REVIEWING AESTHETIC OF NEW AGE FACTORY BUILDING USING CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION:
Manufacturing process has entered a new age of production. This transformation in the design and manufacture of goods is not just the result of a single trend, but is process driven by a broad range of complex ideas and interconnected design factors. The Big change in industrial buildings are through the appearance and new age contemporary – composite and modern material used in construction makes construction process faster and swifter.
As the world of manufacturing is reforming, the way factories are planned, constructed and operated will also change. They will need to become more flexible and adaptable, achieve better connection between buildings and processes, and be more resilient to economic and environmental shifts.
RESEARCH QUESTION:
• What are the aesthetical and climatical advantage of new age contemporary material over the earlier traditional material?
• Till What Extend does this material helps in design process of the factory building?
KEYWORD:
Aesthetics, artistic, new age factory building, pre-constructed material, Composite material
AIMS:
The aim of this research paper is to study the rebirth of the new age factory building and architectural instrument which an architect use in order to make that building and develop a fresh new contemporary industrial architecture.
OBJECTIVE:
• To analyses the different factories around the world and its design orientation and material involved in construction
• To study the Contemporary materials such as ceramics, high-strength alloys, and composites.
• To understand the Materialization, Textures and Color theory use in factories and principles .
SCOPE OF STUDY:
The research will try to be establish the correlation between contemporary trends in industrial construction and architecture, concepts of design and philosophy of business and to study and identify material used aesthetics of industrial building
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
The research limits to only design and material aspect of the industrial building and its impact in interior and exterior of building. The Overall site planning, services, production process is not been covered in the paper.
REVIEWING AESTHETIC OF NEW AGE FACTORY BUILDING USING CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION
Page No.
1.1 What is Aesthetic of façade?
1.1.2 Principle of façade design.
1.2 History of industrial factory building.
1.2.1 Element of façade in old age factory building.
1.2.2 Elements of Façade in New Age Factory building.
1.3 Comparing Old age factory building façade and new age factory building façade
1.3.1 Types of Facade
1.3.2 Elements of design
1.3.3 Changes
1.3.4 Required properties for material selection
1.3.5 Climate responsive elements in building façade
1.3.6 Sustainable factor.
2. PRINCIPLES OF FACADE DESIGN
2.1 Façade Material
2.2 Composition Scale
2.3 Rhythm
2.4 Transparency
2.5 Color
2.5.1Role of Color in Façade Design
2.5.1 Selection Criteria of color in Façade
2.5.2 Compatibility of Color with the material and type of factory.
3. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN BUILDING FAÇADE SYSYTEMS
3.1 The types of Modern and Traditional material.
3.2 Changes over the period of time in building façade system
3.3 Efficiency of Contemporary material.
4. INTRODUCTION TO CONTEMPORARY MATERIAL:
4.1 Glass Fiber Reinforcement Concrete
4.2 Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer
4.3 Perforated Aluminum (ACP) Sheets.
4.4 Steel and Glass as façade materials Green Wall
5. CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS COMPARITAIVE ANALYSIS:
5.1 Material Comparison
5.2 Selection Criteria
5.3 Rate Analysis
5.4 Installation and lifespan
5.5 Construction Techniques involve
5.6 Fixing details and addition material requirements
6. APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDY:
6.1 Krohne Marshall New Manufacturing Campus, Pune
6.1.1 Introduction to façade system
6.1.2 Impact of façade system on internal spaces
6.1.3 Details and Construction Elements
6.2 Metalsa, Mexico
6.2.1 Introduction to façade system
6.2.2 Impact of façade system on internal spaces
6.2.3 Details and Construction Elements
6.3 Urban Solid Waste Collection Centre, Spain
6.3.1 Introduction to façade system
6.3.2 Impact of façade system on internal spaces
6.3.3 Details and Construction Elements
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
REVIEWING AESTHETIC OF NEW AGE FACTORY BUILDING USING CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS
1 . Introduction
1.1 What is Aesthetic of façade?
The aesthetics of a building is one of the principal aspects considered in architecture. The appeal of a building covers the combined effects of a building’s shape, size, texture, color, balance, unity, movement, emphasis, contrast, symmetry, proportion, space, alignment, pattern, decoration, culture and context. The unique properties and natural beauty of wood and other bio-based materials make them desired for various applications including construction, facades and interior design. A building should be designed in order to satisfy requirements regarding safety, serviceability, durability, but also, aesthetics, assuring proper structural performance through the entire service life. For that reason, it is essential to understand the overall deterioration mechanisms within the different levels of a building including elements, components, facades and for the entire building. Changes in the appearance of materials can differ due to kinetics of the responses related to the material resistance as well as due to intensity of the degrading factors.
1.2 History of industrial factory building.
Rebirth of industry in this point means some differences. We reached some level of civilization and there is no way back. If we expelled the old industry because it was filthy, noisy and ugly, newborn industrial buildings and complexes must satisfy such requirements. We get used to be surrounded by the space of higher quality and today is impossible to reverse the time and again make cold, dusty, inhuman working space. After The introduction of steel and façade in industrial building the it gave boost to the new industrial building and the design of building. Fully Glazed Exterior corners which are free from any structural elements were brought into the ideas (fig 2).
From the time of the industrial revolution to the present time, industrial architecture has been developed through several phases. Firstly, we faced the process of simple transferring architectural language from the other typologies, and eclectic aesthetic of the past times. Then the industry itself made the powerful tool for making quick progress in constructing buildings, and introduced the world the cast iron and steel constructions as an excellent choice for industrial needs. The turn in material usage, provoked the new language of architecture. Exercising such new language, in architecture gradually emerged the modern movement. The industrial architecture embraced this architectural style and modernism's belief in systematic order and functionality as most rational and effective for the needs and the goals the industry had outlined. Around the same time, the architecture and building stopped to be part to be an arts & crafts global community and transferred into building and
constructing industry. All this had given the industrial architecture characteristic identity and authenticity that came along with typical large volumes and spans and consequently with the great dimensions of the industrial production buildings. Through the time, industrial architecture faded affected by the mass production. The race for the quick and efficient construction caused the modest materialization, while the architectural composition and visual expression of the industrial buildings was not always been of much importance, and the building started to be seen as a temporary project. However, this is not an absolute rule, and can be discussed just as a prevailing trend. Still, in the entire period of time of developing industry, there are numerous examples of the industrial building that were designed in the great manner of architecture.
The materials are architectural instruments that the architects use in order to make and develop a fresh new contemporary industrial facade. Our historical legacy had given us a marvelous invent of preconstructed materials, that are in greatly continue to be a first system of choice for industrial building, but new technologies have given us such variety of materials, shapes, colors and textures so that modern industrial architecture is really architecture, by definition artistic, innovative and inspirational. With the introduction of new building materials such as GFRC Sheets, Perforated Aluminum Panel, Green Walls and Perforated metal panels. The Industrial façade material has brough in huge change from earlier façade system with walls replaced with modern materials is the biggest transition in trend of industrial building.
The function of façades in architecture and the big portfolio of protective layers developed by nature (skin, membranes, shells, cuticles) share several similarities. In nature, skin is the largest organ that protects the body from external invaders. Skin is a multitasker performing several functions critical for health and well-being of organisms. Built from several layers, skin protects, regulates, controls, absorbs, maintains, senses, and camouflages. The analogies between functions of the building façades and animal skin are presented in Fig 3. Building façades partly define architectural characteristics of structures and act as a shelter and space for human activity They provide UV, moisture, and thermal defense, as well as protection from dirt, micro-organisms, and radiation. Façades communicate by transferring information they are capable of exchanging and storing energy, heat, and water.
Fig 3 . The analogies between functions of the building façades and animal skin
Since the first industrial buildings were constructed, façades have been separating two environments: external and internal. To maintain constant internal climatic conditions, façades had to counteract the influence of various external environments depending on the given climate zone. In hot and humid zones, they provided protection against the sun radiation and allowed for the flow of cooling night breezes. In temperate climates, façades had to adapt to seasonal changes. In harsh north environments, façades were mainly designed to protect against the winter cold. This affected not only the construction material used but also the shape and configuration of ventilator, building orientation, and the heating strategy.
In addition to possessing the obvious structural and protective functions, façades also needed to be durable. The most robust materials (e.g., stone) were usually the most expensive and most difficult to acquire. The scarcity of stone led to the development of brick, where the areas abundant in clay were available. Simple adobe brick stemming from dry climates was gradually replaced by the fired brick coming from the north, as this type of treatment provided a long-lasting waterproof layer. However, before the invention of masonry, from the very beginning of architecture, buildings were constructed of wood and other bio-based materials.
2. Principles of Facade Design.
The Design principle of façade depends on various factors such as Material used In the façade , The scale of the façade , Rhythm, transparency and color’s plays an important role in designing the façade. Some of the important façade principles are :
2.1 Façade Material:
High quality materials are the building blocks of good buildings and great places. The message of quality and durability inherent in long-lasting materials promotes the human perception of timelessness and continuity of place. High quality materials provide an expression of concern for the quality of the pedestrian experience. Masonry elements provide a particularly strong connection between human scale and the built environment. The size of a brick is directly related to the ability of a mason to lay it comfortably by hand. Therefore, we perceive buildings that have been assembled with human-scaled materials as the result of tangible human activities rather then as abstract or synthetic. Materials also contribute to the perception of a building’s overall scale and texture. Individual elements of a known size allow the observer to understand the total size and scale of the structure. The texture of the surface, together with its color, will affect its visual weight, scale and light reflective qualities. The standards require buildings to use masonry
materials over a majority of their surface area. Exceptions may be considered when the context of a building site suggests the use of other materials (e.g. an historic district). Materials used on designated principal facades, if not used for the entire building, should return along secondary sides a minimum distance based on visibility.
2.2 Composition Scale :
Visual balance should be achieved in the building composition. A fundamental tool for achieving balance is the use of symmetry. The human perception of beauty is found to be influenced by the measure of symmetry within an individual composition. Psychologists ascribe this to the awareness that the body is basically symmetrical, so intuitively this principle is extended to other artistic efforts. Applied to buildings, this principle creates order within elements of a composition. Groups of elements are read visually by their rooflines. Under each roofline, a composition is formed which is visually enhanced when symmetry is achieved. Minor variations to a symmetrical condition, for example a door that is balanced by a window of the same proportion on the other side, can be absorbed while maintaining an overall sense of balance.
2.3 Rhythm:
Rhythm applied to architecture refers to the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, shapes, forms and details. It incorporates repetition and spacing as a fundamental device to create visual organization. Studies of human perception show that the mind and eye actually seek some type of organization in order to relate various elements. The viewer is uncomfortable with confusion of unrelated chaos. The mind tends to group items that are objects, or the spaces between objects. Almost all buildings incorporate elements that are by their very nature repetitive. For example, windows and doors repeatedly puncture a building’s surface to allow light and access. When these elements are considered together, they have the potential to create visual rhythm. The result can enliven a surface that is too blank, measure a surface too long, and create visual unity over the façade of the structure. Architectural elements chosen to repeat on a façade, whether a massing form or detail element, should represent a primary characteristic of the building’s identity
2.4 Transparency:
Building façades for new development, reconstruction and major rehabilitation should have larger window areas to share the building interior activities with the street. Windows and doors narrate the uses of the inside of the building to the observer and are a measure of how public or private these uses are intended to be. For example, storefront windows at street level are more expansive, suggesting common uses, while upper level are smaller, indicating more private uses. The design of storefronts in particular can enhance pedestrian activity. New development, reconstruction and major rehabilitation buildings should provide a high level of transparency at the street level in order to visually connect activities within and outside of the building. Seen from the outside, it is the openings in a wall that create one of the strongest visual impacts beyond the wall itself. As design elements, windows and doors provide the opportunity to accomplish many of the other façade principles.
2.5 Color:
Color in architecture simply faded in the modern movement. The use of natural, material color found in concrete, glass, and metal, celebrating chromatically devoid minimalism, has dominated architectural thinking since Le Corbusier. White has most often been associated with an elevated intellect and color consequently delegated to the arena of whimsical decoration with but a few notable exceptions. Unfortunately, color has either been used so badly on the outside of buildings, though, that is spawned a great fear of large-scale colorful architecture. Apart from an ill-conceived, short-lived trend in the 1980s, where cladding materials lacked durability and light-fastness, color has been, on the whole, conspicuously absent from our buildings. Since then, we do not have as much color in architecture, as it may be possible and appreciated. Modernists used “the play of light and shadow” together with form play in monochromatic experience, but this is surely not the only way of making successful architectural composition and the only means of expression in architecture.
The roles that different decorative elements play in façade design are gradually changing. In architectural history there are examples of vibrant usage of the colors at building façade, but in theory, may there be a bit of the hostility when it comes to the discussion of colors as a metaphor of a good taste and style. In western thinkers of the late 20th century, color and its potential followers seem to have diminished, become secondary, decorative, and deeming a colorful object or artwork less serious or intellectual than its less chromatic counterpart. Essentially, the discussions of aesthetics in architecture are usually focused on form, material, size, and composition, and there is a common thought that a good architectural design must be monochromatic, maybe even color blind. Architects think in layers.
As we set the basic color theory which is valid in general, here we are going to examine the presence of such cases in architecture. Firstly, the appearance of color effects in architecture is going to be established, specifically on the façade of buildings. Our focus of examination as already has been described are buildings from industrial architecture family. We used for discussion only buildings that have in use clear and visible hues of colors, so that all buildings that use, as dominant and only idea, too dark and too light tones (shades from white via gray to black) as well as all buildings using various tones of nonspecific natural colors of raw materials such as wood, metal, etc. have been excluded from discussion. Our intent is to discuss buildings that have brave, outstanding usage of colors and therefore color combinations in architecture. The final goal is to find laws, more adequately principles of using colors in industrial architecture. We started this analysis as an architectural analysis, examining structural elements of architectural composition such as volume, surface façade and point detail. We were able to group all examined buildings in three groups that have specific and mutual different
characteristics. The first group of buildings is characterized by colors applied on whole volumes in three-dimensional architectural composition. In the second group are buildings that use colors on the façade as two-dimensional composition and in the last one are grouped buildings that use colors just in architectural details.
The Main selection criteria for the industrial building depends on their product colour, logo, name and many other specific reasons. Most of the automobile companies prefers that their identity of their product should reflect on the factory building.
3. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN BUILDING FAÇADE SYSYTEMS.
Traditional Material
Most industrial buildings of 19th Century. were multi-storied buildings that combined brick or masonry bearing walls with heavy timber structural frames to obtain the largest column-free interior spaces possible. As -82- the ultimate utilitarian places, their design features not only encouraged an efficient work process but aimed to prevent fires. The fear of fire was so prevalent that insurance companies shaped much of the early architecture. They discouraged interior wall coverings as well as ornament on building exteriors; sought
open, partition-free interiors to facilitate extinguishing fires; suggested flat roofs and discouraged the attics; encouraged large windows to facilitate fire suppression; and recommended flat floor areas be separated from interior stairs. The resulting stair towers that punctuated flat facades punctuated become a familiar building type. Whatever ornament, if any, was located at the towers, which were sometimes capped with characteristic roof tops or cupolas to distinguish the owners’ identity.
New ways of producing energy enhanced the growth of both buildings and machinery, necessitating structures that could support more weight, span greater distances. In addition, the manufacturing process was expanding beyond textiles, demanding more flexible and adaptable layouts. The answer would come from a material that had been known centuries before but needed enhancement: concrete and iron.
Intensively increased investments in industry after the World War II initiated urban growth of industrial centres in the middle of 20th century, especially in the ‘50s and the ‘60s. Due to increase in business opportunities, population in cities increased fulfilling demands on labour force, consequently housing areas, services areas, roads and other infrastructural and communal facilities have expanded. This growth, mainly focused on free land on the cities’ outskirts leaded to increase in traffic and in additional pressure on the road network that expand too. Architectural aesthetic of this period is still under the influence of Modern movement and the International style; intensive is usage of modern materials as reinforced concrete, iron and glass, but also some entirely new ones such as asbestos, later plastic, etc. Although this period has given some great architectural works, among all building types, they always have had difficulties to be appreciated in general population. The new materials, reputed at the time to be permanent, have poor resistance to the passage of time. However, this architecture’s worst enemy still remains the indifference, indeed the contempt that it continues to arouse among the public. This is due, in particular, to the banality of a large part of the production of the period, in which the examples of quality become lost. A policy for the protection of the major works of the post-war period is being organized across Europe and wider the goodwill of owners who are aware of the quality of their asset also constitutes an effective driver for the protection of the architecture. The development of a realization of the value of these constructions is urgently needed in order to preserve the fragile balance on which their appeal rests. Industrial buildings of the post-war period shared the destiny of the other buildings of the time, burdened additionally by theirs everlasting lower reputation as a building type. However, industrial heritage from this period is the greatest and most common worldwide, although it is not jet perceived and evaluated rightly.
Diemme Filtrations, Lugo, Italy, Saarinen's IBM Rochester building
4. INTRODUCTION TO CONTEMPORARY MATERIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL FACADE:
A facade expresses multiple ideas about a building’s design. It describes the style of the structure, its use of materials and their execution narrates the time period the structure was built in. A facade becomes the mask or the interactive screen through which an inhabitant approaches the outside world.
The material of the facade is not only an important part of the design but is also an essential climatic response to the surroundings. For example, GFRC sheet, it is more efficient and lightweight which overall reduce the dead load of the framing structure.
Some of the Materials Derived from above studies are :
4.1 Glass Fiber Reinforcement Concrete:
GRC - Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete - consists basically of a cementitious matrix composed of cement, sand, water and admixtures, in which short length glass fibres are dispersed. The effect of the fibres is reflected in the increase of the tension and impact strength of the material. This material has been used for over thirty years in non-structural elements like façade panels (about 80 % of the GRC production), piping for sanitation network systems, decorative nonrecoverable formwork and other products (Bentur, 1990).
Properties of GFRC:
• Different parameters such as water–cement ratio, porosity, composite density, inter filler content, fibre content, orientation and length, and type of cure influence properties and behaviour of GFRC.
• GFRC derives its strength from an optimal dosage of fibres and acrylic polymer. The polymer and concrete matrix serves to bind the fibres together and transfer loads from one fibre to another via shear stresses through the matrix.
• Density and porosity are effective on the degree of compaction
Complex freeform architecture is one of the most striking trends in contemporary architecture. Today, design and fabrication of such structures are based on digital technologies, which have been developed in other industries (automotive, naval, aerospace industry) [50]. 3D–printed building is a result of high–efficiency, environmentally–friendly and cost–effective building technology. With the progressing of 3D printing technology a whole building can be built with high reliability, which will doubtlessly make a change to the traditional construction industry. The building is printed using a huge printer which is programed for special dimensions and specially made high–strength glass fibre reinforced printing ink.
Because of mass colouring of GFRC is a demanding job, this situation calls for special choice of cement, granulates, fine minerals and pigments, so making it rather costly. Coloured impregnation products are alternative to the mass colouring of architectonic concrete.
4.2 Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer
First developed in the mid 1930's, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) has become a staple in the building industry. Originally used merely for the construction of parts, in 1967, the architectural advantages were discovered with the attempted destruction of Disneyland's "House of the Future." Built in 1956-7, the futuristic house was built entirely of fiberglass, and when the attraction was no longer deemed necessary, it was scheduled to be destroyed in 1967. Amazingly, the wrecking ball merely bounced off the structure, and the possibilities for GFRP were recognized and began to grow. By 1994, nearly 600 million pounds of composite materials were used in the building industry. Today, Stromberg Architectural provides a variety of products in GFRP to fit your building needs and aesthetic vision.
When comparing the mechanical properties of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers with other traditional materials for buildings, some features – such as the ultimate strength, the elastic modulus or the maximum strain at failure, the material density – can have a key role in design considerations
4.3
ACPs come in many shapes, sizes and colors. Generally, they are composed of two 0.5mm thick sheets of aluminum glued to either side of a typically 2-3 mm thick central polymeric core (i.e.; three layers). They are popular because they have a high stiffness to weight ratio, are lighter than equivalent metal products, do not suffer ‘oil canning’, are relatively impact tolerant, easy to fabricate and cheap to produce. ACP cores can be either polyethylene (PE), Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Bakelite (also known as phenolic or phenol formaldehyde), polyester or a mixture of polymers. Such cores may be unfilled or mineral filled. Corrugated or honeycomb cores are available where a three-dimensional sheet of aluminum is sandwiched between two flat sheets of aluminum and held together by glue. That is, ‘all metal’ panels.
4.4 Perforated steel Panel
Perforated metal, also known as perforated sheet, perforated plate, or perforated screen, is sheet metal that has been manually or mechanically stamped or punched using CNC technology or in some cases laser cutting to create different holes sizes, shapes and patterns. Materials used to manufacture perforated metal sheets include stainless steel, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, brass, aluminum, tinplate, copper, Monel, Inconel, titanium, plastic, and more.
The process of perforating metal sheets has been practiced for over 150 years. In the late 19th century, metal screens were used as an efficient means of separating coal. The first perforators were laborers who would manually punch individual holes into the metal sheet. This proved to be an inefficient and inconsistent method which led to the development of new techniques, such as perforating the metal with a series of needles arranged in a way that would create the desired hole pattern.
Modern day perforation methods involve the use of technology and machines. Common equipment used for the perforation of metal include rotary pinned perforation rollers, die and punch presses, and laser perforations.
