A02 Logbook Final Submission
Chun Yan 634071
WEEK 1 – WEEK 10
• E-learning and reading notes • Lecture notes • Tutorial activities
Week 1 Loads: Forces acting on a building that it must withstand • Static loads are applied slowly until there’s no rapid fluctuation in magnitude/position. Live loads can move or are movable e.g. rain load. Occupancy loads are the weights of people, furniture, etc. Live loads are applied movable loads such as snow, water or sand. Typically act vertically downwards but can also act horizontally moving Dead loads are a kind of static loads such as the structures self-weight, and act vertically downwards. Settlement loads are caused by subsidence of a portion of the supporting soil. •
Annotated sourced images
Static load: live load
Dynamic loads are suddenly applied and fluctuate rapidly in magnitude, direction and point of application. Wind loads are the force on a structure arising from the impact of wind on it. It is the total force placed on an object as a function of the wind speed and direction when the wind blows on the object. Earthquake loads /Seismic loads are the total force that an earthquake exerts on a given structure.
Dynamic load: wind load
Week 1 • Structural Forces: A force causes a change in the movement or shape of an object. It can be expressed as a vector( has a magnitude and direction).
Annotated sourced images
• Collinear Forces act on a straight line.
• Concurrent Forces act on lines which intersect at a single point. • Nonconcurrent Forces act on parallel lines. Vector sum is a single force which causes the same translation and rotation (moment) of an object.
Tension Forces
• Tension Forces are an external load pulls on an object. Particles composing the material move apart, stretching the material. They describe a pulling force, in which the material or structure experiences elongation to a certain degree. • Compression forces are the opposite forces of tension, in which the material or structure is compressed often due to weight and gravity. They particles compact together, shortening the material. • Moment Forces causes a body to rotate about a single point.
Compression Forces
Week 1
• Site Analysis study the context, which mat influence orientation and construction of a building. • Consider • • • • • • •
• Materials
Boundaries, topography , soils Building, landscaping or future development Vegetation, climate or waterways Drainage patterns, water feature Desirable views, noise, nearby land uses, historical resources Access to roads & how to circulate foot and vehicle traffic on site Availability and location of onsite of utilities such as water, phone lines & electricity • • • •
Strength Stiffness Shape Material behaviour Isotropic: having a physical property which has the same value when measured in different direction
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Economy sustainability
Site analysis: climate
Wood
Stainless steel Melbourne Bluestone
Week 1
Knowledge Map Live loads
Dead loads Collinear force
Static loads Settlement loads
Loads: Forces acting on a building that it must withstand
Wind loads
Earthquake loads
Boundaries, topography , soils
Vegetation, climate or waterways
Drainage patterns, water feature
Compression force Building, landscaping or future development
• Site Analysis study the context, which mat influence orientation and construction of a building
Desirable views, noise, nearby land uses, historical resources
Availability and location of on-site of utilities such as water, phone lines & electricity Access to roads & how to circulate foot and vehicle traffic on site
Non-concurrent force
• Structural Forces: A force causes a change in the movement or shape of an object. It can be expressed as a vector( has a magnitude and direction).
Week1 notes
Dynamic loads
Concurrent force
Strength
Moment force
Tension force
Stiffness
shape Materials economy sustainability
Material behavior Isotropic
Week 1
Tutorial Activity
Compression Structures • To build a tower as top as we can. In order to make the tower as a high structure and be stable at the same time, our group plan to stack the small wooden blocks in this manner So that each level can support each other and play a connection role. The structure remained stable as the load was transferred down from each brick beneath it and it thus created a stable structure and the blocks were also tightly kept together. Due to the square, colonial structure needing to enclose over such a large area it was made impossible to close over the structure.
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Material: MDF:MEDIUM DENSITY FIBRE- BOARD. IT is used everywhere in furniture construction because it is cheap. Dangerous to inhale dust when cut as it contains formaldehyde, some architects specify EO MDF which does not disintegrates when wet.
We tried many time to build a beam by using the rubber band but failed, because we can’t make it stable.
Week 2 Structural systems •
Solid systems-compression is the main structural force.-stone, bricks, compression, arches efficient
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Surface systems-Sydney opera house
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Skeletal systems-very efficient to transfer the load to the ground.-Eiffel Tower
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Membrane systems-covering large areas with limited budget.-tent
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Hybrid systems-covering a large area in an economic sense and combine structural systems-Beijing Bird’s Nest
Surface systems
Membrane systems
Fixed joints •
Roller joint-only take vertical load, allows horizontal movement
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Pin joint-resist horizontal and vertical loads, can’t rotate
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Fixed joint-not allowed to rotate or translate.
Skeletal systems
Week 2 Common ESD Strategies • • • • • • • • • •
Water harvesting Local materials Insulation Cross ventilation Life cycle Reflective cool roof Natural lighting Solar panel Thermal mass Passive solar shading Enclosure system
Construction systems •
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Enclosure systems-external parts of a building or shell of a building such as windows, roof or exterior walls and etc. Service systems-provide service to users of the building such as electricity, sewage Structural systems-supports the whole building and loads to the ground Performance requirement-shelter, fire resistance, noise and etc. Aesthetic qualities-color, proportion and etc. Economic efficiencies-affordability Environmental impact
Service system
Week 2
Knowledge map
Week 2
Tutorial activity
Frame tower: To build a tower which can reach the roof of the classroom by balsa wood. The balsa wood is an anisotropic material that performs more efficiently under tension than compression. We decided to use triangular as the basement of our tower because it is the most stable shape.
Glue-fixed joint
One of our group member brought super glue to connect the pieces of balsa wood. This is much more useful than pins, as when we divided balsa wood into pieces, it is really easy broken, especially if we use pins. However, use glue can make them connect to each other well but still hard to stand stable because of its lightness. As shown in the images, we use that structure to repair the broken strips. Finally our tower did touch the roof.
Repair the broken strips
Week 2
Tutorial activity
Final tower.
Week 3
Week 3 Geometry and equilibrium Moment-the tendency to cause rotation. Equilibrium-the state of balance from equal action of opposing force. Centre of mass-where the gravity can be thought of as acting on an object.
Week 3 Campus visit: identify some of the structural systems, construction systems and materials used in various buildings around the campus. •
South Lawn Car park It is a mass construction and have a top cross section of 9 meters. It designed as a this shape so that trees can be planted above them and there would be enough room to allow the root system to grow. Also, the columns supported by pad footings act as foundation system which holds up south lawn. The car park acts as a foundation system because it is enclosed by retaining walls. The material used in the car park is concrete built in situ. Also, south lawn is a good example of tributary areas. The applied load within a specific area transfer down to the column in that area.
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Arts west student center: The structural system of it is hybrid system. There is a mixture of membrane, surface systems and frame. Also, truss systems rely on the rigidity of triangles are good in tension and compression(ching,2008). The large truss system in arts west has decorative timber beams attached to it, held together by steel joists.
Week 3 •
Melbourne university tour The stairs is made of galvanized steel. The structural system is Hybrid structure. It use reinforced concrete with rigid joint as its structural joints. Also, the union house which in the northern part of the stairs in covered by a tension membrane structure made up of lightweight plastic and steel cabling, which is cheap and efficient. The structural joints it used is pin joints. •
Beaurepaire center pool The structural system of it is skeletal structural. And the major structural elements are portal frame. Main materials used for structure and enclosing elements are steel frames, brick wall and glazing. The steel frames have been repeated across the length of the building. Only one end wall uses a brick bracing system and the other end is connected to another building. The brick wall is a modular masonry wall and is constructed using the gardenwall bond.(ching,2008)
Week 3 •
New architecture building
It has a concealed frame structural system and the main materials of it are steel columns and beams, and pre-cast panel concrete, along with panels of glass for window. The cantilever in the new building overhangs by 12m. Two vertical propping are hired to connect the top and bottom universal bearing pipes. Most significantly is there are 2 diagonal drag pipe hires in 2 sided of cantilever. It transits the load on the floor of cantilever to the main structure and reduces the load on the bottom universal bearing pipes. A lot of the connections between structural elements are fixed because it limits all movements, making the structure of the building strong. When wanting some flexibility such as when using ties, pin joints would be better.
Week 4
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Span and spacing Span is the distance along a structural member between supporting(horizontal/vertical) members(Newton,c,2014) Spacing repeats distance between a series of similar elements(center line to center line)(Newton,c,2014) determined by the spanning capability of the elements supporting it. Flooring and framing Systems: concrete, steel, Timber Steel: heavy, light gauge and can be used in conjunction with concrete slabs for increased spanning capability. Concrete system-good for heavy floor load , one or two way Timber system-frames made of bearers and joists precast Faster Higher quality Limited size Made in factory
Concrete slab
Steel slab
Week 4 Working drawing introduction
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Information found in title block Scales Name of client Title of construction Consultant details Orientation Contact details Date issued Drawing title Number of issues Drawing number Name of plans Architect company Plans- legend, material used, dimension, scale, section and elevation lines and floor level. Elevations-height of building, horizontal dimension. Section-cut through the middle of the building Details- links, canopy and junctions.
Gird
Title block
Week 4
Week 4
Question list
Week 5 notes
Week 5
Week 5 studio •
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This week’s studio we need to develop a working understanding of structural system of a building through analysis of architectural and structural documentation and detailed model making. For our model, we chose to use balsa wood. Because we only have group of 2, and the measurements takes us a lot of time, we only finish a little part of the model.
Week 6 Draft Roof system • Hip roof • Concrete roof • Flat • Trussed roof • Sloping
Metals • Reinforcing bars • Alloys • Ferrous • Steel rusting • Corrosion • Non ferrous(do not contain Fe) • Bronze
Aluminum-distinctive properties • Zinc • Lead • Tin • Titanium • Alloys • brass
Week 7 Draft
Material • Arches • Rubber • Plastics • Paints
Detailing strategies • Heat-conducted ,radiation , thermal mass, preventing air leakage • Moisture-excluding water , keep water away , neutralizing forces, surface tension , wind action , air pressure
Week 8 Draft
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Openings-allow light through, provide access, part of structure, allow ventilation
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Doors-Swing, sliding, folding
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Frame materials- Aluminum , wood , steel
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Glass-glass fibre , curved ,glass channels, slumped, patterned
Week 8 Site Visit
Today’s studio we went to a under constructing apartment in Carlton Roof: the roof is a flat concrete Less Wind Damage Flat concrete roof stand up well when exposed to heavy winds. While tile and shingle roof can be easily damaged by high winds that can catch the edges of shingles and tiles, but a flat concrete roof does not present this problem. Easy Cleaning When cleaning a roof of stains, molds and algae, pressure washing is often the fastest and most effective method. Pressure washing on a flat concrete roof is less likely to damage this type of roof. More Water Pooling Melting snow and water buildup during a rain storm can result in pooling of water on any flat roof, including a concrete roof. Collected Debris and Dirt A roof that is flat, such as a flat concrete roof, is more likely to collect debris that will typically slide off a sloped roof. The homeowner with a flat concrete roof will be required to clean off this kind of debris from his roof more often.
The silver thing in kitchen looks like a kind of insulation. Actually the it is on the top of kitchen and bathroom, so it can absorb the moisture and the oil and keep temperature at the same time
In upper levers, they build by lightweight metal framing.
Week 10 Materials • Energy-co2, embodied energy • Source waste-landfill, recycle, use renewable resource, waste money • Health- natural products, VOC • Life cycle- durable, functional, easy to clean, reusable. • Pollution- use organic materials, minimize waste, pvc is bad Lateral forces • Soft story-use diagonal bracing • Wind Forces-least at impact bottom • Earthquake forces-acts at base of structure • Seismic base insulations-connections between structure and foundation • Moment resisting frame-rigid joints, monolithic structure Case study • State of liberty Metal frame work Copper skin Metal expanded The copper oxidized Needs permanent maintenance • Zinc house Cut onsite Delamination Glue holding ply zinc failed
Lateral force
Construction workshop
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In this 1.5 hours workshop, we are required to construct a structure that will span 1000mmm and will take a point load at its mass center. Materials: ply wood and pine wood Tools: hammer, nails and screws, electrical drill, rulers and pencils Process: at the beginning of we start it, I talked about to build it as a truss structure because the aim is to make it as strong as we can. However, my group members thought bridge will be better. Finally, we found we didn’t well understand the requirement. It cannot be a bridge, because when we put compression on it, the shape changes rapidly and we even can’t test its load.
Construction workshop
Most groups use triangles as a basic shape or truss, not only because it is stable, but also because that this shape can well separate the load to each column so that it can load more.
Initial load: 7kg Initial height of structure:374mm Maximum load before failure: 843kg Cause of failure: the wood itself broken, it has a panel there itself.
Initial load:8 kg Initial height:237mm Maximum load before failure: 293kg Cause of failure: buckle
Glossary: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Load path: the action of loads (vertical or horizontal) to reflect the dynamics of a moving load. Masonry: stonework Compression: produces the opposite of a tension force. When an external load pushed on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together. Reaction force: all the ground, the applied loads have a reaction force( equal+ opposite to the applied load) to make load stable. Structural joint: the joining of structural elements by a point, line or surface. Stability: stable structures must be designed to carry vertical gravity loads, but also be able to withstand lateral forces e.g. wind Tension: when an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart, stretching and elongating the material Frame: when joins connecting columns and beams can resist forces and movements, making a rigid frame. Bracing: a structure to support itself to stand stably. Column: is rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members(Ching,2008,2.13) IEQ: indoor environmental quality Joist: a horizontal supporting member to support the ceiling and floor. Slab: a plate material usually uses for flooring Substructure: foundation of a building Superstructure: vertical extension of a building above the foundation Soffit: an arch structure under the roof Shear force: a force perpendicular to structure Cornice: a structure beyond a door or window. Flashing: the material used for prevent water from getting into structure from a joint or other structure in the building.
Glossary: • • •
Arch: structure that transfers from top to ground using only compression, wedge shaped stones. Datum line: an assumed surface used as a reference for the measurement of heights and depths. A line to which dimensions are referred on engineering drawings, and from which measurements are calculates. Fascia: a brand or belt with a plane vertical face e.g. fascia board at eaves level.
Reference List: -Ching, F.D.(2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.) New jersey: Wiley. -The university of Melbourne 2014, Oval pavilion construction,photograph,The university of Melbourne Parkville, viewed 1st may 2014. -Shulte Building system 2011, framinf system,computerized diagram, shulte building system Inc. Texas.viewed 14 may 2014,<http:www.sbslp.com/framingsystems.htm>. Ching,F.(2008)Building Construction illustrates (4th Ed.). Hpboken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons.