CXO TechBOT July 2025

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The CXO TechBOT Team CEO & Editor-In-Chief

Swati Gupta

Chief Vision Officer

Puneet Agarwal Managing Editor

SuhasVittal

Content Editors

Suhas Vittal Hanifa Khatoon Zainab Sayyed Prachi Gupta Design Head

Vanshika Gupta

Head of Digital Strategy, Delivery & Operations

Priyanka Gautam

Communication Manager

Bhumika Nandhani Digital Partner

Fusionflare Media Creative Manager

Mayuree Rastogi Development Team

Hradyesh Chaturvedi Alok Bhade Naman Hooda

Video & Production Manager

Kush Bhalla

Sales & Development Head

Disha Gautam

Event Coordination

Disha Gautam Hanifa Khatoon

Customer Success Manager

Zainab Sayyed Sonal Mishra

MESSAGE

from

THE EDITOR We are living in a transformative era, one where deep technologies like quantum computing, synthetic biology, AI, advanced materials, and space technologies are no longer confined to research labs.

They are entering boardrooms, policy frameworks, and even our daily lives. This is not just a technological shift; it is a paradigm shift in how we solve global challenges, from climate resilience to cognitive health, from energy transitions to national security.

As Editor-in-Chief, I see this magazine as a bridge between visionaries and policymakers, scientists and entrepreneurs, academia and industry. Our mission is to spotlight the trailblazers, dissect the breakthroughs, and provoke the big questions: How do we scale ethical innovation? What does sovereignty mean in a world of AI and quantum control? Where will the next DeepTech unicorns come from?

The next decade won’t be led by those who follow trends, but by those who build what doesn’t yet exist.

In this issue, we explore the defining forces of the DeepTech Decade, feature thought leadership from global experts, and delve into India’s potential to emerge as a DeepTech powerhouse.

The journey ahead is complex, but filled with immense possibility. It demands courage, curiosity, and collaboration across disciplines and borders. We invite you to join us not just as readers, but as participants in shaping the future of deep innovation.

Warm Regards Swati Gupta CEO & Editor-in-Chief

08

Tech Policy

Digital Sovereignty and DeepTech: Redefining Global Governance and Tech Policy

18

12

Point Blank with Palash

Reimagining India: From Consumer to Creator, from Momentum to Mastery, from Scale to Sovereignty!

Big Picture

Akums Embraces Technology to Transform Pharmaceutical Manufacturing through Innovation

24

Research

DeepTech Index Report 2025

28

The Ethics Angle

From Models to Agents: Rethinking Governance for Autonomous AI Systems

34

Deep Dive

Transient Disruption of Blood Brain Barrier By Loud Sound And Vibrations And Its Impact on Cerebral Homeostasis

42

Neurotech

Neurotechnology and Brain-Computer Interfaces: The Future of Cognitive Health

46

Leadership Spotlight

From Founder Pitches to Billion-Dollar IPOs: Lessons from Advising 400+ Startups

52

Top 10

India’s DeepTech Revolution: 10 Startups Leading the Charge in 2025

56

InsideView

Reimagining Preventive Healthcare: AI and Real-Time Vitals Transform Heart Disease Detection

62 AI Perspective Beyond Automation: Agentic AI and the Future of Independent Intelligence

68

Editor’sChoice

Fueling the Future: How DeepTech Startups Are Winning with Strategic Fundraising

74

Decoded Health

Revolutionizing Radiology: How DeepTech and Generative AI are Slashing Scan Times and Transforming Global Healthcare

78

InFocus

Ecosystem-Led Growth: How Strategic Alliances Are Driving AI and Cloud Adoption

84

Exclusive interview

Rewiring Innovation: A Deep Dive with Subhajit Sarkar on Gen AI, DeepTech, and Human-Centric Transformation

90

The Next10

The DeepTech Decade: What Will Define the Next 10 Years?

94 Quantum Era

97

Quantum-Resistant Blockchains: Preparing for the Post-Quantum Era

SpaceTech 2.0: The DeepTech Race to Colonize Orbit and Beyond

Beyond Orbit

Digital Sovereignty and DeepTech: Redefining Global Governance and Tech Policy In an era marked by rapid digital transformation, the concepts of digital sovereignty and deep technology (DeepTech) have emerged as crucial pillars in the evolution of global governance and technology policy.

As nations, corporations, and citizens become increasingly reliant on digital infrastructure, questions of autonomy, security, control, and innovation are reshaping the global power dynamics. This article explores how digital sovereignty and DeepTech intersect, and why they are pivotal in reimagining tech policy in a fragmented yet hyperconnected world.

Understanding Digital Sovereignty Digital sovereignty refers to a nation’s ability to control and regulate its digital infrastructure, data flows, and technological ecosystem in a manner that aligns with its political, economic, and societal values. It is a direct response to the growing dependence on foreign technologies—particularly from the United States and China—and the risks associated with surveillance, monopolies, and geopolitical dependencies.

Countries like France and Germany have been vocal proponents of digital sovereignty, advocating for European alternatives to American cloud providers, 08 July 2025

creating data localization laws, and investing in indigenous innovation. India, too, through initiatives like Digital India and Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA), is making strides toward asserting greater control over its digital economy.

The Rise of DeepTech in Sovereign Strategies DeepTech encompasses breakthrough innovations grounded in scientific discovery and engineering, including artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, advanced robotics, semiconductors, biotechnology, and next-gen energy solutions. Unlike incremental digital innovations, DeepTech requires long-term R&D, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and robust policy support.

Nations recognizing the strategic importance of DeepTech are embedding it within their digital sovereignty frameworks. For instance, the CHIPS and Science Act in the U.S. and the European Chips Act aim to reduce reliance on foreign semiconductor supplies.

China’s Made in China 2025 strategy places a strong emphasis on building capabilities in AI and quantum technologies to counter Western technological dominance.

Global Governance in a Fractured World The digital domain has long been characterized by a lack of centralized governance. The Internet was initially governed through multistakeholder models, involving governments, private companies, and civil society. However, the growing influence of tech giants and cross-border cyber threats has led to calls for stronger state-led governance models.

Global governance bodies like the United Nations, OECD, and G20 have attempted to create frameworks for data privacy, AI ethics, and cybersecurity, but these www.CXOTechBOT.com 09

efforts are often hampered by geopolitical rivalry and conflicting interests. Digital sovereignty introduces a double-edged sword in this context—it enables nations to safeguard national interests but risks fragmenting the global internet into “splinternets,” where access and regulations differ widely across regions.

Tech Policy Dilemmas: Innovation vs Regulation One of the biggest challenges in formulating global

and TikTok, and Russia’s attempt to build a sovereign internet. These developments reflect how digital tools have become instruments of national power and diplomacy.

However, excessive tech nationalism could backfire by isolating countries from global supply chains, talent pools, and investment ecosystems. A balanced approach—what some experts call “open strategic autonomy”—is essential to maintain global competitiveness while protecting national interests.

tech policy is balancing innovation and regulation.

While data localization and content moderation laws help protect sovereignty, they can also restrict innovation, increase operational costs, and stifle cross-border collaboration.

DeepTech exacerbates this tension. AI algorithms, for instance, thrive on vast, diverse datasets. Stricter data boundaries might hinder the training of these models.

Similarly, quantum computing requires international scientific partnerships that may clash with national security priorities.

Forward-thinking tech policy must find a way to harmonize data protection, intellectual property rights, and ethical AI standards without compromising scientific progress. This requires dynamic, multi-level governance models where nation-states, corporations, and international institutions collaborate on shared standards while preserving local control.

Digital Sovereignty and Tech Nationalism Digital sovereignty is also fueling a new wave of tech nationalism—where countries aggressively pursue homegrown technologies and impose restrictions on foreign firms. While this fosters domestic innovation

Opportunities for Global Collaboration Despite geopolitical tensions, there are avenues where collaboration can and must continue: Cybersecurity treaties to prevent digital warfare and cyber espionage.

AI ethics frameworks to ensure responsible use of intelligent systems globally.

Climate-focused DeepTech (like clean energy tech, smart grids, carbon capture) where shared human

and strategic resilience, it also risks leading to

interest transcends national rivalries.

protectionism, digital trade wars, and reduced global

Joint R&D projects on quantum computing, space tech,

interoperability.

and genomics that require pooled expertise and

Recent examples include India's ban on Chinese apps post-Galwan conflict, the U.S. restrictions on Huawei 10 July 2025

funding.

are examples of how like-minded democracies can

The Road Ahead: Policy Recommendations

shape global tech norms collaboratively.

Invest in Strategic DeepTech: Countries should

International alliances like the Quad (India, US, Japan, Australia) and EU-U.S. Trade and Technology Council

establish sovereign DeepTech funds, innovation clusters, and public-private partnerships to reduce reliance on foreign technologies.

Build Digital Infrastructure Autonomy: Develop national cloud platforms, 5G networks, and chip manufacturing facilities to assert infrastructure sovereignty.

Create Ethical and Interoperable Standards: Work with international bodies to co-develop policies that ensure interoperability and uphold human rights.

Educate for Digital Citizenship: Build societal awareness around digital rights, privacy, and data governance through civic engagement and education.

Wrapping up Digital sovereignty and DeepTech are no longer abstract policy debates; they are at the heart of national competitiveness, security, and identity. In the coming decade, nations that can navigate the complex interplay between control and openness, sovereignty and collaboration, innovation and regulation will define the new global digital order. The future of tech policy lies in cooperative resilience where nations lead with purpose, partner with trust, and innovate with shared values.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 11

REIMAGINING INDIA: FROM CONSUMER TO CREATOR, FROM MOMENTUM TO MASTERY, FROM SCALE TO SOVEREIGNTY! India now stands tall as the world’s fourth-largest

We must ask the defining questions: What could throw

economy, with a nominal GDP crossing $4 trillion and a

a wrench in the works? What risks lie ahead? Which

robust 8.2% real GDP growth in FY2024—among the

forces will truly shape India’s destiny?

fastest globally. This remarkable transformation is fueled by multiple high-impact engines:

Looking Through the PRISM: The Global Lens

•

The IT-BPM sector contributed $253.9 billion in

Two recent global economic developments bring some

FY2023, employing 5.4 million professionals.

questions into sharper focus:

Renewables surged with 24.5 GW of solar and 3.4

•

•

•

•

tariffs, shaking global markets. Indian stock market

217.62 GW, on track for 500 GW by 2030.

analysts, however, remained calm—and rightly so.

Digital Public Infrastructure—anchored by UPI and

Their confidence stemmed from a specific

Aadhaar—processed over 130 billion transactions

macroeconomic buffer: India's relatively low trade

in 2024.

surplus with the U.S. (~USD 36 billion). Experts

Internet user base is set to cross 900 million by

suggested this could be offset through couple of

2025. The 3rd-largest startup ecosystem, home to

strategic imports like defense or oil

119 unicorns valued at over $354 billion (as of Jan •

On April 2, the U.S. announced a new round of

GW of wind added in 2024; total capacity now at

•

India overtook Japan to become the world’s

2025).

fourth-largest economy—a milestone of national

Hosting 55% of the world’s Global Capability

pride and a marker of rising global stature.

Centers (GCCs), powered by a vast STEM talent •

pool.

While, As an Indian, I take pride in our economic

Backed by a large domestic market, digitally native

resilience and rising global position, but when

population, and forward-leaning policies

viewed through our Peerless Prism, a deeper question emerges: Our resilience to global phenomena seems to stem less from robust fundamentals and more from our limited exposure and relatively modest contribution to global trade. Are we mistaking insulation for invincibility?

This is nothing short of phenomenal progress—a bright beacon lighting the path forward.

let’s not assume tomorrow’s strategy on yesterday’s momentum.

12 July 2025

What’s truly driving our phenomenal economic growth?

Our current growth model emphasizes volume over value, scale over sophistication, and population over

The Trade-to-GDP Ratio: A Double-Edged Sword

productivity. To move beyond momentum and build

India’s trade-to-GDP ratio sits at 45%. Excluding

lasting economic leadership, we must evolve—from

software/IT exports, and defense and oil imports, it

being a passive participant to an active creator in global

drops to just 36%.

value chains. This shift requires more than incremental

The advantages are clear:

reform. It demands a foundational transformation—one

•

that only DeepTech can deliver.

Shields India from global shocks and supply chain disruptions.

•

Domestic demand remains a stable engine of growth.

•

Allows for policy flexibility and currency stability.

Why DeepTech is India’s Strategic Imperative DeepTech is more than a sector—it is a strategic

But there are risks as well:

enabler that fuses science, technology, and innovation

•

Reflects limited global competitiveness.

to secure India’s future across three vital dimensions:

•

Indicates weak innovation spillovers.

1. Strategic Sovereignty: Owning the Future, Not

•

Highlights underutilized export potential.

Renting It In a world defined by contested borders, cyber threats, and technological one-upmanship,

Can a nation dreaming of economic leadership afford

strategic sovereignty is no longer optional—it’s

to be so lightly stitched into global value chains? This

existential. DeepTech forms the frontline of national

gap is more than a missing puzzle piece—it’s a

independence by reducing reliance on foreign

roadblock to deeper global integration and lasting

technologies and enabling homegrown breakthroughs.

value creation.

While Chandrayaan-3—powered by indigenous

The Hidden Fragility: Structural Economic Challenges

cryogenics and autonomous navigation—earned global

India’s ascent is real—but it remains incomplete.

shaping India’s sovereign capabilities:

Several structural indicators expose the fragility

•

acclaim, equally vital but less visible innovations are QNu Labs is pioneering quantum-safe

beneath the momentum:

cryptographic systems, securing India’s digital

•

infrastructure against future quantum-era threats.

Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) exceeds 55% of GDP, showing a heavy reliance on

•

•

Sagar Defence is developing autonomous

domestic consumption.

unmanned surface vessels, enhancing maritime

Over 80% of the workforce remains trapped in

surveillance and national security.

informal, low-productivity employment.

• • •

Manufacturing stagnates at 17% of GDP, despite

Though limited in number, these efforts hint at the

years of Make in India efforts.

transformative role deep tech can play in areas where

R&D investment is under 0.7% of GDP—too low to

strategic advantage, security, and long-term

power innovation and deep tech adoption.

self-reliance matter most.

Regional disparities persist, with Southern and

“He who holds the code holds the command.” - In new

Western states far ahead of others.

world order, owning the core technology—from source code to silicon—is the ultimate lever of strategic power.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 13

PALASH GUPTA 2. Economic Muscle: From Bench Strength to Global Brilliance India excels in IT services and talent—but global respect and pricing power demand innovation, not just scale.

Despite exporting goods worth around $450 billion, much of India’s export basket remains concentrated in low- to mid-value segments—textiles, petroleum products, and basic chemicals. In stark contrast, nations like Israel, Switzerland, and South Korea have carved global niches in high-value, Deep Tech-led exports.

14 July 2025

Product R&D & Engineering Strategy Leader Verint Palash Gupta is a Product Engineering and Strategy leader known for establishing, scaling and playing leadership Global Capability Centres for tech companies and DeepTech startups in India. A thought leader in technology space, He has served Nasscom National Product Council, led DeepTech Club, mentoring at IITs and IIMs and extensively contributed to the country's policy making technology & business ecosystem. https://www.linkedin.com/in/palashgupta/

• •

Israel (~9M people) exported $160B in 2023, driven

•

Niramayi Health Analytix is using AI for early cancer

by semiconductors and cybersecurity

detection, enabling affordable diagnostics at the

Switzerland (~9M) exported $440B, led by biotech

grassroots level

and precision engineering •

South Korea (~52M) exported $680B, backed by

These ventures exemplify a deeper capability: solving

4.8% of GDP invested in R&D and a robust

first-mile problems with frontier science.

advanced manufacturing base

“In India, scale is not a choice—it’s a constraint.” DeepTech turns this constraint into a competitive

Per capita income illustrates the real disparity:

advantage, enabling India to build resilience—not just

•

Switzerland ~$94K

respond to crises.

•

Israel ~$55K

•

South Korea ~$35K

•

India ~$2.7K

DeepTech: India's Blueprint for a New Era Our early triumphs in space, quantum, biotech, and

This gap exposes the hard truth: Innovation depth

semiconductors prove DeepTech springs from

beats population size every time.

necessity, not novelty. Now, we must scale up massively, redefining growth, closing critical gaps,

Consider Sankhya Labs, developing India’s own chip IP

and future-proofing our economy. This isn't just about

for 5G, radar, and aerospace—technologies that are not

survival; it's how India will lead, thrive, and inspire the

only economically valuable but foundational to

world.

strategic autonomy. Or Planys Technologies, which is pushing the frontiers of maritime defense through

DeepTech transcends mere technology; it's India's

advanced underwater robotics, offering indigenous

transformation engine. It empowers our people with

solutions for inspection and surveillance in critical

cutting-edge skills, fuels a high-value job economy,

infrastructure. India’s future isn’t in volume—it’s in

safeguards our environment, and fortifies national

sophistication. DeepTech must power the leap from

security. This is how India converts its demographic

talent factory to global innovation leader.

dividend into an innovation powerhouse.

“Economic power today is less about size, and more

National Strategy, Not Just Economics. This extends

about the strategic depth of innovation.”

beyond an economic play—it's India's national

India’s economic future must shift from scale to

strategy. To become a top-three global economy and

sophistication, powered by DeepTech

a genuine world leader, DeepTech must be at our core. It unleashes our scientific talent, embeds India

3.Societal Scale Impact: Building for Billion

firmly in global value chains, and powers the IP-rich

India’s most critical challenges—clean water,

industries of tomorrow.

healthcare, energy—can’t be solved through incremental change. They demand bold, scalable, tech-enabled

A Necessity for All - From Ambition to Action.

solutions, customized to a 1.4-billion-strong

DeepTech is no luxury; it is an absolute necessity.

population. Yes, Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin showed India

From public health and clean water to agriculture,

can create and distribute health solutions at scale. But

climate change, and cybersecurity, it addresses

quieter revolutions are underway:

India’s most pressing challenges with unprecedented scale and speed. Ultimately, DeepTech embodies the

•

Uravu Labs has built renewable-powered

full spectrum of human prosperity—physical health,

atmospheric water generators that extract drinking

mental well-being, social equity, economic

water from air—without electricity.

opportunity, environmental balance, and cultural www.CXOTechBOT.com 15

vibrancy. By democratizing technology and innovation for all 1.4 billion citizens, we strive to build a society grounded in both equality and equity.

The future of India’s DeepTech revolution no longer hinges on vision—it now demands bold execution and relentless speed and scale, driven by a shared national purpose.

The blueprint is clear the efforts are on, —and the onus now rests on all of us: •

NITI Aayog’s Frontier Tech Cell – AI, blockchain, and Atal Innovation Mission

•

Department of Science & Technology (DST) – Quantum Mission, advanced materials, cyber-physical systems

•

Department of Biotechnology (via BIRAC) – Biotech and healthcare innovation

•

Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY) – Semiconductors, supercomputing, AI, Bhashini

•

Ministry of Defence’s iDEX – Défense Deep Tech including drones and autonomous systems

•

ISRO & IN-SPACe – Space-tech with private sector participation

•

Point Black with Palash: Peerless Prismatic Precision.

We'll dissect with unparalleled clarity the forces shaping India's economy, technology, and future—delivering insights with a peerless attitude and unmatched precision.

Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser – National science and technology missions

•

Ecosystem enablers for nurturing DeepTech –

*All views are in personal capacity and are not representative of the

nasscom Deeptech and our premium

views of organizations for whom, I work or am associated.

16 July 2025

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Akums Embraces

TECHNOLOGY TO TRANSFORM PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING through Innovation

In today’s pharmaceutical industry, technology is more

Redefining Possibilities in Pharma

than just a tool - it is a strategic necessity. As regulatory

The future of pharmaceutical manufacturing lies at the

expectations increase, market demands grow more

intersection of advanced science, modern technology,

complex, and global competition intensifies,

and continuous innovation. Akums has integrated

pharmaceutical manufacturing is increasingly turning

advanced technology into every aspect of its

to technology to drive operational efficiency, scalability,

operations, redefining possibilities in pharmaceutical

ensure quality, and precision.Akums Drugs &

manufacturing and development.

Pharmaceuticals Limited recognizes this critical imperative and has embraced advanced technologies

In FY 2024-25, Akums achieved a consolidated turnover

to drive operational excellence, maintain superior

of INR 4,170 crores, reinforcing its position as a leading

quality standards, and promote continuous innovation.

player in the industry. The company’s extensive

Positioned at the forefront of this industry

portfolio includes 973 DCGI approvals and over 4,000

transformation, Akums has seamlessly integrated

commercialized formulations across more than 60

technology into its core operations, enabling the

dosage forms. With a strong emphasis on research and

company to evolve into a future-ready leader dedicated

development, Akums invested INR 130 crore in FY25 -

to shaping the future of pharmaceutical manufacturing.

over 3% of its revenue - highlighting its commitment to innovation.

By leveraging state-of-the-art automation, digitalization, and data-driven decision-making, Akums consistently

Akums’ strength is further supported by 12 world-class

achieves higher productivity levels while adhering to the

manufacturing facilities and 4 state-of-the-art R&D

most rigorous quality standards. The company’s

centers staffed by over 400 scientists who focus on

commitment to innovation is reflected in its continuous

developing novel drug delivery systems and improving

investment in research and development, advanced

existing formulations. This technological and scientific

manufacturing technologies, and quality assurance

prowess enables the company to meet evolving

systems. This holistic approach not only ensures the

industry demands while delivering innovative solutions

delivery of safe, effective, and high-quality

that improve healthcare outcomes globally.

pharmaceutical products but also positions Akums as a resilient and agile organization ready to meet future

As a leading pharmaceutical Contract Development and

industry challenges.

Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) in India, Akums

18 July 2025

Sandeep Jain Sanjeev Jain

www.CXOTechBOT.com 19

has made significant investments in advanced

streamlined processes, strong quality frameworks, and

manufacturing technologies, automation, and data

a workforce that is agile, skilled, and innovation-driven.

integrity tools. Its success is driven by technology-enabled processes, a skilled workforce,

Akums is harnessing the power of technology across

visionary leadership, and collaborative partnerships - all

key functions - including customer relationship

aligned with a shared vision of making healthcare more

management, legal, procurement, planning, and data

accessible and transformative.

analysis - to drive productivity, enhance transparency, and enable data-driven decision-making at every level.

Through its unwavering dedication to innovation,

This digital integration empowers teams and leaders

Akums continues to set new benchmarks in

alike to act with greater speed, clarity, and confidence.

pharmaceutical manufacturing, paving the way for a

At the helm of this transformation are brothers Sanjeev

healthier, more empowered future.

Jain and Sandeep Jain, Founders and Managing

Built on Values, Driven by Technology

Directors, whose strategic foresight has consistently placed technology at the core of Akums growth. Their

Founded in 2004 by brothers Sanjeev Jain and Sandeep

leadership is defined not only by a clear vision but also

Jain, Akums grew from a shared vision to serve the

by a passion for building future-ready teams and

nation through enterprise. Coming from a humble

embedding innovation into every layer of the

middle-class background, the Jain brothers were

organization. The Jain brothers strongly believe that

inspired by the values instilled by their late father, Shri

people and technology together drive lasting success.

D.C. Jain, whose dedication and resilience shaped their

Under their guidance, Akums has cultivated a culture

business philosophy. What began as a small

where tech-driven decision-making, agile execution, and

pharmaceutical trading store in Chandni Chowk, Old

continuous improvement are woven into the company’s

Delhi in 1984 has evolved into India’s largest Contract

DNA. Today, Akums stands not just as a

Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO)

pharmaceutical leader, but as a beacon of how

- a transformation powered not just by vision, but by

technology, purpose, and people can converge to build

early and bold investments in advanced technologies.

a healthier, more empowered future.

As Founders and Managing Directors, Sanjeev and

Focus on R&D and Innovation

Sandeep Jain have been instrumental in driving Akums

At the forefront of pharmaceutical innovation, Akums has

strategic growth and transformation. Their leadership

positioned research and development as a strategic

goes beyond business development, focusing equally

cornerstone of its growth and value creation. Operating

on talent, innovation, operational excellence, and ethical

four state-of-the-art R&D centres, the company is backed

integrity. Sanjeev Jain leads Akums business

by a team of over 400 highly qualified scientists,

expansion and global strategy. Through strategic

formulation experts, and technical professionals with deep

partnerships, international alliances, and market

expertise across a wide range of therapeutic segments.

diversification, he has significantly scaled the

Akums R&D capabilities are focused on developing

company’s presence and reinforced its reputation as a

innovative, high-quality, and cost-effective formulations

reliable, quality-focused pharmaceutical partner.

that address evolving patient needs and meet global

Sandeep Jain champions a people-centric leadership

market demands. This commitment to innovation has

style that aligns employee empowerment with

resulted in the successful launch of numerous

organizational performance. He emphasizes

first-in-market products in India, particularly in

operational excellence and the consistent delivery of

fast-growing segments such as dermatology,

high-quality pharmaceutical products. His leadership

cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and key pharmaceutical

has fostered a high-performance culture supported by

categories.

20 July 2025

What sets Akums apart is not only its ability to innovate

By pushing the boundaries of traditional manufacturing

but also its proven excellence in technology transfer.

and embracing next-generation scientific approaches,

The company has built robust, scalable systems that

Akums continues to redefine possibilities in healthcare.

ensure smooth and efficient transitions from lab-scale

Its innovations aim to improve patient outcomes,

development to full-scale commercial production -

enhance treatment experiences, and expand access to

without compromising on quality, regulatory

advanced therapies—reinforcing the company’s

compliance, or timelines. Through an integrated

position as a global frontrunner in pharmaceutical

approach that combines R&D, regulatory support, and

manufacturing and research.

advanced manufacturing, Akums accelerates time-to-market for its partners. This capability has made the company a trusted strategic partner for both Indian and global pharmaceutical players. Whether developing complex generics, novel drug delivery systems, or tailored formulations, Akums continues to lead with science, translating innovation into meaningful healthcare outcomes for patients worldwide.

Building a Future Ready Enterprise In a sector where precision, product quality, and innovation are essential to maintaining a resilient healthcare ecosystem, Akums Drugs has firmly embedded technology at the core of its operations. The company’s tech-driven strategy spans every functional area - from human resources and manufacturing to

Innovating Today for a Healthier Tomorrow Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals stands as a leader in pharmaceutical innovation, with a portfolio comprising over 4,000 commercialized formulations and a strong pipeline of more than 200 innovative products across 60+ dosage forms. Its influence extends well beyond India, delivering advanced healthcare solutions to global markets - underscoring a deep-rooted commitment to scientific excellence and continuous innovation. This capability is supported by world-class manufacturing facilities and advanced R&D centers, all equipped with state-of-the-art technology and cutting-edge infrastructure. These centers serve as the backbone of Akums' agility in responding to the rapidly evolving needs of the pharmaceutical industry.

At the core of its innovation engine is a team of skilled scientists and researchers dedicated to the development of novel drug delivery systems, the optimization of existing formulations, and the exploration of new therapeutic frontiers. Their expertise ensures that Akums not only keeps pace with global industry trends but actively sets new standards in pharmaceutical development.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 21

supply chain management and quality assurance -

floor. Biometric and facial recognition systems drive

delivering enhanced efficiency, transparency, and

workforce efficiency, while a cloud-hosted data center

scalability. Akums leverages advanced digital platforms

provides secure, centralized access to critical business

such as LIMS for real-time quality monitoring and

data. The company’s early adoption of SAP has ensured

Ample Logic for a robust, integrated Quality

seamless cross-functional integration from the outset.

Management System. Its proprietary Single-Window

Technology also drives Akums planning and packaging

System (SWS) streamlines both capital and operational

functions. Advanced digital tools support optimized

expenditures, enabling faster, data-driven

production planning, while Harmony software enhances

decision-making and improved organizational agility. In

both precision and creativity in packaging design. By

an era defined by scientific acceleration, evolving

embedding intelligent technologies across every layer

regulatory demands, and increasing patient needs,

of its operations, Akums not only meets the highest

Akums demonstrates that technology is no longer

global standards but cultivates a culture of agility,

optional - it's imperative.

innovation, and continuous improvement - cementing its position as a future-ready leader in pharmaceutical

Innovation at Akums extends far beyond the production 22 July 2025

manufacturing.

Digital Transformation and Sustainability

established itself as a trusted partner for

Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited is

manufacturing excellence and stringent compliance

spearheading a digital transformation that enhances

protocols position the company as a preferred choice

productivity while strengthening its commitment to

for those seeking reliable outsourcing solutions that

environmental sustainability. Through regular audits

meet international quality standards. As the Indian

and ongoing improvements in energy-saving practices,

pharmaceutical sector becomes increasingly complex

along with the treatment of wastewater via Sewage

and globally relevant, Akums is more than just a

Treatment Plants (STP) and Effluent Treatment Plants

manufacturing partner - it is a technological enabler of

(ETP) across its manufacturing facilities, the company

healthcare innovation. Through continued investment in

has achieved significant reductions in both energy and

cutting-edge technologies, research and development,

water consumption. Since its inception, Akums has

and world-class quality systems, Akums has earned its

aligned its operations with global Environmental, Social,

place as a technology leader in the industry,

and Governance (ESG) standards, embracing green

consistently setting new benchmarks.

pharmaceutical giants. Its technology-led

initiatives such as native tree plantations, renewable energy adoption, energy-efficient infrastructure, and

At its core, Akums represents more than

water recycling systems. These efforts underscore

pharmaceutical expertise - it embodies a legacy of

Akums’ dedication to sustainable and responsible

technology, innovation, and continuous progress. Since

growth.

its foundation, the company has remained committed to improving lives, generating employment

Serving over 1,500 pharmaceutical companies across

opportunities, and making a meaningful contribution to

India and exporting to more than 60 countries -

the community beyond commercial success.

including highly regulated markets - Akums has

www.CXOTechBOT.com 23

DeepTech Index Report 2025

DeepTech Unlocked: The Future is Now Tracking Innovation Across Quantum, Agentic AI, Advanced Materials, SpaceTech & Beyond The global deeptech market is accelerating towards a transformative phase, expected to surpass USD 715 billion by 2031 with a CAGR of over 48%. Powered by a convergence of AI, quantum computing, advanced materials, and biosciences, DeepTech is no longer just a frontier—it's the new core of national competitiveness and enterprise innovation. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the 2025 landscape, covering trends, investment flows, technological breakthroughs, and India’s rising global role.

24 July 2025

1. GLOBAL TRENDS & MARKET MOVEMENTS 1.1 Agentic AI & Autonomous Intelligence

1.4 Bioengineering and Neurotechnology

•

•

Rise of voice-first and context-aware autonomous

discovery, and smart biosensors

agents •

Enterprise adoption across HR, IT support, customer

•

service, and supply chain •

Emergence of AI orchestration platforms for multimodal and agentic workflows

Explosion in demand for 3D chips, quantum

1.5 Advanced Materials and Energy Tech • •

Next-gen energy storage and photonic computing to power edge AI devices

VC investment in deep hardware doubled YoY; 40% of funding flows into semiconductors and

1.6 Spacetech & Aerospace Intelligence

energy-efficient compute platforms

•

India, US, and EU leading LEO satellite deployments

•

Reusable propulsion, AI-powered mission systems,

1.3 Quantum Technology Commercialization •

Graphene and nanotech enhancing EVs, aerospace, and sustainability solutions

processors, neuromorphic hardware •

Biotech-DeepTech convergence becoming foundational to healthcare

1.2 Hardware-Led Innovation Surge •

Integration of neural interfaces, AI-based drug

and precision agriculture via satellite

Shift from theoretical to applied quantum (secure communications, logistics modeling, crypto)

•

Governments allocating billions to post-quantum cryptography and secure national data infrastructure

2. India DeepTech Ecosystem: 2025 Snapshot 2.1 Growth Metrics •

3,600+ active deeptech startups, 40% YoY growth

•

Funding in Q1 2025 exceeded $324M in 35+ deals

•

Tier II/III innovation hubs contributing ~45% of startup growth

2.2 Key Enablers •

National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSIP) implemented

•

Public-private innovation clusters around IISc, IIT-M, IISER, BITS

•

Capital access through SIDBI, DPIIT, and sectoral innovation funds

2.3 Strategic Sectors •

Agentic AI for governance, defense, and citizen services

•

Semiconductor design and fabrication (linked to India Semiconductor Mission)

•

AgriTech, HealthTech, and CleanTech as priority verticals www.CXOTechBOT.com 25

3. Investment Landscape & Capital Flows

4. Strategic Recommendations For Enterprises & CXOs

For Investors & VCs

•

Begin pilot programs in Agentic AI & Quantum

•

Focus on hardware-centric and IP-rich startups

workflows

•

Back teams working on sovereign tech infrastructure

•

Adopt edge AI + low-latency architectures in manufacturing

•

(chips, cloud, crypto) •

Explore biotech + AI convergence opportunities

Establish DeepTech R&D alliances with academia

For Policy Makers & Academia •

Expand R&D credit and IP transition schemes

•

Create Tier II innovation superclusters

•

Strengthen open data policies to power public AI agents

5 The Outlook for 2025–2030 By 2030, DeepTech will anchor not only digital economies but national resilience and autonomy. With AI agents operating enterprise backbones, quantum enabling secure global networks, and biological intelligence reshaping health systems - 2025 stands as the inflection point where India and the world are scripting the next era of civilization-scale innovation.

Report Contributors: Analysts from CXO TechBOT, EdgeSpark DeepTech Lab, and Frontier Intelligence.

26 July 2025

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FROM MODELS TO AGENTS: RETHINKING GOVERNANCE FOR AUTONOMOUS AI SYSTEMS “The real question is not whether machines think, but whether men do.”

– B.F. Skinner

28 July 2025

Imagine this: You’ve hired a brilliant analyst. Initially, they simply run reports on request. But over time, they start anticipating questions, uncovering patterns, and making decisions—without asking. One day, they reroute a shipment, adjust pricing, or send a note to a client. Not because you asked, but because they thought it was the right thing to do.

Now imagine that an analyst is an AI. This isn’t science fiction. This is where we are today.

Welcome to the agentic era—where artificial intelligence doesn’t just respond to instructions but acts with intent.

The Quiet Revolution: From Automation to Autonomy Until recently, AI systems functioned like calculators on steroids. They were highly capable, data-hungry engines designed to predict outcomes, classify content, or recommend actions. We called them models—and they waited patiently for prompts.

We were busy tuning models. Accuracy, loss functions,

take goals, interpret environments, make decisions, and

optimization—these were the familiar coordinates of

trigger actions—often without human intervention.

our AI universe. We built systems to predict,

They’re not just tools. They’re becoming actors.

recommend, and assist. These systems were impressive, yes—but fundamentally reactive. They

A model answers a question.

waited for a prompt, a command, a dataset. They didn’t

An agent finds the question, answers it, books a

act on their own.

meeting, writes the email, and logs the interaction in your CRM. Welcome to the agentic era—where artificial

Today, that’s changing. Rapidly.

intelligence doesn’t just respond to instructions but acts with intent.

But today, with the convergence of large language models, planning architectures, APIs, and memory

It’s a profound leap—from passive intelligence to

loops, we’re witnessing the rise of something

proactive agency.

fundamentally different: agents. These are AI systems capable of initiating tasks, navigating tools, making

And this leap changes everything we thought we knew

decisions across steps, and continuously adapting their

about AI governance.

actions based on outcomes.

This shift challenges one of the core assumptions of We’re entering the agentic era of AI—one where

how we’ve governed AI so far: that we, the humans, are

systems are no longer just trained models but are

always in charge.

evolving into autonomous agents. These agents can

www.CXOTechBOT.com 29

In short: they behave.

And governance rooted in frozen snapshots is ill-suited for a moving system.

“Change the way you look at things and the things you look at change.” – Wayne Dyer Governance in the agentic era must be dynamic, context-aware, and intervention-ready. We're no longer designing systems that perform calculations—we're shaping systems that can exercise judgment.

What Does It Mean to Move from Models to Agents?

Let’s simplify it.

If AI models are like GPS devices—they give you directions when asked—then agents are more like autonomous vehicles. You tell them the destination, and they decide how to get there. Sometimes they’ll ask you for help; sometimes they won’t. Sometimes they’ll reroute entirely based on real-time information.

And just like autonomous vehicles, autonomous AI agents introduce a new kind of complexity:

The Governance Illusion: Why Old Tools No Longer Work AI governance has traditionally been structured around three pillars: •

Data integrity: Are the inputs ethical, diverse, and high-quality?

•

Model accountability: Can we explain its behaviour?

•

Compliance checks: Does it align with laws and organizational policies?

These frameworks worked reasonably well—when the system was static. You could validate a model before deployment, lock its parameters, monitor its outcomes, and move on.

But agents break this mold.

They learn across interactions. They initiate actions on your behalf. They collaborate with other agents. They even reinterpret their original goals based on evolving contexts.

30 July 2025

How do we stay in control of a system that makes its own choices?

The AI systems we’re deploying today don’t just complete sentences or classify images. They initiate email sequences, manage supply chains, detect fraud, optimize pricing, write code, conduct research, even handle customer conversations. More importantly, they do this across steps—reasoning, planning, acting.

In other words: agency.

The implications for governance are not evolutionary.

They are transformational.

The Shift: Governance as Guardrails, Not Just Rules “Change the way you look at things and the things you look at change.” – Wayne Dyer

Traditional AI governance is designed for supervised

•

predictability. Checklists, model validations, data audits, fairness assessments—these worked well when

Can it identify and resolve conflicts in multi-agent environments?

•

AI stayed within the boundaries we defined.

How do we ensure it acts in a way that reflects organizational values, not just optimization functions?

But agents don’t operate within boundaries. They

•

explore them.

And most importantly: How do we know when it’s gone off-track—before the damage is done?

These aren’t philosophical curiosities. They’re The shift from governing models to governing agency calls for a new approach—one that’s dynamic, contextual, and continuously learning. It’s no longer enough to ask: Is the model fair? Is it explainable?

Now, we must ask: •

What decisions is the agent authorized to make?

•

What is its scope of autonomy?

•

How is it supervised—and by whom (or by what)?

•

How does it handle unforeseen scenarios?

•

Can it explain its chain of reasoning across decisions?

•

What happens when multiple agents interact or conflict?

boardroom-level concerns.

Whether you lead a team, a company, or a product line, the implications are already here.

•

In finance, autonomous agents are managing portfolios and fraud detection in real time. But who oversees the overseer?

•

In marketing, agents are personalizing campaigns and managing interactions. How do we ensure brand integrity when the agent speaks in our voice?

•

In operations, agents are optimizing logistics and inventory. What happens when they prioritize efficiency over resilience?

We’re not just auditing outcomes anymore—we’re trying

This isn’t theoretical.

to understand intentions and behaviors within

Last year, an enterprise chatbot acting as a “customer

autonomous systems.

success agent” offered unexpected discounts to

This introduces a deeply human challenge: how do we

customers. The logic made sense to the agent—it was

encode judgment into systems that learn beyond our

optimizing for retention—but it wasn’t aligned with

visibility?

business policy. The root cause? No clear policy

Where This Matters: From Boardrooms to Frontlines We’re moving from automation to delegation.

sandbox defining the boundaries of agency.

These are not just technical problems. They’re governance failures.

Automation is about efficiency—rules, repeatability,

We need new roles and tools: AI behavior monitors,

control.

simulation environments, autonomy thresholds,

Delegation is about trust—intent, autonomy,

escalation protocols. And perhaps most importantly,

responsibility.

cross-functional governance frameworks that bring

When we delegate to a human, we expect them to

together technologists, ethicists, business leaders, and

improvise, learn, and decide—but also to explain

legal experts.

themselves, stay aligned with values, and escalate That’s exactly the bar we now need for AI agents.

A Reflection: Are We Governing Intelligence, or Delegating It?

So we must ask new governance questions:

are.” – Anaïs Nin

when needed.

•

What is the agent authorized to decide?

•

How do we constrain its context without stifling creativity?

“We do not see things as they are, we see them as we In many ways, AI governance is not just about AI. It’s a mirror reflecting our own blind spots, values, and assumptions about control. www.CXOTechBOT.com 31

Moving from models to agents forces us to re-examine what it means to delegate decision-making. Not just to people, but to systems. And in that shift lies both potential and peril.

We are no longer merely building tools—we are shaping digital actors. Our responsibility, then, is not just to monitor their performance but to question their purpose, their boundaries, and their alignment.

So here’s a question worth sitting with:

Are we preparing our governance systems to match the autonomy of our AI systems—or are we still trying to control tomorrow’s intelligence with yesterday’s rules?

A New Governance Playbook: Guiding Agency Without Stifling It

Now, it’s stepping onto the main stage—making

So, what does governance look like in the agentic age?

like with any empowered team member, we must

Here’s a starter framework: •

Autonomy Thresholds: Define the boundaries within which agents can make decisions. What can they decide alone? What needs review?

•

decision-making before deployment.

Transparent Memory: Enable human review of the agent’s reasoning process—what it did, why, and when.

•

Fail-Safe Escalation: Build interruption protocols.

Just like a junior employee knows when to check in, so should an agent.

•

provide not just instructions, but guidance. Not just constraints, but context. Not just oversight, but shared understanding.

Behavioral Monitoring: Use simulations and sandbox environments to test agent

•

choices, taking initiative, representing us.And just

Multi-Stakeholder Oversight: Governance isn’t just

“A mind that is stretched by a new idea never returns to its original size.” – Oliver Wendell Holmes

IT’s job. It must involve legal, compliance, product, and customer experience leads.

Governance in the age of agents is not about pulling This isn't just about minimizing risk. It's about building

AI back into predictability. It’s about evolving our

confidence in collaboration—between humans and

systems, our culture, and our leadership to govern

intelligent systems.

agency wisely.

For decades, AI has been backstage—running calculations, analyzing data, suggesting decisions.

32 July 2025

Pranav Kumar is a distinguished Digital, Data & AI Business Leader with over 20 years of global experience at the convergence of consulting, product innovation, and digital services. He partners with Fortune 500 companies to deliver data-driven customer experiences by seamlessly integrating technology, people, and platforms.

His deep expertise spans composable and packaged CDPs, Adobe and Salesforce ecosystems, conversational AI, and hyper-scaler solutions. A trusted advisor to

Pranav Kumar

CXOs, Pranav has led large-scale digital

Senior Director(Data & AI)

and deliver strategic impact across complex,

Capgemini

transformation programs that unlock growth multicultural markets.

Passionate about innovation and the startup ecosystem, he actively mentors entrepreneurs and global business school

Because the question is no longer can AI act?

It’s: Can we govern the world where it already does?

The agentic era is stretching our collective imagination—and our governance playbooks. As we walk this path, we’ll need more than compliance checklists. We’ll need wisdom, collaboration, and courage.

graduates. He contributes to national innovation platforms such as the Atal Innovation Mission (NITI Aayog) and Technovation. Known for his strategic foresight and human-centered leadership, Pranav also serves as a keynote speaker, DE&I advocate, and advisory board member, championing inclusive innovation and future-forward thinking.

Because governing agencies aren't just about AI. It’s about us.

Let’s keep this conversation alive. How is your organization thinking about AI agents and governance?

Where do you see the biggest gaps—or opportunities?

www.CXOTechBOT.com 33

Transient Disruption Of

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

by Loud Sound And Vibrations And Its Impact on Cerebral Homeostasis

34 July 2025

Of the 7.9 billion global population in 2021, more than 3

recently has the frequency risen above 2100 MHz.

billion people worldwide (over 1 in 3 people) lived with a neurological condition. Neurological disorders are the

about 900 - 1800 MHz, pulse frequency of 217 Hz,

leading cause of illness & disability worldwide. This

pulse width of 577 s, and duty cycle of 12.5% [15]. Only

article discusses the impact of high pitch loud noise

recently has the frequency risen above 2100 MHz [16].

and vibrations on Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) plasticity and manifestation of neurological disease conditions.

Nitric oxide activity and tumour necrotic factor level increase in the brain tissue after exposure to

The noise standard for mentally stressful tasks is 55

multi-transceiver mobile phones for extended

dB. If the noise source is continuous, the threshold level

durations. This relatively selective effect on the

is <55 dB. Accordingly, the sound of >55 dB is

cardiovascular and nervous system is because of the

considered as noise pollution. The National Institute for

high metabolic rate and lipid composition, respectively,

Safety & Health (NIOSH) recommends not more than an

which renders them sensitive for oxidative stress

8-hour exposure limit of 85 dBA. Per their

response to electromagnetic field exposure during both

recommendation, a hearing conservation program

physiological and pathological processes, such as

should be in place if a worker is exposed to 85 dB x 8-hr

anxiety, hypertension, and neurodegeneration.

work period. Further, if the noise level is 95 dB, the worker can be exposed to the noise for only 4 hrs over a

This review discusses the blood brain barrier

work shift. Extended exposure to noise >90dB triggers

architecture, function and its disruption by loud sound

stress response. The sound at open air musical

and phone ring tones or vibrations.

concerts peaks >100 dB, which is generally considered unsafe for exposures exceeding 15 min. Exposure to

The Blood Brain Barrier

sound at the hearing threshold level for extended

The BBB barrier is a selectively permeable membrane

periods alters neural activity in auditory processing,

that separates the bloodstream from the brain and

emotional and vascular autonomic control regions of

flush the metabolites and ions from the brain tissue to

the brain. The implosive oscillations caused by acoustic

blood. Active efflux pumps out the brain materials by

emissions generate shock waves that perforate the

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters for example

weak regions of the BBB near to the lining of the

P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. A

circumventricular organs.

crucial interface between the vascular system and the brain, the BBB acts as a filter to protect neurons from

Also, the high pitch sound or vibration causes oxidative

pathogens and inflammation. While it guards the neural

stress, which triggers an inflammatory response

tissue from exposure to xenobiotics, it also poses

resulting in loss of BBB integrity. Exposure to sound

hindrance to treat neurological diseases by limiting the

above 70 dB intensity for long intervals, can cause

permeability of drugs, and thus achieving

damage to right frontal cortex histology, cerebral

therapeutically effective concentration in the affected

ultrastructure, and BBB, thus allowing blood borne

brain tissue/region. The BBB is composed of

substances to pass across the BBB into the brain

endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes.

tissue. The persistent high pitch noise causes

therapeutically effective concentration in the affected

alterations in neurotransmitter release, affects synaptic

brain tissue/region. The BBB is composed of

plasticity, leading to learning and memory impairment.

endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes.

The mobile phones use wireless technology, with the

ECs form the walls of the blood vessels and impart

majority of them operating in a frequency range of

mechanical stability. They are connected by tight

about 900 - 1800 MHz, pulse frequency of 217 Hz,

junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs).

pulse width of 577 s, and duty cycle of 12.5%. Only www.CXOTechBOT.com 35

TJs are on the apical (lumen side) part of the cell,

Cadherins and catenins mediate pericyte interactions

conjoined to the AJs. TJs regulate the passage of

and maintain barrier integrity. Cadherin-10 is

solutes between cells and restrict the diffusion of

predominantly expressed in brain microvessels with

membrane proteins between the apical and basal cell

BBB phenotypes, while VE cadherin is more abundant in

surfaces.

larger pial vessels and in relatively leaky barriers.

During acoustic stimulation, the bonds between TJ and

TJs, the primary regulators of BBB permeability, are

AJ proteins are disrupted and decoupled, resulting in

formed by three types of transmembrane proteins i.e.

transient and reversible opening of the BBB.

60-kDa integral membrane protein “Occludin”, 20–24/27 kDa “Claudins”, and Junctional Adhesion

To facilitate blood-parenchyma exchange, ECs express

Molecules (JAMs). Occluding regulated permeability of

receptors and transporters. The large molecules are

TJs and Claudin link the membranes of adjacent cells.

transported through endocytosis, encapsulating them

TJs are anchored to the actin cytoskeleton via

in caveolin-lined vesicles. This can be specific i.e.,

cytoplasmic scaffolding protein Zonula Occludens-1, 2

receptor-mediated (RMT) or non-specific i.e.,

and 3 and heterotrimeric G-proteins.

adsorption-mediated (AMT) transcytosis. Two common proteins involved in RMT are LDL-receptor related

The high trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER)

protein-1 and the receptor for advanced glycation

is due to limited paracellular transport governed by

end-products (RAGE).

tight junctions (TJs). TJs limit passive diffusion through the paracellular space, primarily allowing the lipophilic

Partially enveloping ECs, the pericytes stay embedded

molecules with specific characteristics and molecular

within the vascular basement membrane and regulate

weight cutoff of ≤450 Da to pass through.

the EC development and physiology through intercellular signalling mechanisms. Pericytes extend

By interacting with the cytoskeleton, AJs link ECs to

long membrane processes across the abluminal side of

form continuous sheets. AJs are formed by the

capillaries and cover about 22–37% of the EC surface.

homophilic interactions between transmembrane

Pericytes regulate angiogenesis, infiltration of immune

cadherin and intracellular catenin proteins to anchor

cells and deposit extracellular matrix components.

them to actin filaments and tubulin microtubules.

36 July 2025

Astrocytes further encapsulate blood vessels in the brain, extending their end-feet over 99% of the endothelial surface. Astrocytes secrete their own parenchymal basement membrane “glia limitans” in the perivascular space. Astrocytes regulate electrochemical activity, the innate immunity and balance parenchymal water and metabolites.

Transient disruption of Blood Brain Barrier Under normal circumstances, a small number of mononuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages

activate signalling pathways within ECs and increase BBB permeability. Alternative approaches include infusing hyperosmolar agents such as mannitol to reduce endothelial intracellular volume and open the BBB. The flip side to the chemical approach is that it often produces off-target effects causing widespread tissue damage, thus limiting their clinical application.

The controlled opening of the BBB has also been demonstrated using biomolecules like antibodies or peptides, which interact with the claudins. Claudin-5 antibody, for example, enhances drug penetration into the BBB.

may enter the CNS via diapedesis. This low intensity leukocyte trafficking across the BBB is for immune surveillance and to exert response to brain infection.

The barrier function, however, is not always rigid and BBB undergoes modulation and regulation, both physiologically and pathologically. The barrier disruption can range from mild and transient TJ opening to chronic barrier breakdown.

Pericytes maintain the integrity of the B-B and their depletion increases BBB permeability via upregulation of endothelial transcytosis. Astrocytes promote BBB formation and integrity via the Hedgehog signalling pathway.

BBB disruption by noise In a 6-week multi-transceiver mobile phone

Destabilization of BBB increases the risk of stroke and

electromagnetic field, vibration and ringtone exposure

neurodegenerative diseases, for example vascular

trial conducted on rats, a significant increase in BBB

dementia. A multitude of factors can disrupt the BBB,

permeability (as estimated by permeation of Evans Blue

which include secreted elements to immune cells and

dye) in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and the two

pathogens, reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of

hemispheres of the brain was noticed along with

MMPs, and chronic up-regulation of angiogenic factors

increase in the TNFα levels in brain. Evans blue dye

and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunoglobulin G

uptake was more prominent in the right cerebrum, and

(IgG) extravasation is commonly used as an index of

right cerebellum. Evans Blue dye (960da) has high

BBB disruption.

affinity to plasma albumin. 12 molecules of albumin bind to one molecule of Evans blue. The Evans

Augmentation of paracellular transport relies on

Blue-Albumin complex (68 Kda) is too big to cross BBB.

weakening the TJ/AJ and allowing inter EC passage.

Therefore, in a normal permeability scenario, the neural

Enhanced paracellular permeation can be achieved by

tissue remains unstained with Evans blue, However, if

chemical or physical mechanisms. Vasoactive

BBB is disrupted, the brain tissue gets stained by Evans

chemical compounds such as histamine, bradykinin,

blue.

alkylglycerols, tumour necrosis factor, or interferon-γ

www.CXOTechBOT.com 37

However, if BBB is disrupted, the brain tissue gets

cause impairment of spatial memory in rats.

stained by Evans blue.

A chemical macromolecule “Dextran” (75 Kda) made its

The BBB became permeable to the Evans Blue Albumin

way into the brain of 2-month-old mice when they were

Complex (68.5 kDa), when the mice were made to hear

made to hear audible sound at 110 dB and 370 Hz in a

the song of the scorpions ‘Still Loving You’ for 2 h at

60-s on/off pattern for 2 hrs.

100 dB and 370 Hz intensity. The opening of BBB was

Modulation of the apoptotic pathway via increase in

reversible and mediated through stress-mediated TJ

Pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 has been observed in

machinery disorganization. Additionally, the plasma

the hippocampus of rats exposed to loud noise.

epinephrine level increased significantly and restored to

The impulse noise of 198-202 dB caused focal

basal level only after 24hrs. The loud sound causes a

ischemia in rat anterior cortex, hippocampus, thalamus

transient increase in stress hormone “epinephrine” in

and cerebellum and impaired cognition and spatial

the plasma by approx. 3-folds. Epinephrine decreases

memory. Structural and functional issues were noticed

cerebral blood flow by 33 ± 5% due to vasorelaxation and decreased vascular tone.

BBB disruption by vibration In humans, regiospecific exposures to vibrations have

Spatial learning and memory are coordinated mainly by

been proposed as a curative approach in physiotherapy

the hippocampus. Exposure of rats to 100dB noise for

centres and whole-body vibration (WBV) via massage

4hr/day x 30 days impairs working and reference

chairs commonly practiced in gyms for muscle

memory. and produces excessive free radicals (ROS),

relaxation and toning after extreme physical activity.

disrupting the normal cellular functions and integrity.

Vibration is sensed by tactile receptors in the outer skin

The imbalance of oxidative status in hippocampus and

(Merkel disks—sensing vibratory strength and

cerebellum, two key regions involved in memory

responding to 5–15 Hz), inner skin (Meisner

processing, has been observed in rats exposed to

corpuscles—sensing vibratory frequency and

95–97 dB sound for 2 hrs. Sprague Dawley rats when

responding to 20–50 Hz), and in deeper tissues

exposed to 100dB sound daily for 2 hrs over a period of

(Pacinian corpuscles—sensing acceleration and

one month exhibited reduction in conceptual abilities,

responding to 60–400 Hz). Audible sound frequency

attention deficit and amnesia. Elevated levels of

ranges from 20Hz - 20,000Hz and Ultrasonic waves

inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and IFN-γ

Frequency is>20 kHz. 0–250 Hz vibration may be

were observed in hippocampus and plasma. The spatial

considered as “low frequency” and >250 Hz as “high

learning and memory were thus critically affected. Also,

frequency”.

the pyknotic and apoptotic neurons numbers increased in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions coupled with the

WBV serves as a countermeasure against

increase in hippocampal DNA fragmentation, as

cardiovascular alterations due to aging and obesity, as

confirmed by TUNEL assay. The inflammatory genes

it enhances vasodilation of small arterioles, and

like CCL2, CCR5, IFN-γ, IL13, IL1A and TNF-α were

possibly capillaries in human leg muscles.

upregulated and bone morphogenetic protein-2 and IL3 genes were downregulated.

BBB permeability is sensitive to prolonged external accelerations. Vibration results in stimulation of ECs,

Repeated loud noise exposure has been shown to alter

which in turn increases endothelial nitric oxide

stress hormones and impair cognition. It also induces

synthase (eNOS) activity and releases nitric oxide (NO)

metabolic and structural changes in neurons, increases

and adrenomedullin. NO regulates blood flow and

acetylcholinesterase activity, elevate plasma

vascular tone by affecting the vascular smooth muscle

corticosterone level, reduce the dendritic count in

with the activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase

hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex regions and

(sGC) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal

38 July 2025

regulated kinase (ERK1/2).

cingulate, parahippocampal gyri, thalami and

Endothelial cells mechanosensor-proteins, Syndecan-4

hippocampi. The right amygdala too demonstrated

(Syn4) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and

significant deactivation.

Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) translate the physical force from the vibration into biochemical signals. A

The neurohemodynamic correlates of 'OM' chanting

significant induction of IgG extravasation in

indicate limbic deactivation. The limbic system is the

hippocampal parenchyma was observed in

part of the brain involved in our behavioural and

2–4-month-old male C57BL/6J mice, when exposed to

emotional responses, limbic system buried deep within

2 × g vibrations for 63 consecutive days.

the brain, underneath the cerebral cortex and above the

Vestibulo-sympathetic alteration, nature of stress,

brainstem. The two major structures of the limbic

vascular status and metabolism may have acted

system are the hippocampus and the amygdala. No

synergistically augmenting the BBB permeability.

significant activation was observed during 'OM'

AUM chanting vibrations

chanting. It thus needs to be carefully assessed if said effects are mediated by “AUM” chanting driven

“AUM” or “OM” Chanting vibrations impact both the

transient BBB disruption.

mind and body. AUM chanting is widely considered as a

Hippocampal BBB is progressively compromised with

cue to relaxation. When performed in a large group,

age and cognitive decline. It therefore needs due

AUM chanting vibrations are loud and of higher

caution for aged people to participate in solo or group

intensity. During effective AUM chanting the vibration

chanting because if a 66Kda macromolecule like

sensation is experienced in the head and around the

albumin can get in the brain, many large molecular

ears. This sensation is believed to be transmitted

weight substances from the blood can also. These

through the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. AUM

(otherwise impermeable) substances can severely

chanting, therefore, has been reported to mediate the

affect microglia, the cells regulating brain development,

effect via vagus nerve stimulation.

neuronal networks, and injury repair.

The vagus nerve, one of the 12 cranial nerves, is a

Take home

major parasympathetic (efferent) component of the autonomic nervous system and transmits sensory information from brain to the body. It regulates cardiac and gastrointestinal function, in muscle control of mouth and throat, in the neuroendocrine- immune system, and in the regulation of emotion including anxiety and depression. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a recognized practice commonly done with manual massage or compression, electrical stimulation, or vibration including with the voice or gargling throat or with external vibrotactile devices.

Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the neurohemodynamic correlates of audible 'OM' chanting were examined in healthy volunteers (n=12; nine men). Significant deactivation was observed bilaterally during 'OM' chanting in comparison to the resting brain state in bilateral orbitofrontal, anterior

BBB plasticity shields the brain tissue from blood borne substances. If compromised, it may result in severe neurological manifestations. The manifestation though may not be acute, esp in young adults, owing to the brain defence mechanisms, for example active efflux pumps, limited diffusion and Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated metabolism. So, a major chunk of the substances which make way into the brain due to BBB disruption can be metabolized or effluxed back into the systemic circulation. In case if they stay back in the brain tissue, they largely exert only mild focal effects as the diffusion in brain tissue is severely curtailed.

Further, the disruption is reversible, and the plasticity is slowly restored after the sound or vibration source is withdrawn. However, if the person who is stressed/depressed, in state of fear or anxiety having elevated epinephrine levels or having some systemic inflammation/infection or if under the medications or

www.CXOTechBOT.com 39

having circulating tumour cells, when exposed to loud noise for prolonged period, the effect of extravasation is profound Earpods/Airpods exert combined effect of sound and high vibration and are thus more likely to cause BBB disruption.

The snug fit earpods/airpods if used for an extended period of time for listening to loud

Dr. Satinder Singh Associate Director (DMPK) Aragen Life Sciences Private Limited

music may cause disruption of BBB and influx of blood borne substances.

Dr. Satinder Singh is an adept professional in the field of pharmaceutical research and development. He boasts

It is important to mention here that laboratory

over 16 years of comprehensive experience across

rat and mice are very sensitive to sound, and it

diverse domains including drug discovery, vaccine

needs to be assessed whether the extent of BBB

research, molecular pharmacology, and formulation R&D.

disruption and neurological manifestations

With a rich background spanning roles such as Research

observed in laboratory rodents is translatable to

Associate at ZRC, Dr. Satinder Singh demonstrated

humans.

proficiency in therapeutic areas and disease pathologies.

His adeptness at multitasking, flexibility in assuming

AUM chanting often precedes meditation

various roles, and resilience in problem-solving have

sessions to achieve a calm composure state

been instrumental in his success. Dr. Singh's

swiftly. The 'A' in AUM is pronounced short and

commitment to continuous growth led him to his current

“UM” is extended/stretched to create maximal

position as Assistant Manager R&D (IPR) at IPCA. Here

possible spinal and cranial vibration. The state

he continues to push boundaries and explore new

of composed demeanor attained via AUM

challenges.

chanting if driven by transient disruption of BBB and influx of blood borne molecules could really be concerning especially if the person is on medication or having systemic infection or inflammation. If mediated by BBB disruption, it could then be potentially an unhealthy approach to achieve a stress-free and peaceful state.

Silent meditation could thus be more beneficial than loud chanting.

Similarly, the loud sound of bells in religious places may be creating shock waves to disrupt the BBB. The vibrational sounds emanating from the temple bells generate a ripple effect which may disrupt the tight junctions of BBB and augment the influx of the blood borne substances which eventually may result in diminished distraction and cognition. The bells thus may be reducing the brain hyperactivity and attention deficit by transient disruption of BBB and exposure of the brain to blood borne substances.

40 July 2025

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Neurotechnology and Brain-Computer Interfaces: The Future of Cognitive Health In recent years, neurotechnology and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have moved from the fringes of neuroscience and futurism into the heart of technological innovation and biomedical research.

Once confined to laboratories and speculative fiction, these technologies are now shaping the future of cognitive health, neurorehabilitation, and human augmentation. As we enter a new era where machines can decode, influence, and even enhance brain activity, the ethical, scientific, and policy implications are profound.

42 July 2025

Understanding Neurotechnology and BCIs At its core, neurotechnology refers to tools and systems that interact directly with the nervous system.

These include electrical, chemical, or optical devices that can monitor, stimulate, or modulate neural activity.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are a key subset—systems that establish a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device, often bypassing traditional neuromuscular output.

BCIs are broadly categorized into invasive, partially

functioning. While current results are mixed and largely

invasive, and non-invasive types. Invasive BCIs, like

confined to research contexts, the notion of neural

those being developed by Neuralink and Synchron,

augmentation is gaining traction, especially in

involve implanting electrodes directly into brain tissue,

high-performance fields like military training and

offering high fidelity but with surgical risks.

aviation.

Non-invasive solutions, like EEG-based headsets, are more accessible but often suffer from lower resolution and signal interference.

4. Mental Health and Emotional Regulation Wearable BCIs combined with AI-based mental health

Applications in Cognitive Health: Where Promise Meets Reality 1. Neurorehabilitation and Recovery BCIs are already proving transformative in neurorehabilitation. Stroke patients and those with

platforms can monitor brain states associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. Real-time interventions—ranging from personalized mindfulness routines to neurostimulation—can provide relief without pharmacological side effects. Closed-loop neurostimulation, where devices respond dynamically to brain signals, is a frontier for treating refractory depression and PTSD.

spinal cord injuries can regain motor control through neurofeedback and assistive neuroprosthetics.

Systems can decode motor intention from neural signals and translate them into movements via robotic limbs or exoskeletons, retraining the brain in the process. The brain plasticity harnessed through these feedback loops holds immense promise for reversing cognitive and motor impairments.

2. Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neuroethics and the Need for Regulatory Frameworks With great promise comes great peril. As neurotechnology progresses, neuroethics must evolve equally fast. Key issues include: •

Cognitive Liberty: Who owns your thoughts? What happens if brain data is hacked or commodified?v

•

Privacy and Surveillance: Neural data is the most

Conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and ALS may

intimate kind of personal information. Its misuse

soon be diagnosed far earlier using neurotechnological

could redefine surveillance capitalism.

biomarkers. Machine learning models trained on

•

Equity of Access: Will neuroenhancement widen

longitudinal brainwave data are beginning to identify

existing socio-economic inequalities? Could BCIs

patterns of cognitive decline before they manifest

become tools of elitist augmentation?

behaviorally. The ability to detect preclinical

•

Consent and Autonomy: Especially in therapeutic

neurological deterioration will radically change how we

contexts, how do we ensure informed, voluntary

manage aging populations.

consent for technologies that modulate brain states?

3. Cognitive Enhancement and Memory Augmentation

International bodies such as the OECD and UNESCO

Perhaps the most controversial application of

neurotechnology use. However, regulation remains

neurotechnology lies in cognitive enhancement.

fragmented and largely reactive. Countries like Chile are

Experiments with transcranial direct current stimulation

pioneering “neurorights”, proposing that mental privacy

(tDCS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have shown

and identity be protected as fundamental human

potential to enhance memory, attention, and executive

rights—an approach that deserves global emulation.

have started framing guidelines for responsible

www.CXOTechBOT.com 43

The Future Trajectory: From Assistive to Integrative We are at a transitional moment in the neurotech landscape. Initially developed to restore lost function, BCIs are rapidly moving toward augmentative and integrative roles. Imagine future scenarios where: •

Employees use non-invasive BCIs to boost focus during cognitively demanding tasks.

•

Students access AI-curated knowledge streams through neural input systems.

•

Artists co-create with generative neural tools by visualizing their thoughts directly into digital canvases.

Moreover, the convergence of neurotechnology with other DeepTech domains—such as AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology—could unlock exponential capabilities. AI algorithms can help decode vast neural signal datasets, while quantum sensors may offer unprecedented resolution in brain imaging.

Industry and Research Outlook The neurotechnology market is projected to surpass $30 billion by 2030, driven by investments from healthcare giants, Big Tech players, and military R&D. Startups are innovating in fields like neurogaming, immersive education, and brainwave-driven IoT control systems. Research hubs across MIT, Stanford, and ETH Zurich are pioneering next-generation BCIs with adaptive, user-centered designs.

Key technical challenges remain—signal fidelity, biocompatibility, long-term stability of implants—but progress is accelerating. The move from experimental labs to consumer-grade neurotechnology is no longer a question of "if," but "when."

44 July 2025

Conclusion: The Neurotechnological Turn in Human Futures Neurotechnology and BCIs are not just medical tools—they are philosophical instruments challenging our notions of consciousness, agency, and selfhood. As we design technologies that can interpret and influence the brain, we must also reengineer the social, ethical, and policy architectures that govern their use.

If harnessed responsibly, neurotechnology holds the key to unlocking a future where cognitive health is not merely restored, but optimized. It offers a vision where mental illness is mitigated, neurodiversity is empowered, and the human mind becomes the central interface in a symphony of digital possibility.

The next frontier is not just artificial intelligence,it is augmented intelligence: the co-evolution of human cognition and machine capability. And neurotechnology is the bridge that will take us there.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 45

has fostered a high-performance culture supported by streamlined processes, strong quality frameworks, and a workforce that is agile, skilled, and innovation-driven.

FROM FOUNDER PITCHES TO BILLION-DOLLAR IPOS: LESSONS FROM ADVISING

Akums is harnessing the power of technology across key functions - including customer relationship management, legal, procurement, planning, and data analysis - to drive productivity, enhance transparency, and enable data-driven decision-making at every level.

This digital integration empowers teams and leaders alike to act with greater speed, clarity, and confidence.

At the helm of this transformation are brothers Sanjeev

400+ STARTUPS Jain and Sandeep Jain, Founders and Managing

Directors, whose strategic foresight has consistently

placed technology at the core of Akums growth. Their

leadership is defined not only by a clear vision but also by a passion for building future-ready teams and embedding innovation into every layer of the

When you’ve advised over 400 Startups and SMEs across 70+ countries, you get a front-row seat to the evolution of Technology and markets – It also gives you a unique perspective on how Markets and Technology are developing. I've witnessed industries shift, business models come and go, and capital cycles fluctuate. A different kind of founder, however, has surfaced in recent years; they are quiet, focused on research, and developing technologies that aren't popular on social media. The DeepTech entrepreneurs are these people.

DeepTech isn't about making quick money. Long-term planning and patient capital are key. Although it's still in its infancy, India has a lot of potential.

Consider the example of Quantum Computing. Around the world, the race is intensifying. In 2019, Google asserted that their Quantum machine had solved a problem that would have taken a traditional computer 10,000 years, in just 200 seconds. Despite ongoing discussions about Quantum supremacy, one thing is certain: a new paradigm is taking shape!

India is not sitting idle. With a budget of ₹6,000+ crore (about $730 million), the government started the

organization. The Jain brothers strongly believe that people and technology together drive lasting success.

Under their guidance, Akums has cultivated a culture where tech-driven decision-making, agile execution, and continuous improvement are woven into the company’s DNA. Today, Akums stands not just as a pharmaceutical leader, but as a beacon of how technology, purpose, and people can converge to build a healthier, more empowered future.

Focus on R&D and Innovation At the forefront of pharmaceutical innovation, Akums has positioned research and development as a strategic cornerstone of its growth and value creation.

Operating four state-of-the-art R&D centres, the company is backed by a team of over 400 highly qualified scientists, formulation experts, and technical professionals with deep expertise across a wide range of therapeutic segments. Akums R&D capabilities are focused on developing innovative, high-quality, and cost-effective formulations that address evolving patient needs and meet global market demands. This commitment to innovation has resulted in the successful launch of numerous first-in-market products in India, particularly in fast-growing segments such as dermatology, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and key pharmaceutical categories.

46 July 2025

Tushar Kansal Founder & CEO Kansaltancy Ventures www.CXOTechBOT.com 47

National Quantum Mission in early 2023 with the goal

chips for IoT and specialized processors for automotive

of creating Quantum computers with up to 1,000

and drones. One Delhi-based Startup has developed an

physical qubits by 2031. This involves leapfrogging

ultra-low power RISC-V based chipset designed for

rather than merely catching up to the West.

wearable healthcare devices. They’re already talking to Taiwanese foundries for manufacturing.

Actual research on photonic qubits, superconducting materials, and quantum sensors is underway at IIT

But Semiconductors are not just about Fabs. They’re

Madras, IISER Pune, TIFR, and CDAC. The intention is

about design, supply chains, IP protection, and scale.

present. What is missing is a more robust link between

We need Indian VCs to understand these nuances.

Laboratory research and Commercial implementation.

Most importantly, we need to look beyond short-term

VCs like me can help with that.

exits - National security, Energy independence and Strategic leverage are at stake.

I've worked with Startups in the last year that are working on Hybrid Quantum-Classical algorithms for

Artificial Intelligence is another area of rising activity.

Pharmaceutical simulations, Quantum ML for Asset

But we must move beyond ChatBot clones. The real

pricing, and Quantum-safe Cryptography. A Team from

Gold lies in sector-specific AI solutions. Startups in

Bangalore is collaborating with foreign Labs to speed

India are now building LLMs trained on Legal, Medical

up Drug discovery by simulating Protein folding. For

and Agricultural datasets. These vertical LLMs are

BFSI companies, another Pune-based Startup is

leaner, cheaper, and far more useful than

developing Lattice-based Encryption solutions.

general-purpose models. Some time ago, the CEO of TCS was asked when will TCS build LLM’s in Indian

It's not your typical 12-month Product-Market-Fit (PMF)

vernacular languages – he replied that it is too costly

narrative. These are marathons that last ten years! And

and not required! But the Indian Government stepped in

that calls for a different kind of Capital one that is

and has chosen Sarvam AI as the Startup which will

patient, extremely technical, and prepared to withstand

build our own LLM!

risks related to ecosystems and regulations.

In AgriTech, a Hyderabad-based Startup is using Let's now discuss Semiconductors. The annual cost of

Satellite imagery and AI to predict Crop Health and

India's reliance on imported chips exceeds $15 billion.

Irrigation needs with 85%+ accuracy. This isn’t

And the dangers of that dependence were made clear

glamorous Tech, but it’s transforming the economics of

by the Pandemic. The response from the Indian

farming.

Government was prompt. The creation of a Fab ecosystem, partnerships with companies like TSMC

My extensive association with

and Micron, and the $10 billion Semiconductor

Entrepreneurship-Development Cells at IIT’s, including

incentive package are all positive moves.

at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Lucknow and Ropar, has made me see first-hand, the focus with which India’s

Micron, for instance, is setting up a $2.75 billion

Startups are building the future of Tech!

assembly and testing plant in Gujarat, expected to create over 5,000 direct jobs. This is more than a

On the Edge computing side, a Mumbai Startup is

factory. It’s an Anchor around which design and

building on-device AI accelerators for smart CCTV

fabrication Startups can cluster.

cameras, enabling real-time threat detection without cloud dependency. It’s an excellent example of solving

Design-linked incentives (DLI) are encouraging Fabless startups. A few I’ve evaluated are working on Analog

48 July 2025

for Indian infrastructure constraints!

Then there’s Energy Tech. India added 15 GW of

Fit. You need Lab results, certifications, and

renewable capacity in 2023 alone, and the government

partnerships with Government or Heavy industry.

has committed to 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. But the real bottleneck is storage.

Another interesting segment is Space Tech. India saw 140+ Space Startups by the end of 2023. The likes of

Battery Tech is seeing exciting innovation. I have

Skyroot, Agnikul, and Pixxel have validated private

worked with a Noida-based Startup working on

sector capability. But now we need to go deeper:

Sodium-ion batteries using Indian raw materials,

propulsion systems, synthetic aperture radars space

bringing down costs by 30% over Lithium. Another one

debris tracking and much more.

in Pune is experimenting with solid-state storage for EVs, claiming a 500+ km range on a 15-minute charge.

One Chennai-based Startup I’m tracking, is building

These are early-stage bets, but if they crack scale, the

reusable rocket engines using additive manufacturing.

export potential is enormous.

They’re not just dreaming big; they’re testing with ISRO. That’s what makes Indian space tech unique access to

The same goes for Green Hydrogen. With the National

a strong state ecosystem. The Indian Government

Green Hydrogen Mission pumping in ₸19,700 crore

asked ISRO to share Tech and its Infra with Private

($2.3 billion), Startups are experimenting with

players and that has given wings to the Indian Private

Electrolysis Tech suited for Indian Climatic and Grid

Space Startups!

conditions. Some are partnering with Public Sector Units for pilot deployments.

Of course, DeepTech investing in India comes with brutal timelines. No 10x in 12 months here. We’re

Investors need to understand that these are not SaaS

talking about companies that may take 5 years just to

plays. You can’t A/B Test your way to Product-Market

www.CXOTechBOT.com 49

reach pilot revenues. But I’d rather be early in something hard than late in something easy!

We also need more than Capital. We need Translational Research Centers, better Lab-to-Market programs, IP awareness, and Testbeds. Founders need to know how to pitch to Engineers, Policymakers, Investors and not just VCs. To Fellow Investors: If your fund has a 5-7-year horizon and you’re looking for predictable growth, DeepTech might not be your game. But if you’re willing to invest in Knowledge, Talent, and Resilience - Welcome aboard.

To Founders: Stay close to the Lab, Work with Academic collaborators, File Patents, Focus on Depth over Speed. And Yes! - Be Stubborn. The market will catch up.

Tushar Kansal Founder & CEO Kansaltancy Ventures Tushar Kansal is the Founder & CEO of Kansaltancy Ventures – www.Kansaltancy.com, a network of Investors including Venture Capital (VC) Funds, Family Offices, IPO Anchor Investors and Institutional Lenders. He has delivered 500+ Talks/ Shows across Ivy-League academia and Corporates globally, all of which are available in the Public domain - Check TedX/ Google/

To Policymakers: We need continuity in schemes.

YouTube/ Spotify/ LinkedIn. His expert opinion is

DeepTech founders can’t plan around Budget cycles.

often sought by leading Channels/ Publications

Drawing from advising over 400 Startups and SMEs across 70+ countries, several key lessons emerge: 1. Localization is Crucial 2. Government-Industry Collaboration is the base 3. Patient Capital is Essential 4. Ecosystem Development is a must 5. Global Benchmarking will get us to compete with China In conclusion, DeepTech is not a speculative bet. It is a necessity. It’s how India ensures economic resilience, national security, and global relevance. And while exits may take time, the value created will be far greater than just financial returns.

The next decade belongs to founders building for complexity, not convenience. As a Venture Capitalist, I’m placing my bets on them.

Not just for returns but for relevance.

50 July 2025

like CNN-News18, VCTV (Venture Capital Tv), Business World & TechThirsty. He contributes to a Portfolio of 400+ Investments in 70+ countries as a Venture Advisor with Loyal VC, a Canadian VC Fund. Awarded multiple times, Tushar is on a mission to assist 25,000 Startups/ SME’s with Funding/ Investments, Management Knowhow and through the network of Kansaltancy Ventures. He is a partner with the biggest Anchor Investor in the SME IPO space, with investments in 115+ IPO’s & AUM of $2.7 Billion.

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India’s DeepTech Revolution:

10 STARTUPS Leading the Charge in 2025

With over 3,600 deeptech startups and a $100 billion

That said, challenges persist. Only around 4% of India’s

R&D push in the latest Union Budget, India’s

100,000+ startups fall under deeptech, compared to

transformation into a global innovation hub is well

18% in China. Furthermore, only 1 in 6 public-funded

underway. Once considered a destination for IT

incubators cater to deeptech ventures. Yet,

services, the country is now spawning breakthroughs in

partnerships with innovation powerhouses like the U.S.,

AI, quantum, and semiconductors.

France, Israel, and Germany are helping bridge gaps in funding, infrastructure, and talent.

The Indian government has recognized the sector’s strategic importance. The 2025–26 Union Budget earmarked $100 billion for deeptech R&D, a strong signal that the country intends to be a global leader in future-critical technologies like AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, and advanced materials.

52 July 2025

10 DeepTech Startups to Watch in 2025

01

Alchemyst AI Founded in 2023, Alchemyst AI builds autonomous, multi-agent AI employees that integrate into enterprise workflows. Starting with sales development, their platform—Alchemysts—is expanding across functions, enabling digital labor that collaborates, learns, and scales. This agentic AI model is redefining how Indian enterprises boost productivity through intelligent automation.

02

03 Ivelosi

Deceptive AI Since 2021, Deceptive AI has focused on AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) through generative and computer vision technologies. Its innovations include fashion GANs, semantic video segmentation, and tools for media production. With roots in fundamental research, Deceptive AI is pioneering AI for India’s creative economy.

A 2025 entrant, Ivelosi is disrupting connectivity itself. It’s building a decentralized, AI-powered communication protocol that eliminates the need for ISPs. Using unlicensed WiFi spectrum and blockchain-authenticated peer-to-peer networking, Ivelosi offers affordable and resilient digital infrastructure—a game-changer for rural and

04

underserved regions.

Intrvuz

Intrvuz is reshaping hiring through autonomous recruitment intelligence. Its platform automates screening, interviewing, and matching talent to roles, reducing time-to-hire by up to 90%. For a country managing large-scale employment demands, Intrvuz brings scalability and precision to workforce acquisition.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 53

05

RoomsVital Automation Solutions Focused on IoT and automation, RoomsVital retrofits homes and hospitality spaces with intelligent locks, sensors, and visitor management systems. By enabling self-check-ins and enhanced security, it’s accelerating India’s smart infrastructure—without requiring new

06

Autoyos Private Limited Autoyos is designing operator-free AI systems for healthcare, including diagnostic and monitoring devices that function autonomously. Their mission: make quality healthcare accessible in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities by removing dependency on human operators. Their work could radically improve India’s medical reach and

construction or complex installs.

reliability.

07

08

Alt DRX is transforming real estate with fractional

In the retail world, DocketRun helps brands decode

ownership. Its blockchain-powered marketplace allows

consumer behavior using video analytics. Their

users to buy and sell tokenized property—one square

platform provides actionable insights from in-store and

foot at a time—with real-time pricing and liquidity. By

digital interactions, helping companies optimize

democratizing real estate investment, Alt DRX is

marketing, inventory, and customer service. It’s retail

unlocking a $200+ billion sector for the masses.

intelligence in real time.

Alt DRX

DocketRun

09

10

Already a global name in conversational AI, Uniphore

Qure.ai applies deep learning to radiology, enabling

analyzes speech, emotion, and intent to power

rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis, stroke, and brain

human-centric digital experiences. With applications in

injuries. Its tools are in use across more than 60

CX, healthcare, and compliance, Uniphore ensures

countries, with a strong impact in rural India where

machines not only understand language—but

access to skilled radiologists is limited. Qure.ai is a

understand people.

frontrunner in India’s AI-for-healthcare mission.

Uniphore

54 July 2025

Qure.ai

What’s Powering the Rise?

India’s deeptech boom is fueled by four key enablers: •

Government Policy: The historic $100B R&D budget shows long-term commitment.

•

Global Collaboration: Strategic ties with the U.S., EU, Israel, and Japan are opening research and funding pipelines.

•

Academic-Industry Synergy: Institutions like IISc, IITs, and private accelerators are incubating high-caliber talent.

•

Private Capital: VC interest in frontier tech is growing, especially in climate, space, biotech, and AI.

The Road Ahead

2025 is a watershed moment in India’s innovation journey.

With strategic investments, global collaborations, and a bold new generation of technologists, India is not just building for today. It’s architecting the future.

India’s deeptech startups are not just building companies, they’re tackling civilization-scale problems: climate resilience, AI alignment, decentralized infrastructure, and next-gen healthcare. The momentum is here, but to sustain it, India must: •

Increase funding access beyond Tier 1 cities

•

Build more deeptech-focused incubators and labs

•

Incentivize commercialization of research outputs

•

Nurture academia-industry-government partnerships www.CXOTechBOT.com 55

REIMAGINING PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE: AI AND REAL-TIME VITALS TRANSFORM HEART DISEASE DETECTION

56 July 2025

Heart disease remains one of the significant causes of

monitoring provides us with a comprehensive overview

death worldwide (especially in India). Despite

of our health, enabling us to detect early signs of heart

advancements in treatment, many people don’t

disease before they become apparent in a doctor’s

discover they have heart issues until it’s too late. A

office.

reactive approach to healthcare only intervenes once symptoms have emerged, which is no longer sufficient.

Having access to continuous data means we no longer have to wait for symptoms to appear; instead, we can

What if we could catch heart problems before they even

take action immediately. Instead, we can identify

appear? Imagine technology that works 24/7 to detect

patterns and trends in our health in real time, allowing

the early signs of cardiovascular disease (CVD),

us to take preventive steps early on.

allowing us to take preventive action before it’s too late.

Thanks to the latest advancements in real-time vital monitoring, wearable tech, and artificial intelligence (AI), we’re on the verge of a revolution in heart health.

The future of health care is here, and it’s all about proactive prevention, not reactive treatment.

The Problem with Traditional Heart Disease Detection Traditional healthcare models have been built around treating problems as they arise. Regular checkups, screenings, and doctor visits are essential, but they only offer a snapshot of health at a specific point in time.

Between those visits, several health changes can go unnoticed.

Heart disease often develops slowly. Small shifts in heart rate, blood pressure, or sleep patterns can be the first signs of a problem, but they usually go undetected until they become more noticeable.

This leaves a significant gap in the system: a period when heart disease may be silently progressing without anyone noticing. How can we address this issue?

Utilising technology, such as wearable devices, can help us continuously monitor our health.

Real-Time Monitoring of Crucial Data Real-time vital monitoring does the magic. AI-powered wearables can track key health indicators, such as heart rate, blood oxygen levels, stress, and sleep patterns, all day, every day. This kind of constant

Wearables: From Step Counters to Health Guardians Wearable devices have come a long way since their introduction to the market. Initially, they were just step counters or fitness trackers. Now, modern wearables are sophisticated health tools that can measure: •

Heart rate variability (HRV)

•

Blood oxygen levels (SpO₂)

•

Sleep quality

•

ECG (electrocardiogram) signals

•

Stress and recovery patterns

These devices provide a non-invasive and easy-to-use method for collecting valuable health data. They are also designed to integrate seamlessly into daily life, providing constant feedback without disrupting daily routines.

Wearables are transforming from simple fitness gadgets into powerful health monitors, making it easier than ever for individuals to track their heart health on their terms. With real-time insights, users can make informed decisions about their health and take action before minor issues escalate into major ones.

AI: Turning Data into Actionable Insights While wearables collect data, AI makes sense of it.

AI-powered systems can analyse massive amounts of data in real-time, looking for patterns that would be impossible for humans to spot on their own.

For example, AI can detect subtle changes in heart rate

www.CXOTechBOT.com 57

or sleep patterns that suggest early signs of

A personalised approach to healthcare means that

cardiovascular strain. It can also predict future risks of

interventions are far more accurate and relevant to the

CVD based on an individual’s health history and

individual. It’s not about treating everyone the same; it’s

real-time data, providing tailored recommendations on

about understanding what’s “normal” for you and

how to prevent heart disease before it even starts.

providing recommendations based on your health data.

This represents a significant leap forward in our

Why Preventive Healthcare Matters?

approach to heart health. Instead of relying on generic advice, AI helps provide personalised insights that are specific to each individual’s unique health profile.

Preventive healthcare isn’t just a buzzword; it’s a necessity for an Indian heart. CVD and other heart diseases are causing death, and the earlier we detect them, the more effectively we can manage them.

Personalised Healthcare: One Size Does Not Fit All

Catching heart disease early can reduce the need for

One of the key benefits of AI and real-time monitoring is

costly, invasive treatments. Many heart issues can be

personalisation. Traditional healthcare often uses

managed with simple lifestyle changes or medication

one-size-fits-all guidelines — for example, the same

when they’re detected early enough.

ideal heart rate range for everyone. But that doesn’t work because each person’s body is different.

The shift to preventive healthcare also benefits society as a whole. When people stay healthier for longer,

AI solves this problem by learning an individual’s unique

healthcare costs decrease, quality of life improves, and

health patterns. For example, your normal heart rate

the burden on healthcare systems is alleviated. For

may differ from someone else’s, and your recovery after

businesses like Helius Wellness, promoting heart health

exercise may also be unique to you. AI can track these

through wearable devices and AI-driven insights fosters

personal baselines over time, spotting subtle changes that might indicate a problem.

58 July 2025

predictions but are also designed to be transparent and auditable, helping to minimise biases. As AI-driven health monitoring evolves, user trust is also growing.

Companies are increasingly demonstrating their commitment to using data responsibly, protecting privacy, and building confidence in these innovative solutions. The widespread adoption of these technologies is becoming more attainable.

Solving Challenges with a Preventive Care Approach As the future of preventive healthcare appears promising, attention is being given to the challenges that have been observed. Health data is being handled with utmost care, with companies offering these technologies prioritising robust data protection and security measures to ensure patient privacy is safeguarded.

AI models are continuously improving, trained with diverse and representative data to enhance their accuracy. These systems are not only making reliable

The Future of Heart Health is Promising!

The future of healthcare isn’t just about treating disease after it happens. It’s about preventing it before it even begins. With AI, wearable tech, and real-time vital monitoring, we’re moving toward a world where heart disease is detected early, managed proactively, and ultimately prevented altogether.

This new approach to healthcare is: •

Continuous: We don’t need to wait for annual checkups to know how we’re doing.

•

Predictive: AI-powered systems can identify risks before they escalate into serious issues.

•

Personalised: Healthcare becomes specific to you, not based on generic guidelines.

•

Empowering: People are empowered to take control of their health with real-time data and actionable insights.

The technology is here — and it’s changing the era.

Now, the question is: How quickly will we adopt it and create a healthier future for ourselves and future generations?

www.CXOTechBOT.com 59

Paresh Masani Founder & CEO Helius Wellness Paresh Masani is a visionary technology leader and founder, reshaping the future of digital health through AI-driven innovation. As the Founder & CEO of Helius Wellness, he is building India’s first AI-powered preventive heart health platform – leveraging proprietary wearables, real-time vitals, and neural networks to deliver early detection and personalised care at scale.

A Gold Medalist in M.Tech (CSE), honoured by the late Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Paresh has deep expertise in engineering leadership, system architecture, and AI integration. With a track record of building $1B healthtech platforms and scaling global engineering teams, he is on a bold mission to prevent premature heart disease deaths in India, driving the convergence of technology and wellness to reimagine healthcare for emerging and developed markets.

60 July 2025

Contact: contact@cxotechbot.com | +91-7304670468

Beyond Automation: Agentic AI and the Future of Independent Intelligence A New Kind of Intelligence Is Emerging Imagine a digital analyst who doesn’t just wait for your instructions—but proactively monitors global markets, analyzes trends, makes decisions, and learns from outcomes. It doesn’t sleep. It doesn’t wait. It acts.This is not the future. This is Agentic AI—the next leap in artificial intelligence.But to understand where we’re going, we must first understand how we got here.

62 July 2025

The Evolution of AI: From Rules to Reasoning The journey of AI has been one of increasing sophistication and autonomy: •

Rule-Based Systems (1950s–1980s): Early AI followed strict logic. It could play chess or solve equations—but only within rigid boundaries.z- Machine Learning (1980s–2010s): AI began learning from data, enabling predictive models in finance, healthcare, and marketing.

•

Deep Learning (2010s–2020s): Neural

Evolution of AI

networks unlocked breakthroughs in image recognition, speech, and natural language.

•

Generative AI (2020s): Models like GPT-4 and DALL·E could now generate human-like text, images, and code.

•

Agentic AI (Emerging): AI that doesn’t just respond—it perceives, decides, acts, and learns.

Generative AI: The Creative Catalyst Generative AI has transformed industries. Powered by Foundation Models and Large Language Models (LLMs), it can write emails, generate reports, draft legal documents, and even design products.

But its real power lies in contextual intelligence—especially when paired with RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) architecture.

What is generative AI? • Creates new content and ideas, including conversations, stories, images, videos, and music • Powered by large models that are pretrained on vast corpora of data and commonly referred to as foundation models (FMs)

www.CXOTechBOT.com 63

RAG Architecture How LLMs retrieve relevant data and generate grounded responses.

Knowledge Base

Agentic AI: Intelligence That Acts

The Agent Loop: How It Works

While Generative AI is impressive, it still waits for a

At the heart of Agentic AI is a continuous feedback

prompt. Agentic AI goes further. It’s proactive. It’s

cycle known as the Agent Loop:

autonomous. It’s goal-driven.

Infographic: The Agent Loop

An Agentic AI system can:

Perception

•

Perceive its environment

1. Perception: Gathers data from APIs, sensors, or

•

Decide what to do

documents.

•

Act on those decisions

2. Decision-Making: Evaluates options based on goals

•

Learn from the results

and context.

Decision-Making

Action

Learning

Example:

3. Action: Executes tasks—sending emails, placing

A supply chain agent monitors weather, inventory, and

orders, updating systems.

traffic. It reroutes shipments, updates customers, and

4. Learning: Adapts based on feedback and outcomes.

negotiates with vendors—without human input.

This loop allows agents to evolve over time, becoming

This is not just automation. This is autonomous

smarter and more effective.

intelligence.

What is Agentic AI? Agentic AI is a type of artificial intelligence that can make decisions and take actions on its own.

Agentic AI andle Complex and Unpredictable situation.

• Adapt and learn Over Time.

• Make Autonomous Decisions.

64 July 2025

Traditional AI vs.

AgenticAI: AI:AAStrategic Strategic Comparison Traditional AI vs.

Agentic Comparison Feature

Traditional AI

Generative AI

Agentic AI

Autonomy

Low

Medium

High

Learning

Static

Iterative

Continuous

Decision Making

Programmed

Prompted

Autonomous

Scalability

Limited

Good

Excellent

Integration

Point Solution

API-Based

Full System

Agentic AI doesn’t just optimize processes—it redefines them.

Types of Intelligent Agents: The Building Blocks

- Customer Service: AI agents resolve queries, escalate

Understanding the types of agents helps in designing

- Agriculture: Drones and bots monitor crops, apply

the right solutions:

fertilizers, and predict yields.These are not

- Simple Reflex Agents: React to current inputs (e.g.,

pilots—they’re production systems delivering ROI.

thermostats).

issues, and learn from interactions.

- Model-Based Reflex Agents: Use internal state for

Generative + Agentic: Better Together

better decisions.

Think of Generative AI as the brain and Agentic AI as

- Goal-Based Agents: Choose actions that achieve

the body.Generative AI provides creativity, language

specific objectives.

fluency, and reasoning. Agentic AI adds autonomy,

- Utility-Based Agents: Optimize for the best possible

decision-making, and execution.Together, they enable

outcome.

end-to-end intelligent systems—from understanding a

- Learning Agents: Continuously improve through

problem to solving it autonomously.

feedback and experience.

These categories form the foundation of Agentic AI design.

Real-World Applications: Where Agentic AI Is Already Working Agentic AI is already transforming industries: - Autonomous Vehicles: Navigate traffic, avoid collisions, and optimize routes.

- Healthcare: Virtual agents assist in diagnostics, monitor patients, and suggest treatments.

- Finance: AI traders analyze markets, execute trades, and manage portfolios.

- Smart Homes: Agents manage lighting, security, and energy consumption.

Frameworks Powering the Agentic Revolution Several frameworks are enabling developers to build Agentic AI systems: - CrewAI: Enables multi-agent collaboration with defined roles and memory sharing.

- AutoGen (Microsoft): Facilitates LLM-based agents that collaborate and solve complex tasks.

- LangGraph: A graph-based orchestration framework for building agent workflows.

These frameworks abstract the complexity of agent design, making it easier to deploy intelligent systems at scale.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 65

Deep Dive: CrewAI in Action

Mini Case Studies: Industry Snapshots

Among these, CrewAI stands out for its modularity and

•

enterprise readiness. It allows developers to: •

Define agents with specific roles (e.g., researcher,

patient flow, reducing ER wait times by 30%.

•

planner, executor) •

Enable collaboration between agents (crews)

•

Share memory and context across tasks

•

Execute workflows in parallel or sequence

This makes CrewAI ideal for complex, multi-step business processes—such as market research, compliance audits, or product development.

•

•

Implementation Strategy: How to Get Started •

Start Small: Pilot with a focused use case.

•

Build Cross-Functional Teams: Blend tech, ops, and domain experts.

•

•

Choose the Right Framework: CrewAI, AutoGen, LangGraph.

•

Invest in Training: Upskill your teams to manage and evolve AI systems.

Perception: Monitors financial news, stock prices, and economic indicators.

Agriculture: A cooperative uses drones and bots to boost yield and cut pesticide use.

The Stock Analyst Agent, built using CrewAI, operates as follows:

Finance: A hedge fund deploys AI traders, increasing returns while reducing risk.

Use Case: Stock Analyst Agent Let’s bring it all together with a real-world example.

Healthcare: A hospital uses agents to manage

•

Govern Wisely: Establish ethical and operational guardrails.

Decision-Making: Analyzes trends, evaluates risk, and identifies investment opportunities.

•

Action: Recommends or executes trades based on predefined strategies.

•

Learning: Refines its models based on market feedback and performance metrics.

This agent doesn’t just assist a human analyst—it becomes one. And it operates 24/7, without fatigue, bias, or delay.

Executive Insights: Why This Matters Now For C-suite leaders, Agentic AI is not just a technological trend—it’s a strategic imperative.

•

Scalability: Agents can operate across geographies and time zones

•

Resilience: They adapt to change in real time

•

Efficiency: They reduce costs and free up human talent

•

Innovation: They unlock new business models and revenue streams

66 July 2025

Vision for the Future: Autonomous Enterprises We’re just scratching the surface.

In the next 3–5 years, expect to see: •

AI marketplaces where agents buy, sell, and negotiate.

•

Human and Agent collaboration as the new normal.

Conclusion: The Future Is Agentic The age of passive AI is ending. The age of Agentic AI has begun.

For CIOs, CTOs, and business leaders, the question is no longer if—but how fast you can adapt.

Because in the near future, your most valuable team member might not be human—it might be an agent.

Rahul Rai Head Service Management Platform Syngenta Rahuul Raaii is a visionary global leader driving enterprise transformation through technological excellence and strategic innovation. With deep expertise across SAP technologies, Business Intelligence, Service Management Platforms, he has held pivotal roles as Product Owner, Application Lead, and Service Delivery Manager. Rahuul has successfully implemented Business Intelligence, Generative AI, Reporting Factory, Agile, Scrum, and DevOps methodologies fostering operational agility and continuous improvement.

A pioneer in automation and digital analytics, Generative AI capabilities, leveraged AI, ML, predictive modeling and sentiment analysis to enable data-driven decision-making. At the forefront of innovation, he is actively exploring use cases for Agentic AI, Generative AI, Microsoft Copilot, and SAP Joule across enterprise systems. A collaborative leader, Rahuul excels in stakeholder engagement, vendor partnerships, change management, and mentoring future tech leaders.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 67

HOW ARE WINNING WITH STRATEGIC FUNDRAISING DeepTech is finally making a splash in India. Driven by

require patient capital, often needing 7-10 years before

entrepreneurs who are frequently more at ease in labs

hitting breakeven or commercialization. This changes

than in boardrooms, the movement has taken years to

the nature of the pitch itself. While a SaaS founder

gain traction. As someone who has advised many

might talk ARR and CAC, a DeepTech founder talks TRL

startups across countries, I’ve had a ringside view of

levels (Technology Readiness Levels), IP development

how DeepTech ventures, often misunderstood,

timelines, and regulatory pathways. Convincing

underfunded, and deeply complex, are now emerging as

investors demands a different language.

serious contenders for both capital and impact.

India’s DeepTech evolution didn’t follow the pattern

Over the years, I've seen this play out repeatedly. A

seen in Silicon Valley. There, DeepTech often grew out

robotics startup I advised was struggling to raise funds

of academia and government defense projects. Here, it

through traditional VC channels because their revenue

is more heterogeneous. Some startups are spinning out

projections looked modest on Excel. But when

of research labs like IISc and IITs, while others are

reframed as an automation solution to a global supply

emerging from niche B2B needs in healthcare,

chain crisis validated by large industrial clients, the

automation, and cybersecurity. What binds them is a

same model became investable. It’s not always about

deep-rooted technological moat, be it AI, robotics,

tweaking the story; sometimes it’s about knowing which

space-tech, or quantum computing, and a hunger to

lens investors are looking through.

solve core infrastructural or scientific challenges.

Unlike app-based consumer startups, which scaled

In 2024, nearly two-thirds of Indian DeepTech startups

rapidly with marketing blitzes and shallow tech,

are in AI/ML and data science. This segment alone

DeepTech ventures are forging their paths in quiet,

attracted 87% of total DeepTech funding in the first half

methodical ways. Their roadmaps are longer, their

of the year. And yet, DeepTech is much broader than

capital requirements higher, and their exits often less

just generative AI. Take aerospace: ISRO’s reforms and

glamorous but their impact is exponential.

the establishment of IN-SPACe have opened up new commercial possibilities. Satellite communication,

Strategic fundraising becomes not just necessary, but

earth observation, and even launch vehicle startups are

existential for these companies. DeepTech startups

raising capital like never before. Pixxel, GalaxEye, and Skyroot have all made global headlines and attracted global investors.

68 July 2025

Vandana Tolani Founder & CEO, Convanto

www.CXOTechBOT.com 69

Healthcare and biotech are another frontier. Companies

(iDEX) program by mid-2024, showing the state’s

like Niramai and Tricog are showing how AI can work in

growing openness to startup solutions in critical

diagnostics. India’s massive population makes it an

sectors.

ideal test bed for scalable healthcare tech, especially when AI is paired with low-cost hardware or IoT

Let’s talk about the types of capital that are flowing into

solutions. Add to this the new bio-manufacturing policy,

DeepTech. Traditional VCs still find it difficult to back

and we have fertile ground for innovation in

these ventures unless they see product-market fit or

biosciences. India’s biotech industry is already valued

scalable revenue. The average Indian VC fund has a

at over $80 billion and is expected to reach $150 billion

7-10 year lifecycle. That doesn’t align well with a

by 2025. With over 5,000 biotech startups today, the

DeepTech startup that may need 4-5 years of R&D

pace of growth is unmatched.

before commercialization. Which is why we’re seeing a rise in sector-specific funds, family offices, and

Cybersecurity and quantum tech, though still in early

strategic corporate investors entering the fray.

stages, are gaining traction thanks to national policy.

Companies like Reliance, Tata, and Adani are either

The National Quantum Mission, with an outlay of

incubating or investing in DeepTech capabilities.

₹6,000 crore, aims to position India among the top three nations in quantum technologies. Startups like

Additionally, alternative capital models are gaining

QNu Labs and QpiAI are experimenting with quantum

traction. DeepTech-focused venture debt,

key distribution and secure enterprise frameworks. This

government-backed seed programs, and corporate

sector will not mature overnight, but we’re planting the

venture capital arms are all providing pathways to

seeds now. India aims to develop quantum computers

non-dilutive or patient capital. Public institutions like

with 1,000 qubits by 2031, an audacious goal, but one

SIDBI, DST, and BIRAC are playing catalytic roles. In

that signals strategic intent.

2023 alone, BIRAC disbursed over ₹1,200 crore in funding support across biotech and MedTech

I want to dwell for a moment on robotics and

innovations.

automation. While the term conjures up factory bots or humanoids, India’s approach is more functional.

Furthermore, global investors, particularly from Europe,

GreyOrange is optimizing warehouse logistics.

Japan, and the US, are sniffing around for emerging

Genrobotics has built sewer-cleaning robots to

market innovation. Unlike China, where DeepTech is

eliminate manual scavenging. These aren't sexy in the

often state-sponsored, or the US where it’s VC-heavy,

typical startup sense, but they are transformative. In

India is somewhere in the middle.

2023, industrial robotics adoption in India grew by 24%, driven by manufacturing and logistics firms seeking efficiency. The push from the government’s Smart Cities initiative also plays a role here.

Even defense and space are seeing private participation. We now have ISRO collaborating with startups and a ₹1,000 crore VC fund for space tech on the anvil. The government's Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, combined with Make in India momentum, are encouraging homegrown hardware ventures in drones, semiconductor design, and energy storage. The Ministry of Defence cleared over 150 startups under the Innovations for Defence Excellence 70 July 2025

Public-private collaboration is our best bet. IIT-Madras’s

Regulation matters too. The draft Digital India Act,

collaboration with DRDO, or BIRAC’s grants for biotech

semiconductor policies, data protection laws all impact

innovators, are good examples. But we need more

DeepTech’s future. Entrepreneurs often underestimate

structured innovation pipelines.

the time it takes to align with regulatory standards, especially in sectors like health and defense. Investors,

Israel offers a compelling case study. Over 50% of

meanwhile, worry about lack of exit options. Unlike

Israeli DeepTech startups originate in university labs,

SaaS, where M&A is frequent, DeepTech exits are fewer

and the government provides substantial early-stage

and often strategic. In India, the M&A market for

support through the Israel Innovation Authority. The

DeepTech remains nascent, with fewer than 10 such

country spends 4.9% of its GDP on R&D, compared to

transactions recorded in 2023, compared to over 200 in

India’s 0.7%. The contrast is stark. In the US, the

the US.

National Science Foundation and DARPA act as high-risk early funders, ensuring DeepTech projects

From advising hundreds of startups, one clear lesson

don't wither on the vine. Europe, on the other hand,

emerges: storytelling in DeepTech must evolve. It’s not

combines research institutions with long-term grants

just about what your technology does, it’s about why it

like Horizon Europe, which allocated over €95 billion to

matters now, how it changes industry cost structures,

research and innovation through 2027.

and how it scales across markets. Founders must speak to both engineers and financiers, sometimes in

India’s comparative advantages lie elsewhere. Our

the same breath. This is harder than it looks. But those

engineering talent pool is vast. Our costs are lower. Our

who master it win.

problems, whether healthcare access, energy storage, or crop productivity, are large enough to demand

I'll give you a recent example. High-fidelity simulators

DeepTech solutions. But we need to improve our IP

were being built by a quantum computing startup I

frameworks, cross-border R&D collaboration, and

worked with. At first, they concentrated their outreach

university incubation models. In India, less than 5% of

on hardware specifications and scholarly citations. We

patents come from universities. This bottleneck must

assisted them in shifting their focus toward better

be addressed if we want to create a reliable pipeline of

protein folding, quicker drug discovery, and use-cases

DeepTech innovation.

in pharmaceutical simulations. Enterprise Pharma was suddenly paying attention. They are currently negotiating with strategic investors and international labs.

Strategic fundraising, especially in DeepTech, is not about chasing the biggest valuation. It’s about finding capital aligned with your vision and risk horizon. In India, this often means hybrid models: initial grants from BIRAC, followed by strategic angels, then a mix of VC and CSR-backed incubators. It's slow, yes but it builds resilience.

The future of DeepTech in India hinges on a few pillars.

One, deeper university-industry collaboration. Two, patient and smart capital that understands tech timelines. Three, policy frameworks that reduce friction without stifling innovation. Four, more domestic www.CXOTechBOT.com 71

Vandana Tolani Founder & CEO Convanto Vandana Tolani is the Founder and CEO of Convanto, a leading boutique investment bank in India, now in its 12th year. With over 20 years of global experience, she was previously the Managing Director for a family office fund. For the past 12 years, she has been leading Convanto, where she has supported 357 companies demand from Indian enterprises willing to adopt DeepTech. But perhaps the most overlooked factor is talent. India produces nearly 1.5 million engineers annually, but only a fraction specialize in frontier tech.

Investments in postgraduate and postdoctoral research must rise.

We’re already seeing signs of this shift. Zepto’s recent success shows that even in quick commerce, operational innovation matters. But DeepTech is playing a longer game. Its payoff isn’t in viral downloads or GMV spikes, but in tectonic shifts in how we diagnose diseases, build satellites, secure data, or

across 45 countries and five VC funds with fundraising and strategic advisory. Her achievements include being named Woman Entrepreneur of the Year (2021–2023), Top 10 Women Leaders in Wealth Management, and Global Woman Leader by the World Women Congress.

She has been featured in leading publications such as the Times of India and Hindustan Times, and honored

by Dr. Kiran Bedi and Hema Malini for her contributions to the startup ecosystem. On Women Entrepreneurs Day 2024, she was recognized among the Top 8 Women Entrepreneurs, and on March 8, 2025, among the Inspiring Women Leaders. She has delivered 350+ talks, listed on www.convanto.com

store energy. and institutional patience are necessary to realize full India was late to the 4G party and missed the

potential.

semiconductor revolution. But there is an opportunity to

In order to gain momentum, India needs to:

lead with DeepTech. We are not required to follow

1. Establish translational research centers in both Tier

Shenzhen or the Valley. Our scientific talent, scaled through economical innovation, and fueled by capital that prioritizes depth over speed allow us to forge our own path.

I and Tier II universities.

2. Connect startup ecosystems with procurement for space, defense, and climate technologies.

3. Provide Series B through D ventures with growth-stage DeepTech funding.

India’s DeepTech startup ecosystem has the ingredients for global leadership scientific talent,

4. Promote international research collaborations, R&D tax credits, and IP buyouts.

market depth, rising capital availability, and geopolitical alignment with technology democracies. India's

I remain optimistic. The next decade will be India’s

DeepTech startup ecosystem has world-class scientific

DeepTech decade if we get the funding, storytelling,

talent, a deep market, increasing capital availability, and

and policy mix right. And if we do, it won’t just change

geopolitical alignment with technology democracies.

our startup landscape. It will change our economy, our

However, systemic investments, long-term planning,

society, and our place in the world.

72 July 2025

74 July 2025

REVOLUTIONIZING RADIOLOGY: HOW DEEPTECH AND GENERATIVE AI ARE SLASHING SCAN TIMES AND TRANSFORMING GLOBAL HEALTHCARE MRI is a golden standard for diagnosis of Cancer,

MRI scanners are based on Magnetic strengths.

Neurodegenerative disorder, Stroke and other ailments.

Popular MRI scanners are 1.5T and 3T MRI scanners.

However, MRI is a slow, costly and inconvenient

The magnets and coils of MRI scanners are part of

process for patients. MRI takes 30 mins - 1 hr for a

hardware in all these machines. Hardware technology

scan and patients feel claustrophobic inside the

has been constant for a long time. What changes in

machine. There is also a long waiting time up to 1 year

MRI scanning technology is the post processing

in public hospitals for MR scanning appointments. So

software to improve the scan quality specifically to

there is a huge need to reduce MR scanning time and

improve the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). In order to

waiting time. Aikenist has developed a unique

improve SNR, the popular algorithms used in most

technology that helps to reduce MRI scanning time as

machines available today are based on image

well as to improve quality of the MRI scan.

processing. However these algorithms provide suboptimal results and require more samples to

MRI technology uses Magnets and Coils which excites

increase the SNR. This is highly inefficient as it takes

hydrogen atom’s protons and uses time constant to

more time to scan the patient.

stabilize the spin to plot different tissues of the body.

Since hydrogen atoms are present in all tissues in

The solution is to use the AI based algorithms which

different quantities, the tissue characteristics vary

can provide better SNR with less number of samples

which is useful in good delineation of anatomy and

acquired.

tissue properties within the human body. This helps to

The latest scanners come with AI based post

detect and characterize tumours, spinal disorders,

processing technology embedded in the machine.

stroke characteristics. The findings based on MR

However this approach is not very suitable in the long

scanning help in proper detection of disease and

term as post processing technology keeps changing

treatment to patients.

every 2 years and newer algorithms provide better results compared to the previous algorithms. The best www.CXOTechBOT.com 75

suited approach for upgradability is to provide the software based solutions which work external to the machine and compatible with all the existing machines.

Aikenist has developed patented AI based algorithms to improve the SNR post acquisition of the scans. The scan time can be reduced by acquiring scans with the fast protocol and post processing the acquired scans to improve the SNR. Aikenist has used Generative AI based method which is the most advanced technology.

This has resulted in reducing time by up to 50%, this means a 30 min scan can be done in 15 mins. This 30 mins is the time spent by the patient inside the magnetic bore. This improves patient convenience and helps in increasing the number of scans per machine so that more patients can be addressed with the same infrastructure.

This is very important for public healthcare since there is huge demand to provide advanced care to the population. This also helps to improve the affordability

Ashwin Amarapuram Director & CEO Aikenist

of such diagnostic services.

Ashwin is Director & CEO of Aikenist. Ashwin The solution is validated in clinical trials where

has decades of experience in building AI

Radiologists have agreed that the solution provided

product companies. Ashwin holds several

good delineation of anatomy and pathology. The

patents and publications, and has a master's

solution is regulatory approved by CDSCO.

degree from IISc.

This kind of technology has the potential to reduce the MR scanning time to less than 5 mins. This means the

Aikenist is a Bangalore-based MedTech

patient walks in and out for a scan in 5 m paying 70%

company specializing in advanced AI

less than today.

solutions for all aspects of radiology,

5m Screening for risks for Cancer, Body, Health, Stroke,

including PACS and RIS. Aikenist solutions

Chest & Heart in next 5 years.

are FDA certified and installed in more than 500 locations in India and abroad.

76 July 2025

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Ecosystem-Led Growth: How Strategic Alliances are

Driving AI And Cloud Adoption Organizations today face mounting pressure to reinvent their operations, customer experiences and business models through AI and cloud technologies. Yet many struggle to move beyond pilot projects or isolated use cases. The answer lies not in going it alone, but in orchestrating a vibrant ecosystem—one that brings together hyperscalers, independent software vendors (ISVs), global system integrators (GSIs) and innovative startups to co-create solutions, accelerate time to value and share in success.

78 July 2025

Why Ecosystems Matter Innovation Velocity

Depth & Scale

Rapid pace of new developments

Integration Expertise

Specialized IP

Seamless connect different components and systems

Unique intellectual property and Knowledge

No single vendor can deliver the full stack of capabilities required for modern digital transformation.

AI demands data readiness, model expertise, governance frameworks and scalable infrastructure.

Cloud transformation encompasses migration services, security, cost optimization and ongoing modernization.

Ecosystems unlock complementary strengths: •

Extensive reach and comprehensive capabilities

Depth and Scale: Hyperscalers provide the foundational platforms, unmatched scale and

Fueling AI Adoption through Alliances Building AI into core operations is seldom a straight line. Early servers-and-scripts experiments can stall when companies hit complexity walls around data quality, security reviews and ethical guardrails.

Strategic alliances help companies navigate these hurdles by: •

industry leaders and cloud providers can result in

global reach that few organizations can replicate.

•

secure data-sharing enclaves, enabling federated

Specialized IP: ISVs contribute pre-built

learning across organizations while preserving

applications and accelerators that embed industry best practices and jump-start deployment.

•

Integration Expertise: GSIs and consultancies bring

privacy.

•

processes—credit underwriting, predictive

transformation know-how and the human network

maintenance, customer churn scoring—that plug

to shepherd large-scale implementations.

directly into existing systems. By co-marketing

Innovation Velocity: Startups inject fresh thinking,

these solutions with hyperscalers, they drive

niche AI algorithms and agile delivery models,

adoption among enterprises intimidated by building

enabling rapid experimentation and differentiation.

Together, these partners form a flywheel: successful joint projects lead to new referenceable use cases, which drive broader adoption and unlock additional co-investment.

Embedding AI into Workflows: ISVs increasingly offer pre-trained models for vertical

deep change-management skills, process

•

Pooling Data and Models: Partnerships between

models from scratch.

•

Scaling Responsibly: Joint R&D labs and innovation centers—often funded by hyperscalers and led by GSIs—provide governance frameworks, bias-testing protocols and compliance checklists. This collaboration accelerates production time while attenuating risk. www.CXOTechBOT.com 79

Case in point: A leading retail chain partnered with its cloud provider and a specialist AI startup to deploy a real-time demand-forecasting engine. The startup contributed to a deep-learning model for promotional uplift; the cloud partner provided elastic GPU clusters and MLOps pipelines; and a global system integrator managed integration with merchandising systems and user training. The result: a 15% improvement in stock-out avoidance within three months and a blueprint for global roll-out.

Joint Demand-Generation Campaigns: Marketing

Accelerating Cloud Adoption through Joint GTM

Development Funds (MDF) enable partners to co-invest in shared-account outreach, webinars and thought

Cloud transformations also benefit from the ecosystem

leadership, driving pipeline more efficiently than solo

approach. Instead of one-off lift-and-shift projects,

efforts.

alliances create packaged offerings that blend migration services, security controls and

A recent example: A global pharmaceutical company

managed-services commitments under a single

leveraged a blueprint co-developed by its cloud

commercial umbrella. Key levers include: •

Co-funded Migration Programs: Hyperscalers often offer migration credits or rebates when partners deliver a defined volume of migrations, lowering net cost and aligning incentives.

•

provider, a GSI and a data-analytics ISV to migrate its

Industry-Specific Blueprints: Collaborations with ISVs and GSIs yield reference architectures tailored to sectors such as financial services,

R&D platform. The cloud partner underwrote half the migration cost, the GSI provided transition-management expertise, and the ISV integrated data-governance modules. Within six months, the company achieved 40% cost savings on data storage and unlocked new analytics use cases for drug discovery.

manufacturing or healthcare—accelerating adoption and reducing architectural uncertainty.

Joint Vision & Incentives Formalized Governance

Five Success Factors for Ecosystem-Led Growth

Shared IP & GTM Assets Seamless Customer Experience

Continuous Enablement

80 July 2025

•

•

•

•

•

Joint Vision & Incentives: Align on measurable

Actionable Strategies for Leaders

KPIs—pipeline, deal velocity,

•

Map Your Ecosystem: Conduct a partner-landscape

customer-satisfaction—and embed them in partner

assessment to identify gaps and co-innovation

scorecards.

opportunities.

Formalized Governance: Establish an alliance

•

Pilot Smart, Scale Fast: Start with a marquee use

management office to drive business reviews,

case, prove the model, then replicate across lines

co-innovation workshops and escalation paths.

of business and regions.

Shared IP & GTM Assets: Develop reference

•

Invest in Relationship Capital: Beyond contracts,

architectures, demo environments and marketing

nurture personal connections through off-sites,

collateral that showcase the joint solution.

executive councils and hackathons.

Seamless Customer Experience: Harmonize

•

Measure, Learn & Iterate: Use integrated

commercial terms, support models and successful

dashboards on pipeline, implementation velocity

metrics so clients see one unified team.

and customer feedback; hold regular retrospectives

Continuous Enablement: Maintain joint training

to refine joint processes.

programs, certification tracks and a partner portal for best practices, solution updates and market

AI and cloud adoption no longer live in separate silos;

insights

they converge in ecosystems that unite the best of platforms, specialized applications and integration

Real-World Illustration •

Financial Services Co-Innovation: A major bank, its cloud hyperscaler and a cybersecurity ISV built a real-time streaming fraud detection platform, reducing false positives by 30% while preserving compliance.

•

Manufacturing Digital Twin: An industrial OEM, working with a GSI and a startup AI firm, created

prowess. Strategic alliances are the rocket fuel for digital transformation—de-risking innovation, scaling rapidly and delivering measurable business impact. By embracing an ecosystem-led growth mindset—grounded in shared vision, co-developed IP and seamless customer experience—senior business leaders can turn partnerships into powerful engines of AI-driven, cloud-powered competitive advantage.

digital-twin models that predicted equipment failures 48 hours in advance, cutting unscheduled downtime costs by 25%.

•

Healthcare Interoperability Hub: A hospital network, collaborating with an integration-platform ISV and a cloud AI team, launched a patient-data exchange that uses NLP to standardize records—accelerating care coordination and halving manual documentation.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 81

SURAJ ATREYA Strategic Partner Alliances Marketing Leader Rackspace Technology Suraj Atreya is a Strategic Partnerships and Global Marketing Leader with over 15 years of international experience driving enterprise growth and market presence through ecosystem driven go to market strategies across AI, Data, Cloud, and emerging technologies. He is known for aligning marketing with business priorities, expanding partner ecosystems, and turning strategic alliances into sustained demand and revenue opportunities.

An executive alumnus of IIM Calcutta, Suraj is a recognized thought leader featured in global forums for shaping next generation go to market practices. He also serves as Chapter Host for Partnership Leaders in Bangalore (India), bringing together senior executives to define the future of ecosystem growth.

Respected for his ability to position companies for success in competitive markets, Suraj builds strategic marketing and partner alliance programs that strengthen perception, accelerate pipeline, and deliver long-term enterprise value.

He also mentors startups and advises early-stage ventures focused on scaling through ecosystem partnerships.

82 July 2025

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REWIRING INNOVATION: A DEEP DIVE WITH SUBHAJIT SARKAR ON GEN AI, DEEPTECH, AND HUMAN-CENTRIC TRANSFORMATION In the rapidly shifting industrial landscape, few voices offer both strategic depth and practical clarity like Subhajit Sarkar. With over two decades of experience

SUBHAJIT SARKAR

guiding Fortune 500s and mentoring startups, he brings a rare lens to the convergence of DeepTech and

Subhajit Sarkar is an accomplished CXO,

business transformation.

startup mentor, and DeepTech advisor with 21+ years of experience at the intersection of

In this candid conversation, he shares his journey,

technology and business transformation.

insights, and the emerging playbook for leaders

Leveraging advanced technologies like Gen

navigating the future of intelligent industry.

AI, AI/ML, IoT, and Blockchain, he has led

You’ve spent over two decades at the intersection of technology and business strategy, working with global giants and emerging innovators alike. What first drew you into the world of Deep Tech and Industry 5.0, and how has your journey evolved since then?

It wasn’t just the allure of cutting-edge tech for me, it was the impact potential. Early on, I realised true innovation lies at the intersection of science, business value, and human need.

Deep Tech challenges us to rethink what’s possible—whether it’s AI redefining diagnostics, quantum shaping energy, or advanced robotics transforming supply chains.

84 July 2025

high-impact initiatives for Fortune 500 companies across Energy, Utilities, and Manufacturing. Known for his strategic clarity and hands-on execution, Subhajit focuses on driving Industry 5.0 outcomes—where innovation is human-centric, ethical, and sustainable.

Beyond the boardroom, he is a sought-after voice on global platforms including TEDx, NASSCOM, and IIT, where he shares forward-looking insights on the evolving role of technology in society. With a passion for building purposeful solutions, he continues to mentor startups and advise enterprises on how to navigate complexity with clarity, agility, and impact.

SUBHAJIT SARKAR

www.CXOTechBOT.com 85

But what truly resonated with me was Industry 5.0, a

Here’s how it’s playing out in practical and operational

shift from pure efficiency to human-centric, ethical, and

terms:

sustainable innovation. It’s no longer just about

•

machines working faster; it’s about machines and

Sensors and edge devices are capturing live data on

humans working better—together.

temperature, pressure, vibration, emissions, and asset

IoT

Real-Time Visibility:

health across plants, pipelines, and grids. This is the Today, my role has evolved from evangelising

raw pulse of industrial operations.

technology to enabling transformation—bridging vision with execution, startups with scale, and purpose with

•

performance.

Machine learning models ingest that IoT data to predict

What does Industry 5.0 mean in practical terms for businesses?

AI/ML

Predictive Optimization:

failures, optimise output, and adjust operations autonomously. Downtime is no longer managed—it’s prevented. Quality control becomes very precise.

While Industry 4.0 was about automation, data, and efficiency, leveraging IoT, AI, AR/VR, and robotics to

•

optimize operations—Industry 5.0 takes a step further.

Gen AI steps in not to replace engineers or operators,

Gen AI

Human-Machine Collaboration:

but to amplify decision-making. It translates complex It’s not just machines doing more now; it’s about

datasets into plain-language insights, drafts

machines and humans working together—intelligently,

maintenance reports, simulates energy mix scenarios,

ethically, and sustainably.

and even guides frontline workers in real time via natural language interfaces.

In practical terms, Industry 5.0 means: •

•

Human-centric design: Putting people back at the

Example in the Energy & Utilities Sector:

centre—customisation, creativity, and

A utility company combines IoT data from smart

craftsmanship enhanced by AI and robotics, not

meters with ML forecasting models to balance grid

replaced by them.

demand. Gen AI helps operations teams simulate

Resilience over efficiency: Building adaptive

outage scenarios and craft stakeholder

systems that can weather shocks—not just run

communications in seconds.

lean. Think decentralised supply chains, digital

baked into core strategy—not bolted on later.

twins, and predictive insights.

•

Sustainability by default: Circular economy models,

Example in Manufacturing:

green tech integration, and regulatory alignment

Factories are using IoT-enabled digital twins, where ML

baked into core strategy—not bolted on later.

predicts machine wear-and-tear, and Gen AI enables

In short, Industry 5.0 isn’t a rejection of automation but its evolution—a recognition that long-term value comes from aligning technology with humanity, innovation with impact.

How are Gen AI, IoT, and AI/ML reshaping traditional industries like Energy & Manufacturing?

The short answer to this would be: By converging to unlock intelligence at every layer, from the shop floor to the C-suite.

86 July 2025

engineers to interact with those insights conversationally—accelerating diagnostics and response.

The net results are as follows: •

Smarter operations

•

Lower emissions

•

Faster decisions

•

More empowered humans

This isn’t automation for the sake of efficiency; rather, it’s augmentation for the sake of sustainability.

What role do AI agents play in faster, smarter decision-making in industrial environments?

machines, sensors, and systems—detecting anomalies, safety risks, or performance dips in real time, often faster than any human.

The answer to this in one word would be: Orchestration.

•

Contextual Decision Support:

AI agents are no longer passive analytics tools—they’re

They don’t just raise alerts—they understand context. Is

becoming active collaborators, capable of observing,

a temperature spike routine, or does it signal a potential

reasoning, and acting across complex, high-stakes

failure downstream? Agents synthesise historical

operations.

trends, maintenan ce logs, and environmental variables to offer insightful recommendations—not just raw data.

Here’s how they’re transforming industrial decision-making:

•

Multi-Agent Collaboration:

In complex environments (think oil rigs or smart •

Autonomous Monitoring:

AI agents continuously scan IoT data streams from

factories), swarms of AI agents can coordinate across supply chains, production lines, and logistics—negotiating trade-offs (speed vs. cost vs.

www.CXOTechBOT.com 87

safety) with near-zero latency.

•

Human-in-the-Loop Interfaces:

Through Gen AI, agents now speak the language of humans. Engineers can query operational health conversationally; frontline workers receive step-by-step guidance; planners simulate “what-if” scenarios without code.

•

Speed-to-Action:

By integrating with enterprise systems (ERP, MES, SCADA, etc.), AI agents can trigger workflows—dispatching a technician, reordering parts, or rerouting logistics without manual intervention.

AI agents are moving from advisory roles to trusted copilots—enabling faster, safer, and more resilient 88 July 2025

decisions in environments where seconds matter.

You often speak at platforms like TEDx, NASSCOM, and IIT. What is one key trend or concern you consistently hear from global tech leaders?

Across prestigious platforms like TEDx, NASSCOM, IIT, etc., I often engage with leaders navigating Deep Tech, Gen AI, and Industry 5.0 frontiers. While the excitement is real, so is the undercurrent of caution: Technology is scaling faster than organisational readiness.

AI agents, autonomous systems, digital twins—they’re ready. But are our governance models, talent strategies, and ethical frameworks keeping pace?

•

Speed is no longer the differentiator—alignment is.

measuring speed and cost, you’re missing the bigger

Tech leaders are now asking: Can we deploy fast,

picture.

but also responsibly? Can we drive innovation that’s not just cutting-edge, but human-centric, explainable, and sustainable?

•

Leadership is being redefined. It’s not just about digital literacy anymore—it’s about digital maturity.

Those who can bridge tech fluency with strategic empathy will lead the next wave.

As someone who mentors startups and advises Fortune 500s, what is the one piece of advice you would give to today’s tech leaders looking to stay relevant in the present era?

One piece of advice I give tech leaders is this: In an era defined by Deep Tech, Gen AI, and Industry

The world doesn’t need more technology for

5.0, tech relevance isn’t just about adopting the latest

technology’s sake. It needs translators—leaders who

tools—it’s about understanding where, why, and how

can turn disruption into direction and complexity into

they truly fit.

clarity.

•

What should business leaders focus on to build a culture that embraces both innovation and human-centric design?

Simply speaking—innovation without empathy is just disruption.

The most future-ready companies aren’t just techsavvy—they’re people-savvy.

Here’s what the best leaders focus on: •

Purpose:

Innovation must serve a meaningful “why.” Anchor every initiative—AI, automation, new products, etc.—around who it helps and why it matters.

•

Avoid the hype trap:

Not every tech wave needs to be surfed. Leaders must ask: What real problem does this solve? For whom?

•

Stay contextual:

To your customers, your teams, your ecosystem. The best solutions are rarely universal. They’re hyper-relevant, ethically aligned, and designed with the user—not just the spec sheet.

Whether you’re scaling a startup or transforming a legacy enterprise, your edge lies not in chasing speed—but in cultivating strategic curiosity with grounded clarity.

Empowerment:

Give teams the freedom to test, fail, and iterate. True innovation thrives in cultures where psychological safety is stronger than hierarchy.

•

Cross-disciplinary collaboration:

Bring designers, engineers, frontline workers, and customers to the same table. Human-centric design is a team sport, not a function.

•

Metrics that matter:

Track not just ROI, but user delight, employee engagement, and ethical alignment. If you’re only

www.CXOTechBOT.com 89

THE DEEPTECH DECADE: What Will Define the

NEXT 10 YEARS? As we stand at the dawn of a new technological epoch, it is increasingly evident that the next ten years will be defined not by incremental improvements, but by exponential disruptions. The last decade witnessed the rise of software-driven innovation and consumer-facing digital platforms. The decade ahead, however, will belong to DeepTech—technologies rooted in scientific and engineering breakthroughs that promise to redefine industries, societies, and human potential.

90 July 2025

01

Convergence Will Drive the Next Wave of Innovation

The DeepTech decade will be defined by convergence—of biology and computation, quantum physics and AI, material science and sustainability. We will no longer think in silos of biotechnology, artificial intelligence, or robotics. Instead, innovation will occur at the intersection of disciplines. For example, bio-AI interfaces will redefine healthcare diagnostics, while quantum machine learning could open up solutions to currently intractable problems in drug discovery, climate modeling, and logistics.

India, with its demographic dividend and expanding research ecosystem, has the opportunity to be at the forefront of this convergence if it can integrate

quantum advantage in niche areas like optimization, cryptography, and molecular modeling. This will change the nature of cybersecurity, push the boundaries of materials science, and supercharge AI models trained on massive datasets.

India’s National Quantum Mission, launched in 2023, must now move beyond academic grants to build industrial quantum capacity, partner with global players, and fund indigenous hardware-software stacks. The countries that solve quantum supply chains today will define the cyber-power equations of 2035.

04

Biotech Will Recode Life as Infrastructure

DeepTech in biotech is advancing toward

academia, startups, and government initiatives in a

programmable biology. CRISPR, mRNA platforms,

more unified DeepTech ecosystem.

synthetic biology, and lab-grown organs are not just scientific marvels; they are infrastructure for the future

02

AI Will Evolve from Tool to Autonomous Collaborator

Over the next decade, AI will mature from being a productivity-enhancing tool to an autonomous collaborator capable of scientific discovery, creative synthesis, and even strategic decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs), like GPT and their successors, will be embedded in enterprise workflows, government policy formulation, and national security architectures.

The rise of “agentic AI” — autonomous software agents that can plan, act, learn, and adapt — will disrupt entire sectors from law and finance to logistics and R&D. For India, where enterprise adoption of AI is growing but still uneven, this presents both a challenge and an opportunity to build globally relevant AI governance, ethical frameworks, and talent pipelines.

of health, agriculture, and even climate resilience.

In the next decade, we will see personalized therapeutics, bio-manufacturing of materials, and engineered organisms tackling pollution and carbon capture. India, with its rich biodiversity, pharma expertise, and genomic initiatives like IndiGen, has the raw ingredients for a biotech leap—but it must invest in cross-border research, biomanufacturing zones, and ethical bio-regulation.

05

SpaceTech Will Become the New Strategic Frontier

The DeepTech race for low-earth orbit (LEO), asteroid mining, satellite internet, and deep space exploration will become a geopolitical and commercial battleground. India’s space missions—Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan, and Aditya—are markers of capability, but the next step is commercialization.

03

The Rise of Quantum Advantage

Quantum computing is moving steadily from laboratory to application. In the next 10 years, we expect practical

By 2035, we will see space-based solar power prototypes, on-orbit manufacturing, and hyper-connected global satellite networks. The Indian private space sector, catalyzed by reforms and ISRO

www.CXOTechBOT.com 91

07

Digital Sovereignty Will Shape Global Alliances

As nations realize that control over data, algorithms, compute, and infrastructure is strategic, DeepTech will become central to national identity and global influence. The next decade will witness the formation of new digital alliances, semiconductors becoming policy chess pieces, and a splintering of global tech governance.

collaboration, can play a defining role in the global spacetech economy if it focuses on dual-use (civil-military) payloads, launch systems, and downstream applications like earth observation and precision agriculture.

India must craft its own digital sovereignty roadmap—investing in indigenous IP, building trusted hardware-software stacks, and creating interoperable standards that are respected globally. Whether it’s IndiaStack for digital identity or BharatGPT for language inclusion, the narrative must move from consumption

06

Sustainability Will Be the Litmus Test for DeepTech

The DeepTech decade must also be a sustainable decade. Technologies will be judged not only by their disruptive power but by their alignment with climate goals, resource circularity, and social equity. Advanced

to creation.

Conclusion: A Decade to Define

materials, carbon-negative manufacturing, energy

The DeepTech Decade will not be passive,it must be

storage innovations, and water purification via

engineered, designed, and governed with intention. For

nanotechnology will define the DeepTech sustainability

India, the time to shift from service-driven IT to

frontier.

science-driven innovation is now. The next ten years offer an opportunity to reimagine national capabilities,

India, facing the dual burden of development and

build sovereign innovation stacks, and empower a new

decarbonization, can lead by piloting cleantech at

generation of DeepTech leaders.

population scale. DeepTech-led innovations—like AI-optimized smart grids or blockchain-enabled carbon

This is not just a technological moment,it is a

trading—could allow India to leapfrog to a green

civilizational pivot. Let us rise to it with courage,

industrial revolution.

curiosity, and conviction.

92 July 2025

Quantum-Resistant Blockchains: Preparing for the Post-Quantum Era Much like the printing press or the internet, quantum computing promises to reshape global systems—economic, political, and technological. But in this race toward quantum supremacy, one critical pillar of the modern digital world is in jeopardy: the blockchain. If quantum algorithms can dismantle today’s encryption, what does that mean for digital sovereignty and data integrity?

As quantum computing rapidly evolves from theoretical promise to practical application, it introduces transformative capabilities—along with a serious security threat to the cryptographic foundations of modern digital systems, including blockchain. This growing tension is forcing businesses, governments, and technology leaders to confront a pivotal question: Is blockchain ready for the quantum era?

94 July 2025

What Makes Quantum Computing So Powerful?

Unlike classical computers, which use binary bits (0 or 1), quantum computers leverage quantum bits or qubits. These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously through a principle called superposition. Additionally, they can exhibit entanglement—where two qubits are interlinked in such a way that the state of one instantly influences the state of another, regardless of distance.

This quantum behavior enables the execution of complex calculations at unprecedented speeds. A prime example is integer factorization—a task that underpins much of modern cryptography. While classical algorithms take years to break strong encryption, quantum algorithms like Shor’s can

cryptography (PQC)—algorithms designed to resist quantum attacks while remaining compatible with current and future infrastructure.

1. Lattice-Based Cryptography Lattice-based cryptography utilizes multidimensional grids of points (lattices) to secure information.

Problems like the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and Closest Vector Problem (CVP) within these lattices are computationally hard, even for quantum computers.

This makes lattice-based systems one of the most promising candidates for quantum-resistant blockchain applications.

2. Hash-Based Signatures These cryptographic methods use secure hash functions to generate digital signatures. While limited in terms of reusability (often one-time use), hash-based potentially solve these in minutes, rendering current

signatures are simple, efficient, and well-understood.

encryption schemes vulnerable.

They are particularly well-suited for fast-moving blockchain environments and are already being tested

The Quantum Threat to Blockchain

in real-world use cases.

Blockchain technology relies heavily on cryptographic

3. Code-Based Cryptography

algorithms like RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve

This approach leverages the complexity of decoding

Cryptography) to ensure secure transactions, data

randomly generated error-correcting codes. One of the

immutability, and user authentication. These

earliest quantum-resistant methods, code-based

cryptographic methods are designed to be

cryptography offers robust resistance to quantum

computationally infeasible to break using classical

attacks and is also computationally efficient, making it

methods. However, quantum computers could

suitable for blockchain applications like digital identity

undermine this security paradigm.

verification and secure communications.

Shor’s algorithm, developed in 1994, demonstrates that a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could factor large integers exponentially faster than classical computers. This means digital signatures and private keys used in blockchain could be exposed, enabling attackers to forge transactions, steal assets, or even disrupt entire networks.

Towards Quantum-Resistant Blockchain Systems

Practical Implementation and Challenges While quantum-resistant cryptographic methods show promise, integrating them into existing blockchain networks is no small feat. Most blockchain platforms are built on rigid cryptographic primitives, meaning a full transition would require substantial architectural changes.

A feasible path forward is a hybrid approach—where

To stay ahead of this threat, blockchain developers and

networks support both classical and post-quantum

cryptographers are actively exploring post-quantum

algorithms. This gradual migration strategy minimizes

www.CXOTechBOT.com 95

disruption while fortifying networks against future

Regulatory and Compliance Outlook

threats.

Governments and regulatory bodies are beginning to take note. As the specter of quantum computing looms,

Compatibility and Scalability

there’s increasing recognition of the need for

Transitioning to quantum-safe algorithms also brings

systems that rely heavily on blockchain.

challenges in terms of performance, key size, and computational load. Some post-quantum schemes require significantly larger keys or longer processing times, which can affect network speed and scalability—critical factors in blockchain adoption.

quantum-resilient cryptography, especially in financial

Compliance with future-proof security standards is likely to become a prerequisite. Regulatory frameworks are expected to mandate the adoption of quantum-resistant technologies for any digital asset platform operating within critical infrastructure or financial ecosystems.

Ethical and Legal Considerations As with any emerging technology, quantum computing also presents ethical challenges. Access to quantum resources may be limited to a few powerful entities, raising concerns about monopolization and data control.

Moreover, blockchain systems that adopt quantum-resistant algorithms early could gain competitive advantages, leaving others exposed. This raises questions about digital equity, fair access to security technologies, and the role of government in ensuring a level playing field.

Real-World Projects Embracing Quantum Safety Several pioneering blockchain projects are already testing quantum-resistant cryptography: •

Quantum Resistant Ledger (QRL): Built from the ground up using hash-based signatures to protect against quantum threats.

•

IOTA: Employs the Winternitz One-Time Signature Scheme (W-OTS), a post-quantum secure method, for its tangle-based architecture.

However, since full-scale quantum computers are still in development, these systems haven’t yet faced real-world quantum attacks. Continued testing and validation are necessary to prove their efficacy under quantum conditions.

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A Call for Proactive Innovation The convergence of blockchain and quantum computing marks a historic inflection point in digital security. While quantum computers have the potential to disrupt the cryptographic underpinnings of blockchain, the industry is not powerless. Through quantum-resistant cryptography, blockchain developers have the opportunity to re-architect trust and resilience into decentralized systems.

As quantum technology accelerates, the blockchain community must proactively build defenses, engage regulators, and foster collaborative innovation to ensure secure and scalable systems for the future.

The clock is ticking, but with foresight and coordinated effort, blockchain can remain a pillar of digital trust—even in the quantum era.

SpaceTech 2.0 The DeepTech Race to Colonize Orbit and Beyond The 21st century is witnessing the emergence of SpaceTech 2.0—a profound shift from government-dominated space exploration to a new era driven by deep technology, private innovation, and global ambition. This isn’t just about reaching space; it’s about colonizing low-Earth orbit (LEO), harnessing extraterrestrial resources, building space-based infrastructure, and eventually settling on the Moon and Mars.

Where SpaceTech 1.0 was about symbolic milestones—Sputnik, Apollo, the International Space Station—SpaceTech 2.0 is about building sustainable ecosystems in orbit and beyond, powered by DeepTech breakthroughs in AI, quantum sensing, additive manufacturing, advanced propulsion, and bio-regenerative life support systems.

with LEO commercialization, satellite constellations, space tourism, and orbital services driving the next wave of growth.

However, this isn't just about launching satellites. We are entering a new strategic race to build infrastructure

The New Space Economy: More Than Rockets At the heart of this renaissance is the

in space—autonomous space stations, lunar mining outposts, asteroid refueling depots, and Mars-bound biospheres. And DeepTech is the enabler.

commercialization of space, where government agencies such as NASA, ESA, and ISRO are now collaborating with private players like SpaceX, Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, and dozens of emerging space-tech startups. The global space economy, estimated at $546 billion in 2023, is projected to exceed $1 trillion by 2035,

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DeepTech: The Engine Behind Space Colonization 1. Advanced Propulsion and Reusability

onboard AI for terrain navigation—paving the way for fully autonomous robotic colonies that prepare habitats for humans.

3. 3D Printing and On-Site Manufacturing One of the greatest constraints in space colonization is supply logistics. DeepTech startups like Redwire Space and Made In Space are pioneering zero-gravity 3D printing, enabling the in-situ construction of habitats, tools, and spare parts on the Moon or Mars using regolith or recyclable materials. This drastically reduces launch payload costs and improves mission resilience.

4. Biotech and Closed-Loop Life Systems Sustaining life in orbit or on distant celestial bodies requires self-contained life support systems.

Innovations in synthetic biology, hydroponics, and microbial engineering are creating the foundations of regenerative space agriculture and oxygen-recycling ecosystems. Research on bioengineered microbes to produce food, fuel, and medicine from local resources is underway, moving us toward true planetary sustainability.

5. Quantum and Hyperspectral Sensing From asteroid composition mapping to dark matter detection, advanced sensing technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of space. Quantum Traditional chemical propulsion is being augmented

sensors, which can detect minuscule changes in gravity

by electric propulsion systems such as Hall-effect

or magnetic fields, are being developed for planetary

thrusters and ion engines. Companies are also

exploration and navigation. These tools also have

exploring nuclear thermal propulsion to shorten

critical military and dual-use implications, adding

deep-space travel times significantly. SpaceX's

urgency to the global tech race.

Starship, for instance, represents a dramatic leap in reusability and payload capacity, enabling cost-effective mass transport to orbit and beyond.

Strategic Imperatives: Space as the New Geopolitical High Ground

2. AI and Autonomy

Space is not merely a frontier of exploration—it’s

Autonomous systems are essential for deep space

becoming the ultimate geopolitical domain. Nations are

missions where latency makes real-time control

racing not just to explore, but to claim, govern, and

impossible. AI-driven spacecraft can conduct

exploit. The U.S., China, India, the EU, and now private

self-repair, adaptive navigation, and anomaly detection.

entities are accelerating national space programs with

On Mars, NASA's Perseverance rover already uses

a focus on sovereignty, security, and economic returns.

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The Artemis Accords—a U.S.-led framework for lunar democracies, while China and Russia are pushing for an

The Role of Emerging Markets and the Private Sector

alternate governance model. Meanwhile, ISRO’s

Emerging nations—especially in the Global South—are

Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan programs position India

entering the SpaceTech 2.0 race with innovative

as a significant DeepTech space player.

models. Nigeria, UAE, Brazil, and South Africa are

governance—have created a coalition of spacefaring

leveraging micro-satellites, low-cost launch platforms, The militarization of space—exemplified by

and public-private partnerships to carve their niche.

anti-satellite (ASAT) tests, space surveillance, and "orbital domain awareness"—adds a complex security

The private sector is driving innovation across the value

layer. The need for an international space code of

chain—launch, satellite manufacturing, deep-space

conduct is urgent, yet consensus remains elusive.

communication, space mining, and orbital data services. Venture capital is flowing into space startups at an unprecedented pace, and Space-as-a-Service (SPaaS) models are democratizing access.

Sustainability and Ethics in the Final Frontier With the boom in LEO satellite constellations (e.g., Starlink, OneWeb), space is facing a crisis of orbital congestion and debris. Over 100,000 new satellites are projected to launch in the next decade. Without robust governance, we risk Kessler Syndrome, a chain reaction of collisions that could render orbits unusable for

Conclusion: From Exploration to Settlement SpaceTech 2.0 marks a paradigm shift—from episodic missions to continuous presence; from exploration to infrastructure; from nationalism to commercialization.

DeepTech is making this shift viable, sustainable, and

generations.

eventually scalable.

Space colonization also raises profound ethical

The nations and companies that master the DeepTech

questions: Who owns the Moon? Should Mars be terraformed? What are the rights of AI-based life systems in autonomous habitats? How do we ensure equitable access to space resources?

There is an emerging call for Space ESG , a framework to align space activities with environmental, social, and governance principles, ensuring the space economy evolves responsibly.

stack will not just access space—they will define the economic, strategic, and ethical boundaries of the next human frontier. Colonizing orbit and beyond is no longer a dream; it is a technological, geopolitical, and existential imperative.

As Earth grapples with finite resources, climate volatility, and geopolitical fragmentation, space offers not just an escape, but a chance to reimagine civilization. SpaceTech 2.0 is the scaffolding of that vision and DeepTech is the architect.

99 July 2025

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