IoTandSpacecraft Informatics
Editedby
K.L.YUNG
DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,The HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,P.R. China
ANDREWW.H.IP
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Universityof Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,SK,Canada;Departmentof IndustrialandSystemsEngineering,TheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity,HongKongSAR,P.R.China
FATOSXHAFA
UniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
K.K.TSENG
HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Shenzhen,P.R.China
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Listofcontributorsxv
Abouttheeditorsxix
Forewordxxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgmentxxix
1.Artificialintelligenceapproachforaerospacedefectdetection usingsingle-shotmultiboxdetectornetworkin phasedarrayultrasonic1 YukMingTang,AndrewW.H.IpandWenqiangLi
1.1 Introduction1
1.1.1 Ultrasonicinspectioninaircraft1
1.1.2 Autonomousinspection2
1.2 Literaturereview3
1.2.1 Compositematerialfortheaerospaceindustry3
1.2.2 Defectsoncompositematerials3
1.2.3 Defectinspectionofcompositematerials4
1.3 Defectdetectionalgorithm5
1.3.1 R-convolutionalneuralnetwork6
1.3.2 Youonlylookonce6
1.3.3 Single-shotmuliboxdetector7
1.3.4 Single-shotmuliboxdetectorversusyouonlylookonce8
1.3.5 Convolutionalneuralnetwork-basedobjectdetectionin nondestructivetesting9
1.4 Deploymentofdefectdetection11
1.4.1 Settingupofthedeeplearningenvironment11
1.4.2 Modeltraining13
1.4.3 DeploymentinNVidiajetsonTX214
1.4.4 Validation15
1.5 Implementation16
1.5.1 Datasetpreparation16
1.5.2 Defectscanning16
1.5.3 Imageaugmentation17
1.5.4 Imageannotation18
1.6 Results19
1.6.1 Loss19
1.6.2 Validationofthedefectdetectionsystem20
1.7 Conclusions25
Acknowledgment26 References26
2.Classifyingasteroidspectrabydata-drivenmachine learningmodel29
TanGuo,Xiao-PingLu,KepingYu,Yong-XiongZhangandFulinLuo
2.1 Introduction29
2.1.1 Asteroidspectroscopicsurvey30
2.1.2 Asteroidtaxonomy32
2.2 Relatedwork35
2.2.1 Notationsusedinthischapter35
2.2.2 Low-dimensionalfeaturelearningforspectraldata36
2.2.3 Classifiermodelsforspectraldataclassification37
2.3 Neighboringdiscriminantcomponentanalysis: adata-drivenmachinelearningmodelforasteroidspectrafeature learningandclassification39
2.4 Experiments42
2.4.1 Preprocessingfortheasteroidspectraldata42
2.4.2 Experimentalsetupandresults43
2.4.3 Analysisforneighboringdiscriminantcomponentanalysi parameters49
2.4.4 Analysisforextremelearningmachineclassifier parameters50
2.5 Conclusion53
Acknowledgment54
AppendixA Reflectancespectracharacteristicsforsomerepresentative asteroidsfromdifferentcategoriesareusedinthischapter54 References65
3.Recognitionoftargetspacecraftbasedonshapefeatures67
NaDong,XinyuLiu,DonghuiLi,AndrewW.H.IpandK.L.Yung
3.1 Introduction67
3.1.1 Background67
3.1.2 Relatedworks69
3.2 Artificialbeecolonyalgorithm72
3.3 Species-basedartificialbeecolonyalgorithm73
3.3.1 Species73
3.3.2 Species-basedartificialbeecolonyalgorithm74
3.3.3 Benchmarktest78
3.4 Theapplicationofspecies-basedartificialbeecolonyincircledetection81
3.4.1 Representationofthecircle81
3.4.2 Assessmentofcircularaccuracy82
3.5 Theapplicationofspecies-basedartificialbeecolonyinmulticircle detection83
3.5.1 Testexperimentsondrawnsketches83
3.5.2 Detectionforcircularmodulesonnoncooperativetargets86
3.5.3 Detectionperformancewithnoise89
3.5.4 Detectionperformanceunderdifferentlightintensity90
3.5.5 Detectionperformanceduringcontinuousflight91
3.6 Theapplicationofspecies-basedartificialbeecolonyinmultitemplate matching93
3.6.1 Multitemplatematchingbyspecies-basedartificialbeecolony94
3.6.2 Multitemplatematchingforblurredimages96
3.6.3 Multitemplatematchingforimageswithnoises96
3.7 Conclusions96 References98
4.InternetofThings,avisionofdigitaltwinsandcasestudies101 AparnaMurthy,MuhammadIrshad,SohailM.Noman,XilangTang, BinHu,SongChenandGhadeerKhader
4.1 Introductiontointernetofthings101
4.2 Componentsofinternetofthings102
4.2.1 Sensor/devices103
4.2.2 Connectivity103
4.2.3 Dataprocessing104
4.2.4 Userinterface104
4.3 Digitaltwin105
4.4 Digitaltwindescriptionininternetofthingscontext108
4.5 Multiagentsystemarchitecture108
4.5.1 Dynamicreal-lifeenvironment109
4.5.2 Collaborativelearning109
4.6 Themathematicalconstructofatypicaldigitaltwin112
4.7 Internetofthingsanalytics113
4.7.1 Casestudies1 internetofthingsdevicesformobilelink114
4.7.2 Casestudy2 intelligentinternetofthings-basedsystem studyingpostmodulationfactors116
4.7.3 Casestudies3 internetofthings-basedverticalplantwall forindoorclimatecontrol121
Contents
4.8 Discussion123
4.9 Conclusion124 References125
5.Subspacetrackingfortime-varyingdirection-of-arrival estimationwithsensorarrays129
BinLiao,ZhiguoZhangandShingChowChan
5.1 Introduction129
5.1.1 Subspacetracking129
5.1.2 Direction-of-arrivalestimation131
5.2 Subspacetrackingalgorithms131
5.2.1 Signalmodel131
5.2.2 Projectionapproximatesubspacetracking132
5.2.3 Modifiedprojectionapproximatesubspacetracking133
5.2.4 Modifiedorthonormalprojectionapproximatesubspacetracking135
5.2.5 Kalmanfiltering135
5.2.6 Kalmanfilterwithvariablenumberofmeasurementsbased subspacetracking137
5.3 Robustsubspacetracking140
5.3.1 Robustprojectionapproximatesubspacetracking141
5.3.2 RobustKalmanfilterwithvariablenumberofmeasuremen142
5.4 Subspace-baseddirection-of-arrivaltracking145
5.5 Simulationresults146
5.5.1 Subspaceanddirection-of-arrivaltrackinginGaussiannoise146
5.5.2 Subspaceanddirection-of-arrivaltrackinginimpulsivenoise149
5.6 Conclusions153 References153
6.Anoverviewofoptimizationandresolutionmethodsin satelliteschedulingandspacecraftoperation:description, modeling,andapplication157
AndrewW.H.Ip,FatosXhafa,JingyiDongandMingGao
6.1 Introduction157
6.1.1 Background157
6.1.2 Literaturereviewandclassificationofschedulingproblems159
6.1.3 Theschedulingproblems160
6.1.4 Integratingschedulinginthebigdataenvironment162
6.2 Satelliteschedulingproblems164
6.2.1 Satelliterangescheduling164
6.2.2 Satellitedownlinkscheduling164
6.2.3 Satellitebroadcastscheduling167
6.2.4 Satelliteschedulingdatadownload168
6.2.5 Satelliteschedulingatlargescale168
6.2.6 Satelliteschedulingatsmallscale169
6.2.7 Multisatellitescheduling169
6.2.8 Multisatellite,multistationTT&Cscheduling169
6.2.9 Groundstationscheduling170
6.2.10 Low-earth-orbitsatellitescheduling176
6.2.11 Computationalcomplexityofsatellitesscheduling177
6.2.12 Satellitedeploymentsystems178
6.3 Spacecraftoptimizationproblems178
6.4 Computationalcomplexityresolutionmethods179
6.4.1 Localsearchmethods181
6.5 Futuretrendofalgorithmsandmodelsandsolutionsofsatellite schedulingproblem208
6.6 Benchmarkingandsimulationplatforms212
6.7 Conclusionsandfuturework213 Acknowledgments213 References213
7.ColoredPetrinetmodelingofthemanufacturingprocesses ofspaceinstruments219
AngLi,BoLi,MingGao,K.L.YungandAndrewW.H.Ip
7.1 Introduction219
7.1.1 DevelopmentofPetrinet219
7.1.2 ClassificationofPetrinet219
7.1.3 Petrinetproperties224
7.1.4 ModelingwithTCPN225
7.1.5 ApplicationofPetrinet225
7.1.6 Optimizationtools227
7.2 Casestudy233
7.2.1 Casemodelingandsimulation233
7.2.2 Simulationresultandanalysis241
7.2.3 Improvementstrategy246
7.3 FaultdiagnosisofRocketenginestartingprocess249
7.3.1 OnlinefaultdiagnosismethodofobservablePetrinet249
7.4 Conclusion250 Acknowledgments251 References252
8.Productperformancemodelforproductinnovation,reliability anddevelopmentinhigh-techindustriesandacasestudy onthespaceinstrumentindustry255
YukMingTang,AndrewW.H.Ip,YimShanAuandK.L.Yung
8.1 Introduction255
8.1.1 Projectbackground255
8.1.2 Projectobjectives256
8.2 Literaturereview256
8.2.1 Definitionofinnovation256
8.2.2 Factorsaffectinginnovations257
8.2.3 Definitionofproductreliability258
8.2.4 Factorsaffectingproductreliability258
8.2.5 Definitionofnewproductdevelopment259
8.2.6 Factoraffectingnewproductdevelopment260
8.2.7 Productrelationshipsinhigh-techindustries260
8.3 Methodology261
8.3.1 Researchframework261
8.3.2 Researchhypothesis261
8.3.3 Datacollection263
8.3.4 Casestudyofthesoilpreparationsystem263
8.4 Methodology263
8.4.1 Respondents263
8.4.2 Resultsofquestionnaire264
8.4.3 Resultofcasestudyonsoilpreparationsystemcomparedto hi-techindustry268
8.5 Discussion275
8.5.1 Relationshipofinnovation,reliabilityandproductdevelopment inhigh-techindustries275
8.6 Conclusions279
8.6.1 Summaryofstudy279
8.6.2 Limitationsofstudy280
8.6.3 Suggestionsforfuturework280 Acknowledgment281 References281
9.Monocularsimultaneouslocalizationandmappingfor aspaceroverapplication285
K.K.Tseng,JunLi,YachinChang,K.L.YungandAndrewW.H.Ip
9.1 Introduction285
9.2 Relatedwork287
9.3 Proposedsystemandalgorithm288
9.3.1 Systeminitialization289
9.3.2 Mapmanagement291
9.3.3 Featuresearchandmatching293
9.3.4 Systemstateupdate296
9.4 Experiments297
9.4.1 Systemdisplayandcameraview298
9.4.2 Performancecomparison298
9.5 Planetaryroverapplication300
9.6 Conclusions304 References305
10.Reliabilityandhealthmanagementofspacecraft307 XilangTang,K.L.YungandBinHu
10.1 Introduction307
10.2 Anintroductionto “healthmanagement” 308
10.2.1 Thebasicconceptof “healthmanagement” 308
10.2.2 Condition-basedmaintenance309
10.3 Theapplicationofspacecrafthealthmanagement integrated vehiclehealthmanagement312
10.4 Theclassicalstructureofhealthmanagementsystemforspacecraft315
10.4.1 Thespace-bornehealthmanagementsystem315
10.4.2 Thegroundhealthmanagementsystem318
10.5 BenefitsofInternetofThingstohealthmanagement319
10.5.1 ThedifferencebetweenInternetofThingsandsensornetwork319
10.5.2 InternetofThingsbringsmorebenefitforhealthmanagement ofspacecraft320
10.6 Prognosticstechnique321
10.6.1 Problemsformodel-basedprognostics322
10.6.2 Methodologyofmodel-basedprognostics323
10.6.3 Anexampleofprognosticsforsolenoidvalve327 References334
337
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Listofcontributors
YimShanAu
DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnic University,HongKong,P.R.China;LaboratoryforArtificialIntelligenceinDesign, HongKongSciencePark,NewTerritories,HongKongSAR,P.R.China
ShingChowChan
DepartmentofElectricalandEletronicEngineering,TheUniversityofHongKong, HongKong,P.R.China
YachinChang
HarbinInstituteofTechnology(Shenzhen),Shenzhen,P.R.China
SongChen
TianjinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Tianjin,P.R.China
JingyiDong
SchoolofManagementScienceandEngineering,KeyLaboratoryofBigData ManagementOptimizationandDecisionofLiaoningProvince,DongbeiUniversityof FinanceandEconomics,Dalian,P.R.China
NaDong
SchoolofElectricalandInformationEngineering,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin, P.R.China
MingGao
SchoolofManagementScienceandEngineering,KeyLaboratoryofBigData ManagementOptimizationandDecisionofLiaoningProvince,DongbeiUniversityof FinanceandEconomics,Dalian,P.R.China
TanGuo
FacultyofInformationTechnology,MacauUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa, Macau,P.R.China;StateKeyLaboratoryofLunarandPlanetarySciences,Macau UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa,Macau,P.R.China;Schoolof CommunicationandInformationEngineering,ChongqingUniversityofPostsand Telecommunications,Chongqing,P.R.China
BinHu
ChangshaNormalUniversity,Changsha,P.R.China
AndrewW.H.Ip
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,SK, Canada;DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnic University,HongKongSAR,P.R.China;CollegeofEngineering,Universityof Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,SK,Canada
MuhammadIrshad
DepartmentofElectronicandInformationEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnic University,HongKong,China
GhadeerKhader
DiligentTrustInc.,ITSolutions,Toronto,Canada
AngLi
SchoolofManagementScienceandEngineering,KeyLaboratoryofBigData ManagementOptimizationandDecisionofLiaoningProvince,DongbeiUniversityof FinanceandEconomics,Dalian,P.R.China
BoLi
SchoolofManagementScienceandEngineering,KeyLaboratoryofBigData ManagementOptimizationandDecisionofLiaoningProvince,DongbeiUniversityof FinanceandEconomics,Dalian,P.R.China
DonghuiLi
SchoolofElectricalandInformationEngineering,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
JunLi
HarbinInstituteofTechnology(Shenzhen),Shenzhen,P.R.China
WenqiangLi
DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnic University,HongKongSAR,P.R.China
BinLiao
CollegeofElecronicsandInformationEngineering,ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen, P.R.China
XinyuLiu
SchoolofElectricalandInformationEngineering,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
Xiao-PingLu
FacultyofInformationTechnology,MacauUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa, Macau,P.R.China;StateKeyLaboratoryofLunarandPlanetarySciences,Macau UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa,Macau,P.R.China
FulinLuo
StateKeyLaboratoryofInformationEngineeringinSurveying,MappingandRemote Sensing,WuhanUniversity,Wuhan,P.R.China
AparnaMurthy
EIT,PEO,Toronto,ON,Canada
SohailM.Noman
ShantouUniversityMedicalCollege,Shantou,Guangdong,P.R.China
XilangTang
AirForceEngineeringUniversity,Xi’an,P.R.China
YukMingTang
LaboratoryforArtificialIntelligenceinDesign,HongKongSciencePark,New Territories,HongKongSAR,P.R.China;DepartmentofIndustrialandSystems Engineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKongSAR,P.R.China
K.K.Tseng
HarbinInstituteofTechnology(Shenzhen),Shenzhen,P.R.China
FatosXhafa
UniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
KepingYu
GlobalInformationandTelecommunicationInstitute,WasedaUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
K.L.Yung
DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnic University,HongKong,P.R.China
Yong-XiongZhang
FacultyofInformationTechnology,MacauUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa, Macau,P.R.China;StateKeyLaboratoryofLunarandPlanetarySciences,Macau UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Taipa,Macau,P.R.China
ZhiguoZhang
SchoolofBiomedicalEngineering,HealthScienceCenter,ShenzhenUniversity, Shenzhen,P.R.China
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Abouttheeditors
Prof.K.L.Yung,the HongKongPolytechnic University,China
ProfessorK.L.Yung isanAssociateHeadand ChairProfessoroftheDepartmentofIndustrial andSystemsEngineeringofTheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity.HereceivedhisBScin ElectronicEngineeringatBrightonUniversityin 1975,MSc,DICinAutomaticControlSystemsat ImperialCollegeofScience,Technology& Medicine,UniversityofLondonin1976,and PhDinMicroprocessorApplicationsinProcess ControlatPlymouthUniversityintheUnited Kingdomin1985.HebecameaChartered Engineer(C.Eng.,MIEE)in1982.Aftergraduation,heworkedintheUnitedKingdomforcompaniessuchasBOC AdvancedWeldingCo.Ltd.,theBritishEverReadyGroup,andthe CranfieldUnitforPrecisionEngineering(CUPE).In1986,hereturned toHongKongtojointheHongKongProductivityCouncilasa Consultantandsubsequentlyswitchedtoacademiatojointhe DepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineeringofTheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity.Hehasawealthofexperienceinmakingsophisticatedspacetoolsfordeepspaceexplorationmissions.TheseincludeSpace HolinserForcepsfortheMIRSpaceStation,the “MarsRockCorer” for theEuropeanSpaceAgency’sMarsExpressMission(2003),the “Soil PreparationSystem” fortheSino-RussianPhobos-GruntMission(2011), andadvancedprecisionroboticsystemsfortheChinaLunarExploration Missions(Chang’e3,4,5,and6)suchastheCameraPointingSystems (CPS),andtheMarsExplorationMission(Tianwen-1),suchastheMars SurveillanceCamera.
Prof.AndrewW.H.Ip, Universityof Saskatchewan, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering,Canada
Prof.AndrewW.H.Ip receivedhisPhDfrom LoughboroughUniversity(UK),MBAfrom BrunelUniversity(UK),MScinIndustrial EngineeringfromCranfieldUniversity(UK),and LLB(Hons)fromtheUniversityof Wolverhampton(UK).In2015,Dr.Ipwas awarded “GoldMedalwiththeCongratulationsof theJury” and “ThailandAwardforBest InternationalInvention” inthe43rdInternational ExhibitionofGeneva,andin2013,hewas awardedthe “NaturalScienceAward” ofthe MinistryofEducationHigherEducation OutstandingScientificResearchOutputAwards bytheMinistryofEducationofMainlandChina. Dr.IphasbeenappointedasadistinguishedprofessorandvisitingprofessorofvariousuniversitiesinChinaincluding ShenzhenUniversity,CivilAviationUniversityofChina,SouthChina NormalUniversity,CityUniversityofMacau,andtheHunanUniversity ofFinanceandEconomics.HeisaProfessorEmeritusandanadjunct professorofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofSaskatchewan, Canada;HonoraryFellowoftheUniversityofWarwick(Warwick ManufacturingGroup),andaseniorresearchfellowoftheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity.Heisacharteredengineer,seniormemberof IEEE,memberofHongKongInstitutionofEngineers,andmemberof variousprofessionalbodiesinmechanicalandelectricalengineering.
HeistheEditor-in-Chiefofthe InternationalJournalofEnterprise InformationSystem (SCIindex),Taylor&Francis;theFounder&Editorin-Chiefofthe InternationalJournalofEngineeringBusinessManagement (ESCI&SCOPUSindex),SAGE;andEditor-in-Chiefofthe International JournalofSoftwareScienceandComputationalIntelligence ofIGIGlobal.He alsoservesasassociateeditorandguesteditorofvariousSCIinternational journalsonengineeringandtechnology.
Prof.FatosXhafa,PhD, UPC-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona,Spain
FatosXhafa,PhD inComputerScience,isafull professorattheTechnicalUniversityofCatalonia (UPC),Barcelona,Spain.Hehasheldvarioustenuredandvisitingprofessorshippositions.Hewasa visitingprofessorattheUniversityofSurrey,UK (2019/2020),visitingprofessorattheBirkbeck College,UniversityofLondon,UK(2009/2010), andaresearchassociateatDrexelUniversity, Philadelphia,USA(2004/2005).HewasadistinguishedguestprofessoratHubeiUniversityof Technology,China,for3years(2016 19).Prof. Xhafahaswidelypublishedinpeer-reviewedinternationaljournals,conferences/workshops,bookchapters,editedbooks, andproceedingsinthefield(H-index55).Heisawardedteachingand researchmeritsbytheSpanishMinistryofScienceandEducation,in IEEEconferences,andbestpaperawards.Prof.Xhafahasextensiveeditorialexperience.HeisthefounderandEditor-in-Chiefof Internetof Things Journal Elsevier(ScopusandClarivateWoSScienceCitation Index)andof InternationalJournalofGridandUtilityComputing,(Emerging SourcesCitationIndex)andAE/EBMemberofseveralindexedinternationaljournals.HeisthefounderandEditor-in-Chiefoftwobooksseries: theSpringerBookSeriesLectureNotesinDataEngineeringand CommunicationTechnologies(SCOPUS,EICompendex,ISIWoS)and theElsevierBookSeriesIntelligentData-CentricSystems(SCOPUS,EI Compendex).Prof.XhafaisamemberofIEEECommunicationsSociety, IEEESystems,Man&CyberneticsSociety,andFounderMemberofthe EmergingTechnicalSubcommitteeofInternetofThings.
HisresearchinterestsincludeIoTandCloud-to-thingcontinuum computing,massivedataprocessingandcollectiveintelligence,optimization,security,andtrustworthycomputingandmachinelearning.Hecan bereachedat fatos@cs.upc.edu.Pleasevisitalso http://www.cs.upc.edu/ Bfatos/ andat http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/x/Xhafa:Fatos
K.K.Tseng isatenuredassociateprofessorand ShenzhenPeacockB-leveltalent.Hewasbornin 1974andreceivedhisdoctoraldegreeincomputer informationandengineeringfromtheNational ChiaoTungUniversityofTaiwanin2006.Hehas manyyearsofresearchanddevelopmentexperienceandhaslongengagedindeeplearningarchitectureandalgorithmsresearch.Hisrecentresearch focusisonbrain-likeprocessordesign,unmanned driving,andbiologicalsignalresearch.
Prof.K.K.Tseng,
HarbinInstituteof Technology,China
Hehaspublishedmorethan80articles,of whichabout40haveahighSCIimpactfactor includingthefamousACM/IEEEseriesofjournals.Inaddition,hehas registeredmorethan40patentsforinventions.
Foreword
Spaceexplorationisoneofthemostexcitingandcontemporarytopics bothinacademiaandindustriesinrecentyears.Manycountriessuchas Russia,UnitedStates,Japan,andIndiaaredeployingnewandinnovative technologiesinvolvingAI,drones,robotics,andmachinelearning,andso onintotheirdeepspaceexplorationmissions.Moreover,consideringthe highcomplexity,highcost,andhighriskinvolvedinspacecraft,advanced technologiesininformationprocessing,simulation,optimization,and decision-makingarerequiredtoimprovetheeffectiveness,efficiency,reliability,andsafetyofspaceexploration.TheemergingInternetofThings (IoT)orInternetofPlanetsandinformaticsofferthepossibilityofintegrationintheareasofspacecraftdesign,development,andimplementation regardingin-orbitspacecraft,satellites,spacestations,stationsonMoon, Mars,andotherplanets,whichisimperative.Forexample,in2020China completedtwohistoricaldeepspacemissions.Chang’e-5successfully returnedthefirstChineseacquiredlunarregolithsample,andTiawen-1ZhurongcompletedthefirstChinesesoftlandingonMars.Tiawen-1Zhurongundertookanambitiousmissionthatsentanorbiter,lander,and roverinonegowhichnoothermissionhadattemptedbefore.TheHong KongPolytechnicUniversityteamleadbyProf.K.L.Yungandagroup ofscientistswashonoredtoplayakeyroleinthesemissionsthroughthe developmentofthelandingsiteselectionmethodology,theLunarSurface SampleAcquisitionandPackagingSystemforreturningthelunarregolith, andtheMarsLandingintelligentsurveillancecameraonboardtheMars landingplatform.Overtheyears,theuniversityhasalsoparticipatedin theChang’e-3andChang’e-4missions,whereintelligentinstruments, sensors,andIoTarelocatedonthenearandfarsidesoftheMoon.Inthe nearfuture,theteamwillbedesigningadeviceforChang’e-6toreturna samplefromthefarsideofthemoon,Chang’e-7searchingforwater-ice atthelunarsouthpole,anasteroidsamplereturnfromChang’e-8experimentallunarbase,andasamplereturnfromMars.Thisbook,written byProf.K.L.Yung,Prof.AndrewW.H.Ip,Prof.FatosXhafa,andProf. K.K.Tsengprovidestraightforwardconceptsasthestartingpointwithout overlookingtheirlimitationsandaddressmanyoftheimplicationsofsuccessfulcasesandexamples.Thebookfollowsaverypracticalapproach, dedicatedtoallreaderswhowouldliketoimmediatelyunderstandallthe
insightsofthisinterdisciplinaryresearchareawhichintegratesandinnovatesinkeydeepspaceexplorationtechnologies.Thisbookwouldalso beagoodchoiceforacademiciansandindustrialistswhowanttobring specifictheoryandcasestudiesintotheirclassroomsandworking environment.
Prof.Wenjun(Chris)Zhang
UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,SK,Canada
Preface
InternetofThings(IoT)andSpacecraftInformaticsaretheapplicationsof IoTsystemsandtheoryinthedesign,development,andoperationof spacecraft.Aspacecraftisacomplexsystemthatinvolvestheintegration ofhardwareandsoftware,requiringdifferentIoTarchitectureswithsensors,networks,applications,andsoonforinformationmodeling,simulation,optimization,anddecisionsupportmethodsandtechniques.Sucha spacecraftsystemrepresentedbytheoryandtechniquescanbeusedto describein-orbitspacecraft,satellites,spacestationsofanytypesindeepspaceexplorationmissionsfromgroundcontrol,userpayload,space weatherandconditions,remotesensingandtelemetry,andmanymore spaceflightmissionsandactivitiesindesigning,forecasting,planning,and control.Themotivationofthisbookistoprovidethefundamentalsand theoryintheareaofIoTandspacecraftinformaticswiththegoalof directlycontributingtothepresentandfuturespaceexplorationand spacecraftdevelopment.Itaimstobringthelatestadvances,findings, andstateoftheartinresearch,casestudiesandexamples,development, andimplementationofIoTkeytechnologiesforspacecraftsystems.The bookconsistsof10chaptersandisthefirstinaseriesofbookswith ElsevierAerospaceEngineering.
Inthefirstchapterofourbook, “Artificialintelligenceapproachfor aerospacedefectdetectionusingasingleshotdetector”,wedescribean inspectionsystemthathasbeendesignedandimplementedwiththesupportofadvancedartificialintelligence(AI)technologies.Inaerospace engineering,ultrasonictestingisareliablemethodtoexaminetheintegrityofcompositecomponentsinanaircraft.ThedevelopmentofapracticalandoperationalsystemusingthelatestAItechnologyfordefect detectioninanaircraftwiththeconvolutionalneuralnetworkisillustratedanddemonstrated,whichcanbeusedtodetectdefectsinthecompositelaminatestoincreasetheaccuracyandefficiencyofultrasonic inspection.Thischapterprovidesasimpleandeasy-to-understandintroductiontoAIandIoTsensors.InChapter2,weinvestigatethecompositionandmineralogicalcharacteristicsofasteroidswhichisverysignificant forunderstandingthephysicalandchemicalevolutionofthesolarsystem. Toovercometheunexpectednoiseofobservationsystemsandtheeverchangingexternalobservationenvironment,theobservedasteroidspectral
