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Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective 4th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
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Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change
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ISE Identities and Inequalities: Exploring the Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, & Sexuality 4th Edition David M.
Newman
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Retrosynthesis in the Manufacture of Generic Drugs Pedro
Paulo Santos
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7Color-BlindPrivilege:TheSocialandPoliticalFunctions ofErasingtheColorLineinPost-RaceAmerica79
CharlesA.Gallagher
8WhatWhiteSupremacistsTaughtaJewishScholarabout Identity84
AbbyL.Ferber
9AreAsianAmericansBecoming “White”?88 MinZhou
10RaceasClass94
HerbertJ.Gans
B.CLASSANDINEQUALITY101
11IsCapitalismGenderedandRacialized?101
JoanAcker
12TheGreatDivergence:GrowingIncomeInequalityCould DestabilizetheU.S.SoWhyIsn’tAnyoneTalking aboutIt?110
TimothyNoah
13ClosingtheWealthGap:AReviewofRacialandEthnic InequalitiesinHomeownership113
MeghanKuebler
14TheIntersectionofPovertyDiscourses:Race,Class, Culture,andGender121
DebraHendersonandAnnTickamyer
15HealthandWealth:OurAppallingHealthInequalityReflects andReinforcesSociety’sOtherGaps129
LawrenceR.JacobsandJamesA.Morone
C.ETHNICITY,IMMIGRATION,ANDNATIONALITY133
16 “IsThisaWhiteCountry,orWhat?” 133
LillianB.Rubin
17Must-SeeTV:SouthAsianCharacterizationsinAmerican PopularMedia141
BhoomiK.Thakore
18OptionalEthnicities:ForWhitesOnly?148 MaryC.Waters
42HowaScholarshipGirlBecomesaSoldier:TheMilitarization ofLatina/oYouthinChicagoPublicSchools346 GinaM.Pérez
43UnspeakableOffenses:UntanglingRaceandDisabilityin DiscoursesofIntersectionality357 NirmalaErevellesandAndreaMinear
D.MEDIAANDPOPULARCULTURE363
44RepresentationsofLatina/oSexualityinPopularCulture363 DeborahR.Vargas
45Where’stheHonor?Attitudestowardthe “FightingSioux” NicknameandLogo367 DanaM.Williams
46MediaMagic:MakingClassInvisible372 GregoryMantsios
47GenderNormsinthe Twilight Series380 RebeccaHayes-Smith
48RethinkingCyberfeminism(s):Race,Gender,and Embodiment383 JessieDaniels
E.BODIES,BEAUTY,ANDSPORTS390
49BrownBody,WhiteWonderland390 TressieMcMillanCottom
50TheConstructionofBlackMasculinity:WhiteSupremacy NowandThen392 AbbyL.Ferber
51SustainableFoodandPrivilege:WhyGreenIsAlways White(andMaleandUpper-Class)399 JananiBalasubramanian
52There’sNoBusinessLiketheNailBusiness401 MiliannKang
F.THESTATEANDVIOLENCE408
53Gender,Race,andUrbanPolicing:TheExperienceofAfrican AmericanYouths408 RodK.BrunsonandJodyMiller
54TheColorofJustice419
MichelleAlexander
55Rape,Racism,andtheLaw424 JenniferWriggins
56InterpretingandExperiencingAnti-QueerViolence: Race,Class,andGenderDifferencesamongLGBT HateCrimeVictims432
DougMeyer
PART IVAnIntersectionalFrameworkforChange:Fromthe LocaltotheGlobal443
MargaretL.AndersenandPatriciaHillCollins
57MulticulturalTrainingInterventiontoAddressAmericanIndian Stereotypes448
JesseA.SteinfeldtandMatthewClintSteinfeldt
58GrowingFoodandJustice:DismantlingRacismthrough SystainableFoodSystems459
AlfonsoMorales
59TheIntersectionalParadigmandAlternativeVisionstoStopping DomesticViolence:WhatPoorWomen,WomenofColor,and ImmigrantWomenAreTeachingUsAboutViolenceinthe Family464
NatalieJ.Sokoloff
60MovementIntersectionality:TheCaseofRace,Gender, Disability,andGeneticTechnologies474 DorothyRobertsandSujathaJesudason
61GlobalizationandIts(Mal)econtents:TheGenderedMoraland PoliticalEconomyofTerrorism485
MichaelS.Kimmel
62IntersectionalityinaTransnationalWorld494 BandanaPurkayastha
race,class,andgender.Wethereforebeginourbookwithessaysthatshowtheir continuing,evenifchanging,significance.
PartII, “SystemsofPowerandInequality,” providestheconceptualfoundationforunderstandinghowrace,class,andgenderarelinkedtogetherandhow theylinkwithothersystemsofpowerandinequality,especiallyethnicityand sexuality.Herewewantstudentstounderstandthatindividualidentitiesand experiencesarestructuredbyintersectingsystemsofpower.TheessaysinPartII linkethnicity,nationality,andsexualitytothestudyofrace,class,andgender. Wetreateachoftheseseparatelyhere,notbecausewethinktheystandalone, buttoshowstudentshoweachoperatessotheycanbetterseetheirinterlocking nature.Theintroductoryessayprovidesworkingdefinitionsforthesemajorconceptsandpresentssomeofthecontemporarydatathatwillhelpstudentsseehow race,class,andgenderstratifycontemporarysociety.
PartIII, “TheStructureofSocialInstitutions,” examineshowintersecting systemsofrace,class,andgendershapetheorganizationofsocialinstitutions andhow,asaresult,theseinstitutionsaffectgroupexperience.Socialscientists routinelydocumenthowLatinos,AfricanAmericans,women,workers,and otherdistinctivegroupsareaffectedbyinstitutionalstructures.Weknowthisis truebutwanttogobeyondtheseanalysestoscrutinizehowinstitutionsare themselvesconstructedthroughrace,class,andgenderrelations.Ascategories ofsocialexperience,race,class,andgendershapeallsocialinstitutionsandsystemsofmeaning.Inthiseditionwehaveaddedanewsectionon “Bodies, Beauty,andSports” toanalyzetheinstitutionsthatshapethebodilyexperiences ofpeople,especiallyyoungerpeople.
WehaverevisedPartIV, “AnIntersectionalFrameworkforChange:From theLocaltotheGlobal,” toshowstudentstheverydifferentcontextsinwhich anintersectionalperspectivecaninformsocialpractices.Manyanthologiesuse theirfinalsectiontoshowhowstudentscanmakeadifferenceinsociety,once theyunderstandtheimportanceofrace,class,andgender.Wethinkthisisatall orderforstudentswhomayhavehadonlyafewweekstobeginunderstanding howrace,class,andgendermatter andmattertogether.Byshowingthedifferentcontextsforsocialchange rangingfromgroup-basededucationincounselingtoglobaltransformation wehopetoshowstudentshowanintersectional frameworkcanshapeone’sactioninbothlocal,national,andglobalcontexts.
Thisbookisgroundedinasociologicalperspective,althoughthearticles comefromdifferentperspectives,disciplines,andexperiences.Severalarticles provideahistoricalfoundationforunderstandinghowrace,class,andgender haveemerged.Wealsoincludematerialsthatbringaglobaldimensiontothe studyofrace,class,andgender notjustbylookingcomparativelyatotherculturesbutalsobyanalyzinghowglobalizationisshapinglifeintheUnitedStates.
Notallarticlesaccomplishthisasmuchaswewouldlike,butwetrynotto selectarticlesthatfocusexclusivelyononeissuewhileignoringtheothers.Inthis regard,ourbookdifferssignificantlyfromotheranthologiesonrace,class,and genderthatincludemanyarticlesoneachfactor,butdolesstoshowhowthey areconnected.Wealsodistinguishourbookfromthosethatarecenteredina multiculturalperspective.Althoughmulticulturalismisimportant,wethinkthat
race,class,andgender;andforthatreason,languagechangesandevolvesas knowledgechanges.Theterm minority, forexample,marginalizesgroups,makingthemseemsomehowoutsidethemainstreamordominantculture.Even worse,thephrase non-White, routinelyusedbysocialscientists,definesgroups intermsofwhattheyarenotandassumesthatWhiteshavetheuniversalexperiencesagainstwhichtheexperiencesofallothergroupsaremeasured.Wehave consciouslyavoidedusingbothofthesetermsthroughoutthisbook,although thisissometimesunavoidable.
WehavecapitalizedBlackinourwritingbecauseofthespecifichistorical experience,variedasitis,ofAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStates.Wealso capitalizeWhitewhenreferringtoaparticulargroupexperience;however,we recognizethatWhiteAmericanisnomoreauniformexperiencethanisAfrican American.Weuse Hispanic and Latina/o interchangeably,thoughwerecognize thatisnothowgroupsnecessarilydefinethemselves.Whencitingdatafrom othersources(typicallygovernmentdocuments),weuse Hispanic becausethatis usuallyhowsuchdataarereported.
Languagebecomesespeciallyproblematicwhenwewanttotalkaboutfeaturesofexperiencethatdifferentgroupsshare.UsingshortcuttermslikeHispanic,Latina/o,NativeAmerican,andwomenofcolorhomogenizesdistinct historicalexperiences.Eventheterm White falselyunifiesexperiencesacross suchfactorsasethnicity,religion,class,andgender,tonameafew.Attimes, though,wewanttotalkofcommonexperiencesacrossdifferentgroups,sowe haveusedlabelssuchasLatina/o,AsianAmerican,NativeAmerican,and womenofcolortodoso.Unfortunately,describinggroupsinthiswayreinforces basiccategoriesofoppression.Wedonotknowhowtoresolvethisproblembut wantreaderstobeawareofthelimitationsandsignificanceoflanguageasthey trytothinkmoreinclusivelyaboutdiversegroupexperiences.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ananthologyrestsontheeffortsofmorepeoplethantheeditorsalone.This bookhasbeeninspiredbyourworkwithscholarsandteachersfromaround thecountrywhoareworkingtomaketheirteachingandwritingmoreinclusive andsensitivetotheexperiencesofallgroups.Overtheyearsofourowncollaboration,wehaveeachbeenenrichedbytheworkofthosetryingtomakehigher educationamoreequitableandfairinstitution.Inthattime,ourworkhasgrown frommanynetworksthathavegeneratednewrace,class,andgenderscholars. Theseassociationscontinuetosustainus.Manypeoplecontributedtothedevelopmentofthisbook.WeespeciallythankD.StanleyEitzen,MaxineBacaZinn, ElizabethHigginbotham,ValerieHans,andtheBostonAreaFeministScholars Groupfortheinspiration,ideas,suggestions,andsupport.
Weappreciatethesupportgivenbyourinstitutions,withspecialthanksto PresidentPatrickHarker,VicePresidentPatriciaWilson,andExecutiveVice PresidentScottDouglassoftheUniversityofDelawareforprovidingthe
PatriciaHillCollins (B.A.,BrandeisUniversity; M.A.T.,HarvardUniversity;Ph.D.,Brandeis University)isdistinguisheduniversityprofessor ofsociologyattheUniversityofMaryland, CollegePark,andCharlesPhelpsTaftEmeritus ProfessorofAfricanAmericanStudiesandSociologyattheUniversityofCincinnati.Sheisthe authorofnumerousarticlesandbooksincluding OnIntellectualActivism (TempleUniversity, 2013), AnotherKindofPublicEducation:Race, Schools,theMediaandDemocraticPossibilities (Beacon,2009), FromBlackPowertoHipHop: Racism,NationalismandFeminism (TempleUniversity,2006); BlackSexualPolitics:African Americans,GenderandtheNewRacism (Routledge,2004),whichwontheDistinguishedPublicationAwardfromtheAmericanSociologicalAssociation; Fighting Words (UniversityofMinnesota,1998);and BlackFeministThought:Knowledge, Consciousness,andthePoliticsofEmpowerment (Routledge,1990,2000),whichwon theJessieBernardAwardoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociationandthe C.WrightMillsAwardoftheSocietyfortheStudyofSocialProblems.In 2008–2009,sheservedasthe100thpresidentoftheAmericanSociological Association.
NirmalaErevelles isprofessorofsocialandculturalstudiesineducationatthe UniversityofAlabama.Sheistheauthorof DisabilityandDifferenceinGlobalContexts:EnablingaTransformativeBodyPolitic.
AbbyL.Ferber isprofessorofsociology,directoroftheMatrixCenter,and co-directorofWomen’sandEthnicStudiesattheUniversityofColoradoat ColoradoSprings.Sheistheauthorofnumerousbooks,including WhiteMan Falling:Race,GenderandWhiteSupremacy, and HateCrimeinAmerica:WhatDo WeKnow? Sheisco-authorof Sex,Gender,andSexuality:TheNewBasics, and co-editorof Privilege:AReader withMichaelS.Kimmel.
CharlesA.Gallagher isthechairoftheDepartmentofSociologyatLaSalle Universitywithresearchspecialtiesinraceandethnicrelations,urbansociology, andinequality.Hehaspublishedseveralarticlesonsubjectssuchascolor-blind politicalnarratives,racialcategorieswithinthecontextofinterracialmarriages, andperceptionsofprivilegebasedonethnicity.
HerbertJ.Gans hasbeenaprolificandinfluentialsociologistformorethan fiftyyears.Hispublishedworksonurbanrenewalandsuburbanizationareintertwinedwithhispersonaladvocacyandparticipantobservation,includingastint asconsultanttotheNationalAdvisoryCommissiononCivilDisorder.Heisthe authoroftheclassic TheUrbanVillagers aswellasthemorerecent Democracyand theNews.
AmyHanser isassociateprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofBritish Columbia.Sheisauthorof ServiceEncounters:Class,Gender,andtheMarketfor SocialDistinctioninUrbanChina.
RebeccaHayes-Smith isaprofessorintheDepartmentofSociology,AnthropologyandSocialWorkatCentralMichiganUniversity.Herresearchfocuseson genderandracialinequalitiesinthecriminaljusticesystemandthe “CSIeffect.”
DebraHenderson isassociateprofessoranddirectorofgraduatestudiesforthe DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropologyatOhioUniversity.Sheisauthorof numerouspublicationsonintersectionalwelfareandpoverty.
PierretteHondagneu-Sotelo isprofessorofsociology,Americanstudies,and ethnicityattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Herbooksinclude God’sHeart HasNoBorders:HowReligiousActivistsAreWorkingforImmigrantRights;Gendered Transitions:MexicanExperiencesofImmigration; and Doméstica:ImmigrantWorkers CleaningandCaringintheShadowsofAffluence, whichwontheSocietyforSocial Problems’ C.WrightMillsAward.
LawrenceR.Jacobs istheWalterF.andJoanMondaleChairforPoliticalStudiesanddirectoroftheCenterfortheStudyofPoliticsandGovernanceatthe UniversityofMinnesota.Hisnumerousworksinclude PoliticiansDon’tPander: PoliticalManipulationandtheLossofDemocraticResponsiveness, forwhichhehas wonmajorprices.Heisafrequentcommentatorinthenationalmedia.
theauthorof TheNearNorthwestSideStory:Migration,Displacement,andPuerto RicanFamilies.
BandanaPurkayastha isprofessorofsociologyandAsianAmericanstudiesat theUniversityofConnecticut.Sheistheauthorof NegotiatingEthnicity:SecondGenerationSouthAsianAmericansTraverseaTransnationalWorld.
DorothyRoberts istheGeorgeA.WeissUniversityProfessorofLawand SociologyandtheRaymondPaceandSadieTannerMossellAlexanderProfessor ofCivilRightsatUniversityofPennsylvaniaLawSchool.Sheisanacclaimed scholarofrace,gender,andthelaw,andauthorof KillingtheBlackBody:Race, ReproductionandtheMeaningofLiberty; and FatalIntervention:HowScience,Politics andBigBusinessRe-CreateRaceinthe21st Century, amongothers.
LillianB.Rubin livesandworksinSanFrancisco.Sheisaninternationally knownlecturerandwriter.Someofherbooksinclude TheManwiththeBeautiful Voice;TangledLives;TheTranscendentChild; and IntimateStrangers.
C.MatthewSnipp istheBurnetC.andMildredFinleyWohlfordProfessorof HumanitiesandSciencesintheDepartmentofSociologyatStanfordUniversity wherehefoundedtheCenterforNativeAmericanExcellence.Heistheauthor of AmericanIndians:TheFirstofThisLand; and PublicPolicyImpactsonAmerican IndianEconomicDevelopment. HistribalheritageisOklahomaCherokeeand Choctaw.
NatalieJ.Sokoloff isprofessoremeritaofsociologyattheJohnJayCollegeof CriminalJustice,SUNY.Sheisauthorofnumerousbooksandpublicationsabout intimatepartnerviolence,andwomenandmen’sincarceration.Sheistheeditorof DomesticViolenceattheMargins:ReadingsonRace,Class,Gender,andCulture.
TimothyJ.Steigenga isprofessorofpoliticalscienceandchairofthesocial sciencesandhumanitiesattheWilkesHonorsCollegeofFloridaAtlanticUniversity.Heistheauthorofnumerousbooksandpublications,including APlace toBe:Brazilian,Guatemalan,andMexicanImmigrantsinFlorida’sNewDestinations.
JesseA.Steinfeldt isassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofCounselingand EducationalPsychologyatIndianaUniversity,Bloomington.
MatthewClintSteinfeldt isalecturerinexercisescienceatFortLewisCollege inDurango,Colorado.
RonaldT.Takaki wasprofessorofethnicstudiesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,anddistinguishedhistorianwhosescholarshipprovidedmuchof thefoundationforinclusivehistoricalstudies.Heauthoredseveralbooks,including IronCages:RaceandCulturein19thCenturyAmerica;StrangersfromaDifferent Shore:AHistoryofAsianAmericans; and ADifferentMirror:AHistoryofMulticulturalAmerica.
BeverlyTatum ispresidentofSpelmanCollege.Sheisaclinicalpsychologist, author,andteacherwhoseareasofresearchinterestincludeBlackfamiliesin