Lan april 2017

April, 2017

KALEN CHEPHONG

Vol. X

Issue No. 01

THA 6 KHUDINGGI PUTHOKPA CHEPHONG

kxlEpaK kmunis parti KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY KCP

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Tha taruk khudinggi puthokpa chephong

Vol. X, Issue No. 01, April, 2017 KALEN-CHEPHONG

Aphongba: Department of Information & Publicity Kangleipak Communist Party K C P.

kxlEpaK kmunis parti KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY KCP

37 SUBA KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY GI MAPOK KUMWONDA LUPKI PRESIDENT NA MIYAMDA PIJABAGA YAIPHA-PAOJEL 14 APRIL, 2017 Ngasi, kum 2017, April 14, Erai numit asi Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) gi 37 lak suba mapok kumwon numit thokle.

Asigumlaba party asigi mapok numit asida eina KCP gi mahut sinjaduna WESEA amadi Kangleipak ki miyam, loinana apunba WESEA lamdam asigi yawol laantheng changsinminnariba yawollup pumnamakki maphamda yawolgi yaipha-paojel pijari.

leibak ama oire. Loilam mapu India na makhoigi loilam leingak adu lamdamsida makha tana chathananaba amuk thawoina hotnarubagi mathou taraktre. India gi minai oibasi eikhoi isana yajare, isagi inat langthokkhraga migi manat louba amadi migi matou tamba heinare, masi chaokhatpani haina khalle, eikhoigi khunnaina leikha tana mangkhibada kanamattana mipaiba poknadare. Eikhoi niraga hingbagi naatta (culture) heinamankhre, masida laichunaraktuna meepan tangdaba senmitlolgi yumpham amada maning tamba khunnai ama lingba ngmgani haina laan houriba yawollupising phaoba India dagi sel

Yaipha-paojel asi pijabaga loinana eikhoigi ningtam lantheng asiga mari leinana eikhoigi lupki oiba wakhal-mityeng kharadang miyamda thamjari.

Ngasidi, Kangleipak (Manipur), India gi khubamnungda mapung phana mikha pollaba loilam

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niraga ningtam lanhou houba mallakle.

khunnaida khwaidagi awangba thakki phida phangba meewoi kanglupna hanthaba thakta leiba meewoi kanglupsingbu netkhaibiba amadi tuhatneihatpana makhoigi khunnaigi mapung oiba masak oiribasi.

India haibasi meebu otneiduna senjao-tanba senmitlolgi yumphamda sagatlak-khiba leibakni.

Aduga meebu ot-neiduna senjao-tanba senmitlol haibasimakti mahousa oidaba aranba toubana mangoinaba senmitlol amani, masi su-nomlaga hingba simising-gi pangal phadi siumbagumna sumduna sijinnaraga sel tanbada yumpham oiba senmitlolni, masida khwaidagi chang wangba makhalgi corruption tou-e.

Maram aduna India haiba leibak asi corruption toubada ma-wu linglaba leibaksinggi manungda makokta leiribani. Masigi mathakta India gi senjaotanba khunnai asina khwaidagi henna tamthiba lichat ama sagonnaribasi makhoina Caste System da tonglaga chatpa asini.

Masimaknani makhoigi

Aduga maikei amaromdana, adugumba India gi Corrupt Economy dudagi pa-tharakpa senpham kharakhak chaokhatpagi mingda thadarakpadu eikhoi masen lakna-phoinaduna, munnaduna icha-isu thaknari. Masidi minainaithang-gi senmilolni, eikhoibu hing-han-gadaba senmitlol natte, hu kamsillaba senmitlolni.

Asigumba mahousa oidraba senmitlolda yumpham oirubadagi maikei khudingda leptana hiktharakliba Kanglei khunnaigi saktamduni ngasi eikhoigi mangda

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uribasi. Eikhoi pumba hu ollaba senmitlolgi isingda yokpa ngagumna keidoungeino eikhoigi sibagi numitto haina ngaiduna leinari.

Asigumba senmitlol asina kadaidagino maphammarang khangdana k h a n g n u n g nungaikhatlakpa, sel khangpai paikhatlakpa meewoi kanglup (Nouveau Riche) ama eikhoigi khunnaida nouna thokrakli, makhoi asibuni eikhoina ‘Leisure Class’ hairibasi.

Makhoina sel khangpai paikhatlakpa,mirak tillakpasi tasengna thabak su-nomlaga oirakpa natte, aronba lambida aranba pambei kaya sijinnaduna inak khullakpani. Asumna maram chadana inak khullakpa haibasida miwoibagi pangal lousing sijinnaduna pot-thok puthoknaba thabak subanombaga makhoiga mari leinade. Aduna thabaktagi lousing phanglaktrabanina makhoida anouba potsak

ama sem-sanduna puthoknabagi masagi oiba wakhal-lousing (creativity) haibadu machet amatta yaode. Loi mapu India nasu eikhoigi pot-thok puthoknabagi pang-gal (productive forces) semgatpibadi lairadana hanna leijaramba pumba loina thougaiduna makhoina huntharakpa senbul eikhoi masel munnahalli, eikhoida anouba potsak ama semsaduna puthoknabagi wakhal-lousing (creativity) haibadu leihande. Asumna anouba potsak ama semsanduna puthoknabagi wakhal-lousing (creativity) leitraba matamdadi miwoibasi ngaochatnarake, miwoibagi nunggi oiba lichatpu mamai chumliba wakhal khanthaba ngambagi miwoibagi mityeng adu mamit tanglak-e, thuptuna leiba sa-ngagi oiba ehulgi lichat adu wangkhatlak-e. Aduna makhoi chaokhat khongthanggi maikeida mai onsinbadagidi saramchatlomda haibadi, sanei yuneiba, nupi angangda karan taba,

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a s i n a c h i n g b a asikhaktangda mityeng thamlak-e, makhoigi aningba apambata phangnababagi maikeida changsillak-e. Ngasidi, eikhoi pumbadagi anouba potsak ama sem-sanduna puthoknabagi wakhallousing (creativity) mangkhibadagi eikhoi loina sa ollakle, eikhoi masen chiknarakle, set settuna chanarakle.

Asumna tounaraklibasina aphaba mahei karigumbadasu purakloi. Mee oidraba khunnaina karamna yawolihou touba ngamgani?

chinjaksing cha-thaktuna jagoi saduna isei saktuna hedo-heiraonaduna n u n g a i t h o k p a ngaothokpatamak makhoina touwee, aduga asigumba makhoigi iranggi ipak-ta taoba punsi marel lomda lupsinlaknaba makhoina miyamgi pukning chingsilli. Eikhoigi miyamna yamna pamna tamnaribasu makhoigi matouni, miyamna phangnaba tannaribasu makhoigi punsi maren aduni. Ngasigi Khunnaida mai pakpa meeni haina singthanaribasi makhoisibuni, aduna miyamna makhoigi matou tamnarak-e.

Mathakta palliba ‘Leisure Class’ haina khangnaba meewoi kanglup asina masana makhoisi chaokhatpani amadi khunnaida khwaidagi masak naiba mini khanjei.

Eikhoigi senmitlolgi manung chandaba meereibakki pot-chei, khudam oina, mamal atangba Bolero, Scorpio tonglaga Restaurant/ bar da chattuna yungang, guli asinachingba mayai kaba

Lamdamsigi ising-nungsit amadi leihaoga chunadaba amadi yelhoungeidagi leijaraklaba eikhoigi leingaklon, leisemlon, senmitlol, khunailolgi maiyokta chathariba eikhoiga channadaba India gi uchal-sing namdana

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eikhoida hukchinlaktuna amadi chaokhatpagi mingda makhoigi kummeiharaosing pusillakpata nattana eikhoigiga totsinyansinduna chayet chaneinahallak-e. Asumna eikhoigi khunnaina leibak macha tai haina khanjaba khunnaigi lichatpu pumthu thugaiduna lamchat naidaba khunnai ama oihallakli. Asumna eikhoi isana isagi saktam manghanjarak-i, meeoihallakte. Pumnamak asi, Kangleipakna India gi loilam oiruba, eikhoigi senmitlol asina kham thengna meepal tangluba, loinana makhoidagi niduna charubagi maheini.

ngasidi eikhoigi punsi mahing oirak-le.

Matangsida eikhoina senmitlolgi yumpham amasung masigi mathakta sagatliba khunnaigi kayatsing anisigi marakta amaga amaga mapal tangnaba phibhamda leinaba mari amadi makhoina amaga amaga ithil pinaduna c h a o k h a t l a k p a asinachingba asi masak munna khangnaba hotnapham thok-e.

Asigumba ngasigi eikhoigi kham thengna mipal tanglaba senmitlolgi phibhamsidadi semitlol asigi mathakta leiriba atei kayatsinggi manungdagi eikhoina henna maru oina khut thagadabasi eikhoigi mahousa leijaramba subanomba kanbada nattana migi thongjinda leppa heinadabagi naat nouhounana sagatpa asini haina khanjei. Asigumba eikhoigi kaoruraba

Houjik eikhoi India gi senmitlol asidagi nanthoktuna chenba ngamgadouribra? Asumna India dagi niduna hingba asi eikhoigi naat amagumna eikhoigi lutongda matam kuinadagi paktuna lakpana masina

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Asumna touhallib asidi India gi thouwinsilnani.

Masina eikhoigi likhulkangkhul muthatlakkani haiba si mipum t ingna khangminnaba chang-e.

adungeigi naatki ithilna eikhoi pumnamak inot haptuna thabak kanna suning-nomninghanba chang-e. Asum touduna mipan tangdaba khunnaisigi senmitlol ama sagatpa mathou tare haina wakhal taminnanaba eikhoigi miyambu, maru oina ngasigi hourakliba naharolsingbu yakaibagi matam thille.

Miwoibabu mee oihallibasidi thabaktagi tasen gna phang lakpa lousingna anouba potsak ama amuk sem-saduna putho kpa ngamhalliba masag i oiba wakhallousing adu nani (creativity). Aduga masidi miwoibagi su-nombada lei haibasi eikhoi pumbana khangdab a yadaba

Eikhoi amuk hanna mee oina hingba ngamnaba hotnnapham thok- e.

Masigidamak eikhoigi punsi mahing hongdokpa y a m n a m a k tangaiphadabani. Wadana nungainaba aranba pambei thibana punsigi pandam oipham thokte.

waphamni, hairibasi k h a n g m i n uminnarabadata eikhoi mee oirakpa ngamgani.

Mee oiraklabadi yawol ihousu touba ngamgani.

WESEA lamdamgi phurupchasing pullasi!

Loumi-sinmi miyamna mai paklasanu!

Paojenjariba, (Ksh. Laba Meitei) President Kangleipak Communist Party

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EDITORIAL.....

KHUNNAINA HANNA LANNAINA KONNA

Puwarigi sanglaba liklam

amada lannai miwoi mayam amana pullaga miwoiba khunnai haibasi semlakkhi.

Lannai miwoi amana magi panggal amasung lousing sijinnaraga su-nomduna puthokchaba potthoksing adu mahakna khunnaida khudol tammi. Asumna lannai miwoisingna khunnaida henna henna khudol tamba mgamlimakhei khunnaidubu inak khunba khunnai oihalli.

Inak khunba khunnai amana mangonda yaoriba lannai miwoising adugi awat-apa amuk piduna magi manung channa leiriba lannai miwoising adubu ne-na tana hinghalli. Asum touduna lannai amasung khunnai

animaksi amaga amaga mapan tangnaba phibhamda mateng pangnaduna chaokhatminnei. Aduna animaksi amaga amaga tatna-thana yadaba mari leinei. Miwoibana khunnai haibasi linglak-khibadagidi lannai miwoi pumnamak khunnaigi manungda chatnalonchat ama punna n g a k m i n n a d u n a hingminnarakhi. Chatnalonchat aduna punduna lannai khudingmak khunnaigi makha ponna hingdaba yarak-te. Marx na hairammi, “Lannai haibasi mapanggal solli haiba eikhoina khang-e, aduga khunnai haibasidi mangam yamna leiba panggal amani haibasimasu vii

eikhoina khang-e.� (We know that the individual is weak, but we also know that society is a power).

Eikhoigi khunnaisi India gi loilam oirubadagi ngasidi kham thengna mipan tangle.

Mipum khudingmak supham nompham khangdre, naochatnare, laira talle.

Hingnabagi pambei amatta leitraba lairaba ngakta ngaisillakle, masagi louingkhol, yum-kei yonthoktuna chanarakle.

Asumna lairabasingna yonthorakpa lou-ingkhol, yum-kei-sing adu inaakkhunbasingna leisinduna masagi maranmathum oina lepsilli. Lanthum leiba misingdi khunnnaida miwoina hingbagi phida phang-e, leibakna ikai khumnei, maningtouna masagi thabak touba ngammi amadi mingonda haija-nonjade.

Khunnaida asigumba inakhunbasinggi masingdi vii

kharakhaktani. Amaromda lan-thumgi mapu oiba ngamdraba lairaba miyamgi punsidi suna suna nangba asum henjillak-i, migi sendonna makhwang koirake, mi oina hingba ngamlakte, loinana miwoibagi ikaikhumnaba mangkhi.

Makhoi asi, eikhoigi khunnaigi masing yamba kanglupni, eikhoigi miyamni haiba yai. Houjik matamda lairabasu, inakkhunbasu leibak khunnaigi wa kana amattana thousanadre.

Khunnaigi saktam mut-khini haibagisu karimatta nachungdre. Mi oidraba eikhoigi khunnaini. Eikhoigi miyambu amuk hanna mi oihannaba hotnaba haibasi yawol touriba yawolloising-gi thoudangni.

Eikhoi eikhoigi lupta yaonariba luploi ayamba adugumba mi oidraba k h u n n a i d u d a g i khomlakhibani. Eikhoigi

miyamna masagi khongphamda leptuna hingba ngamlagadi eikhoigi lupsu hingba ngampham thok-i. Eikhoigi miyamna hingba ngamdrabada eikhoigi lupsingsi karamna hing-gani?

Lup ama aphaba lup oihannabagidamak lannai luploisingbu phahandaba yade, aduga lannai luploi ama phahannabagidamak luppusu phahandaba yade. Luribadi, ngasi oirakliba yawolgi chiraba tanpham asida lup hinghanba haibasini.

Luploising-gi marakta luploi amana toupham thokpa thabaksingdi toudanaba hotnaba, aduga lupna mangonda piba khudongchaba amadi kannabasingdi amatta chitthadana lounaba hotnaba luploisingna masing yamlaklabadi lup adu hingba yamna wagani. Masidi atoppada magi saruksu yaona thabak suhallaga mahakna thabak sudana

hing-ge haibani. Asigumba miremsing asi lupki chatnakanglonna laksinhoudrabadi mameithangda miyamgi yeknaba soidana oirakkani.

Matam leirigeida makhoibu yawolgi wakhal lousing takpitikpihouba yamnamak mathou tai. Masa itpa ngamjanaba hotnahanba chang-i. Luploisingna kanna hotnaduna lupta khudol tamliba makhei lupna maruchangba amadi awangba thakki luploi puthokpada changpham thokpa machaksing adu wattana hunba ngamgani. Lupki kannanabadi karimatta toudana luptagi loupham thok-i, tanpham thok-i haiduna panglouda louthokpa, pangtanda tanba haibasi lupki awaba ude haibani.

Luploi khudingmakna asumna khak toiroidabani. Nattrabadi luptu lup oiba ngamlakloi. viii

Eikhoigi oirakliba yawolgi thaak amadi WESEA gi tasengna oiriba phiphamsing asi yengluragadi Luptin amasung lannai lup haibasi ngasidi yamna maru oire.

Luptin semminnariba lupsinggi mannaba wakhallon amadi mannaba pandam haibasidi punminnabagi mapung oiba yumpham oiduna adummak leijarabani.

Masikhaktang uraga punminnaba haibasidi apouba mityengni. Masi nattaba atei, haibadi, luptinga lannai lup ama-ga leinaba mari, Lup amaga lup amaga leinaba mari, Lup amada yaoriba luploising-ga atoppa lup amada yaoriba luploisingga makhoigi marakta lannai oina leinariba marising, miga migagi marakta leinapham thokpa marising, makhoina amaga amaga nakna loinajaba, luna-channa tinnajaba, yanaba/yanadaba, apam/pamda asinachingba pumnamak asi eikhoi ix

khudingmakna taraina loupham thokte. Mitna uba ngamdaba langladagisu henna kupkhraba marising asisu khangmin-uminnaba chang-i. Eikhoina kaya thousarudaba asigumba marising asinasu luptin gi lipun chetsinhanbada achouba mateng oinaribani.

Luptin semlamdaida luptin sembagi maram yamna kupna munna khannaneinahouba chang-i. Luptin semkhragadi luptin sembagi wahanthok leihanba tai.

Luptin semlaba matungda poram yattuna amuk thugaiba haibasi loutunabani, mathanta hingningbani.

Masa khaktagi yenglaga hingba haibasidi akhuba mityengni, pukchel pikpa matou ut-thokpani. Asumna tounarabadi mi amatta tinnaba yaroi, masina khaibung tanabagi achouba maram ama oirakkani.

Apunbagi wakhalda chetna thajadaba maru oina

luchingbasing amadi luploisingna namna yaoba lupsingga luptin semminnaba haibasi matam sangba yade, thuna kairak-i. Luptin kairakpa haibasi miyamgi aningba-apambagi maiyoktani. Masina miyamga lupka lapthoknahalli.Lup manungdana luploisingna luchingbasingbu warounaraki, makhoida ninghannaba pokhalli, loinana yawongi thabakta pukning changnarakte. Aduna, yawon khongthang mangam sallakte. Asumna yawonna mangam sallaktaba matamda miyamgi thajaba manglak-e.

Miyamna yawolbu sougatlakte.

Luchingbasingna magi magi lupkhakki luchingba oibagi mahutta apunba miyamgi luchingba oige haiba ayambana ngasiphaoba khannadaba malli. Masimak eikhoigi lamdamsigi ngasi

oiriba yawolgi laibak thiba potpham amani. Stalin na magi ‘Marxism & National Question’ haiba lairiktuda asumna hairammi, “Magi magi phurupki wapham khannadana miyamna tunggi aphaba, chaokhatpa khunnai a m a g i d a m a k lanthengnaduna manglomda changsilliba makhei miyamgi oiba wapham asina mang thaduna lak-e. Aduga karigumba miyamgi pukningda chingnaba phaoraklaba matamduda makhoi masel lapthoknark-e.

Phurup amadi leibakki oiba waphamdu tungwoinaraga masa masagita khanba hourak-e. (“As long as people believed in “a bright future”, they fought side by side irrespective of nationality: common questions first and foremost! But when doubt crept into people’s hearts, they began to depart, each to his own national tent.”)

EDITOR x

YAOPHAM -TAKPA

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37 SUBA KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY GI MAPOK KUMWONDA LUPKI PRESIDENT NA MIYAMDA PIJABAGA YAIPHA-PAOJEL EDITORIAL.......

KHUNNAINA HANNA, LANNAINA KONNA

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BJP, HINDUTVA AMADI EIKHOIGI LAIBAK

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NUNGAIBA PUNSI HAIBASI KARINO?

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CHAOUKHAT THOURANGSING AMADI NUPIGI PUNSIDA CHEITHENG CLASH OF CIVIC NATIONALISM AND THE FUTURE OF WESEA WHY SHOULD WE DEMAND FOR RESTORATIONOF PRE-MERGER POLITICAL STATUS OF MANIPUR

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

PHOTO GI LAMAI

20 29 35 45 59

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BJP, HINDUTVA AMADI EIKHOIGI LAIBAK LUCKY

B JP

ga Hindutva ga amatani. Wahei asi 1923 da Vinayak Damodar Savakar na houdokhibani ; Indian culture bu ‘Hindu values’ da yumpham oiduna masak taknaba hotnariba wakhallon gi paring (ideology) amani.

Hindu gi punsi mahing, chakcha-yuthak amadi chatnarolbu Hindu nattaba atei attoppa masagi top toppa saktam leijaba meewoi kanglupsingda namphuda isinliba ideology ni; ‘Hindu Nationalism’ gi yumphamni.

Hindutva bu 1989 da makhoi gi ‘Official ideology’ oina laiming loukhi.

‘Hindu Rashtra’(Hindu Nation), Hindu Jati’ (Aryan Race) amadi Hindu Sanskriti (Hindu Civilization) haiba machak ahumna sagatpa ‘Hindutva’ na ‘Official ideology’ oiriba BJP na ‘Center’ da leingaklakpada WESEA region da leiriba Bharat ki leingak-leikhai manungda namloulousinkhraba Hindu-nattaba phurupchasing gi maraibak ti akibani. Khutlei thuna eikhoi eikhoi oiba toktuna mayang oikhibagi akiba leirabani.

Wakhallon asi RSS amadi RSS gi masa lupsing khudam oina VHP nachingbana sandoktuna lak-i. RSS hairiba ‘Hindu Nationalism’ da yumpham oiba organization asi BJP gidi ‘parent organization’ ni. BJP na

BJP na chingduna 1998 ta semkhiba National Democratic Alliance (NDA) na 1998 tagi 2004 phaoba Atal 1

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Bihari Vajpayee na Prime Minister oiduna center da leingakhrabagi tung da ‘Alliance’ asi amuk hallaktuna Narendra Modi gi luching makhada 2014 da center da power pairak-khi, houjik houjiksu India BJP na leingakpa leibak oiribani.

Adugisu mathakta India gi tongan-tonganba State 17 tasu houjik houjik BJP na leingak pairibani. BJP amadi masiga punna chatminnaba Political party sing na leingakpa state ki meessing asi 740.1 million oiduna India gi apunba meesing gi chada 60 BJP leingakki makhada houjik lei.

BJP amadi Hindutava gi iwaiithin (sphere of influence) asi pakthok-chaothrakli haijabani. Masiga iroinana makhoi gi Hindu Rastra onthokpagi process su khongjen yangsinlakli.

asigi mayaida chelliba ichel si Hindutva ni, India bu Hinduleibak onthoknaba hotnabaduni. Tasenbamaksu ‘Constituent Assembly’ gi matamdagi houraduna ‘Hindutva Forces’ na san hatpa thingbagi wa asi thamduna lakhrabani, adubu masi ‘Cuba’ nachingba leibak sing da leibaktugi senmitlon da yumpham oiduna san hatpabu thingba adugumbamakti natte, nungda chelliba ichelsi athiba phjaba ichel natte.

America na chahi kaya Economic Blockade touduna thamkhiba Cuba da chahi taret ki makhada leiba angang khudingmakta sangom litre ama nongmada aduga chahi taret ki mathakki angangsingda yogurt lemna pinanaba sangom thokpi sanbi hatpa thing-i. Adubu Khudam amatang loukhattuna kannadraba sansingbudi yenglabada, BJP leingak na adumak san-sa gidamak hatpa hek lakpadagi ‘Bharat’ pumba yahalli. san hatpa amadi san-sa chaba Mathakta thamjakhriba asiga thingbagi wathok thokliba 2

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

makhan sing yokhatnaba amadi henna phagat-hannaba, sanbi, sannao amadi atei sangom thokpa amadi sangom-thoktaba san-iroi hatpa thingnaba khongthang loukhatkadabani. ‘Indian Constitution’ gi article 48 asi san-hatpa pumthing thingjinnaba ‘Hindu Right wing’ na hotnakhiba adugi maheini. Keidoungeida Hindutva haiba wakhalonsigi manungda attoppa phurupcha sing-gi nat, chatnabi amadi makhoi gi top topchaba machatpu hinghanduna thamba haibadu yaoroi, khudam haibabu eikhoi sansa chade aduna nakhoisu san-sa chaba yaroi haina leiribasini.

Masi nakhoi, nakhoi oina hingba yaroi eikhoi oina hinggadabani haibagumbani, wahanthoktu masimakni.

pumkhel khennana India na san-hatpa thingbada piriba argument asi Hindutava da yumpham oi. Wayetti masini: Pakistan na lainingda yumpham oiduna oksa chaba thingba yaraga karigidamak India na san hatpa amadi sansa chaba thingba yaroidouribano.

Atoppa wahei amada hairabadi India asi ‘Theocratic Hindu Pakistan’ onthoknaba RSS na hotnakhiba aduni. San hatpa thingnaba taksinba haibasi ‘Upper Caste’ ki Hindutava bu Secular oipham thokpa India gi Constitution da insinnaba hotnabani haina Dr.B.R Ambedkar na Constituent Assembly gi matamda thamkhiba wapham adu maphamsida eikhoi ningsingba yai.

Indian constitution gi Part IV, Directive Principle of State Policy gi article 48 ta asumna iri: Leibak na louwu-singuba amadi sa-san yokpabu ‘scientific line’ da semgatnaba hotnagadabani, maruoina sasan gi tongan-tonganba

‘Sangha Parivar’ na India da san hatliba asi wayen kanglongi-upham (legal framework) leitabadagini hai.

Masi di chammada chamma minambani. ‘Department of 3

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Animal Husbandry’ gi website ta North-East state nattana atei state sing dadi mawong ama ntraga mawong amada san hatpa thingbagi wayen (law) chatnaduna lei haina iri.

3. Bihar: Tha taruk keisumsangdada thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

India amadi makhoigi Hinditva bu masak munna khangnaba San hatpa amadi san chaba thingnaba India gi State khara da chatnariba wayel (law) amadi wayeldubu thugaibasingna phanggadaba cheiraksing yengminnasi:

4. Daman and Diu: Tha taruk keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

5. Delhi: Tha taruk tagi na chahi 5 phaoba phadok piba amadi lupa 1000 dagi 10,000 phaoba gi wakongsel piba.

1. Andhra Pradesh: Tha taruk keisumsangda thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel piba, n a t r a g a n a keisumsangdasu leiba wakongselsu piba.

6. Goa: Tha taruk keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

2. Assam: Tha taruk keisumsangda da thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel piba, natragana animak touhanba.

7. Gujarat: punsi chuppa miyat tahanba, san hatpada khwaidagi hakpa cheirak piba 4

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

state si hujik hujik ki oinadi Gujarat na oire.

chahi ama keisumsangda thamba yai aduga lupa 500 gi wakongselsu thigadabani.

8. Haryana: Chahi 5 phaobagi akanba cheirak piduna keisumsangda thamba ( r i g o r o u s imprisonment) natraga lupa 5000 wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

11. Karnataka: Tha taruk keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

12. Madhya Pradesh: Chahi ahum phao phadok piba yai amadi lupa 5000 phaobagi wakongsel piba tai.

Changchatta phadok matamsi tha taruktagi hanthade aduga wakongsel na lupa 1000 dagi tade.

9. Himachal Pradesh: Yamlabada chahi ani phaoba phadok piba, natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel thiba natraga animak touhanba.

10. Jammu & Kashmir: Chahi tara phaoba phadok piba yai; wakongsel loubasu yai. Court na leppagi matung inna wakongsel asi san gi mamal gi saruk manga oiba yai.

Kanagumbagi yumda sansa thamlabadi

13. Maharashtra: Tha taruk keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

14. Odisha: Chahi aniphao Keisumsang 5

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

da thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaoba gi wakongsel piba natraga animak touhanba.

18. Tamil nadu: Chahi ahum phaoba keisumsangda thamba natraga lupa 10,000 phaoba gi wakongsel.

15. Pondicherry: Chahi aniphao keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

19. Uttar Pradesh: Chahi 2 phaobagi akan ba phadok piba (rigors imprisonment), lupa lising ama wakongsel louba natraga animak touhanba.

16. Punjab: Chahi aniphao keisumsang da thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaobagi wakongsel piba, natraga animak touhanba.

20. West Bengal: Tha 6 phao keisumsangda thamba natraga lupa 1000 phaoba wakongsel piba natraga animak touhanba.

17. Rajassthan: Chahi amadagi tadaba aduga yamlabada chahi ani phaobagi akanba cherak piduna keisumsangda thamba ( r i g o r o u s imprisonment) amadi lupa lising 10 phaobagi wakongsel piba.

Houjik eikhoina uribadi leibak asida san chaba meesing gidi ‘Fundamental rights’ phao chatnade haibani, leibaksida leige hairabadi san chaganu haibani. Handakta Gujarat ta BJP leingakna san hatpagi hannadagi hennakansinba wayen semkhibabu sougatpa oina Chattisgrah gi 6

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Chief Minister Raman Singh na san hatpasing thouri yanduna hatkani haikhiba asina henna mayek senghallibadi India haiba leibaksigi manungda hakchinna Hindu laining chatpasingna kanglup machasingbu nettuna panli haibasini. Asum touduna apikpa kanglup singbu makhoina tapna tapna yotsinnaba lakrari.

Nokninglibadi yotsinbagi thabak asibudi makhoi na India gi Federation gi phajabaduni hai.

hatpa-tuppa toubasi India gumba Secular State tada thokpa wani.Maswaidani Indian secularism si wahang lakliba.

Thoklibasing asigi maramsi ‘Hindu Right Wing’ gi Hindutava gi mangduni. India bu khennaba amatta leitraba Hindu Rashtra ama semnabani, Muslim sing bu kihanduna India thadoklaga chatkhinaba touribani, India da leiragana Hindu oina leinanaba hotnaribani. Aduk hakna san asi asengba sani haibadugi wa natte. San di makhoisu makhoi-gi chaokhatpagi tangkak (historical phase) amada charamlibani. RSS singna India gi Constitution oigadabani hairiba Manu Samhita da chaba yaba sa sing gi ithoktuna piba pareng-da sansa su yaoribani. San charamme haibani.

2015 da UP gi Dadri da Mohammad Akhlaq pu yumda sansa thamduna chai haiba tokngada yumpham oiduna meeyam changduna phuraga hatkhiba aduna India da san chaba meesing leiba yaroi haibagi mayek sengba khudam ni. India da san chaba haibasi thawai mangba haibani. Pathang puthang sitna Yamna onnana Hindu san chaduna lak-khraba imung singnadi sansa chabasi India amada sansa leiramgani da Muslim singna chingnaduna imung pumbabu 7

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

kayagi hidak oina ee.

Bhramnical text asida sansagi mathao asi Rheumatism layengnabada kannei haina iri.

houdoklambani hairibani, masidi minambani. Muslim sing na India da laktringeigi yamna mamangda ‘Indian dietary practice’ ta sansa haibasi adum yaoduna laklabani. India gi ariba lairik sing, maru oina Veda neinarabadi Nomadic Aryan sing asi mapham amada lengdana leiraga louwusingwuba toudringei matam (settled economy) laktriphaobadi sa-sing laida hatlaga katpa (animal sacrifice) yamna touramme haiba khang-gani, masi veda neinabasingna haiba wani.

Veda da chaorakkna sa makhal 250 gi manungda 50 mukti chaba amadi laida katpa yai haina iramba thengnei haina akhang aheisingna hainari. Mahabharat ta ningthou Ratnideva asi Brahmin singda mahei marong amadi san-sa katpagi maming chatli. Manu Sammriti maknasu san chaba thingde. Charak Samhita (page 86-87) sansa asi laina

Louwu singuba chaokhatlakpaga loinana Hindu khunnai dasu achouba ahongba lak-khi. Sa-san hattuna katpada su ahongba lak-khi. Brahmin sing asi sahattuna laida katli, Goutam Bhudha na masi yaramde.

Sanjao 500 katpa, san lamacha 500 katpa, san hatam 500 katpa, yao 500 katpa ka haiba lai-gi thouram sing leirammi. Bhudha na Ashwameda, Purusmedha, Vajapeya nachingba asi gi aphaba mahei leite hairammi.

Wari ama lei, Goutam Budha na Magadha koiba matamda Kutadanta kouba Brahmin amana san laba 700, hameng 700, yao laba 700 laida katnaba sem saduna leiramba thengnaduna madubu thingkhi. Mahakna sa-san bu sok-han panhandaba haibasida maruoina loukhi, masigi maru oiba maramsi 8

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

louwu singwubagi senmitlonga mari yamna leinei. Non-violence ta Bhudha na mahakki laining yumpham oiba si maram leitana pangtou tousinba amadi hekta hongdok hongjin yadaba oina tourambasu natte.

Mahakna sansagi mahao tangkhi amadi mahak masamak oksa charubadagi sikhibani.

Ningthou Sasak na Bhodi upambi (Goutam Buddha na Nirvana phangkhiba mapham) bu manghan takhankhi.

Buddhism gidi louwusingubada yamna maru oiriba san bu meewoibagi athoiba lan oina ngak senbani.

Brahmanism na Buddhism bu India da leihandanaba hotnabada khara makhei mai Matamduda Budhisam na pakkhi, adumakpu makhoi sa‘Brahmanical Value System’ hattuna katpa asidi matamga da pirakpa saphu si yamna chunanaba semdokpadumadi chaowee. Hanthaba thakki mathou takhi. Masidagi san Hindu (Low caste Hindu) sing bu asengba sani, hat-heide asi Brahmanism dagi haina thajanarakkhibani haina nanthoktuna chatkhrabani, akhang aheisingna phongdokmaram aduna Brahmanism gi i. lanthengsi thak-khuding da tourammee. Wangulon gi Houjik eikhoina uriba thakta Sankara na Brahmnical achumbadi, India da san chaba value na athoibani haibadu thinglibani haina touribasi san amuk hanna hingat- asi Hindu gi asengba sani hannababa kanna hotnakhi, haibaduga mari irei leinaba leisemlon gi thaktana natte haibasini. Mamangda ningthou Pushyamitra Sung panjakhibagumna masigi na Buddhist lamboibasingbu pandam di India asi Hindu phu cheiba touramme aduga Rastra oihanbani, Hindu symbolic oiba mawongdana ngaktagi leibak sembani.

9

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Narendra Modi gi ‘Ghar Wapasi’haibasi karino?

‘Home Coming’ haidi yumda amuk hallakpa haibani.

Vishwa Hindu Parishad amadi Rastriya Swang Sevak nachingba Hindutva ideology da ngaojbasingna Hindu nattaba singbu Hindu lainingda onhallakpaduni.

Angakpani, India dadi NonHindu sing na Hindu onlakpa asi yumda hallakpa kouwee.

Vishwa Hindu Parishad amadi RSS na ‘Ghar Wapsi’thouram India gi state kayada leptana touduna lakli, wathok oikhibasu kayani.

Abdhul Rashid na ‘Beef Party” sinlubagi maida hamuk teisinbikhi. Wathoksing asigi nunggi ichel icham chamde, n i n g t a m b a b u khongnetnabani. Non-Hindu singbu kihanlibani, Kihanduna Hindu-Rashtra semnabani. Waphamsi henna mayek senghallibadi BJP gi Manohar Lal Khattar na Muslim sing India da liege hairabadi san chaba tokadabani haikhiba aduni.

Asigumba phibam asida, houjik houjik India gi loilam oiriba eikhoigi WESEA lamdam da pirakpa yaba Makhoina Hindu Rastra saphudu neinahouba chummi. semnaba, meebu kihalli. India na sansa chaba thingbasi Khudam khara hangatna gi maram si Pakistan na oksa yengsi: san pubada chennei chaba thingba yaraga India da haiduna Jammu Kashmir gi sansa karigi thingba yaroi Udampur da Truck Driver haibasida yumpham oi haibasi amabu hatokpikhiba, Kerala sengle. Makhoina pamliba State Govt. ki Canteen amada India asi Hindu Theocratic Canteen adugi Menu da “Beef State ni, Hindutva hairibasisu fry” yaowee haibagi Delhi asini. Masi gi manung da police 20 thomjinduna eikhoi, eikhoi oina Canteen dubu thugaikhiba, hinghanbagi wapham yaode.

Kashmiri legislator Engineer Tasengbasu Hindutva haiba 10

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

asidadi eikhoi gi saktam haiba ama leiraroi, eikhoi gi saktam asi Hindu Rashtra gi manungda totsinduna Mayang onkhragadabani. Ahom sing amuk hanna Ahom oiraroi, Meitei singsu Meitei oina leiraroi. Karbi maming tararoi.

Bodo sing amuk uraroi.

Asumna asigumba WESEA gi phurup macha machasing masagi saktam mutkhragani.

WESEA lamdam gi meeyam pumba lichat-sajat, naat amadi laining da Mayang onkhragani.

San chabagi phuduna hatpagum eikhoi eikhoi oina leijage hairurabadi hatkadouribani, AFSPA chatnahanduna eikhoibu hattunata lakkhriba asini.

Adubu masi khangna khangna eikhoi gi meeyam na eikhoi bu charam metlagadouriba BJP da vote thadaduna vote kahalli, power paihalli. RSS gi Hindutva bu mapangal kanhanbada mateng pang ee.

Masi suicide ni.

AIMIM gi leader Asauddin Owaisi na BJP na sansa chaba North East (WESEA) tadi thingloi haibadu BJP gi apha manhanba (hypocrisy) ni hai.

Mahakna san haibase UP da “Mummy” ni aduga NE tadi “yummy” haina karemnakhibadu karemnapham thok-i. Wahang kaya lei, karigi WESEA lamdamda san chaba thingloidouribano? North East ta leiba meewoi sing asi India na ‘sub-human’ ni haina louduna AFSPA thamjinlaga hatningba matamda hatpiriba asigum NE gi san su non– Hindu oiduna chaba da pap ichel chende hairibara?

Natraga India da NE asi makhoi gi leibak saruk ama natte haina makhoigi-kokta khanjabadu mapal thoklaklibra?

Henna nokninglibadi power paininbana ngaokhraduna lamdam asigi maru oiba politician singnaphao sansa chaba asi lalli haina choirol oi parol oi hairakpasini. Manipur 11

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

gi Chief Minister N.Biren na Manipur da san asi lai oina latli, yokkhatuna thammi, eikhoi san chade haina haikhiba meeyam pumba taramgani, pao-che da yaokhrabani. Masi karigino?

Tasengbadi eikhoi san chaba kangbuni. Power painingbagi mayaina amadi chahi kuina meenai oisinlakpana eikhoi mamai longba mee oire, ‘Spilt Personality’ haibaduni. Biren masamak Meitei ama oina san chaba pammi, san chai, adubu Biren BJP gi mihut ama oinadi san laini khandaba yade, san chade haiba tai, aduna san chaba asi lalli haina hairak ee.

Loinana mahak Hindu onbagi BJP gi Hindubu seithaba isei sing saktaba yade. Pukning ga hakchang ga samnadaba mee oirakpani. Masi Biren bu Hindutva na tongduna thoubanani. Masi mahei di Meitei mutkhiba nattana karibu oigani.

macha singna pareng sana phamlaga sansa chaduna mahakpu okkhi. Madu Shillong da Raj Bhavan mamang maktada centre da leingak pairiba BJP na san hatpa thingbagi maiyoktani, Hindu Right wing politics pu yaningdaba phongdoklibani.

Adubu handak uribasina mawong amani, meenai mapung phana oirakle haibadu takpagumbani. BPJ Meghalaya Unit ki General secretary David Kharsati na Meghalaya da san thingba haibasi khudongchaba phangadaba meewoi kharana panghai haibani haiduna BJP gi sansa thingbagi politics pu lumna loudabagummi . Masi isagi saktam amadi naat tagidi Power paibana henna lumna lourakpagi khudamni, phurupki kangkhul mutparomda changsinlak-le takpani.

UP da san-sa yonpham Ningsingba yai, Amit shah gi thingjinba asi Nagaland dadi ahanaba Meghalaya eikhoina mathang chahida khongchatta Meghalaya power pairakpa matam dadi 12

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

thokhalloi haina BJP Nagaland Unit ki Chief Vishasolie Lhoungu na haikhi.

Mahakna 1929 da Nagaland da Simon Commission lakpa matamda Naga Club na eikhoi di tonganba leibak ama oina leijage, sansa chadaba Hinduleipakta punbasu ngamjaroi aduga oksa chadaba Pakisthan dasu punba ngamjaroi haikhibadugi nunggi wahanthok kaorakpagum toukhre. Masi power painingbagi oirambasu yai, adubu chahi lisang sitna India na chathaduna lakpa Cultural Homogenization gi mahei ni haina loubadasu karimatta lanloi. Masi akibagi masakni, laina louba yaroi. Kari amuk hairukhini, sansa yaodana puk thanjaba ngamdaba Naga sing phao sansa chabada athingba thamliba BJP da chetna thajarakkhre.

oiriba India dagi karamna phangani haina khangadouribano? India gi state sing sansa chaba thinglaga North-East tang thingloi haibasi ‘Political opportunism’ ni, Hindutva gi chatnabi bu North east ta chatnaroi haiba natte.

Ahanbada Assam da BJP na power paire, matung tarakpada maningthongdagi phaojinduna Arunachal Pradesh ta BJP gi Government lingle, aduga Manipur dana Congress na Single Largest Majority oijarabasu, Congress ta leingak painanaba tanja amata piramdana loutunaduna BJP bu Government semhalle.

Mathang chahi da Nagaland Meghalaya amadi Mizoram da Assembly Election lei, sansa chaba State ngaktanina sansa chaba thingani hairurabadi vote kabagi wa Leibak amagi manung da leite, aduna sansa chaba tongan-tonganba state sing gi thingloi hairibani. Eikhoi gi tongan tongaba wayel-cheirap saktam gi khanduna sansa (law) leihangani haina chaba thingloi haini haina Leibak-sing gi keisumsang khanlubadudi henjinna 13

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

wakhal phajinluba tagani.

State ahummakki liklamchat yenglurabadi Hindu leingakna yotsinge tourakpada ngamdanaba hotnabana lamdamsigi post-colonial politics ni haina uba yai.

Houjik makhoina touriba-asi sansa bu leisemlon gi pambei oina sijinnabani. Hindutva tokle haiba natte. North-East

ki Leingak-chukli mapung phana paisinlakklaba matamdadi sansa chaba thingbadagi hendoktuna, eikhoi pumba san-gi mathimayung phaoba pijapithaklakkadouribani. Eikhoi makhoina kullu hairaga kunba tabani, leppu hairaga leppa tabani. Matamdudadi eikhoi eikhoi oina leiba ngamlaroi.

14

NUNGAIBA PUNSI HAIBASI KARINO? TAIBANG

E ikhoi

meewoibasi mahousana nungngaiba pammi, awa-anadi pamde.

Ayamba meewoina makhoida nungngaihanliba khudingmak adu makhoida kannabani haina louwi. Nungainaba kanaba thibada ayamba meewoina achum-aran thidana makhal-makha kayagi thabak touwi. Masina maram oiraga meewoibana makhoigi punsi da singnaba khudongchadaba kaya m a i yo k n a r a k - i . khudongchadaba kayasi maiyoknanaba lousing leibasingna makhoi makhoigi wakhallon mathang mathang puthoknaraktuna khunairon, leingaklon nachingba leirak-i.

Meewoibagi ihou/khongjang khudingmak mayamgi oina yaiphagani khanba wakhallon kayana lak-hanbani. Malem da awonba kaya purakkhiba wakhallonsinggi manungda Francis Hutcheson gi waheida “khwaidagi kannaba/phaba si khwaidagi masing yambana phangbaduni� (Greatest good of the greatest number) haibasisu amani. Wakhallon asigi matung inna nungngaiba/kannaba haibasi Lan-thum (Wealth), masamawu phaba (Health), touba ngamba (Power), aphaba thabak touningba (Benevolence) asinachingba lak-i. Amaromdana, mathong maram khangdana amadi 15

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

phattaba mingchattagi thabak toubada yaodana hotnajaman nungngaitaba/ awaba thorak-i. atoppagi nungngaiba/mahei mapu Meewoibana nungngaiba/ saduna chaba nattraga kannaba phangnaba chanaba hotnabasi yao-i. hotnabada leibak/khunai Atoppana ee-khengtana haibasiga thadoknaba yade hotnaraga phangba mahei maramdi makhoina masagi humang marik amata nungngaiba/kannabasi tadana chagani khalliba khunaidagi phang-i. Maram meewoi makhal asi leipak/ asina punna hotnaminnaba, khunai nattraga lup adugi punna kannaba khwaidagi tamthiba p h a n g m i n n a b a / yeknabani.

Asigumba nungngaiminnnaba haibasi meewoina luchingba leipak/ khunai/lup amada yaoriba khunai natraga lup adu meewoi khudingmakki keidounungda mapung wakhallon/ phidam oipham pharakloi. Maram asina thok-i. Punna kannaminnaba/ kannaba/nungaiba haibasi nungngaiminnaba haibasi punna phangminnage punna hotnaminnabagi k h a l l a b a d i maheni, phajaba phidamgi punminnaribasinggi chatnawapham natte, thabakni. kanglon ama mathou tarak-i.

Thabak suminnaba haibasida suminnaribasing pukchel Chatna-kanglon yaodana sengnaba, amana hotnaribadu leipak/khunai natraga lup ama hotnaminnariba pumnamakna leiba oithokloi. Mayam punba khangbiba, thagatpiba amadi haibasi maymgi oiba chatnakanglon leibaga loinana thagatnaba chummi. mayamda punminnaribagi Nungaibadamak pamba, pangal (Power) pibasu awabadi pamdaba meewoiba mathou tai. Masi nattaduna meewoi ama-anina marakata masa-masanadi 16

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

touningbata touba, chatminnaribasinggi mapham pidaba lup adu lup oiba yaroi.

Mapu manaigi mawongda thabak touba, manaigi yaiphanabasu khandaba mapugi manai oibinaba meewoi leirakloi. Maram asina punna nungngiminnaba/ kanaminnaba haibasida punna thabak touminnabagi chatnakanglon leigani. Masigi matangda Davidson na asumna phongdoklammi, “Leibakki leingak-wayel semba (state legislation) gi khuthangda meeyambu amuk-hanna hougatchaba ngamnaba amadi meewoibagi leikha-taraba hingbagi phibambu phagatlaknaba phurupna chatnarasi haina yanaduna leiraba liklam bu thabak oina pangthokpa ngamnaba phurupki mating-leiba mangamsing adu eikhoina chatna liklamduda hapchinlammi.� (We added to

practical efforts to ameliorate the conditions of human life on national principle, and to raise the masses through

effective state legislation).

Khunai miyamgi thabak thoudou yengsillaga mayam pumnamakki nungngaiyaiphaba, kannaba oihan-ge hotnaribasingnasu thabak touminnaribasinggi mawongmatou, thabakthouwongsingdu kupna neinaraga apha-phatta khandok-khanjin toupham thok-i. Kannaba/nungngaiba haibasi matamgi matung inna awonba/ahongba nai, ngasigi aphabadu hayengdi channapham leitaba yai.

Maram asina touriba thabakki phagatlakpa natraga mangtharakpa toina neinaraga pamliba nungngaiba/ kannabadu matam chana phangba ngamnaba khongthang loukhatpa tai.

Aphaba/kannaba haibasi meemee adugi mityeng natraga apamba/aningbadugi matung inna masak-mawong/makhal mannade. Kannaba/mamal leiba potsaktamak thiba meewoisingdadi pung, isei, 17

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

jagoi, yekpa hakpa asinachingbagi mahei amadi laining-laison gi thabakki channapham leite. Khudam oina hairabada Roman singna yamna mamal leina louriba pung, isei, jagoi amadi yekpa hakpa nachingba maheiga mari leinaba thabak (Arts) pu Philistine singna pamde.

Kannaba/nungngaibagi wakhallonsisu matam matamgi oina ahongba lakpana matam amada kannadabani haina khannarambadu atoppa matam amada yamna kannaba oirakpasu lei. Maram asina matam-matamgi matung inna kannaba haibasi kupna neinaba tai.

kannaba/nungngaibadu ngaihak-ngaihakki oirabadi masigi kannaba/nungngaibasi tung koina phangdabasu yai.

Masi punna kanaminnaba/ nungngaiminnabagi wakhallondadi thokloi.

Leipak khunai meeyam gi apunbagi pangal sagatpa haibasida khwai mayamna pamnaba, nungsinaba machak khara chang-i. Khunnai, senmitlon amadi chatnalon ga samnadaba wakhalon/ wangoolon na pumnamakki pukning chingsinba nattraga apunba/khunai ama tung koina leihanba ngamloi. Ereipak/ Eramdam asigi khunai senmitlon amadi leingaklon gi thabak yaoriba pumnamakna Kannaba haibasi masibu apunbagi pandam amadi mathou tariba/pamlibasinggi wakhallongi mingda masen makha polli, maromdom leiba marakta namthak tounaba potsak natte. Kannage amadi khudongchaba khallabadi kannaninglibadu lounarabadi apunba meeyam sembi sabiba tai. Sembi oiba ngamloi.

Punna sabibagi thabakti toudana suminnaba punna kannaba/nungngaiba thibadi k a n n a m i n n a b a / thiribagi awaba oigani. nungaiminnaba haiba Sembi-sabidana phangliba wakhalonsina meeyam 18

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

sagatpa ngamgani.

Khunai meeyamgi khudongchadaba, awa-ana kok-hannaba hotnabada Leipak/khunaigi Ningtamba haibasi yamna mathou tai.

Senja-thumja, angamangaamba chanaba amadi leingakki (Touba ngambagi) pangal painaba hotnabada chatthanariba kayasi thingnaba hotnabasi meeyamna pamnaba machak ama oi. Leisemlon gi wakhallon amadi thabak na meeyamgi wakhallon, khunai, senmitlon amadi chatnalon phagat-hannaba hotnabasu chang-i.

Matam amada ereipak ermdam gi Ningtambagi lanhou/ihou khongjang asi meeyamna thajabaga loinana

chaona mateng panglammi.

Meeyamna mateng chaona piramlibasi Ningtamba hanjinnabagi ihou/khongjang asi maipakpa ngamgani.

Kannagani haibagi thajaba leirambanasuni. Adubu meeyamgi wakhallon asi matamgi matung inna awonba/ahongba lakpagum tou-i.

Maram asina Ningtambagi ihou/khongjang asi khumang chaosinhange hairabadi karamna Ningtamba hanjinhanba ngamnani haibasigi oithokpa yagadaba lallong/thourang ama yatthokpaga loinana akaknaba matamgi pandam amada pamlibasi phangnaba hotnei haibasi punna kannaminnanaba khangminnaba tai.

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CHAOUKHAT THOURANGSING AMADI NUPIGI PUNSIDA CHEITHENG LANCHENBI LEIMA

Kanglepak pu Bharat na

phurup ama oina hingduna namlou lousinkhraba tungda, lamdamsida leihougadaba makhoigi loilam leingak pu eikhoida akiba pokhalli. khumjinduna thamnaba Pumnamak asi chaokhatpagi Kanglei meeyam da chaokhat meengda touribani. thourang gi mingda meeta utKumbi kalen naidana chelliba chaisinbi, achouba project eikhoi gi turel sing amadi kaya paikhattuna leibaksibu chahi chuppa ising kangdaba pumlang langna chaokhatpat sing gi mathakta Dam hangani haina khanhalli. Mai sajinduna mei, louwupakpa paktaba haibaduna singwuba amadi thaknaba tonganba wapham ama oina ising pigani haina wasak i. thamkhraga, wasak pa yanaba Eikhoibu nungthil pobopta masing thingamdaba project mang manghalli. Project sing sing paikhatli. Madugi asida lupa crore, crore mathakta mapal naidana heithei.Khuga Dam, Singda peiduna leiriba lamdamsigi Dam, Khoupum Dam, Loktak masousagi oiba lan-singbu Multipurpose Project aranba mawongda pektuna asinachingba asi maming pukhinaba hotnarakpada panba yai, masi nattaba atei eikhoigi mahousagi khal kaya amasu houjik sanaba thugai, makha tana meewoi hotnari. Adubu ngasiphao 20

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

hairiba project sing asina Kanglei meeyam da kaya yamna kannaba pikhrabage amadi chaokhatpagi lambida kadaiphao purakkhrabage haibadudi paokhum leitriba wahang oiri. RTI activist amana RTI tharubadagi khanglakpada Lupa Crore 438 henna changna sakhiba Khuga Dam na meeyamda kannaba pibadi lairadana houjik phao naya peisa ama gi chaga lakhanba ngamdri. Meeyamda kannaba pibadi lairadana Dam asina khungang 15 ising thumjinhanduna mee cha kayagi punsi kang khong chaihalli, leipham amadi supham nompham leitaba mee oihalli. Masi India na eikhoibu karamna chaokhatpa amadi nungai yaiphaba lambida chingduna pubibage haibaduni. Khoupum Dam amadi atei dam sing su adu mangai iman mannei, eikhoibu hingbada khudong henna chahandaba nattana aphaba mahei purakani haina khallubadi mangda mangra

tanbagumbani.

Kupthana yengluragadi, paikhatliba thabaksing asi Corruption, Nepotism, Frauds, Unaccountability amadi atei amotpa kayana pik thanbadagi meeyamgi kannaba purakpagi mahutta meeoi kharagi sendanpham onthoktuna meeyamdadi kannaba youhandribani.

Khunnaida senjao paibasing na meecham meeyam bu namja namtheknaba haiba loilam leingakki machat-tuni.

Dam saduna mei pibagi mahutta yum-ingkhol pumba ising na thumjinduna mayummakei leitaba mee oihalle.

Dam na louwu-singwubagi ising pini wasakkhibadu loumeesing gi lou pumba Dam gi isingna thumjinhanbiduna loumeesing chakniba onthokle. Wahang di: India na achouba dam Kangleipakta sajinliba asi eikhoi gi senmitlon bu meepan tangba senmitlon onthoknaba hotnariba lallongsing gi

21

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maraktagi lolong amara haibasini. Tasengbadi masi eikhoi gi pothok-puthokpagipangal (Productive Forces) makhoigi khubam nungda thamnanabani.

INDIA GI PROJECT SING AMADI MASINA NUPISINGDA PIBA CHEITHENG: Malemgi awa-ana hek tarakpa khudinggi khwaidagi cheitheng wanngna phanglibasi nupi amadi angangsingdani haibasi malem pumbana yannaraba wapham amani. Mahousana nupising gi asonba amadi sawong-sadagi khudongchaba louraga nupana khullingba khunnaigi uchal na makhoibu phajin-namsinduna thambi.

Nupi singbu phaklang marina khajinba chakhumdagi hendokhankhide. Loinana, angang yokpana nupigi sinpham oihanlabanina mama ga angang ga leinaba mari asina mapaga macha ga leinaba maridagi henna

naksinnei. Asum touduna mama oiibising amadi angangsing gagi marakta achetpa mari sagatlak-e.

Aduga nupisingna marisibu nagk senduna thamnaba hotbada awa-nungai kaya lanthoktuna lak-e. Adum oinamak hingbagi lambida khudongthiba tarakpa matamda madubu maiyoknanaba hotnabada nupisingna louba thoudang yamna choa-e. Chaokhatpagi meengda lakpa Project sing na mayum makei mang tahankhiduna lanjennaba punsi oirakpa matamdadi nupigi mahousagi oina khara sonjaba matou amadi nupa singbu henna pangal piriba chatnabi (patriarchal social norms) gi khudongchaba louduna nupisingbu toina temsingnarakpana akhang kanbi oidaba yarakte.

Nakal amaromdana chokhat thourangsing asina maram oiduna yum-kei mang-takpa, supham nompham leiraktaba, nongmagi tangai phadana 22

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changdaba yadaba potlamsing fanglaktaba, ana-laiyengi khudongchadaba maiyoknaba amadi mahei-masing tambagi khudongchaba manglakpa asinachingba kaya pik-thana thoklak-e.

Hujik sang-ga-gani haina ngairiba Mapithel Dam/ Thoubal Dam nattraga Maphou dam hainasu khangnariba Dam asi sanabagi Thoubal turel thinggatpadagi ising thumgatttuna leiphamchapham leitraba Chadong haiba maphamduda leihouba nupisinggi awa-paodamsing phongdokpagi loiba naigadaba nattre.

Dam gi isingna yum-kei, hingol-sambal, louboklamhang amadi umangwamang pumnamak thumjinkhiduna khungang du patki-saktam onle.

Khanghoudana eesing-imai hengalaktuna khungang du ising-ironungda leikhibana khunja pumba lanjennare.

Asigumba tanphamda supham nongpham leitabana koingaonaduna nishagi eepakta eraknaraba meewoi kaya maphamduda leihouri.

Tasengbadi khummee pumnamak maphamduda chaokhatpagi meengda sariba Dam duna makokta makhut haptuna hingnahouwee.

Henna phaba khunnai pigani hairamba Project tuna angang kayagi tunggi punsibu akiba piri; School pumthum thumjinkhiduna angangsing lairik tamba phangnahoude.

Louwu singuba yadrabanina senmitlon kaithare aduga mahei masing tambagi chading na wangkhatlakpana chaga-chading gi khennaba asi wangmankhibana angangsing mahei-masing tambada akanba saphu piri.

Angang sing mahei masing tamba phangdabagi cheitheng phangli. Asigumba phibamda nupi sing gi awaba thabada loiba nairoi, akibani.

Machasing na mahei tamba phangdababu tuminna 23

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yengduna leithokpa ngamdaba mama gi mahousa ni, makhoi, machasing mahei tamhanba koingaonahouri.

Chaokhatpa, henna nungaiba punsigi waridi thapnabu thamkho imung-manung gi nongmagi tangai phadana changba potlamsing menkhatnaba hotnaba amadi ana-ayektagi punsi-kanjanaba hotnabana makhoi-gi laining oihou-e.

Maphamduda naopuribi mama-oigadabi nupisingna thengnaba awabadudi meepaiba pokningai-ni.

Numidang oisillakpa khudinggi akibana lang-goi chanduna ahing tumba yadana lennahowee. Karigumba khudi khunanthokta ahingtanglouda khanghoudana masa-ngamlaktaba thoklaklabadi siba-changba anigi langdaida leptuna maraibakni khanduna khungang-leikaigi maibi nektuna laibak-chang yengbagi phibamda leihouwee. Aruba asidagi

nanthokke hairagana mangjounana ana layengsang nakna leiba Imphal gumba mapham amada yum waiduna numit ngaiba nattraga khangna channaba kanagi mayumda tangjapham louba asini. Hingnabgi lambi leitringeigi mathakta amukasu henna peisa changnabagi maram oihalli.

Peisa leijadaba kanadi maraibakkini khanduna warouna hinghou-we.

Asugumba phibamsida inkhatlaklibi nupimachasing gi haksel gi phibam khudongthiningai oihou-e.

Isingdagi sandokpa lainatinna kayagi aki tujungga loinana hinghou-e, maru-oina nupimacha-singgidamakti akibagi phibamsi amukka henna wanghou-e.

E E S I N G T H I N G AT K H R A B A MATUNGDA EEKANG MAIYOKNARIBA DAM NA SOKHALLABA KHUNGANGGI 24

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NUPISING: January 15, 2015, dagi Mapithel Dam sanabagidamak Thoubal turel thingatpa houkhi. Hairiba numit asidagi houduna downstream khunjasinggi punsi awa-cheitheng nangba hourakkhi. Hanna chellamba eesinggi eechelna lepkhibadagi turel khongnung leikrak chatna kangkhi.

Eesing leitabagi awaba kham thengna maiyoknarak-e.

oina turelsidagi phanaduna imung-manung-gi akup-atai menkhatnaba achouba lambi oinarammi.

Hujikna aroiba pambei oina JCB sijinnaduna turel khongnung toukhaiduna leingoi peklaga hingnabagi lambi thinari. Chaona-chaona touthoktuna, metre 10 muk luna huthaduna leingoi thiraga tangaiphadana hingdaba yadabanina hingnabagi lambi thinahouri. Angakpa oina thokpa thoudok amana turel Turel asigi khongbanda mataida leiba pothok yamna khundariba khunjasingggi leiba loupham kayasing maruoiba senmitlonsi turel toukhaiduna nung-leingoi asina eesing echaosingda leibra thinanouba asini. Asum puthraklaga peisinduna touduna Loupham kaya thamlamba nung-leingoi sing thugairaga manungdagi pekpani. Mee amana kanna phangba nung leingoi peklaga subada nongmada lupa 500chamduna hingnabagi lambi 700 phaobadi laina phangba yengnahou-wee.

Masi ngammi hai. Changsida achumba natte, mahousa pabada imung hupna turel leijaramba leibak leihao gi khongnungda thabak subada khalda chaona saphu nongmada lupa 1400/1500 di pirakkadouribani. Adumakpu irai laina tanba ngamgani. hingdabadi yadabanina Masigi mathakta makhal aphangba lambi ama hekta kayagi nga matam-matamgi sijinnaduna hingnabagi lambi 25

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

thiribani haina thabak suhoubi nupi amagi paodam lei.

Turel asina thingatkhibadagi hingnabagi lambi pumba mangkhre. Amuk hanna Thoubal turen nung-leingoi puthrak-khidre, nga leiraktre, thakna-chanba eesing su phangkhidre.

Turel khongnung kangkhibadagi akoibada leiba louphamsing amadi ingkholsing insangnapi thaba yadre. Hiram khudingmakta awabana pik thalle. Turel khongnungda touthoktuna nattraga huttoktuna madudagi thoklakpa eesing na thaknachanaba ising phangnabagi pambei oirak-le. Adubu adgumba eesing singdudi mahik-matai yaobagi chang yamna wang-e. Unsagi leina makhal kaya, mit hakatchaba amadi atei isingdagi pokpa leina kaya maiyoknaba tai.

Helper, attendant singna hangbani. Doctor di tha ama nattarga tha anigi maunungda amuklakumba lakpani.

DAMGI AWABA AMADI ANGANGSINGGI PUNSI:

Turel esing thingatkhibadagi supham-nompham khangdaduna kakngaonarba mama-mapa oibasingna machasinggi mahei tamnabagi pambeising mami samjillakpana wakhalgi awa potlum puri. Mamang chahisingdadi suphamnompham marang kaina leibanina, mama-mapa oibasingna machasingbu boarding da thamduna Private School singda tamhanba laina ngamlammi. Turel kumduna nung-leingoi sururaga, madudagi phanglakpa khusumalsingna imung-gi awat-apa mennaraga arembadu tungsinlaga Leirongthel Bitrada Primary angangsingbu Private school Health Centre ama lei. Hairiba da tamhanduna macha masu PHC asi hapta amada singgi aphaba tung-gi pusi amukumba hang-e hai. amagi mang mangnarammi.

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Adubu houjik leiriba phibam asidadi anganagsingbu makha tana mahei tamthahanba nagamgani haibagi thajaba leitre. Chatliba chahi asigibudi areiba maralmathum thugainaduna angangsing school thanakhre adubu ollakpa chahidadi pambei amata leiraroi haina fongdorak-i. Mama-mapagi awaba uba macha kharadi, masana mahei tamba tokcharage haiduna penthoksannaduna leihoubasu kongaini.

Asigumalaba pibamsing urubada, pambeidi leitraba mama-mapasingna thamoi kaiduna machasinggi thouna hankhini khanduna wadaba saduna hingnaribani.

Adubu henna waribadi angangsingda mahei tamba tokhalloi haiduna phatharagasu tasengna mahei tamhanbadi ngamlaroi haibasi khallubada ahing kaya tumba yadana meepairaba mamamapa kayagi thamoi sokpa meekapna thallaba khunggangsing oihouri.

Matangsida hangba yariba wahangna asukyamna sotharaba anagangsing asibu karigi Private School datamak tamhange khallibano?

Government ki School di school nattabara??

Government School sing asi khunnaisida leiriba meesing na kadaiphao thajadabage haibadugi mayek laraba khudamsing mapham asidagi phangba ngamgani.

Leirongthel da Governement ki Primary School ama lei, Class IV faoba tamphamni.

Hairiba school asida Oja amakhak lei. Oja amakhak leiba school dagi maheiroi amana phanglakpa yaba mahei adu chingnabadagi khunjasingna School aduda angangsing mahei tamba thanade. Anakpada Private School leite, Private School da tamnabagidamak yamdrabada Kilometer 3/4 dagi tadana lappa maphamsingda mahei tamba thaba tai. Nungbrang khungang gi oinadi Upper Primary School ama lei hai, 27

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

adubu madusu oja anitamak lei. Asigumlaba sothahouraba emunggi angang kaya lamjing lamtakpiba yaba Government ki loisangsing ningthina mathou touba ngamdasinasu khunjasing da henna wahalli.

WAROISIN: Iramdam asibu chaokhatnaba nungainabani haiduna paikhatliba chaokhat thourangsing asina eikhoigi khung-gang kayabu chaona cheitheng piduna kang-khong chaihallaga awa eepakta langthaduna thambadi achumba khongthang natte.

Chaokhatminnasi hairabadi awaba tagadouriba nattraga awaba nangadaba singbu hanna mateng pangbiduna masagi khongpham ama semduna lepchaba ngamkhraba matungda

thabaksing paikhatpana henna lousing chaobagi khudam oigani. Tunggi yumbini hairiba angangsing yokkhattuna makhoibu ‘responsible citizen’ oihanduna mathanta awonba purakhanbana henna tangduleitaba chaokhatpagi lambi oigani. Angangsingbu tangdu leitana magul leiba mahei tamhannabagi lambi cheksinna thidokpa matam youre.

Masigidamak nupikhaktada mamani haiduna inthokpasu chumloi.

Mahousagi khutsemna maram oiduna awaba kaya thengnaduna leribasigi mathakta meeoibagi khutsemna nupi bu henna awaba pibadi nupi khunnaibu maru phangna maghannaba loukhatpa khongthang ni haina lougani.

28

CLASH OF CIVIC NATIONALISM AND THE FUTURE OF WESEA Com. K.I.

Present state boundaries of India are residues of British colonial legacy challenging our imagination even now in the 21st century. Perhaps one of the most destructive legacies which, we the people of WESEA, need to destruct to break open the chain of Indian imperialism manacling Wesean people for years.

monopoly over Assam’s present day state line putting down Bodo people’s national right and continued existence.

The same can be seen in Manipur where Meitei does not respect Naga national question for which many Nagas had to bite the dust fighting against Indian colonialism in the last few decades.

These imaginary lines which were arbitrarily drawn during colonial period without people’s consent have now become the most powerful tool used by India in making the struggling communities of WESEA region being at each other’s throat. Assamese, for instance, wants to assume

Here what one needs to inform oneself is that by accepting these lines we only reinforce European Westphalia state where boundaries are meant to divide the people living in that particular territorial space. It is, therefore, not surprising to see that most wars after the 29

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decolonization period have been fought around the basic human aspiration of reorganising territorial space and negotiation political power representing the yearning for selfdetermination. This question is no different in our region i.e., WESEA region.

As one can see, these days these lines are more than the lines that we see on maps but the lines in people’s heart and mind which at the end of the day engender disconnecting us from our own dream of a free WESEA, for we are divided by these boundaries making unable to stand as one united in purpose, which we need the most. And this seems to have reached a level of madness where even our idea of territorial integrity sometimes becomes analogous with keeping these colonial lines intact.

successful in breaking down WESEA region into narrow rigid state identification diverting Indo-Wesea conflict into inter-ethnic conflict, to the point of gross internal contradiction such as BodoAhom enmity. But some bigger ethnic groups in the region still do not want to see this reality with the intention of continuing their domination over smaller communities, so they make it invisible labelling smaller communities’ dream with tags like narrow nationalism.

In this politics of boundary closely tied to civic or territorial form of nationalism driven by ethnic right to selfdefinition, those people who are languished most are smaller ethnic groups. At this juncture, bigger ethnic groups’ focus remains only on territory and state boundary, rather than seeking a way having potentials to The fact, however, is that with emancipate all the oppressed that legacy India has now been peoples of the region.

30

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Do you see anything wrong when Bodos or Karbis of Karbi-longri wants to live maintaining ‘who they are’? If bigger people like Ahom thinks it right assimilating and harmonizing Bodo national identity with that of Ahom people, do you see any difference between Ahom and imperialist India whose main thrust is cultural assimilation and ethnic harmonization of wesean people with mainland Indians? If you call it bloodless genocide, yours is ethnocide.

political identity at the cost of denying the latter’s continued existence, we are now witnessing fragmentation of harmonious and dignified relationship once shared among political communities of WESEA region before India, a colonial actor in post colonial period, came on the scene.

What is tragic is the fact that we, instead of involving in inclusive politics, or rather a new politics with the principle of ‘equal rights to all peoples’ at its core, are helping India This monopolistic nature of maintaining the status quo by bigger ethnic groups in legitimatizing divisive lines it organizing territorial space inherited from British people and negotiating political some 60 years ago. What we powers gives rise to fierce need now is putting this inter-ethnic contradiction politics of boundary into often leading struggling perspective to understand the communities nowhere near same as paramount foe needed their dream of regional to defeat before we see our unification. Because of these dreams of freedom and better bigger group’s arrogance of changes shattered on the floor. power used unhindered ways to classify other smaller ethnic Here it is worth recalling SS famous groups with former’s socio- Khaplang’s 31

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Nagamese phrase “Poila mangso Maribo, pichhe-te Bhag koribo.” It can be roughly translated as under: let’s kill the beast first and share its meat later. His saying plainly points to the need of emancipating WESEA first from Indian colonial hold, uniting all ethnic sisters of the region, transcending the clash borne out of ethnic and civic nationalism, regardless of ‘who belongs to what ethnic group’ and their territoriality.

What is the need of the hour is stopping territorial claim and counter-claim widely seen among fellow struggling communities of WESEA region. Bigger ethnic sisters of the region must stop terming smaller ethnic groups’ struggle for freedom as narrow nationalism and imposing cultural hegemony on the latter.

Instead of making territorial

claim and counter –claim, let’s break loose the chain of slavery manacling wesea many years now. Now is the time to stop slavishly helping enemies sit on our neck. Once decolonization succeeds, we can redraw lines fulfilling every political community in the region with no trouble.

This is exactly what Baba informs to all the ethnic sisters co-existing in the region.

If we do not follow Baba’s word, it is unthinkable to evolve a sustainable solution to the problem of boundaries confronting wesean struggling communities. This acrimony over boundary will remain decelerating region’s revolutionary movement lest we realize we are members of an oppressed group of people called Wesean (as imagined by the nationalists of the region).

Now we nonchalant about 32

seem other

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group’s national right because we have already been trapped between territorial and ethnic nationalism. And this makes region’s collective dream of ‘freedom from India’ next to impossible. Also, our experience informs us that political communities benefited from present state lines will find themselves affirming colonial boundary contradicting to their political aspiration of an independent WESEA. Doing thus, they also find themselves against the principle they are supposed to stand for, that is, equal right to all Peoples, for with the process they deny fellow political community’s continued existence. If Ahom thinks Assam belongs exclusively to them, it rejects other fellow communities’ right to self-definition, incapacitating them to anchor their collective self to their own socio-cultural and political identity.

At the end of the day, the conflict which was fundamentally Indo-wesean diverts to inter-ethnic conflict.

When all is said and done, it will always be India that benefits most from the clash, while we, the struggling communities of Wesea, lose all that we have—land, culture and dignity.

Unification of all struggling communities in the region is the first thing we have to take on in our struggle for freedom and change. In the struggle if we fail to see this reality, dissing smaller communities’ national rights, as we see now where bigger communities like Assamese rides roughshod over smaller communities like Karbis, our region’s struggle for freedom and better changes will prove to be counterproductive.

Growing issues over territorial boundaries between wesean struggling communities are indicators 33

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that we are helping the colonizer to continually ride over us maintaining the status quo. Trying to evolve a solution to the problem of boundary is nothing less than claiming the share of the head of a beast before we get it killed.

politics based on ethnic and civic nationalism under supranationalism of WESEA. This is the only panacea of most of the ailments of present liberation movements seen in the region. This must be the spirit of our times.

Unite all the oppressed The only way out of this maze peoples of WESEA region! is to subsume the narrow

34

WHY SHOULD WE DEMAND FOR RESTORATION OF PRE-MERGER POLITICAL STATUS OF MANIPUR Dr. L. K. (Continued from the previous issue)

The Government of India

annexation of Manipur to betrayed Manipur on many India These blunders will counts and committed a always remain as a jeremiad series of blunders against and the genesis of all conflicts between the Government of Manipur.

India and the people of Instead of showing Manipur and will aggravate indebtedness and gratitude to it’s intensity unless the Manipur for saving the Indian Government comes out with Independence movement, the some concrete permanent Government of India betrayed solutions in the form of Manipur on many counts. “Restoration of Pre-Merger History has shown clearly that Political Status of Manipur” the Government of India had done a series of blunders Manipur was having its own which are the beyond the constitution before India scope of International law to wrote one Manipur during 1947-1950 Manipur was having its own which led to illegal constitution before India 35

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wrote one. On 12 December 1946, Maharaja Bodhchandra issued a Royal Order constituting a Constitution Making Committee chaired

by F.F. Pearson, President of the Manipur State Durbar.

Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Governor of Assam (4 May 1947 – 28 December 1948), who was representative of British Crown in India approved the Constitution Making Committee proposed by the Maharaja of Manipur.

Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari was the first and only Indian to hold the office of Governor of a Province during the British rule.

The Constitution Making Committee led by its Chairman F.F. Pearson was inaugurated on 10 March 1947. The Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 was passed on 8 May, 1947 and the Constitution was adopted on 26 July 1947. After adoption of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, the

Maharaja became the Constitutional Ruler.

Probably, Manipur was the only princely state among 565 princely states in British India to have its own Constitution.

The Article 8 of the Instrument of Accession says clearly that the validity of any law in force in Manipur was not affected by the terms of the Instrument. The retrospective effect of any order made under section 9 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 could not remove the Manipur Constitution Act, 1947.

Together with Article 8 of the Instrument signed by King Bodhchandra on 11 August, 1947 the Manipur Constitution Act, 1947 was in force in Manipur with the terms of the Instrument protecting the Constitution Act from erosion Manipur Constitution -1947 was never repealed by the Indian Parliament or by the Manipur State Assembly. It is still a living document. India 36

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adopted its constitution on 26 January, 1950.

Manipur was a democratic country before India become one Manipur became a democratic country on 18 October, 1948 and India became a democratic country on 17 April 1952. Soon after regaining independence of Manipur from British rule in the midnight of 14 August, 1947, Maharaja Bodhchandra took steps to introduce democracy in Manipur. As provided in the Manipur Constitution Act, 1947, elections of 53 representatives of the people to the Manipur State Assembly were held on 11 and 18 June, 1948 in the valley areas and on 26 and 27th July, elections were held in the hill areas. The first ever elected Manipur State Assembly was inaugurated by the Maharaja on 18 October, 1948.

The Maharaja addressed the first session of

the first Manipur State Assembly on 18 October, 1948. On 26 November, 1948 a Non- Congress Coalition Government was formed as no party could secure an absolute majority. The new ministry was headed by M.K. Priyobarta Singh, younger brother of Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh.

Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India by selection, not by election.

The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India’s first general election.

Series of blunders committed by the Government of India against Manipur History has shown clearly that the Government of India had committed many blunders which are the beyond the scope of International law against Manipur since 1947 starting from illegal forced appointment of Dewan and 37

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illegal annexation of Manipur many years while granting statehood to Naga Hills on 1 to India.

December 1963 appeasing the The Government of India has underground violent committed a series of blunders movement of the so called by (1) forced merger / Nagas and encouraging birth annexation of Manipur in to of underground movement in dominion of India on 21 Manipur (5) imposing Armed September,1949 by putting Forces Special Power Act the Maharaja Bodhchandra on (AFSPA)-1958 since house arrest and by violating September, 1980 till date in all international laws (2) the whole territory of putting Manipur as Part-C Manipur licensing the army state denying the legislative and the police to kill Manipuri power and authority to youths merely on suspicion Manipur from 15 (6) refusing to lift the October,1949 to 21 imposing Armed Forces January,1972 (3) declaring on Special Power Act (AFSPA)15 October 1949 that ‘the 1958 in spite of international Ministers’ in Manipur State pressure and peoples protests shall cease to function and the citing the strong objection of Legislature’ of the State shall the army giving a wrong stand ‘dissolved’ citing message to the people that the Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra governance of Manipur lies at Provincial jurisdiction Act, the hands of the army and 1947 (Act XLVII of 1947) there is no democracy in violating the provisions of the Manipur (7) encouraging Independence Act, 1947. (4) population invasion through suppressing the non-violent abolition of Permit system by peoples’ democratic Mr. Himmat Singh , the then movement for grant of Chief Commissioner on 18 statehood to Manipur for November, 1950 allowing 38

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free entry, unchecked influx of outsiders from other states creating a population imbalance and reducing the indigenous people to minority in the name of secularism. (8) encouraging illegal migrants from Myanmar and Bangladesh to settle permanently in Manipur (9) imposition of Indian Constitution without representation (10) imposing a highly discriminatoryArticle 371C of Indian Constitution which encourages Hill-Valley divide and perpetual communal conflict among the ethnic groups (11) passing an extremely discriminatory Act entitled the Manipur Land Revenue and Land ReformsAct-1960 by the Indian Parliament with a hidden agenda to encourage perpetual conflict between the valley people and hill people.

(12) permitting Indian security personnel to indulge in mass massacre and extra judicial killing of thousands of our

youths (13) making Manipur a captive market for selling Indian goods.(15) encouraging economic domination by outsiders (14) indulging in racial attacks against Manipuri youth in various cities and towns in India.

These blunders will always remain as a jeremiad and the genesis of all conflicts between the Government of India and the people of Manipur and will aggravate its intensity unless the Government comes out with some concrete permanent solutions in the form of “Restoration of Pre-Merger Status of Manipur�.

1. Signing of the Instrument of Accession on 11th August, 1947 Maharaja Bodhchandra of Manipur signed the Standstill Agreement and the Instrument of Accession on 11th August, 1947. The Instrument of 39

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Accession signed by the the Governor of Assam.

Maharaja was accepted by On the first day of the meeting Lord Mountbatten, Governor on 18 September, 1949, Mr. General on 16 August, 1947.

Prakash, the Assam Governor Manipur did not lose straight away placed before sovereignty even after signing the Maharaja an already the Instrument of Accession prepared “Merger th on 11 August, 1947. Agreement” whereby According to the provisions of Manipur would be “merged” the Instrument of Accession, with India and asked him to the Dominion of India will be sign the same. The Maharaja responsible only for three had given in writing to the subjects- Defence, External Governor of Assam “ I am Affaires and Communication. merely a Constitutional Head It is some sort of Shared of a full responsible Sovereignty between the Government under the Government of India and Constitution Act -1947 Manipur. approved by the Government 2. Forced Merger of of India (British India) and the voice of the Majority is my Manipur to India voice and it shall be Manipur achieved constitutionally and legally independence in the midnight binding on me not otherwise. of 14 August, 1947 and “Knowing the Maharaja’s remain independent till forced firm stand, Prakash did not merger to India on 21 pursue the matter further for September, 1949. On 17 the day.

September, 1949, Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh was The Maharaja on his return to invited to come to Shillong for his Redlands residence where a discussion with Mr. Prakash, he was staying found Indian 40

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Army personnel surrounding the compound of his premises.

The house arrest had begun as pre-planned. While under house-arrest, the Maharaja was not allowed to have any communication with the outside world, not to speak to Manipur. When Prakash ventured to suggest to Sardar Patel that the Maharaja might not agree to sign the merger document. Sardar Patel, who was by then seriously ill, demanded, “No Brigadier in Shillong?” Thus Sardar Patel, India’s ‘Iron Man’ had given green signal to use force should it became necessary in this land of Non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi. Mr. Prakash was firm in his insistence that the Maharaja was asked to sign the ‘Merger Agreement’ before going back to Manipur. Thus, after resisting for three restless days and sleepless nights, the Maharaja could not see any escape. Ultimately, he signed the treacherous ‘Merger

Agreement’ in a state of helplessness while still under house-arrest on 21 September, 1949. Under the terms of the “agreement” Manipur comes under Indian rule from 15 October, 1949. Thus the Government of India overthrown the Maharaja and occupied Manipur and became part of India. Thus. the signing of Merger agreement on 21 September, 1949 was done by deceit and forceful tactics contrary to international laws. Even after signing the Instrument of Accession, Manipur did not lose her sovereignty as the Union Government was to look after Defence, External affairs and Communications.

The signing of the Manipur Merger Agreement was therefore between a sovereign country called Manipur and the Government of India. It should, therefore be free from coercion or force or undue pressure. No referendum / Plebiscite was conducted in 41

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Manipur regarding Merger to India. Manipur was created by the blood of Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, Meitei Pangans. Many Nagas and Kukis sacrificed their lives to protect Manipur.

It is said that the Kuki Chiefs were greatly disheartened to hear the news of forced Merger and they sent 300 armed guards to protect the king from any possible attack on the king.

The Merger Agreements required rulers to cede “full and exclusive jurisdiction and powers for and in relation to governance� of their state to the Dominion of India. In return for their agreement to entirely cede their states, it gave princes a large number of guarantees. Princes would receive an annual payment from the Indian government in the form of a privy purse as compensation for the surrender of their powers and the dissolution of their states.

While state property would be taken over, their private

property would be protected, as would all personal privileges, dignities and titles.

Succession was also guaranteed according to custom. In addition, the provincial administration was obliged to take on the staff of the princely states with guarantees of equal pay and treatment. The signatories of the Merger Agreement were Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh, V. P. Menon, Advisor to Government of India (Ministry of States) and Sri Prakash, Governor of Assam.One great mistake was that the procedures and the text of the Merger Agreement was not supported by any law.

The draft Merger Agreement was prepared by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon without any legal sanctity. Hence it can not be taken as valid.

3. Manipur State Assembly rejected the Merger Agreement The 4th sitting of the 3rd session of the Manipur State 42

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Assembly in its session held at the Johnston School on 28th September, 1949 at 2.30.p.m. in protest against the “Merger Agreement signed on 21st September 1949” declared the Merger Agreement was invalid as the powers and authorities of Maharaja had been vested with the State Assembly . The excerpt of the Assembly proceedings was published in the Manipur State Gazette, part IV, dated 14 October 1949. Mr. T.C. Tiankham Speaker, Mr. M. K, Priyobarta Singh, Chief Minister amd 6 other Ministers and Hon’ble 43 Members were present and adopted the resolution . The copies of the declaration signed by P.B. Singh, Chief Minister, T.C. Tiankham, Speaker, Arambam Ibungotomcha Singh, Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs. was sent to the Government of India. But there is no reply from the Government of India on this

issue during the last 66 years.

4. The dissolution of Manipur Assembly was in violation of Independence Act, 1947.

The Government is yet to answer one simple questionCan an Elected Legislative Body be dissolved by a mere Executive Order. It should have been dissolved by the Parliament or the State Legislative Assembly. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, para 9(5) states that “‘ No order shall be made under this section, by the Governor of any Province, after the appointed day, or, by the Governor-General, after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and fortyeight (31 March, 1948), or such earlier date as may be determined, in the case of either Dominion, by “any law of the Legislature of that Dominion.”

However, violating the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 43

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15th October, 1949 called the Manipur Administration Order 1949 ( Noon) in the Gazettes of India -according to that the Ministers of Manipur State ceased to function and the legislature stand dissolved with effect from midday of Saturday, the 15th October, 1949 . This was again a total violation of the mandatory provisions of the Indian Independence Act1947.

The Chief Commissioner should have On 15 October 1949, the issued the order after 26 Chief Commissioner issued a January, 1950. notification no 0001/CC of (To be continued…..)

1947, para 9(5), Shri C. Rajagopalcharry, Governor General of India issued an order on 15 October 1949, declaring that ‘the Ministers’ in Manipur State shall cease to function and ‘the Legislature’ of the State shall stand ‘dissolved’ citing Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra Provincial jurisdiction Act, 1947 (Act XLVII of 1947).

This is in violation of Independence Act, 1947

44

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

(Makha chat-tharakpa)

Historical Materialism gi

thouna nomba kanba oirakkhi, mireibakka lallon-itik tounaba Hourakpham: miwoi (merchant) sing 19 suba chahichagi tangkhai amasung sellep thangdokpa challakpa ahanba sarukta miwoising (Financier) na Europe pumnamakta achouba leibaktuda leiba atei attoppa ahongba ama lakkhi. kollup mayam amagisu Sinsarolgi yawol (Industrical makokta leiduna makhoina Revolution) gi panggalna leingakpa kanglup (Ruling (Force), potsa-sang (Factory) Class) ki potpham da pot-chei sabagi phangnabagidamak lamgi khongchatta yamna thuna mapu oiba yaitongkhumang chaosillakkhi, phamdongbasinggi mathakta amasung masina, yonnaba miyamna khwaidagi masing pot-chei mayam ama saduna henna saruk yaba laantheng puthokpasing (manufacturer) chattharakkhi. Asigumba da senmitki mapanggal senjao-tanbagi kanglup asi (Economic power) loucha khunnai (Feudal hapkatlakkhi. Makhoina society) gi matamdagi houna sellepki mapusinggi mayol-lam (city) gi leibakkanglupta khwaidagi ichang machasing (Burgesses/ 45

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

Citizen) natraga apikpa sellepki mapusinggi maraktagi thorakpa hourakkhi. Asigumba senjaotanbasing (Capitalist) asi French londa ‘Bourgeosie’ haina khangnei.

Sinsarol gi yawol (Industrial Revolution) na yonnaba potchei mayam ama saduna puthokpasing (Manufacturer) bu khwaigi mamang thangbada inkhatlakkhibata nattana potsa-sang (Factory) da thabak suba sinmisinggi masingsu chang yamna wangna puthorakkhi.

Masidagi tasengnamak anouba matamgi su-nomlaga hingba kanglup (Working Class) asi poklakkhibani, khara pikthaba mayol-lam (Town) singda leiba maranmathum amatta leijadraba khutsumalna hingba sinmising punsinduna semgatlakkhiba, su-nomba kanglup (Working class) natraga Proletariat (Marx na makhoibu asumna kou-i) na khutlei thuna maning tamba

leisemlon gi panggal (Independent Political Force) oina masak thokna thabak touba hourakkhi. Britain da anouba matamgi ihan hanba sinmisinggi leisemlon gi lup (Political Party), ‘Chartists’ haibasi makhoi sinmi masana lingkhatcharakkhi, amasung makhoigi 1830 amadi 1841 gi paringgi lanthengna ichang thouna thabak tounaba lup lingkhatkhibada anouba matamgi phibhamsingga chusinnarakhi. French ki mayol-lam, ‘Lyons’ ta ahanba sinmi kanglupki lalhou thoklakpa matamda sinmisinggi leisemlon gi lup, Chartists na 1931 dagi houraga chahi tara gi manungda hendok-thoidokpa mapung oiba saklon louduna lakkhi. Khumang chaosillaba Europe ki leibak pumnamakta sinmi kanglup (Working Class) amasung potsa-sanggi mapusing (Factory Owner) gi marakta kanglupki lantheng (class struggle) chahi 10 gi matamda thoklakkhi. Hairiba 46

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

kanglupki lantheng (class struggle) khakta tonganna khandoktuna, puwarigi maru oiba thoudok amasung ihou pumnamakki leidi leiba sengnadi udaba (underlying) Asum touduna sinmi amasung maram oina leiriba senmitki s e n j a o - t a n b a s i n g mapung marei pharakpagi (Bourgeosie) gi marakki oiba maru oibabu thousadabasi kanglupki lantheng (class mahakna utthorakkhi. struggle) asi punsigi Mahakki thijinba amasung tougadaba thabak lairik ibagi thabak pumnamakki khwaigi chattharingei matamda mamang thangbada masa mapung oiba khunnai mathantana namdana amasung senmitki mapung kakhatlak-i, amasung asumna marei phagatlakpagi toubasina Europe ki kanglonsing asi mahakna wakhalloisingda (thinkers) sagatlakkhi amadi puwaribu amuk nouhounana phongdorakkhi, hairibasi yengsinbagi tangaiphadaba eikhoina makha tana oihallakkhi. sampatna neinarakkhigani. kanglupki lantheng (class struggle) asi senjao-tanbasing (Bourgeosie) na leisemlon gi oina ingamta ngamduna chatlingei matamdani.

Marx ki matam phaobada oikhiba miwoiba khunnaigi tongan-tonganba sakwongsingdu kok thadaduna neinanaba matamdugi achou-achouba khunnaigi ihousingna mahakpu insillakkhi.

Puwarigi thou panghanba panggal (motive force) oina

Historical Materialism gi mapung oiba wayel (Principle) singgi hendok thoidokpa wapham ama Engels na magi mayamna thoina henna khangnaraba Marxism gi asengba masak utliba: ‘Socialism, Utopian and Scientific’ haibasida yaori. Engels ki asidagi 47

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

samlappa ama louthokchari: ‘The materialist conception of history starts from the proposition that the production of the means to support human life and, next to production, the exchange of things produced, is the basis of all social structure; that in every society that has appeared in history, the manner in which wealth is distributed and society divided into classes or orders is dependent on what is produced, how it is produced, and how the products are exchanged. From this point of view the final causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men’s brains, not in man’s better insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the mode of production and exchange.

They are to be sought not in the philosophy, but in the economics of each particular epoch.’ (3) [‘Miwoibagi punsibu ngaklou piba potthok

puthokpagi pambeising amasung, potthok puthokpagi hek mathangda, puthokliba potsingdu mahut onnaba (exchange) hairiba khannanaba houdorakliba waphamsidagi puwarigi Materialist ki wakhal ama sagatnaba chat-tharakpa thouwong (Concept) asi thorak-i haibasida khunnaigi kayat (structure) pumnamakki sagatpham (basis) ni; puwarida yaorakkhiba khunnai khudingmakta, mayamda lan-thum yenthokpa amasung khunnaibu kanglup naina natraga mathang-manao oina khaidokpagi mawongsi kari potthok puthok-i, karamna madu puthorak-i, amasung puthorakkhiba potthoksingdu karamna mahut sinnei (exchange) hairibasing asigi makha ponbani. Mityeng asidagi miwoibagi kokta nattaba, matam khudingmakta chumduna leiraba wapham amasung achumba wayel (Principle) da miwoibagi 48

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

khara henna nung hanjinna thijinbada nattaba, potthok puthokpagi mawong amasung putthokliba potthoktu mahut onnabada honglaklibasing aduda khunnaigi ahongbasing amasung leisemlon gi yawolsing pumnamak asigi waroisin oina pirakliba maramsingdu thigadabani.

Hairibasing asi wangulon (Philosophy) da nattaba, puwarigi maru oiba thoudok thokpa akaknaba matam khudingmakki senmitlonda thigadabani.’]

phagatlak-khibaduna nouna thorakpa senjao-tanbagi potthok puthokpagi mawongbu manglomda inkhatlakkhi haina Marx na magi che-bao (letter) amada sandokna hai. Mahakna hai: ‘Hence burst two thunderclaps – the revolutions of 1640 and 1688.

All the old economic forms, the political system which was the official expression of the old civil society, were destroyed in England.’(4) [‘Maram asidagi hannana khalludaba thoudok ani- 1640 Puwarigi masak thokpa amasung 1688 ki yawolsing achouba yawolsingsi senjaoikhang khanghoudana tanba Puwari subasing pokkhairakkhi. England da (Bourgeosie historians) na ariba Civil Society gi Official matam khudingmakta wahei-wata oikhiba ariba khangba ngamdana leirakkhi. senmitlon gi mawong Historical Materialism pumnamak amasung khaktana makhoida sugaina leisemlon gi chatnarol haiba ngamgani. Britain da (Political System) loina senmitki lamda hendokna thugaikhi.’] khumang chaosillakkhibada louchagi chatnarol Asum touduna, 1789 da (feudalism) gi athingbasingna thokkhiba maming chatlaba thingjillaktriphaoba senmitna French ki Yawol, 1848 ta asum asum mapung marei Europe ki leibak ayambada 49

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

thokkhiba senjao-tanbasinggi yawolsing (Bourgeois Revolution); 1871 gi Paris Commune haina khangnaba machet oina mai pakkhiba ahanba sinmisinggi yawol; 1905 amasung March 1917 gi Russia gi senjao-tanbasingna miyamgi leingak lingnaba changsinkhiba yawolsing; puwarida singthaduna adumak leiragadaba Russia gi Mannaba Khunnaigi Yawol (Socialist Revolution) –Nov. 7, 1917 (Masi Julian calendar gi matung innadi 25, Oct. 1917 da tai.); amasung khara henna noubada hairagana, Malemgi Anisuba Lanjao (World War-II) gi matungda mahei chakhiba, maming chatlaba China gi Yawol (Chinese Revolution); hairiba yawolsing asi Historical Materialism khaktana sugaina macha khaina takpa ngamgani.

ngamba saklon louriba anouba khunnaigi saphusing mapanggal leiba anouba amana mahut sinduna kemlaba amadi marai chaitharaba potthok puthokpagi mawong (mode of production) bu machet oina natraga mapung phana maru phukna langthokkhibadu mayek sengna utkhi.

Historical Materialism gi matung inna, puwarigi maruoiba thoudok thokpa matam khudingmakta miwoiba khunnaina mapung marei phagatlakpada toptoppa potthok puthokpagi mawong (mode of production) ama, natraga khunnai senmitki langwon (Socio-economic-formation) semlak-i, hairibasing asigi 5 (manga) di houjik khangle; madudi: Meihourol khunnai (Primitive Communism), Minai loiba khunnai Maming chatlaba yawolsing (Slavery), Loucha khunnai asigi yawol khudingmakna (Feudalism), Senjao-tanba honglakliba khunnaigi khunnai (Capitalism) phibhamda waroisin piba amasung Mannaba khunnai 50

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

khunbagi khunnai (Huntergatherer society) haina khangnaba khunnai amada Houkhiba amasung hinglammi. Miwoibana utup Houjikki khunnaigi amadi nungdum na khutlai Chatnarol (Social Systems oina sijinnaduna Past and Present): hingnabagidamak mahousaga 1. Meihourol khunnaigi lanthengnarakpada miwoiba chatnarol (Primitive masen chungsinnadaba Communism): yaraktabadagi punna thabak touba hourakkhi. Matamduda Achumbamak, hingnabagi khutkan-pangganba kanglup – pambeini haina mayamna tribe singna hingba khangnariba miwoibagi ngamlakkhi, aduga tokhai punsida tangaiphadana taba imung-manung natraga changda yadabasing asi semlannai miwoisingdi hingbagi saduna puthokpa (amuk hanna khudongchaba yamna nemna puthokpa) hourakpa leikhi. matamdukhaktada miwoibana lamlakki sa-nga singdagi Chahi lising kayagi mathakta lapthoktuna tongan tana sanglaba matam ama leirak-i. Houjikki anouba hingduna laklaba tribe sing matamgi miwoiba eikhoisi asi, ihan hanba amasung meihourol matamgi khunnaigi lup oina khwaidagi p at han gk ok-put hangkok nemba thaakta semkhiba singdugi chada-naodani meihourol phurupki mawong haibasi ningsingpham thok-i. (primitive communal form) da Meihourol gi miwoibana yumpham oiduna chinjakkidamak lamlakki sa- sagatlakkhibani. Meihourolgi nga tanduna amasung uhei- miwoibana cheitup amasung wahei amadi mana-masing nungdum sijinnarambadagi thiduna, sadanba-hekpa- inou nouba khuju-khutlai (Socialism) hairiba chatnarolsing asini.

51

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kayamarum saba heirakkhi.

Sem-saba hourakkhiba khujukhutlaising adudi; nung, u, sasan gi machi amasung saruna saba singjangsing, heijrangsing, paijasing, langnaba chei amadi ta sing, nga phanaba khutlaising asinachingbani. Asidasu nattana, miwoibana mei karamna puthokkadage amasung sijinnagadage haiba khanglakkhre. Hairibasing asi khang-heiraklagasu matamduda potthok piba panggal (Productive force) gi thaaksi yamna nemna leirammi. Potthok piba panggal (Productive force) gi thaak nembasina mayam punsillaga su-nomminnaba haibasi tangaiphadaba oirammi. Mayam punna sunomminnaba haibasina potthok puthokpagi pambei (means of production) gi mapu mayam punna oiminnaba haibasi mathou tarammi amasung tribe singgi manungda makhoi masen amaga-amaga tengbangnaba,

totna-tinnana thabak suminnaba amadi amagaamagagi marakta khennaba thamdaba marising asi leirammi. Matou asum touduna punna sunomminnaduna phanglakpa potthoksing adu mayam pumnamak saruk chap mannana phangminnarammi.

Matang asida waroisin oina laklibasi karino haibada potthok puthokpagi pambei (Means of production) gi mapu mayam punna oiminnaba haibasini. Masida chongthorakliba masaksi: Primitive Communism ni.

Maramdi, matamduda ahenba potthok (surplus product) leiramde, lannai miwoisingna mapu oiba yaba amasung lannaigi lan-thum onthokpa yaba potsak amatta matamdugi potthok puthokpagi pambei (Means of production) da yaode. Asum touduna matamduda mina mibu ot-neiba leikhide amasung maram asina otpineibirabasing amadi ot52

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

neibasinggi senmitki kanglupsing (Economic class) leikhide. Mapung phana semsaraba Marxism gi ihan hanba thabakni haina singthariba, 1848 ki ‘Communist Manifesto’ da Marx amasung Engels na asumna houdoraki: ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’. [‘Ngasiphaobasida leiriba khunnai pumnamakki puwaridi kanglupki lanthengsinggi puwarini’.]

Ayiba anisina matung tarakpada footnote ta mathakta phongdokliba waphamsi asumna taklak-i: ‘Maduni, ayiba puwari pumnamak’. Ayiba puwari leitringei matamgi khunnaigi maramda 1848 ta ayambana karimatta khangnakhide. 1877 da America gi Anthropologist amasung Archeologist Lewis Henry Morgan na phonglakkhiba lairik ‘Ancient Society’ (Thainagi Khunnai) haibasina pumnamaktu honghallakkhi. Morgan na

Iroquos Indian singgi marakta makhoigi punsigi mahing adu thijin-humjinduna chahi 25 leirammi. Morgan gi lairiksi nongmagi oiba thabak natte.

Mahakna (Morgan) chahi 40 changna mahakki lairikki machaksingdu thijinduna mapung phaba lousing ama phangdriphaoba yamna kanna hotnakhibani’ haina Engels na magi mityeng pi. Engels na masamakki maming leiraba lairik ‘The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State’ki wahoudokta maru oina pallak-i, ‘Morgan gi thoidok-hendokpa matikmayaisi magi lairikki mapung oina singthaningai oiba saruksingda eikhoigi ayiba puwarigidamak ayiba leitringeigi puwarigi oiba yumpham ama thollakkhiba amasung sagatlakkhiba asida lei……’ Hairiba Morgan gi thabak asina Marx amasung Engels ta minai loiba khunnai (Slave Society) gi hek mamangda leikhiba khunnai senmitki langwon (Socio53

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

economic formation) haiba ‘Primitive Communism’ sagatlaknabagi Neinarolgi oiba yumpham (Scientific basis) ka loinana mathou taba machaksing pirakkhi.

Engels na tribal gi punsiga marileinana mayanglomda yansinba wapham oina asumna thamlak-i, madudi ‘In each such community there were from the beginning certain common interests the safeguarding of which had to be handed over to individuals, true, under the control of the community as a whole: adjudication of disputes; repression of abuse of authority by individuals; control of water supplies, especially in hot countries; and finally, when conditions were still absolutely primitive, religious functions.’ (5) [‘Asigumba phurup khudingda lannai m i w o i s i n g d a sinnathokkadaba khudong thibasingdagi masa kanjanaba phibhamsing, achumbani

haina yanarabasing ngakna chatpa, phurup (Community) tu loinamak laksinduna thamnaba: yanadaba yetnabasinggi wayenba; lannai miwoisinggi matengna machin chatpasing (Authority) na chei-thangduna mayambu namthaba; akhannana ising tangba asaba leibaksingda, ising phangpham khudum chansinduna thamba amasung aroibada, thanggei sengna meihourol gi oina, laininglolgi oina mathou-masilsinggi phibham leiringei matamduda hairibasing asi houbadagi mayam pumnamakki apamba (interest) oirakkhi.’]

Meihourolgi miwoibadagina, houna-khangba chaokhatpa (civilization) gi machin mei murakpa phaobada khunnaigi chatnarol (Social System) ama oina Primitive Communism asina magi mahut silhougadaba atei singdagi matam yamna saangna tung koiba henkhi. Houjik phaobagi oina khwaidagi 54

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mapung oiba potthok piba panggal (productive forces) di miwoiba amasung maga sagonnaba potthok puthokpagi heisingba amadi magi hei-singbagi kanglonsing adu oirak-i.

Masigi mathakta tribe singgi amaga amaga makhoi masen ikhang khangnaba, tengbangnaba khunnaigi punsi amasung miyamgi marakta leinaba khunnaigi marisinggi thaak mannaba hairibasing asigi aphaba nakal leiraphaobada meihourol phurupki punsi (Primitive Communal Life) haibasi thoidokna nungaiba amadi maka lamba chak (Golden Age) oikhide. Henjinna thajaba amadi aphabakhakta oigani ningba laininglolsing (naive religion), achumba maram piba ngamdaba araanbada thajaba (Superstition) amadi khunnaigi chatnabising (Customs), hairibasingsigi manungda onthokna chaokhattabasu yaoribani,

hairibasing asina marannai wakhal khanba ngamjaba miwoibagi mathakta pallingei matamduda hingliba punsigi mawongdu icham chamna hingliba haibadukhaktani.

Primitive Communism na leikha tarakpagi maram: Primitive Communism na leikha tarakpagi maram karino? Sanglaba matam amagi matung kainathangda anouba amasung henna khumang chaosillaba potthok piba panggal (Productive force) singna mapung marei pharakkhi. Nung amasung ugi kuju-khutlai singgi mahutta konchak (Metal) gi khujukhutlai singna mahut shillakkhi, haibadi, yotki longkhum happa u-gi langgol, senjeng amasung yotki singjang sing, yotki machin toppa ta amasung tenjeising, hairiba sing asiga loinana chaphu saba heirakkhi, asumna anouba khuju khullai sing asi sijinnaduna sunomlakpadagidi hannadagi 55

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potthok yamna henna puthokpa ngamlakkhi.

Masidagidi sa-san loibasingna sa-san loibagi thabak tourakkhi amasung mapham amada ningthina khunda leitaraba phurupsing (Community) na maheimarong thabagi thabak tourakkhi asumna, hairiba thabaksing asi yamna pak sanna paikhatpa ngamlakkhi.

Tribe singgi marakta khara amana sa-san yokpada thawai yaorakkhi, aduga khara amana mahei-marong thabada thawai yaorakkhi. Asumna kanglup ani thorrakkhi. Mameithangda sa-san yokpasingga maheimarong thabasingga khaidoknarakkhi. Matang asidagi ihan hanba oina khwaidagi chaona khunnai manungda miwoibagi sinpham khaidokpa hourakkhi. Matung tarakpada konchak (Metal) suba, thabak sunaba khuju-khullai amasung sa-laan gi thang-ten saba, phi-rol amasung khongup tuba, asigumba khutsa heibagi thabaksing asisu

potthok puthokpagi masa (branch) oina tokhairakkhi.

Potthok piba pangal (Productive Force) sing henna khumang chaosillakpana ahenba potthok (Surplus) puthokpa ngamlakkhi.

Asumna puthorakliba pothoksingdu mahut onnaba (Exchange) gi thabak chaokhatlakkhi. Pot-chei mahut onnabagi thabaksi ahanbada tribe natraga phurup (Community) gi thaakta tounarambadagi, masi pot puthokliba makhoi masel maraktasu chattharakkhi.

Leina-yonna-pot (Commodity) haiduna yonnabagidamakta potthok puthokpa hourakle, masina tribal khunnai adubu thugaiduna sagei, sageidagi imung-manung oina khaidorakkhre. Imung amada yumgi luchingba amamam leiduna yumling khutlinglakhre. Tribal khunnai manungda sageigi luchingba ayamba masana tribal gi achou-asang makhal ama oina semjaduna imung-manung 56

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI

kangbu amagi luchingba oina leirakkhi. Asigumba akalathou luchingba singna lam, yao amadi hamenggi sanggu, san-iroi gi sallup amasung khuju-khullaising, hairiba potthok puthokpagi pambeising (means of production) asi maranaigi maran-mathum (Private Property) onthoklammi.

Masidagi khunnai manungda kanglupsing (Class) khaidoklakkhre, kanglup amana potthok puthokpagi pambei (means of production) gi mapu oiduna maranmathum karimata leijadaba kangbudubu sijinnaduna otneiba hourakkhi. Su-nombana potthok marang kaina puthokpa ngamlakpa haibasida yumpham oiduna minnai loibagi chatnarol (Slavery) semgatlakkhi. Minai amana su-nomduna puthokpa potthokna mabu yokpada changkhiba senjangdagi hellaklaba matamdu khaktada

minai loibagi senmitki oina kannaba phanglak-i amadi minaidubu loiriba mapudugi lan-thum karakphamsu minaidugi su-nombana oiraki. Senjeng amadi yotna saba laangi khuju-khullai puthorrakkhibaga loinana, khutlaising asi masagi oina leijarabasingna attopa laandaduna laan ngamduna lanphasing phaduna purakkhi.

Laan ngambasingna lanphasing asibu makhoigi thabak namduna suhanduna makhoigi minai oina thamlakkhi. Asum touduna Primitive Communism kinthakhiduna minai loiba khunnai (Slave Society) thorakkhi.

Nouna thoklakkhiba minai loiba khunnai (Slave Society) asi ihan hanna yengthinaba kanglupsing, haibadi, minaising amadi minaigi mapusing hairiba kanglup anisida yumpham oiduna semgatlakkhibani.

(Makha chat-tharakkhigadaba‌‌.)

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PHOTO GI LAMAI

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KYKL GI 23 SUBA RAISING DAY CELEBRATION DA NSCN GI CHAIRMAN SS KHAPLANG NA WA NGANGBA

KYKL GI 23 SUBA MAPOK NUMITKI THOURAMDA KYKL GI CHAIRMAN N. OKEN NA WA NGANGBA

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KCP GI 37 SUBA MAPOK NUMITKI THOURAMDA MARUWOIBA LENGBIRAKPASINGNA PHAMPHAMLANGDA LENGSINBA

KCP GI 37 SUBA MAPOK NUMITKI THOURAM LOIRABA MATUNGDA NAMBA PHOTO

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“SPECIAL ELITE UNIT” TA SARUK YARUBA NSCN (GPRN), KYKL & KCP GI APUNBA LANMISINGGI PHOTO KHARA

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“SPECIAL ELITE UNIT” TA SARUK YARUBA NSCN (GPRN), KYKL & KCP GI APUNBA LANMISINGGI PHOTO KHARA

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