Earthquakes Questions And Answers
EARTHQUAKES
Objective: To define and discuss earthquakes and its effects.
Earthquakes are a major catastrophe and can be a big threat to human lives. To understand earthquakes you must have a clear definition, know its mechanisms, be able to recognize the size and dynamics and understand its effects:
I. Definition of Earthquake
a. Earthquake
b. Tsunamis
c. Landslides
d. Volcanoes
II. Mechanism
a. Faults
b. Seismic Waves
c. Aftershocks...show more content...
The slipping fault then creates seismic waves in the surrounding rock. Seismic waves create the sound waves in the air. It also carries energy away from the fault, first to nearby rock. In hours to follow or even days many small earthquakes occur. These are referred to as aftershocks. Aftershocks are a result of rocks near the fault adjusting to accommodate the new stress levels. In order to understand the size of an earthquake certain items must be taken into consideration. Strength, classification of seismic waves, logarithm and intensity are some of the main areas to focus on. The strength depends upon the area of the fault length times width on which the slip occurs, the amount of the slip and the inherent stiffness of the nearby rock. An earthquake occurring a 100–km (62–mi) fault is about one billion times stronger than a quake on a 100–m (328–ft) fault. Seismic waves are classified in two areas P–waves, which are your compressional waves, and
waves, which are shear waves. These waves are used in detection and location of earthquakes. Several thousand seismometers are in continuous operation worldwide. These stations record ground motions, detect waves even at great distances from the fault as well as measure arrival time of P and S waves. Logarithm of moment
S–
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The data from nine earthquakes happened in winter and summer time, with magnitudes ranging from M 3.0 to M5.7, was collected at a sampling rate 200 Hz and preprocessed for the further analysis [4]. Then, dynamic properties of the structure were obtained using modal property identification toolbox (MPIT 2.0) developed at the University of Auckland [13]. The modes were determined from the following system identification algorithms: –Frequency domain methods: the peak picking (PP), the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD) –Time domain method: stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method [14] identifying the stable poles by generating singular values around them from the singular value...show more content...
Then, the most plausible modes was chosen by comparison of MAC values of each date for each SI algorithm. Since fundamental mode of the bridges always excited by the translational ground motions during earthquakes, transverse components of mode shapes only were described in this research to estimate the input of different bridge components on the bridge dynamic response. The frequency values obtained by each method, except of SSI for summer dataset, at each season and their mean and coefficient of correlation are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. From this figure, the values of fundamental transverse frequency identified by each method are highly correlated for all methods, the mean coefficient of variation was no more than 0.02. In addition, no relationship between the transverse frequency and the depth of frozen soil at specific dates was observed. A high correlation between mode shapes, with MAC value 0.95 or higher, was observed for two frequency domain methods only, FDD and EFDD. Therefore, the average values of natural transverse frequency calculated from the values identified by each method, 7.69 Hz and 2.85 Hz, and mode shapes obtained by FDD technique (Figure 3.1) were chosen as a baseline experimental values for the further calibration of the numerical models developed for winter and summer respectively. The bridge transverse response is mainly symmetrical; the possible
Essay On Earthquake
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For my current events paper, I chose to write about the earthquake that hit Mexico City, I selected an article from Houston public media news titled "Mexico City Earthquake Update: All children accounted for" Mexico City suffered from two power earthquakes just 12 days apart. On September 7th, the first earthquake hit the capital, sending distress throughout the city , and breaking record as the most powerful earthquake to hit Mexico in a century. Then again on September the 19th Mexico suffered another earthquake which took place approximately 100 miles from Mexico City. Officials were finally able to report that there were no longer any missing children at a Mexico City school that had been severely damaged "We've done an accounting with school officials, and we are certain that all the children either died, unfortunately, are in the hospital or are safe at their homes," (pt.3, Sarmiento 2017) "he said 19 children and six adults were killed in the school...show more content... "Scientist say strong earthquakes can sometimes alter stresses nearby, leading to subsequent quakes." (p.4, Stevens 2017) Natural disasters are based on many things, but I think the single most important is physical geography, or location. If you lived in the drier parts of california, then you would be more prone to wildfires. If you lived in alaska, then you would be more prone to avalanches. Unfortunately for those who lived in Mexico, where the North American and pacific plate meet and create transform plate boundary making it a prime location for earthquakes. Mexico is located on something scientists call a subduction zone plate boundary. "Subduction zones are the part of theearth where one slab of the crust is slowly sliding under another"(pt.6, Stevens 2017) in simpler terms when two plate boundaries meet at a subduction zone, earthquakes are like a ticking time
Essay
On Mexico City Earthquake
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Faults subsiding, converging, and spreading can break free at any moment causes earthquakes. Earthquakes are unpredictable they can cause all types of damages and cause deaths to hundreds at in just a few moments. While faults movement show scientist tail–tell signs that say "hey I'm ready to shift" in any time the faults could slide can slip an unknown distance for an unknown range. This happening can cause one or many earthquakes to happen even lead to volcano eruptions.
So which would be a worst an 8.1 from the Salton Sea to San Bernardino or a 7.1 offshore of Rose Canyon to New port. While most would believe that the 8.1 from the Salton Sea would be the worst due to its magnitude and its location. It also will leave large amounts of damage. The buildings up toward the Salton Sea to San Bernardino are more structurally sound and can with withstand a more abusive shaking. It has the possibility of having multiple earthquake energies released as well all along the fault. I believe that the 7.1 will actually be the worst for us here in San Diego for a few reasons.
A 7.1 magnitude earthquake here at rose canyon would be worst for us, due to the fact that ourbuilding are not built to withstand the shaking of an earthquake of that magnitude. Just like an 8.1 earthquake, a 7.1 can also trigger multiple earthquakes on other faults. Our building are not the only problem we have a lot of areas in San Diego like Mission Bay, Coronado, Point Loma, and few other places heavily saturated sands. This is because these areas are made of sand deposits from along the Coast. So if an earthquake were to shake that area liquefaction would happen causing sewage issues due to the location of the sewer plants and their lines. Also, there would be damage to water lines and gas lines. The buildings would also sink into the ground due to its soft saturated sandy composition. A possible lowering of the ground level once settled. Let us just remember the earthquake doesn't kill the people. It's the environment and buildings that kill the people.
When preparing for an earthquake there are things you must do in order to protect yourself and your family. First off you need to make sure you have food and water. If you know you
Persuasive Essay On Earthquakes
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If you know Ty and myself, then you know how hard it is for us to come out and ask for help. Well, we need help. We evacuated during the flood that devastated Baton Rouge and the surrounding area , and managed to catch the last boat that night. When we were finally able to come back to our apartment, we were blessed to find that our only losses were our vehicles, their content, and some food. However, we are on the second floor, and the contamination from the first is not being handled in a way that I'm comfortable with have Brylie, our 18–month–old, around. We need to move as soon as possible, but are short on funds, and struggling to find a place that is available. Any money raised will be going towards moving expenses and a vehicle.
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Earthquake Persuasive Speech
What is an Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. The sudden shaking of the ground that occurs when masses of rock change position below the Earth's surface is called an earthquake. The shifting masses send out shock waves that may be powerful enough to alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs and opening great cracks in the ground. Earthquakes, called temblors by scientists, occur almost continuously. Fortunately, most of them can be detected only by sensitive instruments called seismographs. Others are felt as small tremors. Some of the rest, however, cause major catastrophes. They...show more content...
Although it is certain that violent Earth tremors in themselves are destructive, there are often other kinds of Earth movements that are triggered by earthquake shock waves. Thus, the violent shaking that accompanies many earthquakes often causes rockslides, snow avalanches, and landslides. In some areas these events are frequently more devastating than the Earth tremor itself.
Floods and fires are also caused by earthquakes. Floods arise from tsunamis along coast lines, from large–scale seiches in enclosed bodies of water such as lakes and canals, and from the failure of dams. Fire produced the greatest property loss following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when 521 blocks in the city center burned uncontrollably for three days. Fire also followed the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, causing much damage and hardship for the citizens.
Causes
Most of the worst earthquakes are associated with changes in the shape of the Earth's outermost shell, particularly the crust. These so called tectonic earthquakes are generated by the rapid release of strain energy that is stored within the rocks of the crust, which on continents is about 22 miles thick. A small proportion of earthquakes are associated with human activity. Dynamite or atomic explosions, for example, can sometimes cause mild quakes. The injection of liquid wastes deep into the Earth and the pressures
Earthquakes Essay examples
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We have to know what earthquakes are in order for us to be prepared against them. Earthquakes are tremors that move the earth. They can create a lot of damage. Earthquakes have happened around the world. What causes earthquakes to happen? How do we protect ourselves against the powerful earthquakes? Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage to homes and places so it is important to know where it has happened. Also what causes them and how do we protect ourselves against earthquakes. To begin with earthquakes can happen around the world. A 6.3earthquake destroyed historic buildings in Italy. On January 12, 2010 a powerful 7.0...show more content...
It's important to know that earthquakes happen around the world so people are prepared for earthquakes anytime anywhere they are. We also have to know what earthquakes are to be prepared. Another example is what earthquakes are. Earthquakes are called tremors and can be tremendously destructive. An earthquakes magnitude is a measured value of its size and is the same no matter where. There is no such thing as earthquake weather. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. "An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip in the fault."said at an article with earthquake facts at earthquake.usg.com. Its important to know what earthquakes are caused by so we can understand them better. that way we can protect ourselves against earthquakes. As well as learning how to protect yourself against earthquakes. An important thing is to duck and cover. During an earthquake, if you are indoors, it is very important to stay calm and take cover under a heavy object. If you are outdoors, stay as far away from buildings as possible. Get away from shelves or other areas where objects may fall if in a crowded store or public area. Do not run for the door. Crouch and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. " Try to get into an open area." Getting into an open area not Get
Earthquakes Essay
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Earthquakes
Earthquakes, one of the most destructive natural phenomena, consist of rapid vibrations of rock near the earth's surface. Because of their unpredictable occurrence and enormous capacity of destruction, they have brought fear to mankind since ancient times. A single shock usually lasts no more than a few seconds, but a series of smaller quakes may last for as long as five minutes. The quake felt on the surface is always the result, not the cause of some underground geologic process, and in many cases the damage done is immense. The Greek word for shaking, and (when applied to the earth) earthquake, is seismos. Therefore, the science of earthquakes is called seismology (World BookDictionary...show more content...
Fires, landslides, tsunami, falling rock, damaged buildings, and damaged gas lines are just a few results of secondary shocks. These conditions reek havoc on earthquake corrupted areas, and in 1934, Bihar–Nepal witnessed this first hand. During a landslide, "...an observer reported that his car sank to the axles". In 1946 off the coast of the Aleutians, the base of a lighthouse ended up 45 feet below sea level after a tsunami wave over 100 feet crashed on shore (Watkins, Bottino, Morisawa 51, 53–54).
An earthquake is a natural occurrence; a phenomena just like rain. They have occurred for billions of years and descriptions as old as recorded history shows their effects on people's lives. Long before scientific explanations mankind created folklore to explain them. We have come a long way for spinning yarns around the campfire, but there is still no way to prevent earthquakes. All in all it doesn't hurt to learn as much as one can, but just like taxes and pokemon earthquakes are something we have to live with.
EARTHQUAKE REFERENCE FILES Earthquake, shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the
Essay on EarthQuakes
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"Haiti is still recovering from the devastating earthquake of 2010." (UNWTO, 2012) The earthquake that occurred on January 12th of that year was devastating to the people of Haiti. Although it was not the largest earthquake of the year, that honour going to an 8.8 magnitude earthquake near Maule, Chile on February 27th, it was certainly the most destructive. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2015) It has had a lasting impact onHaiti with rebuilding efforts still ongoing in 2016.
Housing
The most widespread impact of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami to was the loss of housing. It is estimated that "three million people were affected by the quake – nearly one–third of the country's total population." (Pallardy, 2016). This includes the originally estimated 222,570 people who died in the initial crisis and the more than one million individuals who were left homeless. This massive destruction of housing was due to ...show more content...
This is a direct effect of globalization and how people are becoming more aware of the world that they live in. The Haitian earthquake of 2010 is a perfect example of how the world can come together to support a population in need. "When you look at the history of humanitarian relief, there's never been a situation when such a small country has been the target of such a massive influx of money and assistance in such a short span of time." (Laurent, 2015) During the disaster following the earthquake that decimated Port–au–Prince, individuals and organizations alike raised money to help fund the relief efforts being undertaken in Haiti. Financial assistance was also provided to Haiti through the reduction of the country's debt. In the months following the earthquake, the G7 countries forgave the debts that were owed to them, and the Inter–American Development Bank and World Bank both forgave debts of $447 million and $36 million respectively. (Pallardy, Get more content
Essay On Haiti Earthquake
Expository Essay On Earthquake
Write an informative process analysis about another dramatic act of nature; for example, an earthquake, tornado, tsunami, or hurricane. Maninderdeep Singh Grant MacEwan university
23 – OCT– 2017
Author Note
This paper was prepared for English 111, taught by Professor Valentyna Kennedy
Abstract
There are a lot of disasters, but earthquake is the worst out of all. In this Research we can find out how an earthquake happens, the main reasons of why it happens and measures how a person can get out of such a situation. Earthquakes are the shock waves which happen for approximately half a minute. Taking references from books and journals it can be seen what a person should do during an earthquake and how this natural calamity can be measured and steps that government takes to find out where will this disaster show its power the next time.
Expository essay on earthquake
Earthquake is a Trembling or shaking alteration ofearth's surface. It is a sudden brutal shaking of the earth's surface occurring naturally and cause great massacre with its strong movements in the earth's crust or action of volcano. It is naturally occurring disturbance which can be characterize as an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the ground.it originate anytime inside the earth's crust and push a bulk of rock to slip rapidly. A huge amount of energy gets released and travel through rocks and waves, which cause tremors and trembling of
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Volcanoes and Earthquakes are Sisters, Not Twins
Volcanoes and Earthquakes are two of the most intriguing natural disasters that can occur on earth. Unlike hurricanes and tornadoes, they can awaken at almost any point in time throughout the year. These two natural disasters are also different from others because they occur on the layers of the earth itself. Volcanoes, while large to us, are actually small, conical patches of earth that spurt and ooze hot molten lava from the core, and can destroy areas of land triple their size. Earthquakes, on the other hand, are severe jolts felt on land due to the movement of earths tectonic plates. Some may describe earthquakes as being similar to riding a bike down a flight of stairs. The impact of an earthquakes can take down even the largest buildings and strongest structures. All natural disasters can have damaging effects on land, some more than others, and all can be measured or predicted in different ways. Although earthquakes and volcanoes are similar to each other, the two are still very comparable. A few of these similarities and differences include the cause of their occurrence, and how their occurrence impacts the environment. Earthquakes and volcanoes are both similar in the fact the earthquakes can cause volcanoes to form or even erupt, but the severity of their damage is caused by different factors and result in different outcomes. The earth can be structurally compared to an egg. It has a large hot core, a thick layer of Get more content
Earthquakes : Volcanoes And Earthquakes
Case Studien Japan
The TЕЌhoku earthquake is a prime example of an earthquake creating a tsunami. With a magnitude
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Haiti Earthquake Essay
The January 12, 2010 Haiti Earthquake caused an enormous destruction in the Caribbean nation. Hospitals and government buildings collapsed along with an unbelievable amount of homes. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were wounded. The disaster added more misery to people already struggling to get by with everyday life. Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world. The January 12 quake demolished almost every major building in Port–au–Prince, Haiti's capital. About 5,000 schools in the city were destroyed or damaged. Throughout Haiti, more than 220,000 people were killed, and more than 1 million were left homeless. A few days after the quake, the number of survivors stood at 121 as hopes of finding more became...show more content...
The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.[27]
Geology
USGS intensity map
Map showing regional tectonic setting of the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone
Tiny dots of white against the plant–covered landscape (red in this image) are possible landslides, a common occurrence in mountainous terrain after large earthquakes. The Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone runs along the two linear valleys at the top of the imageThe magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake occurred inland,
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I will be discussing the needs of a budget and what supplies will be in the budget plan. Then you will read some about the shelter provided, population of the community, and damages caused by earthquakes. There will be information about the policy and procedures to follow for an earthquake and what challenges we have to face. The conclusion will be completed in the next phase.|
Earthquake Preparedness Budget
There are three major consequences of an earthquake: injury to employees, customers and visitors; damage to property, the infrastructure of the area, and lifelines; and disruption of business operations (Crook, 1999). This is...show more content...
Damages Caused by Earthquakes
Past Records of Earthquake Damages There are many different types of damages that can be caused by earthquakes. People lose their homes, businesses are destroyed, and much more. Statistics shows the economic damage caused by earthquakes between 1900's and present here in the United States are 41.04 billions of dollars (Economic Damage Caused By Earthquakes By County Up To 2012, 2012). Between the years 2006 to 2012 there was 7,340 earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0 to 4.9 (Earthquakes Worldwide By Richter Scale Gradation Up To 2012, 2012). Many lives are taken from the effects of an earthquake.
Other Department Involvement Other organizations pull together and help with the disasters across the world. Here is a list of a few organizations and the services they offer: American Red Cross| Fixed/mobile feeding stations, shelter, cleaning supplies, comfort kits, first aid, blood, food, clothing, emergency transportation and much more.| Friends Disaster Service| Provides clean–up and rebuilding assistance to the elderly, disabled, low income, or uninsured survivors of disasters.| Salvation Army| Mass and mobile feeding, temporary shelter, medical assistance, and distribution of donated goods such as food, clothes, and household items.| Volunteers of America| Making vehicles available for transporting victims and supplies to designate
Earthquake Preparedness Essay | Earthquake Preparedness| Public Administration| | Lorena Hedges| 9/18/2012|
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On Earthquakes
An earthquake is a shaking or trembling of the crust of the earth caused by underground volcanic action or by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the surface. The volcanic action and shifting rocks create strain which continues to build to a sudden release of pressure resulting in a shock wave. The vibrations produced in the crust can vary from barely noticeable to enormously destructive. Shock waves can be classified into two broad categories. Waves that send particles oscillating back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling are called primary. Primary waves, sometimes called compressional waves, travel through the earth beneath the crust. Secondary...show more content...
The modern seismograph was invented early this century by a Russian seismologist, Prince Boris Golitzyn. This device made possible the modern era of earthquake research.
Although earthquakes have occurred and affected mankind for as long as humans have been around, historical records are either lacking or considered unreliable before the middle of the 18th century. However, some records do exist and date major earthquake events back to 425 BC when one occurred off the coast of Greece resulting in an island named Euboea. Another occurred in Asia Minor about AD 17 and another leveled much of the Roman city of Pompeii in AD 63. During the Middle Ages, severe earthquakes struck England, in 1318; Naples, Italy, in 1456; and Lisbon, Portugal, in 1531.
Casualties from major earthquakes have resulted in the greatest disasters in history. The worst occurred in 1556 in the Shannxi (Shensi) Province in China and killed an estimated 800,000 people. During the 18th century, the Japanese city of Edo (site of modern day Tokyo) was struck and killed 200,000. Earthquakes in Sicily in 1693 and Lisbon in 1755 each killed about 60,000 people. In 1797, approximately 40,000 died when Quito, Ecuador was struck.
Historically, the most powerful earthquakes to strike North America occurred in 1811 and 1812 in southeastern Missouri. However, the most famous earthquake to strike in North America
Earthquakes Essay
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4. EXPLAIN THE RISK AND NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES. HOW CAN WE PLAN TO CONTROL THESE RISKS?
Earthquakes and volcanoes have disastrous effects on humans and properties, it's also very harmful for the environment overall including wildlife. Earthquakes cause a lot of damage due their shaking nature,they can further lead to tsunamis and most common hazard related to earthquakes is landsliding. The earthquake intensity is what measures the effects it has on land surface, and this depends on the rock types and actual ground displacements, it's measured by the Mercalli scale and bases on human reports of damage experienced. It's interesting that earthquakes of the same magnitude can cause different amounts of damage...show more content...
Plate tectonic activity is related to many other things like, volcanoes and earthquakes. These natural hazards can be found in linear belts around the globe. There are seven large plates and many small ones, the main types of plates include the divergent plate boundary (pulls away), convergent plate boundary (move towards each other) and transform plate boundary (slide past). Ocean–continent boundaries create earthquakes up 700 km deep and forms seafloor trenches, it leads to andesitic volcanoes in mountain ranges. Yellowstone is a 'hot spot' this is where heating and igneous activity occurs within crust. Although, not all plates move at the same rate, they are relative to each other. Continent– continent boundaries with divergent can form rift valleys, earthquakes less than 100 km deep, and basaltic/rhyolitic volcanoes. At Convergent they have young mountain range, 300 km deep earthquakes, and no volcanoes. At transform, they have a fault zone, less than 100 km deep earthquakes and again no volcanoes. With ocean–ocean boundaries there is oceanic ridges with rift valley, less than 100 km earthquakes, and basaltic pillow lavas at divergent. On convergent there are seafloor trenches, 700 km earthquakes and andesitic volcanoes in island arc. With transform you have ridges and valleys in oceanic crust, less than 100 km earthquakes, and some basalt. Plates are driven by the convection in the mantle and movement of the lithosphere.
6. WHAT ARE HURRICANES? EXPLAIN THE
Earthquake And Earthquakes Essay
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