YAOPHAM TAKPA
Wamang yanba Secy. General, KCP
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President, KCP
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Paojel
Wahoudok General Editor/Secretary I & P, KCP
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Kangleipakta Khutlai Paiba Revolution
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Che Guevara gi Shamlappa Punshi-wari
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“India-gee Look East Policy-gee makhada Indo-Myanmar Border Trade”
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Matam gi Yawolda Internet ki Tangaiphadaba
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Chahi 55 Manipur na India da Tinsinlubadagee Manipur da oirak-liba Sel-Thumgee Phivam
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Photo Khara
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KANGLEIPAKTA KHUTLAI PAIBA REVOLUTION : Yambung Kangleipak chahi lishingkaya ning-kha tamna panjarammi. The last Anglo Manipuri War, 1891 loirabada ningtamba Kangleipakki Pakhangbagee Paphal yekpa phiralna Kanglada haina humna paijarambadu chingtharaga Britishki Union jack yekpa phiral chingkhatkhibanumit27thApril 1891buamambanumit haina leihoure. Manipur Direct British rule gi makhada leire. Mashagee Sovereign Independent State amagee Political status magkhrabada, masagi maramdamda 2nd class citizen amagi status ta hantharakkhi. 1891 dagi 1947 phaobagi tangkak asida Kangleipak asigi National Identity mangtharakpa mayek sengna urak-khi. MakhalMakha kayagi eehou kaya hourak-khi. Maru-oina anti- imperialist amadi anti-feudal movement Meeyam marakta mee-oi kanglup ani thorak-khi amana Manipur-gi oiba separate Political Identity ama hanjilhanba, anisubana Indiagi sharuk ama oina leibani. Matamdugi akhang-ahei saba kangbunadi Manipur-bu India-da punsiba pamlak-khi. Madugi mahei oina 21st September, 1949 da Manipur MergerAgreement, 1949 signed touduna 15th October, 1949 dagi chatnaba houkhibaga loinana masak machu thokana top-topna leijaramba Manipurgi leingaklon pummang mangkhi. 1
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi 1.
1948-51 gi khullai paiba lalhou: Manipurbu Bharat na namduna punsinhandringei 1948 ta khullai paiba lalhou hourak-khi Hijam Irabot Singh gee luching makhada Feudal and Imperialist Force louthoklagaclass less society da yumpham oiraga Manipur gi separate Political identity ama leihangadabani haibagee pandamda hourak-khi. Mahakna matam sangna non-violent agitation kaya chathaduna Manipur gee socioeconomic and political condition chaokhat-naba hotnabada penllaktabadagi khutlai paiba lalhougi mathou tarak-khi. Mahakna Nikhil Hindu Manipuri Mahasabha gi Phiral makhada hourak-khi. Matamdugi Ningthougi leingak amadi loi lam mapugi leingak makhada chatnaramba social and religious policy kaya du democratic way da hongdoknaba hotnarambani.Adudasu nattana Manipurgi mapanda chaina-chaina takhraba Manipuri sing tasinkhojillagaleechingamagi makhada amattaoinapunsinnabasu kanna hotnarammi. Nikhil Hindu Manipouri Mahasabhagi Mandalaysession da mahakna wapham kaya asi marikchumnangangkhi.Mahasabhagi marisubasession“Chinga session of 1938” hairaga khangnaba asidagidi mahasabha asi political partyama oirakkhre, loinana Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha haina koukhare.Mahakki partyasigi makhadaching amasung tamgi tokhaiba leingak muthatlaga responsible Govt. ama lingkhatnaba Manipurgi kachin koya sinba thungna chattuna khunganggi meeyamga punduna eehou kaya sagatllammi. Matam asida India gi moithem-da ngaoraba mee-oi khujok kharana Manipur India-da pungadabani. Aduga Manipur, Lusai amadi Tripura pullaga “Purbanchal State” kouba ama semgadabani haina taksillakhi. Adubu Irobot nadi masi yaramde. Masigee mayokta mahakna Imphalgi M.D.U. Hall da 21st September, 1948 ta achouba meepham ama sillammi. Meetin asi yao-naba lakpa meeyamga police ka namkhainabada PUNGDONGBAM DA Police Officer ama hatkhi masi pumnamak Hijam Irabot Singha gi Khujil-Thourangni haiduna phanaba koitan tannarakkhi loinana, mahak underground takhi. Ngasi phaobada Pungdongbam thoudok haiduna meeyamna ningsingnari. Mahak na syhet ki jail da leiringei amadi thadoraklaba matungdasu Cachhargi mapham kayada lotkhi. Kainathangda 2
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Burma giAngo chingkhongda leibaTangbo da, 1951 da meeyamgi lamyanba Iraboit leikhidre.Mahakna leikhridraba matungphaobada mahakki khullai paibagi eehoudi chattharammi.Asumna Manipur gi leimaida khutlai paibagi eehou lamyanbiramba Irabot haina khangnari. 2.
Meitei State Committee: Lamyanba Hijam Irabot Singh na leikhidraba matungda mahakka cheminaramba marup mapang , maroi-manao kayana luchingba asigi mang adu thabakta onthokpa pamlammi. Makhoisingdugi manungda Keibidagi Wangkheirakpam Tomba Singh, 1948-51 gi Hijam Irabot Singha gi Khullai Paibagi eehouda yamna nakna punminnakhiba meesakni. Mapung phana ning tamba Manipur ama semnabagi eehou adu makha samthaningllami. Matam aduda Nagaland da Naga underground movement kannachangsillammi.Nagaluchingbasingnasumakhoigi movement da matengpangbinaba haijaraklammi.Adubu Manipurgi oiba tonganba lalhou lup ama lingkhatningbagi wakhallon aduda Imphal dagi mile 30 muk lapna leiba Thangal shurungda leipakkidamak kathokpa pamjaba meeoi kayana pullaga January 11 dagi 13, 1967 da achouba meepham ama pangtho-ee. Meepham adu Naga Underground luchingba kharashu yaokhi. Meepham ashimakki warepna “Meitei State Committee� kouba Manipur gi khutlaipaiba lalhoulup ama lingkhatkhi. Meitei State Committee gi mapung oibapandamdi ningkha tamba Manipur State ama lingkhatpani. Mashina awang nongpok bharat ki lalhoulup shingasu angamba tengbang pinaba loinana khutshamnana changshinminaduna separate political identity ama leihanbani. Wakhallon kaya ashi thabak onthoknaba Shri Tomba Singh na Nagaland da chattuna Naga luchingbashing unnakhi. Loinana ahanba houdoknanaba makhoina nongmei macha kharaga nongmei maru kharaga pirakkhi. Mashigi matengna makhoina peisha amadi khutlai khara khomgatpa ngamkhi. Matungda khutlai machashingduNagaluchingbashingdaamukhandokkhi.Committee ashigi makhada wingani leirammi 1. Civil amadi 2.millitary.Civil gi mathoudi lup asigi mapung oiba mathou pangthokpa,sel thum 3
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi khomba ,ee-pao sandokpa ,anouba member lousinbana chingbani.Aduga khutlaigi lanjangna millitary wingna tou ee.Mee oi ahumna saba committee amagi makhada thabak pangthoklammi.Makhoi adudi,1. Lousangkhongdagi Hourangbam Angou Singh,2.Utonglok tagi kom jati gi Rengdol amadi 3.Patlou khun gi SoibamYaima Singh ni.Meitei StateCommittee gi volunteer kaya Maram amadi Ukhrul da leiba Naga underground camp singdagi trainingloukhi.1968 ta SekmaiKhurkhul road ki thong ama kapkhainaba hotnarammi,adubu police na mangjounana pao phangkhibadagi mai pakkhidre.Purum liklida committee asigi base camp leire amadi manak nakpa aduwaida operate toure tabadagi achouba police force ama thomjillaktuna nongmei kapnakhi.Maduda committee asigi Commander In Chief Ito Singh leikhidre,ayamba volunteer63 mukna fakhi loinanayamlaba khutsu khutlai nongmei ,nongmei maru,bomb kayamuk fagatkhi. Mamei thangda Yairipokki Puyam Mohori gi yumdagi Wangkheimayum Tomba Singh police na fakhi. Loinana pandam mapung fana fangba ngamdana Meitei State Committee 1971-72 da thupchinkhi. 3.
United National Liberation Front (UNLF)
United National Liberation Front (UNLF) lingkhatlakpa asi Manipurgi khutlai paibagi eehouda achouba singthaningai amani.Lairik heibanaharol khara punsillaga ngasigi lalhoulup singgi manungda khwaidagi lire haina louba yaraba UNLF asi 1964 gi Nov,24 da lingkhatkhi.Yawol lup asi maru oina Manipurgi chingmee,tammee pullaga lingkhatminnakhi.Tamenglong gi Thanagong khul gi Kalalung Kamei na lup asigi ahanba Chairman ni,Karong gi Jalengphai khun gi Thangkhopao Singsit na Vice Chairman ni,Imphal gi Sagolband Meino leirak tagi Arambam Somorendra naGeneral Secy,Imphal giYaiskul dagi Nongmaitrhem Pahari@Chitaranjan na Chief ofArmyStaff ,Keisamthong longjam leirak tagi Longjam Manimohon na Organisation Hills,Singjamei wangma kshetri leikaidagi N.Sanajaoba na Organisation Youth Front amasung Sega Road Imphal gi Laishram Kanhai na member Central Commiittee oina khankhi. Yawol lup asigi Khutlai paiba lanmee kangbugi maming Manipur People’sArmy(MPA) kou-ee. Manipur meekha pondaba 4
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi leipak ama oidrifaoba lanthengnaba haiba pandamgi makhada leptanachangsillak-li.Yawollupasinameeteisingtanattanachingmee kanglup kayagapunna lanjang changsinminnaba haiba pandam sida Manipurgi mafam kayada chattuna chingmee luchingbasing hourammi.MizoulalhoulupkiluchingbaLaldengafaobaunnarammi. UNLF ki luchingbasingna tongan tonganba furup ki mee oi kanglup pumnamak pullaga banner amagi makhada lanthengnaba pamlammi.Lalhoulup asina wakhallon asida tengbang pibirakpa yaba Foreign country kharadagi tengbang lounabasu hotnakhi.Ahanbada Chinese Govt dagi adubu mai pak khidre.Mathangda Pakistan Govt dagi. Matang asidani Oinam Sudhirkumar Singh na Foreign Secy oina Pakistan da chatlammi. Adubu maram kharadagi makhoigi mateng fangkhide .Masi Lup asigi Military activities ee u udaba amadi atei maram kharadagi oibasu yai.Matang asidani UNLF ki luchingba marakta kharana khutlai paiba lalhou pamlakpa ,kharana matam ngaikhisi haiba anigi lineof actionda khennarakpadagi maru oibaluchingba oiribaOinam Sudhirkumar Singh Luptagi tok khi .Mahakka loinana maru oiba luchingba Nameirakpam Bisheshwor Singh amadi R.K.Sanajaoba Singh na chingbana pullaga konna RGM semlak khiba asumna ahanba phase gi oina partymachet tarakpadagi lalhoulup asi matam kharadi tumminna leisinbagum ukhi.Adubu leptana chatharakpa ee houna 1990 gi matung dagidi khutlai paiduna lal houbagi khongjang kansillak khi.Ngasi faobada hanba leitana changsilli. 4.
Revolutionary Government of Manipur (RGM). Revolutionary Government Of Manipur (RGM) ,Oinam Sudhirkumar Singh gi luching makhada lingkhatkhi.Masisu Manipurgi Revolutionarygi movement da yamnamaru oiba amani. UNLF ki working style da ,line of action da khara khetnaba leibadagi thorak khiba luchingba kharana pullaga RGM semkhi. Aamromda Oinam Sudhirkumar Singh asi thabakki meeni, aduna UNLF ki maru oiba luchingba kharagi tapthaba matousida penkhide.Adunahannagi lup ki chap-mannabaideological principle aduda RGM revolutionarypartyama oina lingkhatkhi. Democratic framework amagi makhada executive bodythamgani loinana tongal tongalba thoudangsing member singda sinnagani haiba leijaragasu, RGM gi thabak onthorakpa matamdadi top leader na asuppa oikhi. Masinani khunailol amadi puwari neinaba singna authoritarin type of leadership ni hairibasi. 5
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Sudhirkumar da nattana atoppa RGM gi maruoiba luchingba singdi N. Bisheshwor singh amadi R K Sanajaoba singh ni.Athubada militarytraining lounaba gidamak yamlaba volunteer kaya Pakistan da tharammi. Adubu mapung faba mateng. Fangdabadagi hallakpa takhi. Laibak thibadi volunteer sing adu paktaknana fakhi, pendraba party gi member singna konna khangnarakhibada, leadership ki asoiba khara leibana, kanada contact louraga, karamba fibhamda asuk yamba volunteer singbu hathu-hathu kousillaga kak-ngaonahalliba? Attopa maram amana Pakistan gi oiba leipak manunggi lan kansillakpana, maikei somda mai-onsinba ngamkhidaba gi maram su lei.Matam adugi RGMgi member singna Bangladesh ki war da Pakistangi maikeida leplaga tongan tonganba maikeida khaidoknaduna lan soknakhi maru oina leader ga pao faonaba fangda dana kuina leiraba matungda, lan loikhraba amuk pao faonaraga punsinnakhi.Laibak thibadagi Pakistan maithiraduna East Pakistanbu Bangladesh kouba maning tamba leipak ama poklakkhi. Lan matungda haidoknarakpada Manipurgi Jiribam ga tainaba Lakhisoradagi RGM luchingbasing leire khangduna , security force ka khut thoknakhi madudagi Imphal tamna lakpada New cachar road ki Nungba dagi luchingbasing fakhi. Jailda kuina leiraba matungda Manipur govt. na GeneralAmnesty laothoktuna revolutionary pumnamak thadorakhi. Manipur Govt. ki rehabilitation programme gi makhada RGM gi member kharadi khudong chaba fangnakhi kharana thouoina loukhide . Asumna thamliba pandam fangdana khangtapta thupchinkhi adum oinamak tungi meerolgidamak chaoraba lambi amadi yatpiramlabani. 5.
Peoples IiberationArmy Unit (Eastern Region).19781981 India gi awang nongpok lamdamgi statesingda separate political identity leihanduna socialist pattern of society amagi makhada Ningtamba Manipur ama oihannaba pandamda Nongpok Sekmaida PLA Unit (Eastern Region) Sept.25, 1978 ta lingkhatkhi. Masigi luchingbana Nameirakapam Bisheshwor singh ni matam amagi UNLF Amasung RGM da achouba thoudang louramba luchingba amani.Khunai amagi maru oiba yumbi oiriba loumee6
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi sinmee gi social and economic position phagthnaba PLA unit (eastern region) gi pandamni. Akaknaba chatnapathap amadi wakhanlon da yumpham oiraga PLA Unit (Eastern Region) na khutlai paibagi lanhou chatharakhi. N.Bisheshwor singh asi charismatic Leader amagi magun chenba luchingbani. Mahakki organization asi individual leadership principle da yumpham oiraga thabak chatharami. Tasengnamak N. Bisheshwor singh na partysi gi oinadi asuppani haiba yai. Lupki oiba warep kaya loubadadi luchingba asina supreme authorityni. Mahakki khang heiba amasung louriba role kaya asida mahakpu party gi luchingba sing amadi membersingna Oja haina kou-ee, Oja Achouba amadi Luching puren (supreme leader) hainasu kounei. Mahakki matamda PLA Unit (Eastern Region) asi lanhoulup ama oin a yamna thak wangba China gi Lhasa da military training fanglaba hei singlaba kangbu ni khanna meeyamna chaona ekai khumnakhi, aduta nattana security forces na faoba yamna kinarammi. Ngasigi Naharol haina khangnariba asi matamduda ‘kokchabi’ hairaga henna khangnarammi amadi kinarammi. N. Bisheshwor singhda miyamna asukki matik thajaba thamlammi madudi, Khunaisida amadi leingaklonda achouba ahongba ama soidana poraklagani haibagi,masak lotnabagidamak luchingba asigi mamai phaoba Lhasada plastic surgery toukhre, kanamattana Bisheshwor bu khangba ngamlaroi hainakhi.Laibak thiduna, 1981 da Thoubal dist. Ki Tekchamgi camp tagi Bisheshwor IndianArmy na phakhi. Pharaba matung faobada nakhoigi leader N.BIsheshwor singh kadaida lei haina takkhatkhi, masamak Bisheshworni hairabasu thajadaduna wahangkaya hangduna identified tounanaba hotnakhi. Luchingba asina jailda leiraba matungda India gi electoral politics yaosinduna masa yaodana Thongju Kendradagi MLA oina vote kakhi. Karigumba pennadaba khara leibadagi luchingbasi nongmeina kaptuna hatlaga langol game village gi hek Mathakta leiba Wangdei meetei leikaigi Lamjaoda ningthina hiphallaga angouba lei pareng amana mathabakta thamlammi. Asumna Bisheshwor gi PLA Unit (Eastern Region) gi pandup ama loisinkhi. 6.
Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) PLAgioibaluchingbakayamathangmathangpothanakhiba amadi chaithoknakhibana matam khara sarak sibagum ukhi.Adubu 7
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi ekui kuithadana party asigi liraba meeoi ani Irengbam bhorot amasung Laishram Surendro @ Ito, Burmagi camp amadagi lakpana 1989gi feb. Ahanba chayolda Manipurda thunglakhi. Makhoina PLA asi akanba kangbu ama oiri haiba utnaba thabak kaya thourang tourammi. Masigi khongthang oina 1989 Feb. 13 da Imphal dagi km. 45 rom lappa Moirang lamkhaida CRPF ta landakhi CRPF ki siphai mari hatkhi aphaba khutlai maridu makhoina loukhi. Masigi matung ikui kuidana Bhorot Bangladeshta chatkhi. PLA gi oiba political wing RPF lingkhatle loinnana masigi ahanba achouba meepham (Congress) 1990 gi may thada party gi Central Headquatersta pangthokhi. Masigi matungdagidi PLA Unit (Eastern Region) hairambadu supnagi PLA khaktamak kour e, RPF na leingaklongi masa oina leikhi. Irengbam Bhorotpu RPF ki president amasung Manoharmayum Prabinkumar@ Ngoubabu Vice President khankhi . Sanasam Phalguni @ Gunen bu na Secy. General oina khankhi. PLA gi28 suba mapok kummon sept. 25 2006 ta President Chaoren na haikhi RPF ki pandamdi Manipurbu maning makha tamba leibak ama oihanduna Meeyamgi asengba leingak amaleihanbaamasungmanabakhunaiamalingbani.Asumna makhal makha kayagi khongjang kaya leptana changsinlakli. 7.
Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK). Kangleipakki laibakti Kangleichasingna lepchagani, Ningsingba thoktraba matamdagi eikhoigi laioikhraba epa-epu singna Ningtamba leipak amagi leingaklondu kaidana thamlakhi. Pandamsida yumpham oiraga PREPAK 1977 gi oct,9 da Koubru chingdonda linkhatkhi. Neo-Colonialist Imperialist force ki meeot meenei leitaba class less society ama thamnaba PREPAK na lantheng kanna chathakhi.Amaromda PREPAKna tallibasi ningthou leingakki makhada ningtamba hanjanbadu natte, class-less society amada miyamna masagi leingakchabaduni. Aduna PREPAK na meeyambu ngaksenba, amadi meeyamgi yathang tung inna yawol ehou changsinbani.Partyasi RK.Tullachandrasinghna luchiingduna lingkhatkhi.AmaromdaluchingbaasinaPREPAKlingkhatringei hek mangoinana wakhal mannaba marup kaya ga pullaga Young Universe Manipur kouba lup ama hanna tourammi. Madugi makha samtharakpa oina khutlai paibagi lanhou mathou tarakpadagi 8
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi PREPAK lingkhatkhi. Party asi lingkhatkhatpa numit asimakta masigi lanmee sanglup RedArmysu semkhi.Atei lanhoulup singna Piba lanmigi trainingda gi top toppa saktam amadi, mapangi force khaktang thengnaba nattana khunaisigi fifth columnist sing mayoknabagi parasu tambikhi.Matam amada lup asiga, PLA amadi KCP pullaga RJC kouba apunb lup amasu semminnarammi adubu houjikti leikhidre.UNLF, RPF (PLA) amadi PREPAK pullaga 1999 gi march1, Manipur Peoples Liberation Front (MPLF) semduna punnachangsinminnakhi.PREPAKna foreign countrysinga contact tounaraga tengbang loubagi step ama oina 1978 ta Chinese Govt. gi meehut sing unnanaba hotnakhi, RK. Tulachandra ga loinaba meeoi taruk naTibet ta chattuna Communist partyof China gi Local council gi Chairman Wang Swi ga unnakhi meeyam gi ehou kaya chatharukho matungda mateng soidana pige haibagi yannaba puraklaga kainarakhi. Ngasisu PREPAKna lanjang kaya leptana manglomdachangsinli. Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) India gi loilam leingak makhada awaba cheitheng kaya khangliba loumee sinmeebu ningtamhannaba amasung Kangleipak ki ningtamba puraknaba, pandam amada Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) 14th April 1980 da Lingkhatkhi.Ahanba lingkhatpada yaokhiba founder member sing adudi:- 1. Ng. Babu Meitei, (President), 2. Maipak Sharma, (General Secretary), 2. Somchandra Sharma, (Finance Secretary), K. Binoy, (Foreign Secretary), H.Angou Meitei (Organising Secretary), Kh. Leisabi, (Army Chief),Y. Ibohanbi, DeputyArmyChief), Ibopishak Meitei, (Executive Member), B. Shamungou (Executive Member), asinachingbani. [ Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) gi Chatnapathap ki Schedule (v) ki matung inna]. Lupsigi lanmi Sanglupki maming Meeyamgi Fingang Lanmi (MFL) kou-ee. Lup asigi maru-oiba luchingba kayana National cause amadi national policy da yumfam oiraga sovereign Independent kangleipak ama semnaba lal houkhi. Class-less societydayumfam oiraga kangleipak meeyamgidamak Indiagi awangnongpok lamdamgi amasungsouth EastAsia gi apunba meeyamgidamak KCPna lepli. Eikhoigi amata ngairabayeknabathengnanabagidamaklalhoulupsingi marakta leiba khetnaba thamnadana, eikhoi pumnamakna apunaba banner amagi makhada punsinnaba tangaifade haiba KCP gi pandamni. KCP na chingmee tammee, meetei pangal echil-enaosingidamaksu chap 9
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi chana lepli.Asumna khutlai paiba lalhoulup ama oina adungei 19481951 gi Hijm Irabot singh gi khutlai paibagi ehou sagatfam mayol oikhiba Imphal east ki sarukta hourakkhrabasu mathang mathang mafam kaya sinba thungna sandokhi. Partyasimakki official report ta panbada, partymanungda machet tabagi cheitheng kuina mayoknarakkhi. Adubu marup mapang oiriba yawollupsingi matenga loinanamatam matamgi oiba muknabakayatemsinkhi.Baruni ching manaktaAndro gi Heitup pokpida CRPF ka KCP ga July 1, 1995 ta nongmei kapnaba amada lupasigi leaderYendrembam Ibohanbi leikhidre. Luchingbaasina manungmatam chadana leikhidaba asina KCP gi oina achouba mangjaba oibata nattana chaona marai chaitharakhi. Anouba pandup ama hourakpada anouba wakhal lousing leiba yawolloi kaya chongthoraktuna matam-ga chunaba yawol ehou, mangda changsilli. Adugisu mathakta wakhallol amadi pandam mannaba yawollup kayaga matam matamgi oina punna changsinminnabagi khongthang asimak singthaningai oiba amani. 9.
KANGLEI YAWOLKANNALUP(KYKL) Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, yamna maru oiba yawollup amani. Lup asiApril 25, 1994 da Manipur gi mapan leipak amada lingkhatkhi. Lup asigi lanmee sanglupki maming Miyamgi Yawol Lanmee haina khangnei. Lup asigi chairmanAchou Toijambana hai “eikhoi furupsingi saktam mangnaba mayangsingna tou-i masidagi nanthoknaba pambeidi eikhoi mayangi khubamnungdagi nanthokpa haiba asi nattana atoppa upai ama amuk leitre, nanthokpa asisu eikhoi miyam pullap pundrabadi sungoi oiroi� haibasi KYKl gi 12 suba mapok kumwol thouram April 25th 2006 haikhi. Houjikki Kangleipakki chingdaleiba echil enaosingnatamgi echil-enaosingda maru oina Meetei sing da yamna saobagi mawong utlibasi khara khanthaba fei. Eikhoi amatta oina punsillaga loilam leingak mapu India ga thengnagadabani haiba pandamda KYKL na changsilli. Mannaba khunai amagi ningtamba kangleipak ama oihannaba lal-jang ngasisu leppa leitana mangda changsilli. 10.
ATEI LALHOULUPSING
Kangleipakta adungei khagemba maharajgi haktaktagi changlakhiba meetei pangal singisu lup khara lei. Makhoisingdugi 10
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi manungda: 1. Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), 2. North East Minority Front (NEMF), 3. Islamic National Front (INF) amasung 4. Islamic Liberation Front (ILFK) maming oina panba yai. Makhoisu tonganba pandamgi makhada maru oina makhoigi furupki saktam kanjanaba ehou kaya chatthari. 11
CHINGGI LALHOULUPSING i) ii) iii)
Naga National Council (NNC) NSCN(IM) NSCN(K)
Makhoisingasi mapungoiba chingi lalhoulupsingni. Houjik houjik govt.of India ga cease fire tounaduna peace talk kanna chathari. 12
Atoppa Chingi lalhoulup khara i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii)
Kuki NationalArmy (KNA) Kuki National Front (MC) Kuki National Front (P) Zoumi RevolutionaryArmy(ZRA) Hmar Peoples Convention HPC(D) Hmar RevolutionaryArmy(HRA) Kuki LiberationArmy (KLA) United Kuki Liberation Front UKLF
Waroisin: Asi youna liraba khutalai paibagi lahou asina ngasi faobada masak machu thokna malemgi miyamda sangsangnauhanbangamdribaasimakiramdam asigiyawollupsingamadi meeyam gisu asonbani. Apunbana pangalni hainadi meepum khudingna laori adubu punbadi ingam ngamde masi ngamlakpa matamda eikhoigi panthung naksille louba yai. “Eikhoi-eikhoigi ehakthaksida kangleipaki ningkha tambadu uba fangnaba eikhoi punna lalthengminarasi�. **** 11
CHE GUEVARA GI SHAMLAPPA PUNSHI WARI :Yambung Ernesto Guevara de la Serna @ Che Guevara @ El Che hairaga meeyamna khangnaba nipa asiArgentina gee Rosario haiba maphamduda June 14, 1928 ta pok-khi. Ernesto Guevara Lynch amadi Celia de la Serna Y. L. Losa anigee macha 5 gee manungda mahakna ahalni.Guevara leptist-ki waklhallonda yaklaoba imungda chaorak-khi. Mapunshi chuppa asthma na narabasu, mahak ragabi masannagee aphaoba shannaroi ama oikhi. Mahak Photography da thawai yaojaba nipamacha ama oina, teenager gee aroiba sharukta meeyambu photo namba, leipakki langei oiriba ariba konung, laipham teenpham,pu-wariga shagonnaba mapham kayada koichat chattuna photo namba mahakki apambani. Mahak Marxist revolutionary, medic,Political figure amasung Cuba& International guerrilla gee luchingba amani. 1948 ta Medicine tamnaba Guevara na the University of Buenos Aires ta changlamee. Medical tamliba satra ama oina Guevara na Latin America gee mapham khudingmak koiramee. Maduda mahakna pak Shanna lairaba, otpi-neibiraba yamna wana hingliba lairaba meeyamga hakthengnana unnaramee. Mahakki 12
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi khongchat asida thengnarakpa amadi changyeng kayadagee khanglakee madudi leibak asigee Socio Economic condition da mannadaba kayasi armed revolution khaktana kokhanba ngamgani. Maduna mangonda henna eenot haptuna Marxism makha tana tamthakhi. Argentina da hallaklaga mahakki medical course adu 12 June 1953 da loisinkhi. Guevara na 7 July 1953 dagee houduna Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras amadi EI. Salvador thungna koikhi. Dec. 1953 gee aroiba numitta Guatemala da thungduna leftist ki President, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman ga unnakhi. Mahakna Populist Government ama luchingduna shemdoklabalandreform amadi anoubaleingaklonadunaLatifundia system gi makhada U.S. na namthabiriba adu loisinnaba hotnaribadu yengkhi. Guatemala City da anouba marupshingee manungda Peruvian economist, Hilda GadeaAcosta ga lannai Mari thamnaduna thabak suduna leimeenakhi. Konnadi luhongduna loukhi, Guevara na 1954 Sept., gi anganba sarukta Maxico city da thunglamee. Cuba jaildagi thadorakpada ngairiba Fidel Castro ga 8 July1955 ki numidang wairamda unnakhi.Ahingchuppa wari sanabada Guevara na khangllami madudi Fidel asi mathouna leiba Revolutionary luchingba amani, aduna Fulgencio Batista gi Government inthunaba hotnariba “26th of July Movement” da khudakta yaoshillamee. Mahakki groupki medicoirabasumahaknaMilitarytraining yaosillamee. Mahakki Instructor na mahakpu khwaidagi heithoi singthouiraba satra amani laothokhi. Matam adumaktada Hilda Gadea ga makhoi ani August 18, 1955 ta luhongkhi. Guatemala da leiringei matamdani, mahakki phaoraba nickname “Che” haibasi phangkhiba mashi maana toina sijinnaba Argentine interjection “Che” haiba waheiduni. Fidel Castroamadi Guevara gi revolutionaryforces na 1959 da Cuba paishillamee. Mai-pakpa aduda Guevara gi achouba thoudang yakhibabu shak-khangbiduna February 7, 1959 da “A Cuban citizenbybirth”ni hainalaothokhi.Laanngamlabamatungda mahakpu Cuban National Bank ki President hapkhi. Guevara na 13
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Minister of Industries gi phamsu paikhi.Article kaya eebata nattana theory and practice of Guerrilla Welfare gi lairik eekhi. 1966 amadi 1967 da Guevara mangkhibagi pao shandorakkhi.Adubu mahak LatinAmerica gi revolutionaryleader oiri hainakhi.Adubu the Bolivian Special Forces na magi Guerrilla camp ama koisillagaGuevara gi Rifle adunongmei maruna panduna thugaikhibata nattana machines sokpadagi mabu 8 Oct. 1967 da phakhi. Mabu fanaba changsillakpa siphaida manna laokhi: “Kapkanu”!! Ei Che Guevarani, shibadagi hingbana nakhoida yamna kanagani”.Numidangchupna thamlaga mathangi numit Oct. 9, 1967 gi numityungba matung pung1.10 da La Higuera gi School house amada mabu hatkhi. Castro na Oct. 15, 1967 da Guevara shire khaladuna Cuba sinba thungna numit humni chupna public mourn pangthoktuna awaba phongdoknakhi. Mahaki asiba hakchangdu kadaida phumkhi natraga mei thakhi haibagee mapham khangnakhidare. Adubu Helicopter amada punshillaga yumlonaba Vallegrande da paikhi haiba phaobadi tanakhi. Kuirabagi matungda 1997 da mahaki makhut yaodraba saru pollangdu Vallengrade gi mapham amadagi khungatllaga Cuban Forensic team na magini haina shaktaktuna Cuba da peerakhi. 17 Oct. 1997 da magi hakchangi lemhouba sharuk shingdu full militaryhonour ga loinana leiron chanduna Cuba gi Santa Clara gi Mausoleum da thamkhi.
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“INDIA-GEE LOOK EAST POLICY-GEE MAKHADA INDO-MYANMAR BORDER TRADE” :Economic Bureau, KCP 1.
Introduction:
India gee Look East Policy gee Genesis ashi 1992 dagi houkhi. Soviet Union kaikhibaga loinana, Indiagishu Liberalization policy chat-naduna magee Foreign Policy da ahongba khara puraknaba economic power shagatnaba hotnarak-khi. Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh gee waheida “mashi global economy da achouba mapham ama kanba ngamnaba heishingna hongdoraknaba world da yengba India gee meeyeng amani. Prime Minister, Narasinmha Rao na India ga atoppa Foreign Country shing maruoina China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam amasungSingapoore gaASEAN 1992 da dialogue partner oibagee wapham ahanba oina houdoknakhi. Makha tarakpada century ashigee hourakpa oina 2002 da Summit level partner 15
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi oirakkhi. Ngashidi EastAsiaSummit (EAS)inDec.,2005ki member amashu oire.Ashumna First IndiaASEAN Business Summit, Delhi da Oct. 2002 da pangthokkhre. Prime MInister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee na meet ashida address touduna ASEAN and India gee achetpa mari thamnarakkhre. (1) First IndiaASEAN Summit 2002 na India da (2) Second at Bali (Indonesia) in Oct. 2005 (3) 3rd India -ASEAN Summit at Laos (Vientiane) in 2004 (4) 4th India - ASEAN, Summit na Kaula Lampur (Malayasia) Dec., 2005. 2. ASEAN Member State (Association of South East Asian nations): Ashiga loinanaASEAN Member State shing maruoina (1) Republic of Burnei Darussalam, (2) Kingdom of Cambodia, (3) Republic of Indonesia (4) Lao people’s Democratic Republic (5) Malaysia (6) Union of Myanmar 17 (7) Repuclic of Phillippines (8) Republic of Singapore (9) Kingdom of Thailand (10) Socialist republic of Vietnam etc. ashina India ga free-trade agreement kaya tounaba kho-ngthang kaya loukhatlakli. 3.
Govt. of India gee thourang khara: Look East Policy of India gee manungda N.E. Region of India da mai onshillaktuna Govt. of India gee Ministry of External Affairs, na Confederation of India Industries (C11) ga pullaga member states ofASEAN Secretatirat na punna shingduna 1st India ASEAN Motor Car Rally ama 22 Nov. to 11 Dec. 2004 da pangthokkhre. Rally ashina Guwahati (INDIA) dagi houraga Nagaland, Manipur, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia nachingba mathang mathang youkhibani. Mashigee maruoiba pandamdi India ga naknaba mari leinaba utnaba, India-ASEAN relation gee matangdaAsia Country shingda Public-awareness peeba, road transport ki connectivity hengatnaba, trade chaokhatnaba, tourist, amadi investment chaokhatnaba, people to people links henna nakshinnabanachingbani. 4.
Myanmar ga henna nakshinnaba pambagee wakhallon: India Govt. na magi Look East Policy gee makhada ehan hek hanba metyeng thamliba yumlonnaba leibakshingdi Myanmar 16
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi amadi Thailand ni. Maruoina Myanmar di India ga kangphal amasung Eshing-gee lambida border share touminnei. 1640 km. shangna Myanmar ga hek lonnei. North Eastern Region ashigadi chaorakna 1596 km na Bangladesh ka 800 km. na Bhutan ga 1175 km. na China ga punna Region ashina International bnorder da 5211 km. hek yumlon-nana lei. Adubuyamnaneinaningngai oibawaphamdimainlandIndia gadi North Easten Region ashiga shupnagi chicken neck kumna 3 km. khaktadaAssam phaoraga West Bengal ga shamnei. Mashina Region ashigee meeyamda pendaba kaya leitaba natte. Rail strike, Road blockade, General strikes, Hartal nachingba agitation kayada Region ashibutokhaina tahaningbagee wakhal itat tat-tatna pokhalli. Maram ashimaknani, NE Region ge Armed opposition Group shingna amata oina punshinnabagee pandamda khongthang kaya loukhatlakleeba. Khudam oina matam amagee PLA gee luchingba oja N. Bisheshwor na PLA (North Eastern Region) haibagee pandamda houramba, KYKL yaona Himalayan Region gee oiba lalhou-lupshingee apunba lup shemlamba. Matam-matamgee oina Govt. of India gee Colonial Policy shingnaduna magi National Function kaya khudam oina Independence Day, Republic Day, Children’s Day, Gandhi Jayenti nachingba kaya Region ashigee lalhoulupshingga khushamnaraga joint press note nachingba thoktuna Propaganda kaya touduna mapung phana boycot touribashini. Maruoina kangleipakkiMeetyengdagidi Geo-PoliticalView ashita natana “Chahi Leeshing kaya ningthou panba leibak oina ningkha tamna panjaramba kangleipak, karigumba hiram kharada British Power paishinkhiba natana 1891 gee April 27 phaobadi mikhaponkhide. Khongjom landa athouba kaya thawai katkhibaloinana April 27, 1891 da kangleipakki ningtamba mangkhibaga loinana kanglada maning tamba panjaramba pakhangbagee paphal yekpa phiral chingtharaga British Union Jek Paihankhiba amamba numit adubu kaongamdana leirakli. Britishna India thadokkhiba loinana 1947 geeAugust 14 gee nongyaidagee kangleipakshu ningtamle. Ningtamlaba Kangleipak-ki mashagee Oiba “Manipur State ConstitutionAct, 1947 shemduna democratic 17
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi form of Govt. ama lingduna leingakcharamle.Adubu ningtamba leibak macha-macha kaya namlou loushillaga pak-chaoraba India Union ama shemnabagee pandam-da kangleipakpushu Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 gee makhada Eningthou Maharaj Bodhachandrabu Shillongda kouraga September 21, 1949 da namduna shahi touhallagaAgreement adumak October 15, 1949 dagi chatnaba houduna,ningtamjarambakangleipakpu, loilam Indiagee phibanungda- Part-”C” state oina tinshinhankhibani. Thoudou kayashishu pendraba kangleipak-ki meeyamna houduna makhal makhagee khongjang kaya changshinduna ngashi phaobada laklee. Policital freedom leitraba eeramdam ashida economic indipendence mangkhibadagee ngashidi loilam leingak-ki khamthengba cheina-du phangle. Main land India-gee mapan naidraba shamudragi chaigar shark kumlaba Jain businessmentgee khayat-ta tare ngashigee kangleipak-ki shenmitlon, eikhoi-gee keithel makhoigee keptip market onthokle. Tanja ashidani India gee look east policy na kaya yamna kannaba peegadouriba? Kadai-phaobagee khudongchaba louba ngamgadouriba? Policy ashigee makhada India Govt. na Moreh (India) dagee Myanmar gee Tamu, Kalewa, Kalemyo phaoraga Highway da 160 k. shangna meetalik road shemkhriba. 1st IndiaASEAN Motor Car Rally, 2004 nangnaba kangphal lambi Myanmar gee Mandalay phaoba shemkhre loinana lambi adumaktada More karna Mandale phaoraga chatkhre. Ashida natana Myanmar nashu India’s strategic and security concern du mangdathamlaga makhoigeeForeign Policyshemdokhre. Myanmar gee SPDC gee Chairman, Senior General U Than Shwe na 2004 da India-da laklamba adunashu leipak anigee marak-ta henna chetshinba mari thamkhre. Makha tana Trilateral Super High Way & Moreh (INDIA) dagi Mae Sot (Thailand) dagi Bagan (Myanmar) youba phaoba lambi shembagee thabak kanna chathari. 5.
Indo-Myanmar Border Trade hourakpa: Un offical Trade : Ningshingba thoktraba matamdagi Manipur amashung Burma leipak ani ashi lalon-etik amadi chatna lonchat kayada achetpa Mari leinarak-ee. Mahoushadagi houna leipak ani ashigi lallonbashingna lonna natragaphongna lallon-eetik kaya chattharak18
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi ee. Ngashimakshu Official trade tagee un-official trade na henna chaona touri. Imphal, Kohima, Guwhati, Delhi nachingba tradershingna makhoi-makhoigee local agentshing-gee khuthangda Boarder Trade Centreshing maruoina Moreh (Manipur), Champhai (Mizoram), Lungwa (Nagaland) nachingba pot -chei thadok-thagin touduna chaona karbar chathei. Thangeishengba karbar toubashingta natna, lairik heiraba thabak phangdribashing, nupi-angang yaona lambi ashina hingnabagee pambei oinari. 6.
Bilateral TradeAgreement leitringeida: The Myanmar Pasport Rulesm 1948 ki provision gee matung-enna Myanmar ga yumlonnana leiba leipakshing-gee yelhoumeeshinggeedamakti Passport ki mathou tade adum oinamak hek yumlonanna khundariba chingmi phurupshinggeedi ngamkheidagee mile 25 gee wangmada chatpadi yaroi. Makha tarakpada Dec. 1948 ta shemdoklaba Provision geematung-eennachingmeeshing-naahingyarektunaleibaashinumit 30 ni-dagee henna yaroi. Passport amadi VISA gee mathou tadabadu June 1968 phaoba chatnaramee. India amasung Myanmar leibak anigee border trade chathanabagee agreement ama houkhiba 1988 ta draft tourabani adubu rajniti-gee oiba meetyengdagee natraga arm kharadagee yanaba purakpa ngamkhide. 7.
Indo-Myanmar Border Trade Agreement tounaraba matung: Govt. ofIndiaamashungUnion ofMyanmar anigee marakta amana amabu tengbanabagee Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) ama 21st Jan, 1994 da shahi tounakhi. Makha-tabada 10th June 1994 da leipak anigee Delegation level talk ta Commerce Secy. of Indiaamadi Director General, DirectorateofTrade, Ministry ofTradeMyanmar anina punna chairloukhiba meephamna wapham kayada yanaba purakkhi. Maruoina neinakhiba waphamshingdi Banking, the Trading reements, Immigration and Customs InspectionArrangments and Timing for BorderTrade nachingbani. Land custom station, Moreh phaoduna chatpa leipak anigee marakta tounaba formal trade adu 12thApril 1995 ta The Hon’ble Minister of State for Commerce of India, Shri P. Chidambaram amadi Lt. General Tunkyi, the Minister of Trade, Myanmar anina hangdok-khi. Adudagi Ngashiphaoba kangphal lambi-da leipak 19
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi anigee marakta tounariba border trade ashi Land custom station, Moreh phaoraga chatleeba lambi ashitani. Hanna EXIM Policyhoujikna Foreign Trade Policy(20042009) gi matung inna India gee Moreh Town amadi Myanmar gee Tamu town anida chathariba Foreign Trade ashi system ahumda chathari madudi (1) Barter Mechanism (2) Traditional exchange of goods (3) Normal/Regular Trade (with or without opening of letters of credit) ni. 7(i)
Border Trade under Barter mechanism: LCS, Moreh da chathariba Border trade ashida Barter mechanism da Myanmar dagi import tourakliba potshak aduga mamal chap mannaba potshak ama amuk import tourakpa numittagee tha 6 phaobagee manungda Myanmarda export touduna balanced tougadabani. Export toubadashu chap mannaba niyamda chathagani. Adum oinamak Barter Trade ashigee makhada India dagi Myanmar da Export touge hairabadi Myanmar dagi India da Hanna import tourakadabani. Barter mechanism makhada shengang oina thinaraga karbar toude. Shamna hairabada potkapotka shinnabani. Khutshinnaba yariba pot-chei-gee makhalsu shupnagee 22 khaktani. Ashisu agricultural produce and minor forest products na ayambani. System, ashigee makhada chatthariba Trade ki value ashi Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) Public Notice No. 289 (PN) 92-97 gee matung inna GR formalities yaoraga US $ 20,000 dagidi helloidabani. Trader amana paidaba yadaba document/formalities yagee manungda DGFT na peeba IEC (Import Export code) ashi yamna maru oibani. Ashigee mathakta (i) PAN (Permanent Account No.) (ii) BIN (Business Index No.) (iii) VAT No. (Formely LST) & CST from Taxation Dept. (iv) BankA/c No. amadi atei kayamuk mathou tai. Maru oina item 22 khaktamak Export-import touba yahanbashina achouba pendaba ama oinari. Prohibited item khara nattana lemhouriba pumnamak Free -trade touba yahanbinaba chahi kayadagee taknaduna laklee. Ashumna yahallbadi chaokhatnabagee lambi lei. 7(ii)
Traditional Exchange of Goods: Leipak anishida thokpa pothokshing US $ 1000 phaobageemanungda GR formalities yaodana ngamkheidageeK.m. 20
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi 40 phaobagee manungda araiba che-chang kharatana potka-potka shinnaba yai. 7 (iii) Normal/ Regular Trade : Trade agreement adubu tengbangduna amadi khudongchaba kayaga loinnana shougatpa oina the Central Borad of Excise and Customs (CB ES) vide Notification No. 9/95 dated 6-3-1995 na LCS Moreh da chatpamakheidi 21 item gidi 5% advalorem, dutyconcession peeri. RBI nashu Indo-Myanmar Trade Agreement geeArticle II gee matung inna condition kaya thamlee. Adum oinamak Letter of credit chatnaba houdrimakhei meeyamgee ningba thungba ngamloi. 8. Trade Analysis of Indo-Myanmar Border Trade: LCS, Moreh phaoraga Chathariba Border Trade ashi hougatlakpada yamna wangna haigat-tuna 1998 ta maton lomna karamle haiba yai adubu mathang mathang hantharaklee. Chap mannaba matamgee manungda chaorakpa Estimate amada khomgatpa Border Trade ashigee LCS, Moreh da Rs. 1,600 crores, Champhai (Mizoram) da Rs. 500 crore amadi Lungwa (Nagaland) da Rs. 282.8 crocres oibada un-official trade na Rs. 2200 crores oi masina takpadi un-official trade na Official trade tagee thagai ama shangna helli. Loinana Indo-Myanmar Border da Govt. of India gee custom Deptt. na huran potyon toubashingdagee phagatpatamaktashu chahi amada 15 crore helli. 9.
India gee Look East Policy kayam thamoi shengna paikhatliba - neinaba ama: (I) Infra structure chaokhatnaba tengbang peeshillaga themba: ASEAN Member state shingga shamnaba Super Highway shemgatpagee thabak kanna changshillamle.Ashigee sharuk 1 oina India na Myanmar ga aphaba mari thamnaba hotnarakli. Houjikshu hotnari. Vice-President of India Shri Bhairon Singh Sekhwat na 25 Nov. 2003 da Myanmar da chatkhiba, Senior General Than Shwe, Chairman, State peace and Development council of Myanmar na India da Oct, 2004 da laklamba amadi Union Home Secy. of India V.K. Duggal na 13-17 Feb., 2007 da yangoln da chatpa amadi Brig. General Phon Swe of Myanmar nachingba unnaba amadi atei dignitary singgee khaongchat kaya neinaba yai. 21
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi India na magee National terrorism thengnabada changdaba yadraba sida hidak adu Myanmar gee soil da houre haiduna Myanmar bu kabok pijaraga themnaba hotnarakpa. Amaromda China na magee imung-manungda khut thingjillakkanu haiduna makhoigee kaboktugee mahutta Sweet House Restaurant ama nama panabikhibani. India gi 500 crore gi mahutta China na 5000 crore thadaduna economic co-operation and cultural ties henna chethankhibani. Madumaknashu Myanmar na makhoigee International trade ki currencyashi U.S. Dollargi mahutta Hongkong dollar oina chatnaragani haina phirep louramlabani. Ngasi ngarang ta Euro oina chatnaragani haina amukAsian Clearing Unit (ACU) na laothokrapagee watani. 9.
(II) Indo-Myanmar border da Bhutan type operation gumbagi thourang: Tasengbadi Bhutan bu themlaga operation all clear chatthaduna ULFAtakthokpa ngamkhi haina pongjaribani. Ngasisu Bhutan type operation hairaga India na shingthanari. Masimak-ki Policy du Myanmar ga tainaba lamdamda chatharaga Manipur gee lalhoulupsingnamthanabahotnaningbadu,Indianamaipakpa engam ngamdaduna takshi shonduna leiribani. Manipur gee ShajikTampak makhoina khudum chanshilelaothoklaga, shibagee masingna Indian occupational Force 1000 gi manungda Kangleipak ki Armed opposition Group kina supnagi amaga pangkhak oiri. Mine bomb achouba ama pokhaihanbada chatpa ngamdaba kakcheng ama shibagumbani. Nupi angang amadi meechamnachingba soft target thi-thiduna hatpa amadi war time false propaganda kaya touba nattana upai leitre. Makhoina hai Myanmar da North East Revolutionary sing changjapham peeduna yokhatle. Myanmar na phangee makhoigee yeknaba Pro-Democracymovement ki activists amadi displaced student leader singIndia nalotshinduna thamli haina Counter charge amuk touri.Aduna paksinnaba iya yadri. 9.
(III) Ngamkhei Paring Shambal Khabagee Thourang : Kangleipak-na ning-kha tamna pallingeidagee houna ngamkhei-gee wathok leirak-khi. British-ki leingak makhada leiringei amadi ngasina India amadi Myanmar anigee marakta boundary disput thoraktanaba, boundary pillar awatpa yungsinba amadi ngamkhei paring shamban khabagee thabak hounaba kaya 22
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi khannari. Phajaba londa Black Marketeer andsmugglers thingnaba, boundary dispute thoktanaba haibagee wani. Ningsingba yai, makhoigee aadi Guru Pandit Jawaharal Nehru na eram-mi, “Burma is our neighbour but it is marked only in the map. Let there not be any border in the hearts of the people of these two countries� Source: TheAmrita Bazar Patrika Vol LXXXV No. 89 Page 1 dt. 30-3-1953 aduga ngasina karigi shambal khaningliba!! Maruoina Manipurgee Insurgencythengnanabakhakkini haibasi hotronghona uraba waphamni. 9.
(IV) Diversification of Trade: LCS Moreh gee mathakta anouba free trade route amada theidok-khinaba thourang houkhare. Govt. of India gee Ministry of Com. & Industry gee Dept. of Commerce na 12 & 13th May 2006 taAgenda asimak khannakhre. Loinana anouba Land custom station ama Mizoram gee Champhai da hangdoknaba Infra structure shemgatpa houkhare. Asitasu nattana esing lambida Sitaway (Akyab) Port of Myanmar ga New Latawh Part of Mizoram ga shamnanaba thourang loukhatkhre. Masi hek loibada Tamu-Moreh Imphal gee lambisi thupchinba yare. Masi thoktanaba Manipur Government, meeyam, manung amasung mapan punna kok chungsinnaduna ngakhouba changee. 10.
Toupham Thokpasing: Aduna pumnamaksing yengluraga Govt. of India gee Foreign Trade Policy (2004-2009) da achouba ahongba khara purakpa tangaiphadre. Maruoina: 1) India gee maikeidagi India should export first import later oihanba. 2) Potshak 22 khaknadi Border Trade chaokhatpa yaroi. Prohibited item khara nattana lemhouriba potsak pumba free -trade touba yahanba. 3) Houjik-houjik leiriba LCS, Moreh asida leipham thokpa infrastructure and other facilities phanghanduna mapung phaba Centre ama oihanba. 4) Inner line permit system chatnahanduna indeginous people singgee trade & commercial right safeguard toubiba. 5) Myanmar gee timber thadok-thajin yadribasi-yahanba. 23
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi 6)
7) 8)
9) 10) 11)
Moreh gee composite check post athuba matamda loisinduna khudong chaba phanghanba. Masina NH-39 amadi NH-53 da chatpada Check Post mayam thangnabagi awaba nanghandaba. Border Trade ka mari leinaba Govt., Semi Govt. amadi Corporate Body kayagee Dept. sing branch office sing Moreh amadi Imphal da hangdokpa. Foreigner Protected Area order, 1958 na Manipur da Foreigner changbagee athingba thamliba amadi Protected Area permit (PAP) yaodrabadi changba yadriba asi kokhanba. Pumnamaksigee mathakta - Barter system gee makhada border trade touribasinggee mahutta - Complete Free Trade oihanba meeyamgee apambani. Myanmar khak-ki natana atop-pa Third Country Goods sing Moreh phaoduna pusillakpa yahanba. Look East Policy of India gee thourang makhada transit business houdok-tuna, shenlep yamna paijadaba kanglei khunaigee Exporter-Importer singda kannaba phanghanba. Silent spectator oinaasum-mak leiragadi imangdagee meena hira-mani muktamunkhibayenglagataksi shondunaleihouba tagani. New economic Liberalisation amadi Global Economic Development ki lamjelda yaohounaba hotnarasi.
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MATAMGI YAWOLDA INTERNET KI TANGAIPHADABA :Inao Khuman Thoidokna meeyamna shak-khngnaraba Microsoft Company-gi makok Bill Gates-na mahakki lairik “The Road Ahead” haiba aduda “Internet thorakpadagi eikhoi houjik Information Super-High-Way-romda khong thangjinba houre” hairi. Tasengbamak matam amadadi leibak amaga leibak amaga yamna lapna khannarammi. Amaga amaga ee-pao phaonabada tha kaya chahi kaya changnarammi. Lambi-thong pharakpa, engine panba gari kaya thorakpadagi amaga amaga eepao phaonabagi khongjel yangba hellak-khi. Mathangda Rail-gari, Aeroplane-nachingba thorakpadagi chat-thok chatchin, ee-pao phaonabada henna amukka khogjen yanghankhi. Telecommunication-gi lamdashu Samual Morse-na telegraph puthokpadagina, telephone, teleprinter, telex, fax kaya mathang mathang puthoknaraktuna arappa anakpa leitana khudak khudakta ee-pao phaonaba ngamhalli. Ngashidi, Mobile Cellular Phone, Television, Video-Conferencing, Internet-nachingba kaya 25
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi thoraktuna taibangpan ashi Global Village amaga chap mannahalle. Arappa amadi anakpa ikhen khenna hander. Pumnamak inakta inak nakna pullap leiminnabadouna toure. Asumna malem ashi nongma nongmagi asum asum pikshillakpagum touri. IT-gi chaokhatpagi khongjel ashi asuk-ki matikyangkhremadudi mashibu revolution amani hainei.Asumna chaokhatlakpa ashina nongma natraga nongmadi Information Super-High-Way soidana yourakkhigani. Houjik IT-na chaokhatpagi khongjel ashi yenglgadi mashi yougadaba matam adu panglap laptre haina louba yai. Information haiba ashi massage amagi khwaidagi pikpa part adubuni.Haibadi Information kayana pullagamassage sembani. Houjikti information khudingmak computer-gi pambeina digitalda loina onthoktuna, process touraga, memory-da thamjillaga, computer network-sing-gi khut-thangda file transfer touba yare, ee-pao thadok thajil yare. Matam amadadi computer-shing ashi Standalone system oina Tongan tonganna sijinnarammi. Adubu mashina computer ama leibagi kannabashi mamingta oina che-chang nambagi, game shannabagi, office-sing natraga company-sing-gi tangaiphadaba thabak kharagidamak sijinnarammi. Adubu computer networkta samlabadi, computer adugi resource-sing, file-sing amaga amaga transfer touthok-tousin yahanduna chamada chama henna kannahalle. Computer communication asi anakpa arappagi matunginna chaorakna makhal ahum lei. Makhoidudi (1) LocalArea Network (LAN), (2) MetropolitanArea Network (MAN) amasung (3) Wide Area Network (WAN) ni. Internet haibasi Malemsigi Leibak amaga leibak amaga samnariba khwaidagi chaoba WideArea Network (WAN) amani. Computer amaga computer amaga massage thanaba haibasida akaknaba niyam kharagi tangaiphadaba lei. Madubu protocol kou-ee. Masigi protocol-di TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) haibasini. Masigi matengna malem asigi manungda leiriba Internet-ta samliba computer khudingmak amaga amaga ee-pao phaonaba, file transfer tounaba yahalli. Internet samge hairabadi meeoi adugi Computer ama, Modem ama, Telephone connection ama tangaiphadana changee. Loina loinana Internet service pigadaba Internet Service Provider (ISP) amada InternetAccount ama tangaiphadana hangba chang-ee. Manipurgi oin leiriba service providersing-di Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Software Technology Park of 26
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi India (STPI), National Informatics Center (NIC) nachinbani. NICgi Computer Network NICNET ashi Indiagi khwaidagi chaoba sarkargi-khakta oiba network amani. E-mail: Eikhoina Hanna amaga amaga chithi thanarambasi Post Office- natraga courier agency-sing-gi khut-thangda thanarammi. Masina lappa natraga nakpagi matung inna numit kharani natraga tha kaya changnarammi. Masida nattana postal delay kaya thokhanbata nattana letter kaya mangbagi wathok kaya lei. E-mail (electronic mail) haibasi Internet-ki pambei sijinnaraga User amana internet-ta samba computer ama sijinnaraga mahakki account ama hanhlaga e-mail account leiba user amada thaningba massage ama thabaduni.Masidi sender aman thakhiba massageadu receiver aduna khudaktapjhangba ngamhalli, maduda thengba natraga mangba haiba leite. Reciever aduna reply pige hairabadi khudakta adum piba yai. e- Business/ e-commerce: Lalon eetik tounaba haibasida show room achouba changee, Distributer, Dealer, Retailer kayagi mathou tai.Adubu Internetki mateng louraga pangthoknariba electronic Business (e-Business) asidi internet samba computer ama leiraga loire. Business adugi achou pishakki matung inna computer yamba yamdaba, employee yamba yamdaba haibadudi leigani. Masida Business to Business (B2B), Business to Customer (B2C), Customer to Customer (C2C) haiba makhal ahum thokna lei. Makhalsing ashigi channaba softwaresu Tongan tonganna lei. Matam amada Business amagi pot leibada Inquiry letter thaganai, Reply ngaigani, Quotation thagani, madugisu reply ngaigani, Purchase order pigani, Invoice tharakkani, payment amuk thagani asumna pot ama leinaba hotnabada tha amadagina ahum phaobadi adum matam changlammmi.Adubu ngasidi e-business natraga e-commerceki matengna nongmatada inquiry toubadagina peisa thadok thajin phaoba loisillaga, numittuda pot adu thahallaklaga numit kharanigi manungda pottu phangba ngamgani. Peisa thadok thajingi matangdashu credit card, e-bankingnachingbagi mateng louduna khudak khudakta phangba ngamnahalle. Video conferencing: 27
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Masigi matengna internetki khuttangda malemsigi mapham khudingmakta leiriba Internet samba Computer khudingmak lappa natraga nakpa leitana masigi software amadi hardwaredubu haplabadi meeoi amaga amaga laplabasu naklabashu sakka sakka unnaduna wari sannahanba yahalli. Internet phone: Masigi matengna malemgi mapham amadagi mapham amada Khwaidagi hongba rate-ta meeoi amaga amaga telephoneda wari sannaba yahalli. E-Governance: Internetki matengna leibak ngaklondasu achouba thoudang yarakli. Governemnt for the people by the people hainaAbraham Lincoln-na hairambagum prjasing-gimarakta leibak ngaklonhaibadi lougi-sing-gi, lambi-thong-gi, hiram kayada sarkarga ee-pao phaodoknahanba amasung prajagi semliba policy sing amasung thourang kaya meeyamda khanghannaba hotnabada e-Governance ashi nongma nongma-gi pakthok chaothokpa helhalli. Land Record maintains toubada, Transport system da, electric natraga telephone billing system nachingba kayada e-Governanceki thoudang chaokatlakli. Masina henna transparent oihanduna sarkarna aranba kaya toubada chek touba yahalli.Adubu yamna transparent oihanba pamdabadagi sarkarna e-Governance-ki thabak paikhatpada henna khongjel taphanba pamlibra haibasi thajaningai oi. E-Learning: Ngasigi chatnaribalairik khuttambi asinaText Book matam chana phangba phangdabagi, ojha kaba kadabagi khudong chadaba kaya mayoknari.Adubu e-learningashigi matengdagi tamliba course khuidingmakMultimediayamnayaoba,hennainterestingoihanduna mepham khudingmaktamaphammatam naidanaanywhere, anytime virtual classroom lingkhttunaphangba ngamhalle. Masidi computer operator amana class kaya conduct touhanba yai. Masigi matengna course khudingmak digital librarydagi phangba ngamhalli. Masida selfexaminationgifacilitysuphangbangamhalli amasungaheibaojha kayaga online interactive session kayasu pangthokpasu yai. University amasung Institute kayana e-Learning system asi pakna sanna chatnaba houhankhre. Adubu masigi thabak asi sarkarna thoina pukning changdabagum touri. 28
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Telemedicine: Internetki pambei sijinnaduna ana laying-gi thabakta laplabasu naklabasu akhang ahei kayaga tathok tasin toubagi khudongchaba telemedicine-na piri. Khudam oina Manipurda leiriba Doctor Khudingmak laian khudingmak hekta yengba ngamba natte. Matamgi matung innaAruba laina kayasu thorakli. Masigumba kayasi Malemgi chaokhatlaba amadi phaoraba layeng sang kayada leiriba Doctorsing telemedicinegi pambei sijinnaduna Aruba laying kaya phahanbada kannahalle. Masigi technology asi nouba maramna patient kayana kaya ningthinungaina khangnadragasu RIMSta leribatelemedicine facilityasigi kannabasi henna pakna sanna phanghannaba RIMSki authority-singna seriously hotnapham thok-ee. BPO Sector: Internet Enable Service-sing khudam oina Medical Transcription, Call Centrenachingba kayada computer heiba naharol kaya thabak phangba ngamhalli. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) haibasi multinational company kayagi thabak kaya online subibani amadi madugi khutsuman loubani. BPO companysingna touriba thabaksing asi maru oina customerinteraction services, back office operations, data conversion, content development, engineeringamasung design-ni. Masida ITda hei singba amadi qualification gi matung inna Entry Level, Supervisoryor middle management nachingba level kayada thabak phangba yai. NASSCOMgi reportki matung inna houjik houjik BPO sectorda Bharatki oina USD 3.6 billion youre aduga 2008 AD dadi masigi figure asi USD 17 billionda youragani hairi. Atei kannaba khara: Mathkta panjakhriba kharasida nattadaba Internetki kannaba kaya leiri madugi manungda panba yabadi Broadcasting Company kayana Radio News Internet-tasu phangba ngamhanba, Malemgi phaoraba Khabar (News paper) khudingmak masha mashagi website leinaba ngaktani. Adugumba websitesing adu hangdoklaga ayukta khabar youraktringeida pao hanna phangba ngamhalle. IT sectorda piriba cheitheng: Internetki kannabasi tasengna hairabada mapan naidre haibada haimanba thoklaroi.Adubu prospect khudingmakta 29
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi Tongan tonganba issuesing hekta thorak-ee. Khudam oina kanagumba naharolsingna Internetta phangliba sex websitenachingba hangduna lamchat manghannabagi machak oiri. Pakhang leishabi kaya lairik Paba toktuna internet chat tounaduna matam manghanba amasung lamchatta manghanningai oirak-ee. Atoppa kanangumbagi servernachingba phaoba password thugairaga kanagumba companygi yamna maru oiba data kaya huranba natraga manghan takhanba yao-ee. Makhidubu Hacker haina khangnari. Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC)ki serverdagi Amerika macha ama anina data hacking toukhiba kounadri. Kanagumba meeoisingna kannadaba junk mail kay thajinba yaori.Kanagumbana henna thuna paisa painabani haijillaga lottery phaore haijillaga, amadi atei oida padaba technic kaya email-gi khutthangda chamjaraba meeoi kayagi paisa manghanba yaori. Masibu SPAM hairaga khangnei. Internet sijinnaba meeoi khudingmak spammersingdagi cheksingadabani. Masigi mathakta yamna shathiribadi Computer Virus kaya iba heiba meeoi kayana anou anouba virus-sing puthoktuna Internetki khutthangda thajillaktuna achou achouba companysingda Lupa lakh kaya kaya manghallabani. Masigidamak Antivirus Softwaresing, Firewallnachingba computerda hapchinbigadabani amashung update changnaina tougadabani. Maramdi ariba antivirous softwarena anouba virus ngakthokpa ngamde. Isam samna hairabada houjik malemgi mapham khdingmakta cybercrime kaya lei.Adugumba cyber-criminal sing asibu control tounaba leibak leibakki Cyber Lawsing semduna thamnakhre. Khongjelyangna chelliba ashuk kannakhraba IT gi lambeeda khurou thanghalliba Cybercriinalsing control touba haibasi eikhoi khudingmakna kupna sennabaga loinana matik chaba cheirak piba tangaiphadabani. Tasengbamak eikhoi khudingmak ITgi yawol asida yaosinduna henna chaokhat thourangda khumangchasinnaba amadi Internet Enable Service kayasing asidagi ishaga chanaba yeng yengduna ishana ishagi thabak pijanaba hotnajanaba matam oire. White collar jobkhaktabu ngaduna leiba matam oidre.Tungi meerol kayagi sinpham ayamba Internet Enable Serviceki makha loina pollak-khigani. Masida sotharabadi eikhoi asum sothaduna leihougani. Thoidokhendokna Manipuri machasingasidi khtta meet palli hainaribani. Lairik heibagi changsu wangbani. Internettadi geographical location natraga topologyga Mari leinade. Maram 30
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi aduna hougatlakliba naharol khudingna matamgi honglakliba ITgi yawol asida achetpa thajaba thamduna yaosinduna chaokhatpa meekha pondaba lamdam ama oihansi. ****
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CHAHI 55 MANIPUR NA INDIA DA TINSINLUBADAGEE MANIPUR DA OIRAK-LIBA SEL-THUMGEE PHIVAM : Loyumba Houjik-kee oiriba Manipurgee sel-thumgee phivam asida Union Budget 2007 gee hiram pumnamakta kannaba peeba ngamde haiba tai. Manipuri chahi khuding-gee sel put-thaduna lakpa state amani. Masagee puthajariba sel-thumgee phivam asidagee hougatchabangamnaba tonganba lambi ama peede. Henna henndum put-thanaba machak oihanlakpa yai haining-ngee. Nupee lakhama lisinghumphu (Engineer,atei atei technical line, BA, MA, pass touraba) yaoraga Manipur thabak phangdabagee masingsi lakh taruk leire. Sarkargee recordta leibani. Recordta leitaba yaosilabadi henba yaribani. Manipurgee apunba meesing lakhs kunmangagee manungda lakh taruk henbana thabak supham nompham leiraktaba haibasi aphaba state amagee saktamdi nattre. Masi koknaba upai kharada oirabasu Union Budgetta Reflect toudre. Amaromda sokchinlaba sel-thumgee phivam asigee mathak-ta houkhib a chahi ahumsida Manipurda Band 110 koukhi, Blockadena 234 toukhi. Masi failed oiraba state amagee outcome ni amadi asoiba sasongee characteristicni. Houkhiba chahi ahumsida lan houbanaharol 349 siphaina hatkhi, siphaina 104 sikhi. Houkhiba chahi anigee manungda meecham 271hatkhi. 1996 tagee 2006 phaobada nupee 196 rape toukhi. Bharat sarkarna yamna 32
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi pongna laujariba Economic Growth asi eikhoigee di mee sibada wangduna leire. Chaokhatpagee khudam oiriba chimneygee meikhudi kadre (Industrilisation). Eikhoigee ake amougee pot chei samna hairabada Jeep, Car, chak-ka ani panba Engine makhan suna piklaba state asida (darkar leiba/leitaba) masing khangdana thajalak-i. Eikhoigee meesingna arang araksing asida laichuhalle. Maseena houkhiba chahi ahum sida Accident 1587 thok-khi. Accident assina atek-akai asi ana masing yamkhre. Masibu Economic londada High Consumption without income hairaga khangnei. Bharat-ki industry gee achouba Emungna puthokpa oihanduna thambani. Urbanisation without Industrilisation in Manipur Eikhoigee Manipur si hanna leiramba phivamdagee chaokhatparomda kharadi honglak-i. Imphal city gee maongsee yamna tapna tapna honglakhre, lambi-thong Sarkargee Building kaya sagatlakli, School, Collegesu sagatlakli. Pumnamaksi eikhoigee Economygee phivam phagattuna semgat sagatlakpa natte. Manipurgee income yamna wangna laklaba, naharol thabak phangnaba, Manipur chaokhatnaba Manipurga channaba Industry lingbibadi Bharat Sarkargee kokta yaodraman-le. Bharatna hairi “Bharat-ki Economy Growth� yamna wangle, Bharat chaokhatle. Masi eikhoi Manipur da Bharat-ki High Growth Union Budgetna eikhoida pot ani pure. In Shining India 2. Suffering masses. Makhoina Growth ni hairiba Budget sina eikhoida suffering-gee asumba potlum ama hapkatli. Budget sina Manipur ^^^^ inflation (peisagee magun hanthaba) si pavam khangdna hengat-li/hengatlakkani. Ngasi ngasimak tangai phadana hingbada changliba pot cheigee mamal asi eikhoi sarkarna prajana pubada warabani. hawai makhal khudingmak, achathao, allu, tilhou, maru marang pumnamak-ki mamal asi wangkhat khribasina sakhini.Loinana chak thongnaba gas, kerosene pumnamak Black-ta loina leinanarakli. Esing phaoba mapandagee pusinlak-i. Eikhoigee leibak asi nong marang kaina taba fresh water marang kaina phangba maphamni. Adubu eikhoi ayambana plasitcta hanba mapandagee pusinlakpa esing (water) leiduna thaknare. Cheng (Rice) Kg amagee mamanga esing litre amagee mamalga manare. Chatliba expenditure asiga State asida leiriba lairik heiraba naharol kaya thabak pinaba provision amatta Budget sida yaodaba sing-ga compare toubada aphaba phal phangde. Bharat sarkarna meenungsi utpeeduna “North East Industrial Policy 1997 haina laothokpikhi. Policy gee saruk ama oina subsidy conssion tax exemption kaya laothok-khi. 33
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) amasung atop-pa investment amatta policyasigi makhada North East ta changkhidre. Govt. geesu lanaigeesu animak amatta changlak-khidre. Policy adu expire oikhiduna ngarang nahanda amuk Industrial Policy laothok-khre. Kari kanagadouri. Eikhoi North East ta policy 2 asina private sector da kwadagee yamana Emphasis pee Masina sadharan prajada kannaba peeba ngamde. masi mamingkhak-tageeni, chamjaraba prajada achouba namthak amani. Handak-ki Union Budget si maru oina Centre na State pu control touba yannaba puthorakpani haina louni. State na maning touna sel sijinnaba yahandanaba provision ama yaori. Hanadagee sotthana leiraba eikhoigee state Manipur amuk-ka hen-na phivam sokchinlagani.MasibufiscalResponsibilityandBudgetManagement Act. kouee. Act asi Manipur Bhidhan Shavana pass touduna Manipur da chatnare. India Govt. ki langda Manipur thure. Act asina hairibana state na touba kharchta ak-knaba senpham (apiba) dagee henna chading touba yade (Restriction on Expenditure) Expenditure control touba Act ni. KERALAdadi Draconian Act ni haiduna chatnahakhide Union Budget ki atoppa point amana Budget asina state masel nungsinahande.Akanba state na asonba state amabu irai laina namhatpa ngamhanlli. State sing-gee marakta investment war laothokpaga man-nei. Govt. investment cut toukhre. Cut toubadagee ahangba (lak-padu private investmentna mensingadabani.Private investmentlak-nabahotnabadastate amaga state amaga hidanarakpa masana tajrabani. Mapal leibak-tagee selthumgee kannaba phangnabahotnabada Bribe haibasi yaonarakli, lairaba asonba state ti lajen asida yaoba ngamlaroi. Manipurgee tun-ggi economygee maraibak tamba ngamdri. Imphal Municipality amasung electricity loisangsing privatisation tounabagee lambida khong thangjinkhre. Houjik-ti eikhoigee meeyamsi sel-thumgee awatpa ama lakpada sarkarda tainararoi, lanaida tainarakle. Masi Union Budgetna peeba saphuni, kuiraroi eikhoi soidana phal phanglani. Crimecorruption,domesticviolencemayamsinaeikhoibu ngaiduna leirabani. Eikhoi masel undeclare wargee zone manungda leibaga chap manarabani. Echam chamjaba praja meeyamnadi khangloi. Movement for Unityand intregityof the people of Manipur should be linked with the movement against emperialist dictated 34
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi economic policyManipurda houriba ehousingasiga Bharat sarkarna emperialist sing-ga khutsamnaduna changsin lakliba semeetlongee thousilsing asigee maiyokta thengnabasiga punsin-nagadabani. Agrian reform yaodana yaigatlakpa Economyamatta kuina chatloi (punsi sangloi), eikhoigee leibak Manipur si loumeena masing yambana makhoina puthokpa potthok sijinnaduna hingbagee lambee oiribani.Ashigumba leibak (Manipur) asidaeikhoi lou-singu potthok mapung phana aremba lam pumba sijinaduna puthokpangamdaba haibasi keihounungda chaokhatpa ngamloi. Land tender system asisu khwaidagee maru oibani. Manipurda leiriba Land Resource pumnamak Govt. na chap chana sijinaba yan-naba singadabani. Masiga mari leinana akamba law semgadabani. Masi toudribamakhei eikhoi chaokhatpa ngamloi. Houjik leiribaphivam asidi anarchyni.Anarchyleibad growth chenlle hairibani, profit over people ni. Masi people over profitta onthoksi. Eikhoi sel sarasi. Natradi eikhoi samajsi lukhragani. (Profit na meeyamdagee henna maru oiba) Profit over people. (People na profittagee henna maru oiba numeet ama semlasi) People over profit. Manipur gee economy growth hengatnaba Delhina Budgetta sel hapte. Masina maram oiduna Manipur da Industry lingba ngamde aduga amaromda India gee state sida leiriba Bank singnasu achouba senpham thadaduna lanai meeoida industrylingkhathande.Yamna nokningba wapham amana Bank singna Down payment Rs. 1.00% da Maruti Car offer touri. Industrylingjage haibasingdanacondition mayam ama thamjinduna file machi lengba yahande. Non-productive path ta India na Maniprbu yamna nungsiri. Masina maram oiduna Manipuri machasing Maruti Car amasung chaka ani panba engine marang kaina tonghanduna nun-ngaihallee.Amaromda productive pathta India gee meenungsi soinouni. Masi India gee hidden economy policy ni. Masi eikhoi meeyamna khangba mathou tai. More expenditure without income gee poloida eikhoi karamba phivam leigadouri. Budget na eikhoigee economy da oihalak-kadaba kaya adudagee karamna nanthok-kani habasi eikhoi punna khongfam chetna leptuna achetpa phirep ama louminnanaba sem saba matam chap chare haina loujei. **** 35
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi
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PHOTO KHARA
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Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi
Meeyamgi Fingang Lanmee (MFL) gi Nupi Cadre khara
MFL gi khutlai paiba cadre khara. 39
Lanthenminnasi Eikhoi
GHQ da leiriba MFL gi cadre khara
MFL, Cadres amadi Official sing
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