-par-photographes/6125, consulté le 10.05.2022

[43] The Times Of Israel, & Saint Cheron M., & University of Minnesota Institute of Advanced Studies (2019). Berlin, Allemagne - En novembre 1989, des étudiants est-allemands sont assis au sommet du mur de Berlin, à la porte de Brandebourg, en face des gardes-frontières. La destruction du mur jadis haï a marqué la fin d’une Allemagne divisée, [Photographie]. La chute du Mur ou l’Ode à la liberté selon Leonard Bernstein. The

Times Of Israel. https://frblogs.timesofisrael.com/la-chute-du-mur-ou-lodea-la-liberte-selon-leonard-bernstein/, consulté le 22.04.2022

[44] © Power M., & Magnum Photos, &Vanity Fair, & Maire J. (2014). Des policiers est-allemands gardent le no man’s land devant la porte de Brandebourg. Côté Ouest, la foule grimpe sur le Mur, le 12 novembre 1989, [Photographie]. La chute du Mur de Berlin vue par six photographes. https:// www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/diaporama/ la-chute-du-mur-de-berlin-vue-par-photographes/6125, consulté le 10.05.2022

[45] Keystone, & Radio Lac, & Christen M., & Cironneau L. (2019). Un pan de mur tombe, symbole de la réunification, [Photographie]. La chute du mur de Berlin vue par un historien genevois. https://www. radiolac.ch/actualite/un-chroniqueurgenevois-raconte-la-chute-du-mur-deberlin/, consulté le 22.04.2022

[46] Berlin Poche, & Julienne M. (2019). Restes du mur, Topographie de la Terreur, Niederkirchnerstraße, [Photographie]. Où voir les Vestiges et Restes du Mur de Berlin aujourd’hui ?. https://berlinpoche. de/fr/vestiges-restes-mur-berlin, consulté le 10.05.2022

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[48] © 2022 Photos historiques rares, & neveDimka (2020). Soldats détruisant le Rideau de fer, [Photographie]. L’Effondrement de l’Union Soviétique en Images, https://photoshistoriques.info/ leffondrement-de-lunion-sovietique-en-images/, https://photoshistoriques.info/wp-content/ uploads/2020/07/0769003b714f2e2c1969bb6e67accfcf.jpg , consulté le 10.05.2022

[49] © 2022 Photos historiques rares, & neveDimka (2020). Un résident de Bakou utilise une hache de pirate contre une plaque montrant un portrait de la Russie bolchevique, le leader révolutionnaire Vladimir Lénine, le 21 septembre 1991, [Photographie]. L’Effondrement de l’Union Soviétique en Images. https://photoshistoriques.info/leffondrement-de-lunion-sovietique-en-images/, https://photoshistoriques.info/wpcontent/uploads/2020/07/8d4706a5e668af6a542ebbf8f3bee498.jpg, consulté le 10.05.2022

[50] Reuters, & La Croix, & Galparin G. (2016). Le président Mikhail Gorbachev signe sa démission, quelques minutes avant son annonce télévisée en direct, le 25 décembre 1991, [Photographie]. 25 décembre 1991, la démission de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev acte la fin de l’URSS. https://www. la-croix.com/Debats/Ce-jour-la/25-decembre-1991-demission-Mikhail-Gorbatchev-acte-lURSS-2016-12-25-1200812784, consulté le 10.05.2022

[51] Unsplash, & CC Kaligas A. (2019). Hands holding a camera, [Photographie].

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[52] Unsplash, & CC Kidd D. (2019). Taken at a D-Day reenactment in Blyth, Northumberland, UK, [Photographie]. https:// unsplash.com/photos/Cju-BkSkM1k, consulté le 06.05.2022

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[59] Wikipédia, & © Secret Intelligence Service (2012). Logo du MI-6, [Illustration]. www.sis.gov.uk/, https://fr.wikipedia. org/wiki/Fichier:MI6-logo-(2010).svg, consulté le 12.05.2022

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[66] ©VSSE (2018). Le cycle du renseignement, [Illustration].Le cycle du renseignement. https://vsse.be/fr/ notre-fonctionnement/de-linformation-au-renseignement/le-cycle-du-renseignement, consulté le 21.04.2022 [71] NATO (2016). Badge de sécurité, [Photographie]. Security at NATO. https:// www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/ pictures/e2-espionage_security-at-nato/20161202_08-Badge-securite.jpg, https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/

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[74] NATO (2016). Service de nettoyage, [Photographie]. Security at NATO. https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/ declassified_138453.htm, https://www. nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pictures/e2-espionage_security-at-nato/20161202_15-Service-nettoyage.jpg, consulté le 16.05.2022

[75] NATO (2016). Rappel de sécurité à la base aérienne, [Photographie]. Security at NATO. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pictures/e2-espionage_ security-at-nato/20161202_12-Rappel-de-securite-base-aerienne.jpg, https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/ declassified_138453.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[76] NATO (2016). Visitors should not be left unattended, [Affiche], [Illustration]. Security posters. https://www. nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pictures/2016_12_161212a-history-security-posters/20161212_09-security-posters_rdax_775x1158.jpg, https://www. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/photos_138736. htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[77] NATO (2016). Attention vous n’êtes pas dans une zone de sécurité, [Affiche], [Illustration]. Security posters. https:// www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/ pictures/2016_12_161212a-history-security-posters/20161212_37-security-posters.jpg, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natohq/photos_138736.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[78] NATO (2016). Protégez vos appels, [Affiche], [Illustration]. Security posters. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pictures/2016_12_161212a-history-security-posters/20161212_30-security-posters_rdax_775x957.jpg, https:// www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/photos_138736.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[79] NATO (2016). Ne prenez pas les avertissements à la légère…, [Affiche], [Illustration]. Security posters. https:// www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/ pictures/2016_12_161212a-history-security-posters/20161212_14-security-posters_rdax_775x1085.jpg, https://www. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/photos_138736. htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

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[81] NATO (2018). On 25 November 1980, Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II attends a meeting of the North Atlantic Council with the NATO motto clearly visible to all: “Animus In Consulendo Liber”, [Photographie]. My country and NATO, The United Kingdom and NATO. https:// www.nato.int/cps/th/natohq/declassified_162351.htm, https://www.nato.int/ nato_static_fl2014/assets/pictures/e1countries-uk-vip/20190218_04-0080-01. jpg, consulté le 16.05.2022

[82] NATO (2019). President Dwight D. Eisenhower addressing the North Atlantic Council at the Paris Summit, in December 1957, [Photographie]. My country and NATO, The United States and NATO. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pictures/e1-countries-us-presidents/20190212_02-Eisenhower_Paris_summit_1957.jpg ,https://www.nato. int/cps/th/natohq/declassified_162350. htm, consulté le 16.05.2022 https://www.nato.int/nato_static_ fl2014/assets/pictures/e1-countriessaclant/20190212_1.-02024-20.JPG, https://www.nato.int/cps/th/natohq/ declassified_162350.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[85] NATO (2016). Coverage of Europe from SS-20 bases east of the Urals, [Illustration]. Defence and deterrence, NATO and Warsaw Pact: Force Comparisons. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pictures/e2-cold-war-def-detforce-comp/20161206_dd-cw-comp-010. jpg, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/ declassified_138256.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[86] NATO (2016). Comparison of NATO and Warsaw Pact land forces in Europe, [Illustration]. Defence and deterrence, NATO and Warsaw Pact: Force Comparisons. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pictures/e2-cold-war-def-det-forcecomp/20161206_dd-cw-comp-015.jpg, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/ declassified_138256.htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[83] NATO (2019). The computer room at NAMSA, [Photographie]. My country and NATO, Luxembourg and NATO. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pictures/e1-countries-luxembourg-namsa/20190129_6_-_NAMSA_ computer_room.JPG, https://www.nato. int/cps/th/natohq/declassified_162355. htm, consulté le 16.05.2022

[84] NATO (2019). Showing the full area of responsibility of SACLANT in 1960, [Photographie]. My country and NATO, The United States and NATO. [87] International Planning Team of the Standing Group, NATO, (1960). LOSS OF COSMIC TOP SECRET DOCUMENTS [Document]. NATO Archives Online.https:// archives.nato.int/loss-of-cosmic-top-secret-documents-2, https://archives.nato. int/uploads/r/nato-archives-online/d/4/2/ d42cd2dc42c3e582534c6db30306cd4fbfe8dac69bdca52399f0f6f0ffaed29a/IPT_241_4_D_ENG_PDP.pdf, consulté le 16.05.2022

[88] Alamy, & The Sunday Times , & Rennison N. (2017). Searching questions: a Bri-

tish raid on France in 1942 takes German prisoners for interrogation, [Photographie]. Book review: The London Cage: The Secret History of Britain’s World War II Interrogation Centre by Helen Fry. https:// www.thetimes.co.uk/article/review-london-cage-secret-world-war-ii-helen-fryggrn6r66j, consulté le 05.05.2022

[89] Inteligence101, & Stark B. (2018). Soldat interrogeant des enfants, [Photographie] The Ultimate Guide to Human Intelligence (HUMINT). https://www.intelligence101. com/the-ultimate-guide-to-human-intelligence-humint/, consulté le 05.05.2022 Penkovsky Single-Handedly Prevented Nuclear War During The Cuban Missile Crisis. https://allthatsinteresting.com/ oleg-penkovsky, consulté le 13.05.2022

[94] Getty Images, & Central Press, & ATI, & Margaritoff M., & Oulds D. (2020). Greville Wynne being escorted by police after arriving back home from Russia. April 22, 1964. Northolt Airport, England, [Photographie].How Soviet Spy Oleg Penkovsky Single-Handedly Prevented Nuclear War During The Cuban Missile Crisis.https://allthatsinteresting.com/ oleg-penkovsky, consulté le 13.05.2022

[90] 20th Century-Fox, & Photofest, & Science History Institute, & Rinde M. (2015). Gene Tierney is interrogated in Otto Preminger’s 1944 film noir, Laura, [Photographie], [Film]. Stranger Than Fiction. https://www.sciencehistory.org/ distillations/stranger-than-fiction, consulté le 05.05.2022

[91] Tumblr, &Voxsartoria (2015), The Linked Cuff.Sean Connery, [Photographie] [Film].https://voxsartoria.com/ post/108552597593/the-linked-cuff-seanconnery, consulté le 13.05.2022

[92] Unsplash, & Sinclair D. (2018), Earls Court, London, Silhouette, [Photographie]. https://unsplash.com/photos/esOA3o92zxE, consulté le 13.05. 2022

[93] Getty Images, & Keystone, & Hulton Archive, & ATI, & Margaritoff M. Stuzhin, & Cheredintzev (2020). Some believe Penkovsky was burned alive as Soviet punishment for his treasonous espionage. Officially, he was shot to death, [Photographie]. How Soviet Spy Oleg [95] Getty Images, & ATI, & Margaritoff M., & Bettmann (2020). Notes Of Oleg Penkovsky, Penkovsky’s debriefing sessions with MI6 and the CIA totaled up to 140 hours. Over the course of his espionage, he delivered rolls of film, classified documents, and over 5,000 photos, [Photographie]. How Soviet Spy Oleg Penkovsky Single-Handedly Prevented Nuclear War During The Cuban Missile Crisis. https://allthatsinteresting.com/ oleg-penkovsky, consulté le 13.05.2022

[96] Bettmann Archive, & Mirror, & Knox M. (2021). Spy equipment taken from Soviet scientific worker Oleg Penkovsky when the Russians caught him, [Photographie]. Travelling salesman prevented WW3 in incredible true story behind new Cumberbatch film. https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/tvfilm-news/travelling-salesman-prevented-ww3-incredible-24710349, consulté le 13.05.2022

[97] AFP, & Getty Images, & ATI, & Margaritoff M. (2020). Penkovsky at

his public trial in Moscow. May 11, 1963, [Photographie]. How Soviet Spy Oleg Penkovsky Single-Handedly Prevented Nuclear War During The Cuban Missile Crisis. https://allthatsinteresting.com/ oleg-penkovsky, consulté le 13.05.2022

[98] Wikimedia commons, & Matsievsky (2021), & USSR Post (1990). The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6265 stamp, Soviet Intelligence Agents. Rudolf Abel, [Timbre-poste], [Image]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6265_stamp_(Soviet_Intelligence_Agents._Rudolf_Abel). jpg, consulté le 13.05.2022

[99] Narratively, & Silverman R., & Photo courtesy Silverman Studios Inc. (2014). Emil Goldfus in the studio, 1957, [Photographie]. The Russian Spy Who Painted Brooklyn Red. https://narratively.com/ the-russian-spy-who-painted-brooklynred/, consulté le 12.04.2022

[100] New York Daily News, & Ward N. (2015). Abel and his cronies also used hollowed pencils and blocks to transmit messages, [Photographie]. The Hollow Nickel Kid: Real-life Brooklyn newsboy played a huge part in ‘Bridge of Spies’ case. https://www.nydailynews. com/news/national/brooklyn-newsboyplayed-big-role-bridge-spies-case-article-1.2423914, consulté le 12.04.2022

[101] New York Daily News, & Ward N. (2015). KGB spy Col. Rudolf Abel is escorted by officials during his 1957 trial, [Photographie]. The Hollow Nickel Kid: Real-life Brooklyn newsboy played a huge part in ‘Bridge of Spies’ case. https://www.nydailynews.com/news/ national/brooklyn-newsboy-played-bigrole-bridge-spies-case-article-1.2423914, consulté le 12.04.2022

[102] Le Figaro, & Avril P. (2018). Farewell, [Photographie]. Histoires d’espions : Farewell, l’agent du KGB qui aimait trop la France. https://www.lefigaro. fr/international/2018/08/13/0100320180813ARTFIG00157-histoires-despions-farewell-l-agent-du-kgb-quitrahit-par-rancoeur.php, consulté le 13.05.2022

[103] L’OBS, & Sogno A., & © Tony Comiti Productions (2019). Vladimir Vetrov, au centre, [Photographie]. « Farewell, l’espion qui aimait la France », top des taupes. https://www.nouvelobs.com/ce-soir-a-latv/20191020.OBS20059/farewell-l-espionqui-aimait-la-france-top-des-taupes.html, consulté le 13.05.2022

[104] Franceinfo, & Marcy S., & © Maxppp (2014). Ronald Reagan et François Mitterrand, [Photographie]. L’affaire Farewell. https://www.francetvinfo. fr/replay-radio/le-roman-des-espions/laffaire-farewell_1765337.html, consulté le 15.05.2022

[105] The Central Intelligence Agency (2013). 1960. Colonel Oleg Penkovskiy’s passport, issued in 1960 for a trip to London, identifying him as a reserve officer. Penkovskiy provided the US and UK with valuable information about Soviet and Warsaw Pact military intentions. He was apprehended by the KGB in 1962, tried and found guilty of treason and espionage, and executed in 1963, [Photographie]. Photo from the booklet «CIA Analysis of the Warsaw Pact Forces: The Importance of

Clandestine Reporting.» https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:21_Penkovskiy_ Passport_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg, consulté le 14.05.2022 [106] Chrd.lyon.fr., & © Photo Pierre Verrier (2020). Collection du CHRD, Matériel pour la fabrication de faux papiers, [Photographie]. Musée du CHRD. https://www. chrd.lyon.fr/musee/collections/materiel-pour-la-fabrication-de-faux-papiers, consulté le 13.05.2022

[107] IOL, & Antoine de Ras (2011).13 Lots of fake. A table in the main room of the apartment used for producing the fake Passports and ID’s Metro Police made a huge Fake Passport bust in Yeoville with all the neccesary paraphanalia and equipment needed, [Photographie]. Foreign ID fraud ‘bleeding SA fiscus’. https://www. iol.co.za/business-report/economy/foreign-id-fraud-bleeding-sa-fiscus-1119121, consulté le 13.05.2022

[108] Youtube, & © The Mob Reporter (2020), False identity factory: fake passports, bogus credit cards, real guns, [Vidéo]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e1_ M46a8vY&ab_channel=TheMobReporter, consulté le 13.05.2022

[109] Wikimedia commons, & National Archives of Australia (1943), Mr A P Vlasov, First Soviet Minister to Australia, at Government House after presenting his credentials, [Photographie]. https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_ambassador_Vlasov.jpg, consulté le 05.05.2022

[110] Slate.FR, & Belsœur C., & REUTERS, & Schults J. (2015). L’ambassade américaine à Paris, et son dernier étage en trompe l’oeil, [Photographie]. Peut-on brouiller les grandes oreilles des ambassades américaines?. https://www.slate.fr/story/103457/nsa-reseau-ambassade-oreilles, consutlé le 13.05.2022

[111] BFM.TV, & Garnier H., & AFP, & Thomas S. (2022). L’ambassade américaine à Paris, [Photographie]. Quatre questions sur le mystérieux «syndrome de La Havane» qui touche des diplomates américains à Paris et Genève. https://www.bfmtv.com/international/ quatre-questions-sur-le-mysterieuxsyndrome-de-la-havane-qui-touchedes-diplomates-americains-a-pariset-geneve_AD-202201130472.html, consulté le 13.05.2022

[112] TDG, Le matin dimanche, & Jourdan A., & DR (2018).Cette simple mallette recèle le matériel de pointe permettant de voler les données de tous les téléphones mobiles à sa portée, [Photographie].À Genève, la guerre des écoutes fait rage entre les espions. https://www.tdg.ch/ lematindimanche/geneve-guerreecoutes-rage-espions/story/11931271, consulté le 19.05.2022

[113] © AFP , & Valeurs actuelles, & Paya F., & Greef-Madelin M. (2016). Antennes de la NSA. Le «Patriot Act» a permis aux diverses agences américaines de partager leurs informations. Photo, [Photographie]. Terrorisme – Les leçons de l’étranger. https://www.valeursactuelles.com/clubvaleurs/monde/terrorisme-les-lecons-de-letranger, consulté le 19.05.2022

[114] © Thales group (s.d.). Typical Architecture, [Illustration]. Strate-

gic HF COMINT/DF solution. https:// www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/ defence-and-security/radio-communications/electronic-warfare-communications/land-2, consulté le 19.05.2022

[115] COMINT Consulting (2014). Un opérateur à son bureau, [Photographie]. COMINT Consulting, Fabrication pour l’industrie de la défense et industrie spatiale. https://www.linkedin.com/ company/comint-consulting-llc, consulté le 19.05.2022

[116] Wikimedia commons (2010). Aerial port quarter view of Soviet Balzam class auxiliary general intelligence ship SSV516 underway, [Photographie]. https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Balzam_SIGINT_ship_SSV-516. JPEG, consulté le 19.05.2022

[117] CC0-Hipopx (2017). Avion, Avax, siècle des lumières, radar, armée de terre, avion, transport, [Photographie]. https:// www.hippopx.com/fr/aircraft-avax-enlightenment-radar-army-airplane-transportation-256466, consulté le 19.05.2022

[118] VOI editorial team, & Wikimedia Commons, & Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (2021). The Nebo-M radar is also capable of detecting ballistic missiles and hypersonic missiles from a long distance, [Photographie]. No Longer ‘stealth’, Russia Can Detect US F-22 And F-35 Fighter Jets. https://voi.id/en/ news/54259/no-longer-stealth-russiacan-detect-us-f-22-and-f-35-fighter-jets, consulté le 19.05.2022 Archives (1960). The Radar Operator, Aboard a P5 Marlin Patrol Aircraft of patrol squadron 40 (VP-40) helps guide his aircraft towards an unidentified surface contact off the coast of Vietnam, June 1965, [Photographie]. USN 1142216 The Radar Operator. https://www.history.navy.mil/ content/history/nhhc/our-collections/ photography/numerical-list-of-images/ nhhc-series/nh-series/USN-1142000/USN1142216.html, consulté le 19.05.2022 [120] Bishop Grosseteste University, & © Medmenham Collection (2021). A photographic Interpreter at Danesfield House studies plans and photographs of a BMW factory with the use of a stereoscope, [Photographie]. ‘Ideal Candidate’ Academic Appointed as Trustee for Medmenham Collection. https://www.bishopg.ac.uk/ news/ideal-candidate-academic-appointed-as-trustee-for-medmenham-collection, consulté le 20.05.2022

[121] Hush-Kit, & US Air Force (2021). The RB-57D seen here, was a twin-engined underpowered aircraft with delicate wings (one fell off while taxiing one time), and limited altitude with a light payload. However, the RB-57F was four-engined (two TF-33s and two J-60s) aircraft which could reach 70,000 feet while carrying 10,000 lbs of equipment. NASA still flies three of them, but without the J-60 engines, [Photographie]. We asked a former RC-135 pilot to choose the Top 10 ‘Spy-Planes’ (though don’t call them that!). https:// hushkit.net/2021/02/07/we-asked-a-former-rc-135-pilot-to-choose-the-top-10spy-planes-though-dont-call-them-that/, consulté le 19.05.2022

[119] Naval History and Heritage Command, & Joc R.D. Moeser, & National [122] Seagate (2014). Un gardien de sécurité, [Photographie]. Video Surveillance Sto-

rage: How Much Is Enough? https://www. seagate.com/de/de/solutions/surveillance/ how-much-video-surveillance-storageis-enough/, https://www.seagate.com/ files/www-content/solutions/surveillance/images/video-surveillance-article-1200x800.jpg, consulté le 19.05.2022 vessels at anchor and ships at berth against underwater threats, [Photographie], [Image 3D]. Portable Diver Detection Sonar – PointShield™ PDDS. https://dsit.co.il/ sonar/underwater-security/portable-diver-detection-sonar-pointshield-pdds/, consulté le 19.05.2022

[123] ImageSat Intl (2019). #Breaking: for the #first time observed, the recently arrived from #Russia to #Turkey #S400 is in operational mode and deployed in #Ankara, [Photographie]. https://twitter.com/imagesatintl/status/1168862820622065666, consulté le 19.05.2022

[124] ResearchGate GmbH, & Vorobev A., & turfimage.com (2017). 4 Different layers of data can be combined through a GIS to represent realistic and integrated digital maps of the Earth’s surface, [Photographie].https://www.researchgate.net/ figure/Different-layers-of-data-can-becombined-through-a-GIS-to-representrealistic-and_fig3_318236667, consulté le 19.05.2022

[125] Lee I. (2019). Synthetic Aperture Radar, [Photographie] What is GEOINT and IMINT?. https://ilee72.github.io/projects/ geoint, consulté le 19.05.2022

[126] © Marine Electronics Ltd (2011). L’interface du modèle sonar 3264, [Illustration]. See View 3D Imaging Sonar Model 3264 Specification. http://www. marine-electronics.co.uk/SeeView%20 Model%203264_spec.html, consulté le 19.04.2022

[127] © DSIT Solutions Ltd. (2015). PointShield™ is a Portable Diver Detection Sonar (PDDS) system for protection of [128] NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research , & ThayerMahan, Inc., & Kraken Robotics (2020). SAS scan of an unidentified shipwreck off of the coast of Nantucket, [Photographie]. Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS). https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar/sas. html, consulté le 19.04.2022

[129] Wikimedia commons, & CC-Steiger M. (2010). Luftbild der Onyx-Abhörinfrastruktur in Leuk, Schweiz, [Photographie]. https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Onyx_20100819_MartinSteiger_CCBYSA_001.jpg, consulté le 19.05.2022

[130] © Mirion Technologies (2018). Main tenant un détecteur de radiations, [Photographie]. Radiation Detection & Protection Instruments, Advanced Detection and Isotope Identification https:// v2.mirion.com/products/radiation-detection-and-protection-instruments/, consulté le 19.05.2022

[131] Annual reviews, & Knowable Magazine, & Zimmer K., & Mousseau T.A., & Shestopalov (2022). Shown here is the region around Chernobyl, color-coded to indicate levels of radioactive contamination from Cesium-137. Red areas have higher levels of contamination, green areas have lower levels. The extent of contamination varies dramatically within

the zone, which creates a unique setting in which to investigate the impact of radiation on wildlife, [Illustration] .Scientists can’t agree about Chernobyl’s impact on wildlife. https://knowablemagazine. org/article/food-environment/2022/ scientists-cant-agree-about-chernobylsimpact-wildlife, consulté le 19.05.2022

[132] Getty Images, & The SOFREP Media Group, & Stavros Atlamazoglou, &

Furlong C. (2019). CARLISLE, ENGLAND - OCTOBER 13: Forward Air Controller (FAC) Corporal Craig Pullen of The Queens

Royal Lancers guides in fighter jets to a target as they take part in exercise Joint Warrior, the biggest tri-service exercise conducted in Europe, at the Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility at RAF Spadeadam on October 13, 2009 in Carlisle, England. FACs are in direct contact with pilots and are the eyes on the ground for fast jet pilots. Highly trained FACs pinpoint targets using the latest electronic observation equipment and advanced map reading skills to give cover and support to troops on the ground, [Photographie].

Finding needles in haystacks: The future of military intelligence? https://sofrep. com/news/finding-needles-in-haystacks-the-future-of-military-intelligence/, consulté le 19.05.2022

[133] © NOVA ELECTRIC (2016). US Army Night Vision program relies on Nova Electric’s rugged NGL Series of DC-AC inverters to provide reliable, pure sinewave AC power from a military vehicle DC input wherever the system is deployed, [Photography].US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors. https://novaelectric. com/us-army-night-vision-and-electronic-sensors/, consulté le 19.05.2022 [134] Dronestagram, & © Horus Dynamics (2017). Professional drone flir A65 thermal camera, [Photographie]. Drone Infrared Camera. https://www. dronestagr.am/drone-infrared-camera/, consulté le 19.04.2022

[135] Insider Inc., & Pickrell R., & Christopher S. Muncy, & US Air National Guard (2019). US military personnel with laser sights, [Photographie]. This US military laser can identify people by their heartbeats from 650 feet away. https://www. businessinsider.com/this-us-military-laser-can-identify-people-by-theirheartbeats-2019-6?r=US&IR=T, consulté le 19.05.2022

[136] John F. Williams, & the United States Navy (2014). The U.S. Navy Afloat Forward Staging Base (Interim) USS Ponce (AFSB(I)-15) conducts an operational demonstration of the Office of Naval Research (ONR)-sponsored Laser Weapon System (LaWS) while deployed to the Arabian Gulf, [Photographie]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laser_ Weapon_System_aboard_USS_Ponce_ (AFSB(I)-15)_in_November_2014_(05). JPG, consulté le 19.05.2022

[138] © Oriane Simonet (2022), Petit aperçu du travail pratique, [Photographie], [Photomontage].

Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement mon mentor M. Engelberts et ma famille pour l’aide apportée à la rédation et correction de ce travail. Je remerice également Mme Fournier pour ses conseils et son support technique ainsi que toute l’équipe de la HKB pour son soutien.

L’histoire et les secrets vous passionnent ? Vous pensiez que James Bond était l’espion type? En fait, la réalité est tout autre !

Pour en savoir plus, feuilletez donc cet ouvrage illustré et plongez-vous dans l’univers intrigant de la Guerre froide et des services de renseignements.