Earthocity Science Magazine Issue IV Vol.I

Earth SPACE ENERGY ENVIRONMENT

Emerging Trends in E3

This issue of our science magazine brings you with a lot of creative and newest emerging trends in the earth, energy, and environmental sciences field collectively called "E3."

https://campsite.bio/earthocity

Earthocity magazine offers an engaging platform for individuals to exchange their passions and expertise. From cutting-edge research to personal insights, it cultivates a community where diverse voices thrive. As an enthusiastic member, I deeply appreciate the chance to contribute to this dynamic space, particularly in sharing my fascination with biorobotics. Being part of such an inclusive society enables me to express my interests and engage in enriching conversations that fuel my curiosity

~Aillah Baluch

Aillah Balluch Aillah Balluch Co - Editor

In Earthocity, the opportunity to serve as a conduit for dialogue and collaboration at the intersection of technology and environmental stewardship is cherished. As the editor, I am honored to nurture our inclusive community, where individuals from diverse backgrounds come together to explore, learn, and inspire one another. Within our vibrant ecosystem, passionate enthusiasts converge to exchange ideas, share insights, and cultivate innovative solutions to the pressing environmental challenges of our time.

Devindi Wijekoon

Devindi Wijekoon Devindi Wijekoon Co - Editor

Earthocity Science Hub is now celebrating 2 years of its remarkable journey in the field of scientific publication. We have started the science magazine concept back in 2022. With successful impacts and reviews, we have published three science magazines. This year we are going to start our second phase with some new scientific insights and discoveries to our credit. This year our magazine will published bi-annually in March and August featuring different emerging writers from all over the world.

~Talal Ahmed

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Editor-in-Chief Talal Ahmed

Deputy Editor Tooba Nayab

Co-Editors Aillah Baluch & Devindi Wijekoon

Trustees Rawan Al-Mustafa, Halima Merini, Tazmeen Fatima, May Mrabet

Executive Design Editor Romana Saleem

Team Writer Aillah Baluch, Devindi Wijekoon, Tooba Nayab & Talal Ahmed

Poem Contributor Priya Patel

Contributors Akeel Shahan, Maham Naeem, Hasara Sachinthani, Noor ul Huda, Saba Mukhtar, Shazia Kanwal & Muskan Gul

Designer Maheen Tabasum

Intern Alizah Binte Khizar

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The Earthocity Science Magazine is published by The Earthocity Science Hub, Earthocity Islamabad, Pakistan

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Contributor

Earthocity Science Magazine Issue IV Vol I

Mohamed Akeel Sahan, a final year graduate student from Sri Lanka

He is enrolled in the BS degree program at Wayamba University, Sri Lanka in the Department of Agriculture and Plantation Management. His specialization is in Biotechnology. He is very dedicated and passionate about writing scientific blogs, research articles, and amazing scientific facts. This year he has contributed to Earthocity Science Magazine Issue IV Vol 1 as a contributor

Article Contribution: The scientific mystery behind elevators (lifts)

Contribution Phase: Phase I

Mohamed Akeel Sahan Biotechnologist

The scientific mystery behind elevators (lifts)

Written by M. Akeel Sahan | Edited by Talal Ahmed

Have you ever wondered why we cannot talk in calls or answer or make calls inside a lift? Even though any fastest network and network with strong connection towers couldn't give the connection inside a rectangular box. What is the reason behind that?

What is a Faraday Cage?

A Faraday Cage, also known as a Faraday Shield, is a cage designed to protect objects from electromagnetic fields (both static and non-static).

That was the question in my mind for a long time, so I started finding the hidden science behind it, and I found some interesting facts about it, that was Faraday Cage's theory.

Many components of our world rely on electricity for livelihood. Many of our key technologies would not exist without volts and amps. Although this type of energy is essential to so many aspects of our lives, it is one of those things that is only beneficial in correct proportions. People can be electrocuted if they are exposed to too much electricity. Similarly, it has the potential to destroy our modern electronic devices and equipment.

However, thanks to Michael Faraday, the brilliant 19th-century scientist, and one of his namesake inventions, the Faraday cage, humanity has devised a variety of methods to manage electricity and electromagnetic waves to make it safer for ourselves and our costly electronic devices.

Static electricity is defined as electricity in which the charges are at rest, and hey in effect, build up on the surface of a specific insulator Non-static electricity, often known as current electricity, occurs when electrons move within a conductor. Faraday cages can shield their contents, or even their humans, from the effects of both. They can be made of conductive material in the form of a continuous covering or a fine mesh of conductive material.

Origin

Many of the concepts underlying Faraday cages were inspired by Ben Franklin He electrified a silver pint can in 1755 and dropped an uncharged cork ball attached to a non-conductive silk thread into it.

The scientific mystery behind elevators (lifts)

Written by M. Akeel Sahan | Edited by Talal Ahmed

The interaction of electricity between charged and uncharged materials confused Franklin. "Decades later, an English scientist and chemist named Michael Faraday made other significant observations, especially, that when an electrical conductor (such as a metal cage) was charged, the charge was only visible on its surface." It had no influence on the conductor's inside.

Faraday confirmed this observation by lining a chamber with metal foil and then charging it with an electrostatic generator. He placed an electroscope inside the chamber, and the scope revealed that there was no charge present. The charge simply traveled over the surface of the foil, never entering the chamber.

How does it work on the lift?

Electromagnetic radiation surrounds us at all times It can be found in visible and ultraviolet light, microwaves that cook our food, and even FM and AM radio waves that play music through our radios. However, this radiation might be unwelcome and even annoying at times When Faraday's cages come into play

A Faraday cage cancels out electric charges or radiation within the cage ' s interior as it distributes that charge or radiation around the cage ' s exterior

As it is elevators are also a type of Faraday cage, which was made of steel acting as electromagnetic shields, thereby preventing the receiver from acquiring the network signal.

Where else we can see the application of the faraday cage?

The Faraday cage theory has numerous applications, one of which is important to anyone who has ever traveled in an airplane. Consider flying in an airplane that is struck by lightning. This isn't an uncommon event; it happens all the time, and the plane and its passengers are unaffected

This is because the plane's aluminum shell acts as a Faraday cage The lightning charge can travel harmlessly over the plane's surface without harming the equipment or persons on board. It's not shocking. It's just science.

The scientific mystery behind elevators (lifts)

Written by M. Akeel Sahan | Edited by Talal Ahmed

Faraday cages are used for a variety of reasons, sometimes in esoteric lab settings, and sometimes in daily necessities. For example, your car is actually a Faraday cage It is the cage ' s effect, not the rubber tires, that protects you in the event of a nearby lightning strike. Many constructions, even if unintentionally, serve as Faraday cages. They frequently disrupt wireless Internet networks and mobile signals because their plaster or concrete walls are studded with metal rebar or wire mesh

Microwave ovens work by trapping waves in a cage and swiftly heating your food. By eliminating interference, screened TV cables help to preserve a clean, clear image. Power utility linemen frequently wear specially designed suits that make use of the Faraday cage idea. Linemen wearing these jackets may work on high-voltage power lines with a significantly lower danger of electrocution.

If you walk inside a hospital, you'll notice Faraday cages in the form of MRI (magnetic resonance scanning) rooms. To create medically effective scans of the human body, MRI scans rely on high magnetic fields. To prevent stray electromagnetic waves from influencing a patient's diagnostic images, MRI rooms must be insulated.

All modern armed forces rely on electronics for communications and weapons systems, but there is a catch: these systems are vulnerable to aggressive EMPs (electromagnetic pulses), which can be caused by a solar storm or even by man-made EMP strikes. Militaries will sometimes deploy shielded bunkers and vehicles to protect key systems

This is just a part of Faraday cage use. There is another mind-blowing use of the Faraday cage is there. Faraday cage has also been used in paranormal activities to capture and retain negative energy or spirits. There are many controversial debates regarding this whether it is true or false. But there is several scientific evidence about this. I am happy to share those in the next article.

References

Cantor, Geoffrey (1991) Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist. Macmillan. ISBN 9780-333-58802-4

Thomas, J.M. (1991). Michael Faraday and The Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place (PBK). CRC Press ISBN 978-0-7503-0145-9

Maham Naeem

Environmental Scientist

Maham Naeem is a passionate environmentalist from Pakistan. She is a Master's graduate from Bahria University, Karachi campus. She is passionate about the environment and wants to contribute to the field in a meaningful way. Her research work in her BS program was on heavy metal contamination due to hospital waste incineration. She believes that every individual has a part to play when it comes to the environment and together we can build a a green place to live

Article Contribution: What is Climate Change and why is it a serious threat?

Contribution Phase: Phase I

What is Climate Change and why is it a serious threat?

Written by Maham Naeem | Edited by Tooba Nayab

Climate change refers to significant variations in weather conditions over some time for example: warmer, more humid, etc. Earth’s climatic conditions are changing due to human activities such as fossil fuel burning, posing more risks to natural ecosystems. With the increased amount of greenhouse gas emissions, the average global temperature is rising resulting in sea level rise, glacial melting, flooding, and seasonal permafrost thawing.

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Similar to the greenhouse that we build to grow plants, which stays warm inside even during winters, the Earth traps the sun ’ s radiations to keep it warm making life possible to survive. The Earth is surrounded by gases such as CO2, which traps heat and makes Earth warm at night time. During the day when the Sun is shining bright, the atmosphere is warm and the Earth's surface absorbs heat, at night time that same heat is released into the atmosphere to cool down the Earth's surface Some of that heat is trapped by the gases surrounding the Earth's surface. Which helps to keep Earth warm and cozy at night.

Burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil releases CO2, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon, and water vapor.

These gases trap more heat than required causing a rise in Earth’s temperature and Global Warming. The continuous burning of fossil fuels will take us towards the era of global boiling.

“The era of global warming has ended, the era of global boiling has arrived”.

What’s with the Ozone Layer?

The ozone layer is found in the lower layer (Stratosphere) of the Earth’s atmosphere. It helps to prevent the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations from sunlight that are harmful to living beings on earth. Scientists have discovered a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica, that is caused by various environmental issues Some of the causes are pollution, greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, methyl bromide etc These chemical compounds react with the ozone layer and result in thinning of the ozone layer.

What is Climate Change and why is it a serious threat?

Written by Maham Naeem | Edited by Tooba Nayab

Ozone layer depletion is causing human and living organisms to be exposed to ultraviolet radiation. These radiations are harmful to human beings and can result in increased cases of cancer, skin diseases, cataracts, and sunburns. They’re also harmful to animals and can cause skin and eye cancers in them. They can affect plants and marine life too.

Reduced use of harmful chemicals and CFCs can help to solve the problem and will help the ozone layer heal.

Causes of Climate Change

Climate change is caused by different anthropogenic activities few are discussed in detail as defined by the UN United Nations.

~Generating Power: Electricity and heat are generated by the burning of fossil fuels which produces greenhouse gases and air pollution

~Manufacturing goods: Manufacturing goods is another reason for producing greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels for manufacturing processes.

~Cutting down forests: 12 million hectares of forests are destroyed every year. Forests are cut down for agricultural purposes and to create farms and pastures.

~Using transportation: Cars, trucks, ships, and planes all run on fossil fuels making them a major contributor of greenhouse gases.

~Producing food: Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases occur in the process of producing food.

~Consuming too much: Overconsumption of goods such as clothing, electronics, and plastics all have an impact on our planet.

Actions for a Healthy Planet

Adopting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offers a pathway to mitigate climate impacts across individual, community, and industrial levels Measures such as transitioning to renewable energy sources, reducing vehicle emissions, promoting sustainable transportation, embracing eco-friendly practices, and advocating for environmental awareness can collectively contribute to climate resilience and safeguarding our planet for future generations

Hasara Sachinthani

Environmental Technologist

Hasara Sachinthani is an undergraduate student at SLTC Research University Sri Lanka, where she is pursuing her academic journey in line with her passion for environmental science. As an enthusiastic nature lover and advocate for the well-being of our planet, Hasara is deeply committed to understanding and addressing environmental challenges. Through her studies and active engagement in conservation efforts, she strives to contribute positively to the preservation of Earth's precious biodiversity. With a heartfelt dedication to environmental stewardship, Hasara endeavors to inspire others to join her in nurturing and protecting our planet for future generations.

Article Contribution: The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Contribution Phase: Phase I

The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Exploration

Written by Hasara Sachinthani | Edited by Devindi Wijekoon

Climate change, induced largely by human activities, is arguably one of the most pressing issues of our time. Among its many repercussions, one of the most profound is its impact on biodiversity. Biodiversity, the variety of life forms on Earth, is essential for the stability and functioning of ecosystems.

However, as the planet warms and climate patterns shift, biodiversity across various habitats faces unprecedented challenges In this article, we delve into the intricate relationship between climate change and species diversity, exploring how different habitats are being affected and the potential consequences for ecosystems and human wellbeing.

Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests, known as the Earth's biodiversity hotspots, host a staggering array of species However, they are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns disrupt the delicate balance upon which these ecosystems thrive. For instance, many species of plants and animals have specific temperature and humidity requirements for survival. As these conditions change, some species may struggle to adapt or migrate, leading to population declines or even extinction.

Additionally, the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, pose further threats to tropical rainforest biodiversity

These events can cause widespread habitat destruction, fragmentation, and loss, exacerbating the challenges already faced by species in these environments.

Coral Reefs

Coral reefs, often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea, " are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. However, they are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and ocean chemistry. As global temperatures rise, coral reefs experience coral bleaching events, where corals expel the symbiotic algae that provide them with nutrients and color Without these algae, corals become stressed and vulnerable to disease, ultimately leading to widespread coral mortality

The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Exploration

Written by Hasara Sachinthani | Edited by Devindi Wijekoon

Furthermore, ocean acidification, a consequence of increased carbon dioxide absorption by seawater, threatens the ability of corals to build their calcium carbonate skeletons. This not only impacts coral health but also disrupts the entire reef ecosystem, as corals provide habitat and food for numerous other species, including fish, invertebrates, and algae.

Polar Regions

The Polar Regions, including the Arctic and Antarctic, are experiencing some of the most rapid changes due to climate change. As temperatures rise, sea ice is melting at an alarming rate, fundamentally altering these ecosystems Species such as polar bears, seals, and penguins, which rely on sea ice for hunting, breeding, and resting, face unprecedented challenges.

Moreover, changes in the timing and extent of sea ice formation disrupt the intricate food webs that sustain life in these regions. For example, krill, a primary food source for many marine predators, depends on sea ice for shelter and reproduction. As sea ice declines, so too does the availability of krill, affecting entire predator populations.

Grasslands and Savannas

Grasslands and savannas cover vast areas of the Earth's surface and support a diverse range of plant and animal species However, these ecosystems are not immune to the impacts of climate change. Alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to shifts in vegetation composition, with potentially profound consequences for species adapted to specific grassland habitats.

For example, prolonged droughts can reduce grass cover and productivity, affecting herbivores such as antelope, bison, and zebras In turn, carnivores that depend on these herbivores for food may also experience declines in population size or distribution

The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Exploration

Written by Hasara Sachinthani | Edited by Devindi Wijekoon

Consequences for Ecosystems and Human Well-being

The loss of biodiversity due to climate change has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human well-being. Ecosystems rely on the interactions between species to provide essential services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and pest control. As species disappear or decline in number, these services may be compromised, leading to ecosystem instability and reduced resilience to environmental change. Furthermore, human societies depend on biodiversity for food security, medicine, cultural identity, and recreation. The loss of biodiversity can disrupt these services, threatening livelihoods and undermining human health and well-being.

Climate change poses a significant threat to biodiversity across various habitats, from tropical rainforests to Polar Regions. The impacts are multifaceted, affecting species in complex ways and disrupting the functioning of entire ecosystems.

Urgent action is needed to mitigate climate change and protect biodiversity for the sake of both nature and humanity. By addressing the root causes of climate change and implementing conservation measures, we can strive to preserve the rich tapestry of life on Earth for future generations.

Poem Corner

During the day

my eyes are wide open, glaring at reality in the face Sometimes, it glares back and in a few moments rare, with cynicism in the air when no one is looking, where no one cares, reality and I laugh together It's quite enduring, to watch us I mean just laughing into the wind

During the day I am as cautious as falling leaves, leery of each and every moment till it has passed Sometimes, like a tornado, I run head on into storms; like a fearless boxer I'm ready to perform, putting out fires and creating a few of my own This I do all during the day

But at night ...

During the night I close my eyes and I see a thousand falling stars from blue-black skies Glittering raindrops like a shower of light scatter beneath my lids in a glimmering site and I become a bird With wings the span of life and with whimsy as my guide, I soar above the clouds Deep in the night resting between the falling stars and the glittering moonlight like a fearless fairy in the night

Priya Patel

Writer, Author & Poet

WELCOME TO

Earthocity Student’s Corner

I’d like to welcome you all to the fourth issue of Earthocity Science magazine. This scientific magazine will also serve as an extension of our new hidden findings and explore them to get on a scientific track for further research work, the articles written by students with their selfcreated id

CONTRIBUTORS

Noor ul Huda

Shazia Kanwal

Saba Mukhtar

Muskan Gul

Alizeh Binte Khizar

Anyw s one.

Co-Editor

Alberta Oil Sands Perspective View

Written by Noor ul Huda, Shazia Kanwal, Saba Mukhtar & Muskan Gul | Edited by Aillah Baluch

Introduction

Canada is lodged on the Northern part of the North American tectonic plate. It is an oil-producing country standing 4th internationally in exporting oil. However, it has 10% of the world's oil accumulation, making Canada the holder of the thirdlargest oil reserves globally, of which 97% lies in the oil sand deposits of Northern Alberta (Dub et al., 2021). Alberta is a province of Canada rich in bitumen and will rank 5th worldwide if considered a separate nation.

The three main areas of oil sand are the Athabasca, Peace River, and Cold Lake deposits About 81% of bitumen is located in the lower Athabasca and Cold Lake deposits. Most of the exploration and development have been in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation of Athabasca. More than 90% of the deposits will require in situ recovery as they are deeply enclosed. (Flach et al., 1985).

As reported by CAPP, according to 2019 statistics, 168 billion barrels of oil are available in Alberta, of which 162.5 billion are oil sands. About 2.95 million barrels of oil were produced per day from the oil sands in 2019.

This article frames the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray formation of Athabasca, which contains heavy oils and is known for its complex geological heterogeneity. It also states the facts about the development and growth of oil sand from 1980 to the recent marking the hazardous effects on indigenous communities.

Location Map

The map in Fig.1 below shows the location of Alberta and the main areas of oil sands.

Deposition of Heterogeneous McMurray Formation

Initially, the land was swathed by Devonian limestone of the Waterways Formation before the deposition of the McMurray Formation.

Fig.1 Location Map of Alberta, Canada, showing major Oil Sand areas.

Alberta Oil Sands Perspective View

Written by Noor ul Huda, Shazia Kanwal, Saba Mukhtar & Muskan Gul | Edited by Aillah Baluch

The McMurray sub-basin was formed by the removal of Middle Devonian Evaporites. The depression trend North-South marked a sharp unconformity Before and during the early Cretaceous, it was occupied by a fluvial drainage system.

The fluvial channels were part of the Northward flowing River system that was encroached upon by the rising Clearwater Sea (Flach et al., 1985) or the transgressive Boreal Sea (Hassanpour, 2009). The deposition of the sand causes the preservation of fossils. Time and Chemistry played their role and converted the fossils preserved in the sands of Athabasca into Bitumen i e Oil Sands

Geology of McMurray Formation

McMurray Formation is further subdivided into three members: Lower member, middle member, and upper member. The lower member is normally present only in the deepest valleys on the unconformity surface, where the thickness of the formation exceeds about 60 m (200 ft). The lower member is characterized by a diversity of lithologies clean, oil-saturated, fine-grained sands; and argillaceous sands in which the original porosity is largely occluded by kaolinite.

a poorly sorted coarse sands and conglomerates; and light-gray shales to dark-gray carbonaceous mudstones and thin coals The member is sand-dominated, and medium to coarse-grained sands are common. The coarsest sands are generally at the base of the formation, and the member as a whole tends to be finergrained toward the top.

Middle members of the McMurray Formation average 15 m (50 ft) in thickness and have a depositional dip averaging 10°. The sets consist of decimeter to meter-thick beds of current-rippled, very fine to finegrained sand separated by thin (up to 10 cm or 4-in ) partings of shale Vertical claywalled burrows are plentiful, increasing in abundance toward the top of the epsilon cross-sets. The epsilon crossbeds grade at their base into underlying thick-bedded, fine-grained sand facies that averages 10 m (30 ft) in thickness. This facies is dominated by trough cross-beds 50 cm to 1.5 m (1.5 to 5 ft) thick, interspersed with minor shale-clast breccias.

In outcrop exposures of the McMurray Formation, the upper member comprises the flat-lying beds above the dipping epsilon cross-strata of the middle member The upper member is typically composed of bioturbated, argillaceous sands and shales, commonly containing coal beds 18

Alberta Oil Sands Perspective View

Written by Noor ul Huda, Shazia Kanwal, Saba Mukhtar & Muskan Gul | Edited by Aillah Baluch

Development of Oil sands project from 1990 to 2015

Oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay, water, and bitumen. Bitumen is an extra‐heavy crude oil with such high viscosity that mobilization with steam or diluent is required to enable flow. (Dub et al., 2021). Even though the presence of oil sands in Alberta has been recognized for centuries, it was no longer until a prime technological breakthrough that business initiatives were viable. Oil drilling started in the overdue Sixties near Fortress McMurray, with the invention and exploration of the location and the improvement of alternatives within the mid-nineteen Eighties. This section affords data from 1980 to the latest, mentioning all the operators, industries, project status, and oil sands regions. From 1980 to 2016, the records are also shown in Maps.

Recent Works

Bitumen from the locale can be recouped and extricated by two strategies: in situ or surface (open‐pit) mining The Athabasca deposit is the largest and only location where oil sand deposits are shallow. Thus they can be accessed by open‐pit mining. The remaining reserves are deep and are recuperated by lessening the consistency of the oil to a point where it can be pumped to the surface, essentially by steam infusion. Future industry development is anticipated to be overwhelmed by in situ approaches.

In 2017, there were eight open‐pit mines operated by four companies (Suncor, Syncrude, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, and Imperial), with a total active mining footprint of 953 km2. (Monique G. Dub et al., 2021)

In the Future, the projection of the Oil Sand Industries' development will become difficult due to declining oil costs, divestment due to worldwide warming, and other climatic effects. The COVID-19 pandemic also has played a role in moderating the speculations.

However, the Canadian oil and gas extraction industry has almost recovered from the impact of the oil price crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of production, employment, and export.

Fig 2 Schematic Representation of McMurray Formation Sequence (Pemberton et al , 1982)

Alberta Oil Sands Perspective View

Written by Noor ul Huda, Shazia Kanwal, Saba Mukhtar & Muskan Gul | Edited by Aillah Baluch

By April 2021, the industry had reached 95.4% of the GDP level from one year before, as well as 95.7% of the employment and 102 5% of export levels However, capital expenditures in the industry have been declining since 2014. They fell by 55% over the 2014-to-2019 period and then by a further 36% in 2020.

What is wrong with the oil sands of Alberta?

Oil is Canada’s top export, and the mining and energy sector as a whole accounts for nearly a quarter of Alberta’s provincial economy. But the companies’ energyhungry extraction has also made the oil and gas sector Canada’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. And despite the extreme environmental costs and the growing need for countries to shift away from fossil fuels, the mines continue to expand, digging up nearly 500 Olympic swimming pools-worth of earth every day. Scientists say oil production must begin falling immediately. Canada’s tar sands are among the most climate-polluting sources of oil, and so are an obvious place to begin winding down. The largest oil sands companies have pledged to reduce their emissions, saying they will rely largely on government-subsidized carbon capture projects.

Yet oil companies and the government expect output will climb well into the 2030s. Even a new proposal by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to cap emissions in the oil sector does not include any plan to lower production.

Despite those agreements, the mines’ ecological impacts are so vast and so deep that L’Hommecourt and other Indigenous people here say the industry has challenged their very existence, even as it has provided jobs and revenue to Native businesses and communities.

Conclusion

Alberta is rich in bitumen areas in which the McMurray Formation of the Athabasca region, which grades from fluvial at the base to a marine at the top and has an upward-fining character has the most reservoirs. Canada’s Oil production is truly a national industry, contributing billions to the country’s GDP (21% for Alberta) and creating thousands of jobs each year. However, it has contributed to several climatic effects too. Despite the extraction of oil, Canada’s government should also focus on taking action against building sprawling waste ponds, greenhouse gases, and other environmental issues. Otherwise, Canada’s future generation is in danger.

Devindi Wijekoon

Environmental Technologist

Contributor

Earthocity Science Magazine Issue IV Vol I

Devindi Wijekoon is working in Earthocity as a Deputy Coordinator in our Environmental Sciences Hub and chapter lead Earthocity Sri Lanka, she is very passionate about carrying out the projects assigned to her by the team management, where she works on writing different articles related to the environment and climate issue, along with that she also supports us in arranging webinars and other activities of the organization.

Article Contribution: The Vital Importance of Ecosystem Services

Contribution Phase: Phase II

The Vital Importance of Ecosystem Services

Written by Devindi Wijekoon | Edited by Talal Ahmed

Ecosystems, the intricate webs of life that encompass our planet, provide a plethora of invaluable services that sustain human societies and the natural world alike From the air we breathe to the water we drink, ecosystems play a fundamental role in supporting life on Earth.

In this article, we delve into the diverse array of ecosystem services, ranging from pollination to climate regulation, highlighting their significance and emphasizing the urgent need for conservation efforts to safeguard these essential services.

Clean air and water

Perhaps the most tangible and vital ecosystem service is the provision of clean air and water. Forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems act as natural filters, purifying the air we breathe and the water we drink. Trees, for instance, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis, mitigating air pollution and contributing to breathable air. Wetlands serve as natural water filters, removing pollutants and sediments, thereby improving water quality. Protecting and restoring these ecosystems is paramount to ensuring access to clean air and water for present and future generations.

Pollination

Pollination, facilitated primarily by bees, butterflies, birds, and other animals, is essential for the reproduction of flowering plants, including many crops that are crucial for human food security. Ecosystems provide habitats and resources for pollinators, supporting their populations and ensuring the pollination of crops and wild plants alike Without pollinators, the productivity of ecosystems and agricultural systems would be severely compromised, threatening food production and biodiversity. Thus, conserving pollinator habitats and promoting pollinatorfriendly practices are imperative for maintaining ecosystem resilience and food security

Climate Regulation

Ecosystems play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate by sequestering carbon dioxide, mitigating the impacts of climate change, and stabilizing local and regional climates. Forests, oceans, and other ecosystems act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation, land degradation, and other human activities disrupt this crucial carbon cycle, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbating climate change. Protecting and restoring ecosystems, particularly forests and wetlands, can help mitigate climate change by enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing emissions, thereby safeguarding the stability of the Earth's climate systems.

The Vital Importance of Ecosystem Services

Written by Devindi Wijekoon | Edited by Talal Ahmed

Flood Regulation and Erosion Control

Wetlands, floodplains, and coastal ecosystems provide natural flood regulation and erosion control services, protecting communities from the adverse impacts of floods, storm surges, and coastal erosion. Wetlands act as natural sponges, absorbing excess water during heavy rainfall and reducing the risk of flooding downstream. Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and salt marshes serve as buffers against storm surges and waves, reducing the intensity of coastal erosion and protecting coastal communities and infrastructure.

Degradation and loss of these ecosystems increase the vulnerability of communities to flooding and erosion, underscoring the importance of their conservation and restoration for disaster risk reduction and climate resilience.

Biodiversity Conservation

Ecosystems support a rich diversity of plant and animal species, forming the foundation of global biodiversity. Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem functioning and resilience, as diverse ecosystems are better able to adapt to environmental changes and disturbances. Moreover, many species provide direct benefits to humans, such as food, medicine, and genetic resources.

Protecting biodiversity is therefore critical for maintaining ecosystem services, preserving ecological integrity, and sustaining human well-being Conservation efforts should prioritize the protection of key habitats and species, as well as the restoration of degraded ecosystems, to halt biodiversity loss and promote ecosystem health.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ecosystem services are indispensable for human societies and the planet as a whole, providing essential benefits such as clean air and water, pollination, climate regulation, flood regulation, erosion control, and biodiversity conservation. However, these services are increasingly threatened by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change Urgent action is needed to conserve and restore ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and ensure the continued provision of these vital services. By recognizing the value of ecosystem services and adopting sustainable practices, we can work towards a more resilient and harmonious relationship with the natural world, benefiting both current and future generations

Aillah Baluch Biotechnologist

Aillah is charting a course in Biorobotics, pursuing her Master's degree in Biomedical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She began her journey by exploring various courses and internships to deepen her expertise after completing her Bachelor’s degree in Biotechnology. Her ultimate goal is to craft cybernetic marvels. At the helm of the Biotechnology section and being Deputy Head of the Earthocity Biotechnology section, she aims to disseminate knowledge, inspiring others to embrace the beauty of science.

Article Contribution: Touching the Future: A Brain-Powered Robo-Hand Odyssey

Contribution Phase: Phase II

Touching the Future: A Brain-Powered Robo-Hand Odyssey

Written by Aillah Baluch | Edited by Tooba Nayab

Imagine a world where our thoughts translate into actions, where the boundaries start to blur between mind and machine into a harmonious symphony of innovation. This is the age of neurotechnology, a realm where science fiction meets reality, and where the human mind takes center stage in controlling the intricate movements of robotic hands.

In this article, our prime focus is going to be on mind-powered bionic hands, offering newfound autonomy to those with limb loss or paralysis.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have proven to be an interesting alternative for robot control by people with severe motor limitations. BCIs are non-muscular communication and control systems that a person can use to communicate their intention and act on the environment from measurements of brain activity.

Non-invasive BCIs, based on EEG (Electroencephalography), capture electrical brain activity via scalp electrodes. By using the patient’s thought of wanting to move the robot arm, the electrodes in the head gear detect an electrical signal from the thought produced and translate it into the movement of the arm. Researchers have found that by using the brain to control a robotic arm resulted inthe restoration of fine motor movements. In simpler term, this product allows patients to move the individual fingers of the arm and also the arm as a whole with just their thoughts.

Different paradigms have been used in BCI applications based on EEG for robot control, such as Motor Imagery, evoked potentials, or Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP).

Fig 1 Bionic Arm

Fig. 2 Communication between user and arm based on Motor Imagery

Touching the Future: A Brain-Powered Robo-Hand Odyssey

Written by Aillah Baluch | Edited by Tooba Nayab

By detecting and analyzing patterns in brain signals associated with specific motor commands, EEG-based systems enable users to control robotic arms effortlessly, making them accessible to a wide range of individuals. There are even some versions of robotic arms that can mimic the concept of muscle memory in humans. This involves storing specific actions and movements as digital memories within the robotic system, analogous to the way our muscles remember repetitive tasks By capturing and cataloging EEG patterns associated with particular actions, the users can effortlessly recall and execute those actions with precision. The adaptation to an individual’s unique movement pattern helps in making the user feel more connected with the cybernetic product rather than it feeling like a separate attachment to the body.

To make the robot arm more human, a layer of artificial skin has been developed which can help to detect and interpret feedback from the environment This tactile sensation not only provides a more intuitive means of interaction but also greatly enhances the precision and safety of tasks performed.

Although the main source of communication between the arm and the user is an external headset with a Bluetooth device efforts are being made to create implants that can become an internal and direct source of communication between the two.

The future beckons, where the line between us and our cybernetic creations blurs, and direct neural communication brings us closer to a world where the union of human ingenuity and technological progress reshapes our perception of humanity itself.

Fig. 3 Communication between user and arm based on SSVEP

Fig. 4 Artificial skin created by researchers at RMIT University, Australia

Geoscientist

Contributor

Earthocity Science Magazine Issue IV Vol I

I am a Geologist by profession, the Founding CEO of Earthocity, and Editor in Chief of Earthocity Science Magazine. I have excellent research and observational skills focused on helping track field activities My research areas include geosciences, space sciences, engineering geology, water resources, the remediation of environmental issues, understanding natural hazards, and investigating past climate changes to forecast potential futures by doing research work and creating blogs on the present geosciences scenario. Hoping to ultimately progress to a technical, operations, or a good researcher with an outstanding approach.

Article Contribution: Unveiling the Mysteries of Lunar Crater Carlini D: A Mineralogical Quest

Contribution Phase: Phase II

Talal Ahmed

Unveiling the Mysteries of Lunar Crater Carlini D: A Mineralogical Quest

Written by Tooba Nayab & Talal Ahmed | Edited by Aillah Baluch

Introduction

The moon, Earth's celestial companion, continues to captivate the imagination of scientists and stargazers alike In our quest to understand this enigmatic satellite, we turn our gaze toward a remarkable feature on its surface: Lunar Crater Carlini D. Nestled amidst the moon ' s rugged terrain, this crater holds within its rocky confines a treasure trove of mineralogical wonders that offer invaluable insights into the moon ' s history and formation.

Lunar Crater Carlini D: A Geological Gem

Carlini D is one of the many craters that pepper the lunar landscape, but it stands out for its unique mineralogical composition. Its formation dates back billions of years, making it a veritable time capsule of lunar history. As we explore the mineralogy of this lunar jewel, we embark on a journey through time and space.

Anorthosite Mineralization

At the heart of Carlini D's mineralogical story lies anorthosite, a remarkable rock composed primarily of a mineral called plagioclase feldspar. This mineral dominates the crater's surface, giving it a distinctive brightness.

Anorthosite is a prevalent rock type on the moon, and its abundance within Carlini D provides clues about the moon ' s early evolution

Pyroxenes and Olivine Mineralization

While anorthosite takes center stage, Carlini D's mineral makeup is not limited to a single player Pyroxenes and olivine, two other essential minerals, play supporting roles. Pyroxenes, dark-colored minerals rich in iron and magnesium, provide a stark contrast to the anorthosite's pale brilliance. Olivine, on the other hand, is a greenish mineral that adds subtle hues to the lunar canvas.

Implications for Lunar Evolution

Carlini D's mineralogical diversity is not just aesthetically intriguing; it has profound implications for our understanding of lunar evolution. The presence of these minerals suggests a complex geological history.

Unveiling the Mysteries of Lunar Crater Carlini D: A Mineralogical Quest

Written by Tooba Nayab & Talal Ahmed | Edited by Aillah Baluch

Some scientists speculate that the anorthosite-rich crust formed early in the moon ' s history, while subsequent impacts and volcanic activity brought pyroxenes and olivine to the surface. Studying these minerals can help us unravel the moon ' s geological timeline.

Remote Sensing and Robotic Exploration

Our exploration of Carlini D's mineralogy is made possible through remote sensing techniques and robotic missions. Spacecraft equipped with advanced spectrometers and cameras have provided detailed images and mineral maps of the lunar surface. These technological marvels allow us to analyze the moon ' s geology without setting foot on its surface.

The Quest for Water Ice

Beyond its mineralogical richness, Carlini D may hold another secret a potential reservoir of water ice. Some lunar craters in permanently shadowed regions, like the floors of certain craters near the lunar poles, are believed to harbor water ice. The search for water on the moon is a vital component of future lunar exploration, as it could support future lunar habitats and space missions

Conclusion: The Lunar Quest Continues Lunar Crater Carlini D stands as a testament to the moon ' s geological complexity and history Its mineralogical diversity, from anorthosite to pyroxenes and olivine, paints a vivid picture of the moon ' s evolution over billions of years.

As we continue to explore and analyze this lunar gem, we inch closer to unlocking the moon ' s many mysteries, from its formation to its potential as a resource for future human exploration. The moon, our constant celestial companion, continues to beckon us with its secrets, and Carlini D is but one chapter in the ongoing lunar quest.