CONTENT Global Atlas p.6-11 Human Emergence p.12-15 Dynamic Strategies p.16-19 Sources p.20-21
ABSTRACT Human presence in Antarctica, necessary to conduct essential scientific investigations on the pressing global problems of climate change and sea-level rise, is not conceivable without technologically advanced architecture. At the eve of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of the Southernmost continent, the most inhospitable environment on planet earth with record temperatures of -89.2°C and maximum wind velocities of 327km/h, we believe it is urgent to research and document the extreme Antarctic territory with critical tools of analysis and representation. Conceived to shed light on a continent that lies in the dark six months per year, Antarctica 200 is a cross-disciplinary project that aims to unveil the unique traits of the continent-laboratory, asses its indisputable role in the global ecosystem, understand the conflicting and fragile geopolitical implications of the Antarctic Treaty System, and document the evolution of Antarctic architecture to challenge the state of the arts and bring to the foreground prototypes for inhabitation in the extreme. The Academic Platform of Antarctica 200 is the Polar Lab. Curated by the Antarctica 200 directors, the Polar Lab is conceived as a global network of research clusters embedded into academic institutions and organizations. The overall ambition of the Polar Lab outposts is to produce a collective body of research on the continent seen from local perspectives. In the UK the Polar Lab, directed by Antarctica 200 directors Giulia Foscari and Francesco Bandarin, is closely collaborating with the students of Landscape and Urbanism to tackle the research Antarctica at a territorial scale. The result of this collaboration, Dynamic Domains, analyzes the existing models of human management of this fragile ecosystem with a focus on the marine environment and the fishing of Euphausia superba. Although ‘The Environmental Protocol’ of 1998 essentially bans “any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research” and conventions as CCAMLR have since 1982 been active in trying to safeguard and conserving Antarctic marine life, industrial fishing of Antarctic Krill is extremely widespread especially around the Antarctic Peninsula. With the global value krill oil set at 204.4m USD in 2015, significant growth is expected due to increased awareness of the health benefits of fish oils, and global revenues are expected to nearly double by 2021. The project advocates that, while the extent of industrial fishing might not be a threat to the biomass of the species, the extremely high concentration of this activity within the peninsular regions sets the local ecosystem under severe stress. In stark opposition to the contemporary management of these fisheries which, in addition to being defined more than 30 years ago, is regulated in terms of man imposed zones, the project strategizes a more dynamic way of protecting the sensitive processes. Rather than attacking and banning the fisheries we believe this approach mutually benefits both ecosystem and industry by producing a much higher yield.
Thesis Project By: Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi
territorial claims supplement market
fishing entists aquaculture
industrial sciclimate change
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The project advocates that, while the extent of industrial fishing might not be a threat to the biomass of the species, the extremely high concentration of this activity within the peninsular regions sets the local ecosystem under stress. In stark opposition to the contemporary management of these fisheries which, in addition to being defined more than 30 years ago, is regulated in terms of man imposed zones, the project strategizes a more dynamic way of protecting the sensitive processes. Rather than attacking and banning the fisheries we believe this approach mutually benefits both ecosystem and industry by producing a much higher yield.
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Although ‘The Environmental Protocol’ of 1998 essentially bans “any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research” and conventions as CCAMLR have since 1982 been active in trying to safeguard and conserving Antarctic marine life, industrial fishing of Antarctic Krill is extremely widespread especially around the Antarctic Peninsula. With the global value krill oil set at 204.4m USD in 2015, significant growth is expected due to increased awareness of the health benefits of fish oils, and global revenues are expected to nearly double by 2021.
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“ By parachuting down they transport carbon which sinks ultimately to the ocean floor - an amount equivalent to the annual emissions of 35 million cars - and this makes these tiny animals much more important than we thought.”Dr Lee Grant (BAS)
FIG 1
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SOUTH KOREA
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AUTHORIZED NATIONS
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ANTARCTIC KRILL FISHING NATIONS KRILL FISHING LOCATION
AMOUNT OF CATCH
Should Antarctica be exploited for any resources?
The idea of Antarctica as a pristine environment is challenged as the extraction of marine resources is carried out by industrial fishing (especially Antarctic Krill) whilst global warming redefines its apparently remote ecosystems. Concentration of the exploitation of krill to satisfy global demands for omega 3 supplements, aquaculture and pet feed puts the local ecosystem under severe stress. This is partly to do with how human-related activities are managed as a by-product of territorialising Antarctica through the current models of fixed-boundary conservation (ASPA, ASMA, CCAMLR, etc) driven by territorial claims. The project advocated that these policies are out of sync with the various metabolic processes of Antarctica, its intent is to strategize a more dynamic way of protecting sensitive processes across both local and global scales.
FIG 2
150
100
50
0M
0
500 1000
3000
5000
7000 M3
Gross Tonnage:
Fish Hold Capacity:
SAGA SEA
4861 t
3858 t
ANTARCTIC SEA
9432 t
7720 t
ANTARCTIC ENDURANCE
6300 t
6400 t
ANTARCTIC ENDEVAOUR
2455 t
901 t
CABO DE HORNOS
2140 t
600 t
FU RONG HAI
5306 t
2733 t
LONG TENG
7765 t
3582 t
IN SUNG HO
3000 t
5324 t
3012
2844 t
SEJONG
7765 t
3743 t
MORE SODRUSHESTVA
8109 t
NORWAY
CHILE
CHINA
KWANG JA HO
4294 t
vessel: saga sea / Norway
KOREA
UKRAINE
9
20
16
FIG 3
92
130
Premilinary process Krill is freezed
Hose Brings krill onboard
Trawl net
Saga Sea
callsign: LNSK IMO: 7390416
ECOHARVESTING BY AKER BIOMARINE
Owner / Operator:
Fishing season: 01/12 - 30/11
Gross Tonnage: 4861 t
Autharized areas:
Carrying Capacity:
Saga Sea: Fishing season: 2438 t 48.1 / 48.2 / 48.3 / 48.4Gross Tonnage: Aker BioMarine callsign: LNSK 01/12 - 30/11 4861 t Crew count: 59 IMO: 7390416 IMO: 7390416 Carrying Capacity: Owner / Operator: Authorized areas: 2438 t Aker Biomarine 48.1/48.2/48.3/48.4 Crew count: 59 FIG 4
Fish hold capacity: 3858 m3 Fish hold count:
Fish hold capacity: 3 3 3858 mgear: Fishing Midwater Otter Trawl
Fish hold count: 2438 t Fishing gear: Midwater Otter Trawl
Trawl module Prevents by-catch
FIG 5
MELTING ICE MELTING TRIGGERS ICE TRIGGERS MELTING ICE MELTING TRIGGERS ICE TRIGGERS PHYTOPLANKTON PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM BLOOM
11
KRILL FEEDS KRILL ON FEEDS ON KRI PYHTOPLANKTON PYHTOPLANKTONPYH
MELTING ICE TRIGGERS PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM
KRILL FEEDS ON PYHTOPLANKTON
METABOLIC METABOLIC METABOLIC PROCESSES METABOLIC PROCESSES PROCESSES PROCESSES METABOLIC PROCESSES PHYTOPLANKTON
ANTARCTIC KRILL (EUPHASIA SUPERBA)
ICE VECTOR
ICE SHELF
PHYTOPLANKTON PHYTOPLANKTON ANTARCTIC PHYTOPLANKTON ANTARCTIC KRILL PHYTOPLANKTON KRILL ICE ANTARCTIC VECTOR ICE VECTOR ANTARCTIC KRILL ICE KRILL SHELF ICE VECTOR ICE SHELF ICE VECTOR ICE SHELF ICE SHELF (EUPHASIA (EUPHASIA SUPERBA) SUPERBA) (EUPHASIA SUPERBA) (EUPHASIA SUPERBA)
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MONTEVIDEO
MONTEVIDEO
-60°
HUMAN EMERGENCE
“Greenpeace have campaigned against any extraction of resource from Antarctica including the Krill”
Punta Arenas
-90°
-90°
-120°
Origin of Human Activity: One of the first infrastructural developments in the sub-antarctic regions was to cater to commercial whaling and fishing on a very large scale. Even though it was eventually banned, this had inevitable consequences on the natural balance of the ecosystem.
FIG 6,7,8,9
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MONTEVIDEO
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-30°
MONTEVIDEO 48.4
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MONTEVIDEO 48.6
48.6
60°
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30° 58.7
60°
48.4
48.3
60°
48.3
30°
30° 48.6
58.4 4a
58.4 4a
58.6
58.6
58.4 4a
58.4 4b
58.6
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60°
58.6
70° 58.4 2 48.2 -60°
-60°
48.2
48.2
-60°
48.5
-60°
70°
70°
48.2
58.4 4b
70° 58.4 2
Punta Arenas
48.5
48.5
48.5 75°
Punta Arenas
Punta Arenas
48.1
48.1
88.3
88.3
-90°
88.3
85°
88.3
-90°
85°
60°
58.5 1
58.4 4b
60°
58.4 2 58.4 3a 58.5 1
58.5 1
58.4 3a
58.5 1
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75°
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85°
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48.1
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60° 58.4 2
75°
80°
80°
58.4 4b 60° 70°
58.4 3a 48.1
80°
58.4 4b
70°
48.5
75°
Punta Arenas
80°
-90°
60° 58.4 2
48.5 75°
48.1
Punta Arenas
48.1
48.2
75°
58.4 2
85° 58.4 3b
58.4 3b
88.3
90°
58.4 3b
90°
90°
58.4 3b
90°
90°
58.4 1
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58.4 1
58.4 1
58.4 1
58.4 1
88.2
120°
-120° 88.2
-120°
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120°
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-150°
-150°
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120°
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150°
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150°
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150°
KRILL FISHING ROUTES
KRILL FISHING NATIONS
KRILL FISHING KRILL ROUTES FISHING KRILL FISHING ROUTES ROUTES KRILL FISHING KRILL ROUTES FISHING ROUTES FISHING VESSELS 09.18-05.19
FISHING PRESSURE ON CCMLR ZONES
CONVENTION ON CONVERSATION OF MARINE LIVING RESOURCES (CCAMLR)
PHYTOPLANKTON CONCENTRATION
SEA ICE IN 01.18
FISHING VESSELS FISHING PRESSURE CONVENTION ON CONSERVATION PHYTOPLANKTON 09.18-05.19 ON CONVENTION CCMLR ZONES OF MARINE RESOURCES CONCENTRATION FISHING VESSELS FISHING FISHING PRESSURE VESSELS CONVENTION FISHING FISHING ONVESSELS PRESSURE CONVERSATION FISHING PHYTOPLANKTON PRESSURE ON CONVERSATION CONVENTION SEA FISHING PHYTOPLANKTON ON ICE CONVERSATION VESSELS FISHING PHYTOPLANKTON SEAPRESSURE FISHING ICELIVING VESSELS CONVENTION SEA ICE FISHING ON CONVERSATION PRESSURE CONVENTION PHYTOPLANKTON ON CONVERSATION SEA ICE PHYTOPLANKTON 09.18-05.19 ON CCMLR09.18-05.19 ZONES OF MARINE ON09.18-05.19 CCMLR LIVING ZONES RESOURCES OF ONMARINE CCMLR CONCENTRATION ZONES LIVING RESOURCES OF MARINEIN LIVING CONCENTRATION 01.18 09.18-05.19 RESOURCES ON CONCENTRATION CCMLR IN 01.18 ZONES 09.18-05.19 OF MARINE IN 01.18 ON LIVING CCMLR RESOURCES ZONES OFCONCENTRATION MARINE LIVING RESOURCES IN 01.18 CONCENTRATION (CCAMLR) (CCAMLR) (CCAMLR) (CCAMLR) (CCAMLR) (CCAMLR)
SEA ICE IN 01.18
SEA ICE IN 01.18
120°
58.5 1
SSMU 8 Pelagic Area
SSMU 6 Bransfield Strait East
SSMU 4 Drake Passage East
SSMU 3 Drake Passage West
SSMU 5 Bransfield Strait West SSMU 48.1 Antarctic Peninsula East
SSMU 2 Antarctic Peninsula West
SSMU 8 Pelagic Area SSMU 8 Pelagic Area
SSMU 6 Bransfield Strait East
SSMU 6 Bransfield Strait East SSMU 4 Drake Passage East
L
SSMU 4 Drake Passage East
SSMU 3 Drake Passage West SSMU 3 Drake Passage West
SSMU 5 Bransfield Strait West SSMU 48.1 Antarctic Peninsula East
SSMU 5 Bransfield Strait West SSMU 48.1 Antarctic Peninsula East
WEDDEL SEA
WEDDEL SEA
IMPLICATIONS ON PREDATOR COLONIES PENGUIN COLONIES
VESSEL ROUTES
SMALL SCALE MANAGEMENT UNITS
SSMU 2 Antarctic Peninsula West
SSMU 2 Antarctic Peninsula West
FIG 10 LARSEN C ICE SHELF LARSEN C ICE SHELF
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
40% 30% 20% 10%
WEDDEL SEA 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
15
LARSEN C ICE SHELF
DEPLETION RISK OF PREDATOR COLONIES DEPLETION RISK OF PENGUINS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE FIG 11
DEPLETION RISK OF PENGUINS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHING
DYNAMIC STRATEGIES
“Strategy starts in deep ocean to identify the spawning areas where no human activity should be allowed�
Many countries are rooting for protecting 30 % of global oceans, but instead of protecting marine resources in a static manner, can we instead device a network of protection system which is not only in sync with these complex natural processes but also mutually benefit the aquaculture industry which is a source of protein to almost half of human population, by placing it next to the protected areas. And finally we can have a network of exclusive zones protecting the productive part of krill movement: the spawning areas and the feeding grounds.
FIG 12
17
GRADIENT CHANGE IN PHYTOPLANKTON CONCENTRATION POSITIVE GRADIENT OF CHANGE
JAN
MAY
VECTORFIELD OF PHYTOPLANKTON CHANGE JUL
SEPT
NOV
FIG 12
19
EXLUSIVE ZONES OF KRILL FISHING DERIVATIVE CHANGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON 18.02/26.02 JAN
POSITIVE GRADIENT OF CHANGE
EXCLUSIVE ZONES
MAY
VECTORFIELD OF PHYTOPLANKTON CHANGE JUL
ANTARCTIC SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS
SEPT
NOV
FISHING VESSELS 09.18-05.19
FIG 1: Ccamlr.org. (2019). Statistical Bulletin | CCAMLR. [online] Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/publications/statistical-bulletin [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 2: Taylor, M. (2019). Krill fishing poses serious threat to Antarctic ecosystem, report warns. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/13/krill-fishing-poses-serious-threat-to-antarctic-ecosystem-report-warns [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Taylor, M. (2019). Decline in krill threatens Antarctic wildlife, from whales to penguins. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/14/decline-in-krill-threatens-antarctic-wildlife-from-whales-to-penguins [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Taylor, M. (2019). Antarctic’s future in doubt after plan for world’s biggest marine reserve is blocked. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/02/plan-create-worlds-biggest-nature-reserve-antarctic-rejected [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Jowit, J. (2019). Krill fishing threatens the Antarctic. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2008/mar/23/fishing.food [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Taylor, M. (2019). Campaigners call on UK retailers to stop stocking Antarctic krill products. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/27/campaigners-call-on-uk-retailers-to-stop-stocking-antarctic-krill-products [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 3: Ccamlr.org. (2019). List of authorised vessels | CCAMLR. [online] Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/compliance/ authorised-vessels-0 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FleetMon.com. (2019). Live AIS Vessel Tracker with Ship and Port Database. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetmon. com/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 4: AKER BioMarine. (2019). Our Exclusive Eco-Harvesting Method. [online] Available at: https://video.akerbiomarine.com/ our-exclusive-eco-harvesting-method [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 5: NICOL, S. (2006). Krill, Currents, and Sea Ice: Euphausia superba and Its Changing Environment. BioScience, 56(2), p.111. FIG 6: Nationalgeographic.com. (2019). Wildlife is Thriving on This Eerie Polar Volcano. [online] Available at: https://www. nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2018/march/deception-island-antarctica-expedition-exploration/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 7: Greenpeace USA. (2019). Creating the World Park Antarctica. [online] Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/victories/creating-the-world-park-antarctica/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 8: Taylor, M. (2019). Campaigners call on UK retailers to stop stocking Antarctic krill products. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/27/campaigners-call-on-uk-retailers-to-stop-stocking-antarctic-krill-products [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019].
FIG 9:
SOURCES
FleetMon.com. (2019). Live AIS Vessel Tracker with Ship and Port Database. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetmon. com/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Ccamlr.org. (2019). Conservation measures | CCAMLR. [online] Available at: https://www.ccamlr.org/en/conservation-and-management/conservation-and-managment [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 10: FleetMon.com. (2019). Live AIS Vessel Tracker with Ship and Port Database. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetmon. com/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. Datazone.birdlife.org. (2019). BirdLife Data Zone. [online] Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/results?thrlev1=&thrlev2=&kw=&reg=1&cty=8&snm=&fam=0&gen=0&spc=&cmn= [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019].
FIG 11: Klein, E., Hill, S., Hinke, J., Phillips, T. and Watters, G. (2018). Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea. PLOS ONE, 13(1), p.e0191011. FIG 12: Modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. (2019). MODIS Web. [online] Available at: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/chlor_a.php [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FleetMon.com. (2019). Live AIS Vessel Tracker with Ship and Port Database. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetmon. com/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FIG 13: Modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. (2019). MODIS Web. [online] Available at: https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/chlor_a.php [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019]. FleetMon.com. (2019). Live AIS Vessel Tracker with Ship and Port Database. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetmon. com/ [Accessed 20 Jun. 2019].
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Daniel Kiss & Swadheet Chaturvedi?