c: Forensic Architecture With the deterioration of local military conflicts and developed countries' involvement, the media are reporting on war zones, and increasing cases concerning architecture and the built environment have been brought before international courts. Most of the buildings in these cases play the role of perpetrators of violence against human beings, but they are also victims of war and witnesses to it, documenting the whole process of violence. The majority of buildings are reduced to mere remains and broken pieces of concrete, and these dilapidated buildings or ruins are often considered selfevident examples of atrocities. Thus in an environment where the issue of military violence is rife, architect Weizman attempts to transform the built environment from an account of alleged violations to a source about historical events or, rather, as a complex method that aims to narrate history from what it covers, Architecture as an evidentiary tool in the narration of the whole of violence26. Weizman, Paulo Tavares, Susan Schuppli and Situ Studio describe how architecture has become more than a means of violation in conflict, as it has become an essential source of evidence in the search for international justice27. They created Forensic Architecture (FA) to showcase cities at war and to expose the human rights violations committed by certain countries. They document human rights violations in documenting urban conflicts through the movement of intelligent lenses and showcase them with international courts and public media. FA's forensic techniques are often used through 3D modelling, allowing FA to create a virtual space and cross-reference it with OSINT, including human rights reports, news reports and social media content, to create a complete description of events in time and space as a simulation and footages28. Afterwards, the evidence collected, the interactive scenarios created are handed over to the judiciary. In addition, FA's extensive forensic approach uses architectural specialised digital tools to simulate its understanding of the physical space in which a human rights event occurred in order to build a range of evidence based on the event. Combining victims' memories and OSINT in virtual scenarios and digital models guides surviving victims to recall memories of the violence they suffered and to obtain detailed testimonies29. Some victims, however, suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and are reluctant to disclose past atrocities. Since 2014, the FA team has developed a PARRERN software that collects and shares real reports of people who have suffered violence anonymously via the internet30. These reports will be mapped in time and space to create an initial framework. Furthermore, the FA usually investigates cases from the perspective of architecture and urban space. For example, during the 2008-2009 Gaza conflict, the Jordanian Coordination Committee for Environmental Action reported in a statement that the Israeli military offensive against the Gaza Strip
Figure 6 Footage techniques commonly used in FA: the combination of real pictures and virtual models. Artwork：Forensic Architecture.
26 Eyal Weizman, Paulo Tavares, Susan Schuppli, and Situ Studio. “Forensic Architecture.” Architectural design 80, no. 5 (2010): 59. 27 Weizman,Forensic Architecture. 60. 28 Sebastian Klovig Skelton. “How Forensic Architecture Uses Tech to Protect Human Rights.” ComputerWeekly. 2022. https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/How-Forensic-Architecture-uses-tech-toprotect-human-rights. 29 Skelton. How Forensic Architecture Uses Tech to Protect Human Rights. 30 Weizman. Forensic Architecture : What is Forensic Architecture. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books,( 2017):114-118.
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