ສຳລັບນັກຮຽນ ເລີ່ມຕົ້ນຮຽນພາສາອັງກິດ

Basic English Grammar ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 5494 9733 030 596 4331

ຫຼັກໄວຍາກອນ ພາສາອຼັງກິດພື້ນຖານ Grammar for Beginners ໄວຍາກອນສຳລຼັບຂັ້ນເລີ່ມຕົ້ນ

By: Chasy Somwhang

Email: aeclpb@gmail.com Blog: http://aeclpb.strikingly.com/ FB: https://www.facebook.com/ae.enter.98

ຄຳນຳທົ່ວໄປ ປື້ມຫຼັ​ັກໄວຍາກອນພາສາອຼັ​ັງກິດພື້ນຖານແມ່ນ ໄວຍາກອນຫາຍຫົວ

ໄດ້ລວບລວມ

ແລະ

ຮຽບຮຽງມາຈາກປື້ມ

ເພື່ອເອົາມາປະກອບການຮຽນ-ການສອນໄວຍາກອນຂຼັ​ັື້ນພື້ນຖານໃຫ້ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນໃນ

ລະດຼັ​ັບຂຼັ​ັື້ນເລື່ມຕົື້ນ ແລະ ພື້ນຖານພາສາອຼັ​ັງກິດ. ປື້ມຫົວນື້ປະກອບມທຼັ​ັງໝົດ ົ 41 ບົດ ເຊື່ງໄດ້ເລື່ມຈາກງ່າຍ ຫາ ຍາກ ຕົວຢ່າງ: ABC ຈົນຮອດ Tense ແລະ ການນໍາໃຊ້ຄໍາສຼັ​ັບ. ໃນແຕ່ລະບົດຈະມຄໍາແນະນໍາ ແລະ ນິຍາມການນໍາໃຊ້ແຕ່ລະຫົວຂໍຫ ື້ ຼັ​ັກ ໄວຍາກອນ, ພ້ອມຕົວຢ່າງ, ກິດຈະກໍາ ຫ ບົດໂຈດ ແລະ ຄໍາຕອບໃຫ້ຄູສອນ ແລະ ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນເຂົື້າໃຈຫາຍ ຂື້ນຕື່ມ. ປື້ມຫົວນື້ແມ່ນໄດ້ສຼັ​ັງລວມມາຈາກປເວຼັ​ັບໄຊ: https://www.grammarbank.com/beginnersesl-lessons.html ແລະ http://www.talkenglish.com/grammar/grammar.aspx ປະສົມປະສານ

ກຼັ​ັບປະສົບການຕົວຈງຂອງຂ້າພະເຈົື້າ. ມຼັ​ັນອາດຈະບໍລ ື່ ົງລາຍລະອຽດເທົື່າກຼັ​ັບປມ ື້ ຫົວອື່ນໆແຕ່ໂດຍລວມ ດ້ານເນື້ອໃນຄ້າຍຄກຼັ​ັນ. ສະນຼັ​ັື້ນຄູຜູ້ສອນ ແລະ ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນສາມາດຊອກຫາຫາຍແຫື່ງເພື່ອມາປະກອບເຂົື້າໃຫ້ ສົມບູນຂື້ນກວ່າເກົື່າ. ເຖງຢ່າງໃດກໍື່ຕາມ, ເນອງຈາກວ່າປື້ມຫົວນື້ ຂ້າພະເຈົື້າໄດ້ລວມເອົາມາຈາກຫາຍແຫື່ງໂດຍສະເພາະ ທາງອິນເຕເນຼັ​ັດ. ສະນຼັ​ັື້ນອາດຈະປາສະຈາກຂໍື້ບົກຜ່ອງ ແລະ ຜິດຜາດໄດ້. ຂ້າພະເຈົື້າຍິນຮຼັ​ັບຄໍາຕໍາໜິຕິຊມ ົ ຂອງທ່ານເພື່ອປຼັ​ັບປຸງໃຫ້ປມ ື້ ຫົວນື້ສົມບູນຂື້ນ.

ຂໍຂອບໃຈ ຈະສ ສົມຫຼັ​ັວງ

AEC Language Center

LuangPrabang

aeclpb@gmail.com

ຄຳແນະນຳສຳລັບຄູສອນ ແລະ ຜູ​ູ້ຮຽນ ປື້ມຫກ ັ ໄວຍຳກອນພນ ື້ ຖຳນ[[ []]]{(Basic English Grammar) ລະດັບທົ່ 1 ປະກອບມ 41 ບົດ ທື່ແຕກຕ່າງກຼັ​ັນ ແຕ່ລະບົດສົນທະນາຈະໃຊ້ເວລາ ປະມານ 2-3 ຊົວ ື່ ໂມງໃນການຮຽນ-ສອນ ຂື້ນ ກຼັ​ັບຄວາມຍາກງ່າຍຂອງບົດ. ສໍາລຼັ​ັບຄູສອນ: - ຄູສອນຕ້ອງອະທິບາຍ ແລະ ຕໃຫ້ແຕກນິຍາມໃນແຕ່ລະບົດເພື່ອໃຫ້ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນທຸກຄົນເຂົື້າໃຈ ກ່ອນ.

- ຄູຍົກຕົວຢ່າງໃນບົດຮຽນ ຫ ອາດຈະແຕ່ງປະໂຫຍກອອກມາເອງກໍື່ໄດ້ໂດຍອາໄສນິຍາມຂອງ ບົດ ຫ ນິຍາມໃນປື້ມຫົວອື່ນທື່ຄ້າຍກຼັ​ັນ.

- ຄູພານຼັ​ັກຮຽນແຕ່ງປະໂຫຍກ ຫ ຄໍາສຼັ​ັບ ແລະ ສົນທະນາກວດແກ້ຄໍາສຼັ​ັບ ຫ ປະໂຫຍກທື່ ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນແຕ່ງມາ.

- ຄູໃຫ້ໂຈດນຼັ​ັກຮຽນເຮຼັ​ັດເປຼັ​ັນລາຍບຸກຄົນ ຫ ເປຼັ​ັນກຸ່ມນ້ອຍ ແລະ ພ້ອມທຼັ​ັງໃຫ້ນກ ຼັ​ັ ຮຽນອອກມາ ເວົື້າ ຫ ຂຽນປະໂຫຍກຂອງຕົນ ຢູ່ໝູ່ຟງຼັ​ັ ຫ ຂຽນບົນກະດານ.

- ຄູສະເລຍຄໍາຕອບທື່ມຢູ່ໃນບົດ ແລະ ອະທິບາຍເຫດຜົນໃຫ້ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນຟຼັ​ັງ.

- ຄູໃຫ້ວຽກບ້ານໃຫ້ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນໂດຍການແຕ່ງປະໂຫຍກຕາມບົດດຼັ​ັື່ງກ່າວ

ຢ່າງໜ້ອຍ

2-3

ປະໂຫຍກເພື່ອກວດແກ້ໃນຊົື່ວໂມງທຼັ​ັດໄປ. ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນ ຫ ຜູ້ສົນໃຈທົື່ວໄປ (ຮຽນຜູ້ດວ ້ ຍຕົນເອງ): - ສາມາດເບື່ງແຕ່ລະບົດທື່ຕນ ົ ເອງມຼັ​ັກ ແລະ ຢາກຮຽນ. ເບື່ງຄໍາແນະນໍາ ຫ ນິຍາມໃຫ້ເຂົື້າໃຈ.

- ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນສາມາດເບື່ງບົດຕົວຢ່າງໃນບົດ ແລະ ສ້າງປະໂຫຍກຂອງຕົນເອງໂດຍໃຊ້ນິຍາມ ແລະ ບົດຕົວຢ່າງເປຼັ​ັນບ່ອນອງ.

- ນຼັ​ັກຮຽນສາມາດເຮຼັ​ັດໂຈດໃຫ້ມາໂດຍບໍຕ ື່ ້ອງເບື່ງຄໍາຕອບກ່ອນ,

ຈາກນຼັ​ັນ ື້ ຈື່ງມາເບື່ງເພື່ອ

ກວດແກ້.

- ເນອງຈາກວ່າ

ປມ ື້ ຍຼັ​ັງເປຼັ​ັນພາສາອຼັ​ັງກິດ,

ສະນຼັ​ັື້ນນຼັ​ັກຮຽນຕ້ອງອາໄສປື້ມວຼັ​ັດຈະນານຸກົມເພື່ອ

ຊ່ວຍໃຫ້ເຂົື້າໃຈຫາຍຂື້ນຕມ ື່ . ຫວັງຢ່ຳງຍິງວ່ຳຜູ​ູ້ຊມໃຊູ້ຄງຈະມ່ວນຊນ ົ່ ແລະ ພູມໃຈໃນປື້ມໄວຍຳກອນພນ ື້ ຖຳນຫວນື້. ຈະສ ສົມຫຼັ​ັວງ AEC Language Center

LuangPrabang

aeclpb@gmail.com

ຕາຕາລາງ ແຜນການສອນໄລຍະຍາວ ຫ້ອງ: Elementary[E] ເວລາໃຊ້ໃນ 1 ຫັກສູດ (9ເດືອນ) ເວລາຕບ ໍ່ ົດ ວັນ Mon Tue Wed Thu

ຫັກສູດຫ້ອງ E Basic English Grammar Basic English Grammar English Daily Conversations English Daily Conversations

ຈານວດບົດ ຫົວບົດ 41 Lesson1 Lesson1 40 Topic1 Topic1

(ຊມ)

ລວມຊມຕຫ ໍ່ ຊມ ັກສູດ ອາທິດ 2 164 180 2 2 160 180 2

2 2 2 2

2

2

8

10

40

ເດືອນ

8 8 8 8

ໝາຍເຫດ

ເທີມ 1.5 1.5

CREACTIVITY

ລວມ

9 Contest, Test, Life

90

ໝາຍເຫດ: ໃຫ້ສອນຕາມນີັ້ຈົດໝົດຫຼັກສູດນີັ້. ຖ້າມີການພັກໃຫ້ສອນແທນ... ສໍາລັບວັນສຸກແມ່ນໃຫ້ (ເລືອກເອົາ1): ສະຫຼຸບບົດຮຽນ, ຫຼີັ້ນເກມບົດຮຽນ, ພານັກຮຽນຮ້ອງເພງ, ຫຼື ກິດຈະກໍາທີ​ີ່ມ່ວນໆແຕ່ໃຫ້ໄດ້ທາງພາສາໄປພ້ອມ.

10

36

324

360

ຕົວຈີງໃຫ້ຫຼາຍທີ​ີ່ສຸດ ວັນສຸກທວນຄືນ, ສ້າງສັນ ແລະ ຜ່ອນຄາຍ

Games, Songs Fri

ສອນເນັ​ັ້ນການປະຕິບັດ

3

ຄາດຄະເນ ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຈາກຫັກສູດ Elementary ນັກຮຽນທີ່ຮຽນຜ່ານຫັກສູດນີ້ໂດຍຮຽນດ້ວຍຄວາມຕັີ້ງໃຈ ແລະ ບຂ ີ່ າດ ຈະສາມາດ: ໄວຍາກອນ (ຂຽນ):

ພາກຟັງ ເວົ​ົ້າ:

ພາກທົື່ວໄປ:

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3

ສາມາດ ຂຽນ ແລະ ອອກສຽງຕົວອັກສອນພາສາອັງກິດໄດ້ຢ່າງດີ ແລະ ຖືກຕ້ອງ ສາມາດຂຽນຊື​ື່ຕົນເອງ ແລະ ຜ້ອື​ື່ນໄດ້ ຫື ວັດຖຸຕ່າງໆໃກ້ຕົວໄດ້ ສາມາດເວົ​ົ້າປະໂຫຍກສັົ້ນໆໃນຊີວິດປະຈາວັນໄດ້ຢ່າງຖືກຕ້ອງ ສາມາດພັນລະນາຄົນ ຫື ເຫດການໃດໜື​ື່ງໄດ້ ສາມາດຂຽນຈົດໝາຍພາສາອັງກິດນ້ອຍໄປໝ່ເພື​ື່ອນໄດ້ ສາມາດຈາແນກສຽງຂອງເຈົ​ົ້າຂອງພາສາ (ສຽງອາເມຣີກາ)ໄດ້ ສາມາດຈື​ື່ຈາ ແລະ ນາໃຊ້ຄາສັບໃນຊີວິດປະຈາວັນໄດ້ ສາມາດສົນທະນາພາສາອັງກິດກັບຄົນຕ່າງປະເທດໃນລະດັບພືົ້ນຖານໄດ້ ເຂົ​ົ້າໃຈ ແລະ ສົນທະນາໄດ້ຫາກຫາຍສະຖານະການໄດ້ ມີຄວາມໝັົ້ນໃຈໃນການສົນທະນາກັບຄົນຕ່າງປະເທດ ແລະຟັງເຂົ​ົ້າໃຈຫາຍຂືົ້ນ ມີຄວາມມ່ວນຊື​ື່ນກັບການຮຽນພາສາ ໄດ້ພັດທະນາທາງດ້ານສະໝອງຈາກການຫີົ້ນເກມ ຫື ການແຂ່ງຂັນອື​ື່ນໆ ມີຄວາມເຂົ​ົ້າໃຈດ້ານພາສາ ແລະ ໂລກເຮົາກ້ວາງກວ່າຕື​ື່ມ ມີໝ່ເພື​ື່ອນໃນການຊ່ວຍເຫືອເຊີື່ງກັນ ແລະ ກັນພາຍໃນຫ້ອງ(ໂດຍບື່ຈະແນກເພດ, ເຜົື່າ ແລະ

4 ຖານະ) 5 ໄດ້ຄະແນນພາສາ ພ້ອມໃບຢັົ້ງຢືນຈາກສນພາສາຕາມຄະແນນທີື່ຍາດມາໄດ້ໃນລະດັບນີົ້

ການເສັງທຽບລະດັບ ຫຼື ເສັງກ່ອນ (ເພຼື​ື່ອເອົາຄະແນນໄປສົມທຽບກັບຜົນສອບເສັງກາງ ແລະ ຫັງຫັກສູດ) Questions Students- Answers Possible Answers Speaking and Grammar

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10

Hello, what is your name?

Do you know how many letters in English?

How many vowels in English?

How many brothers do you have?

What are you going to do tomorrow?

How do you spell the word" Kitchen"?

What does your father do?

Where is the Dara Market?

Do you know the highest mountain in the world? what is your favourite foods?

Nice to meet you

Hello, My name is Sommaly I'm Sommaly There are 26, or 26 5, and 1 Y (sometimes) I have three brothers I am going to school tomorrow It's K-I-T-C-H-E-N My father is a Tuk Tuk driver It's in front of Malaria Hospital…

The highest MT in the world is Everest MT My favourite foods are Pizza and Pumpkin Soup Nice to meet you too.

Table of contents ສຳລະບຳນ Lesson 1: Let’s sing ABC Song! ມາໆ ຮ ້ ອງເພງ ເອບ ີ ີ ຊກັນເທາະ!

1

Lesson2: I got two pencils for my seventh birthday. ຂ ້ ອຍໄດ ້ ຮັບສ ໍ 2ກ ້ ານ ໍ ສາລັບວັນ ເກ 2 ້ ອຍ. ີ ດຄ ົ ບຮອບ 7 ີ ປຂອງຂ th ີ່ີ 12ກ Lesson 3: 14 of February is Valentine’s Day. ວັນທ ຸ ມພາແມ ີ່ ນວັນແຫ ີ່ ງຄວາມ ຮັກ.

3 ີ່ີ 2 ທັນວາແມ Lesson 4: December 2nd is Lao National Day. ວັນທ ີ່ ນວັນຊາດລາວ 4 Lesson 5: Where is the Night Market? ຕະຫ ຼ າດກາງຄ ຼ າດມ ີ່ ໃສ? 5 ື ນ(ຕະຫ ື ດ) ຢ Lesson 6: Somphone, what time is it now? ສ 6 ້ ວ? ົ ມພອນ,ຈັກໂມງແລ ີ່ ງ Lesson 7: He is a teacher. ລາວເປ 7 ັ ນອາຈານຜ ້ ໜ Lesson 8: That’s too much money! ມັນຖ 8 ຼ າຍໂພດ! ື ກເງ ີ ນຫ Lesson 9: How much money do you need? ເຈ 9 ຼ າຍປານໃດ? ້ ອງເງ ີ ນຫ ົ ້ າຕ ີ່ໍ ມັນຟັງເພງຄ Lesson 10: I love listening to music too. ຂ 10 ້ ອຍກ ື ກັນ.

Lesson 11: Could you pass me some salt please? ຂ ້ ອຍຫາເຈ ້ ເດ ີ່ ? 10 ື ອມາໃຫ ົ ້ າເອ ົ າເກ ີ່ ນນອນສ Lesson 11: I wake up too late! ຂ 11 ຼ າຍ ້ ອຍຕ ີ່ ວາຍຫ Lesson 12: Sommaly has one pen and two pencils. ສ ້ ານ ແລະ ໍ ສ 2 ີ ມ ີ ິບກ 1 ກ ົ ມມາລ ກ 13 ້ ານ. ີ່ ງບ ີ່ໍ Lesson 13: I’d like a cup of coffee without sugar please. ຂ ້ ອຍຂ ໍ ກາເຟຈອກໜ ້ າຕານເດ ໃສ 14 ີ່ ໍນ ິ . ີ່ື ອງຫ Lesson 14: Don’t touch it! It’s my kid’s toy. ຢາຈັບມັນ, ມັນແມ ີ່ ນເຄ ີ ຼ ້ ນຂອງລກ ຂ 16 ້ ອຍ.

Lesson 15: She goes to the mall alone. ລາວໄປຕະຫ 17 ຼ າດຜ ້ ດຽວ. ້ Lesson 16: They are in America now. ດຽວນ 18 ີ່ ສະຫະລັດ. ີ , ພວກເຂ ົ າຢ ີ່ີ່ າງໄປໂຮງຮຽນ. 19 Lesson 17: Toukta usually walk to school. ປ ຸ ກຕາຍ ົ ກກະຕ ້ ວຕ ິ ແລ Lesson 18: She is really beautiful. ນາງສວຍງາມຫ 20 ຼ າຍ.

Lesson 19: Everest MT is the highest mountain in the world. ພເຂ ັ ນ ີ ເຣດເປ ົ າ ເອເວ ີ່ີ ສ ພີ່ີທສງທ 22 ຸ ດໃນໂລກ. ີ່ົ າຍ Lesson 20: The turtle walks very slowly. ໂຕເຕ 23 ີ່ າງບັກຊ ້ າໆ.

Lesson 21: She goes to the library. ນາງໄປຫ 24 ຸ ດ ໍ ສະໝ ີ່ ້ Lesson 22: The clock is running now. ໂມງກາລັງເດ 25 ີ ນຂະໜະນ ີ .

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Lesson 23: Bounthan has been studying English for 3 years. ບ ຸ ນທັນໄດ ້ ຮຽນພາສາ ອັງກ 27 ີ ແລ ັ ນເວລາ3ປ ້ ວ. ິ ດເປ ້ ມຫ ້ ືປ Lesson 24: Naly bought her sister a new book. ນາລ ້ ືຊ ີ່ ໃຫ ້ ນ ້ ອງລາວ28 ີ ໄດ ົ ວໃໝ ີ່ີ ງໜັງອາເມຣ Lesson 25: I love watching American Movies. ຂ ້ ອຍມັກເບ ິ ກາ. 30 ີ່ໍ ແມ Lesson 26: My parents want me to be a doctor. ພ ັ ນທ ີ່ ຢາກໃຫ ້ ຂ ້ ອຍເປ ີ່ ານໝ ໍ 30 Lesson 27: It is time to finish our homework. ມັນເຖ ້ ອງໃຫ ້ ວຽກບ ້ ານ ີ ງເວລາຕ 32 ໍ ສາເລ ້ ວ. ັ ດແລ Lesson 28: I eat a mango/A mango is eaten by me. ຂ ້ ອຍກ ີ່ ວງ / ໝາກ ີ ນໝາກມ ມ 34 ີ່ ວງຖ ້ ອຍກ ື ກຂ ີ ນ.

Lesson 29: If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere. ຖ ັ ນນ ້ າຂ ້ ອຍເປ ້ ອຍຈະບ ີ ນ ົ ກ, ຂ ໄປທ 35 ຸ ກຫ ີ່ ງ. ົ ນແຫ Lesson 30: Do you speak English? ເຈ 36 ້ ໍບ? ິ ດໄດ ົ ້ າເວ ົ ້ າພາສາອັງກ ີ່ື ອງດ ີ່ື ມບ Lesson 31: Would you like to have some drink? ເຈ ້ ອງການເຄ ໍ ? 37 ົ ້ າຕ Lesson 32: Dara can speak four languages. ດາຣາສາມາດເວ ້ 4 ພາສາ. 39 ົ ້ າໄດ ົ໋ Lesson 33: Your wallet is on the table. ກະເປ 41 ົ າເງ ີ່ ເທ ີ ນເຈ ີ ງໂຕະ. ົ ້ າຢ Lesson 34: Nina is going to the shopping mall. ິນນ 43 ິ ງມ ີ່ າກ ໍ າລັງໄປຊັອບປ ໍ Lesson 35: I will go the South Korea with my family by Airplane. ຂ ້ ອຍຈະໄປ ີ່ື ອງບ ເກ 45 ້ ກັບຄອບຄ ້ ວຍເຄ ີ ຼ ໃຕ ີ ນ. ົ າຫ ົ ວດ ີ່ື ວ Lesson 36: I love the song “You and I” ຂ ້ ອຍມັກເພງຊ ີ່ າ “ເຈ ້ ອຍ” 47 ົ ້ າ ແລະ ຂ Lesson 37: Although she is poor but she is honest. ເຖ ຸ ກ ແຕ ັ ນ ີ່ ານາງຈະທ ີ່ ລາວເປ ີ ງວ ຄ 48 ິ ດໃຈຂາວສະອາດ ົ ນຈ ີ່ໍ ແມ Lesson 38: My parents returned home. Likewise, I went home. ພ ີ່ ຂອງຂ ້ ອຍໄດ ້ ້ ກັບມາເຮ 50 ້ ວ, ສະນັນ ຂ ້ ອຍຕ ້ ອງກັບເຮ ື ອນແລ ື ອນ.

Lesson 39: I see a man, an elephant and the stars on the sky. ຂ ້ ອຍເຫ ັ ນຊາຍຄ ົ ນ ີ່ ງ, ຊ ີ່ ງ ແລະ ດວງດາວບ ໜ 51 ້ າ. ້ າງໂຕໜ ້ ອງຟ ົ ນທ Lesson 40: Oh! My GOSH! ໂອ! ຕາຍ ຕາຍ!

52 Lesson 41: I live in LuangPrabang. ຂ 54 ຼ ວງພະບາງ. ້ ອຍອາໄສຢ ີ່ ເມ ື ອງຫ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Basic English Grammar Lesson 1: Let’s sing ABC Song! ມາ ມາ ຮ ້ ອງເພງ ເອບ ີ ີ ຊກັນເທາະ!

(English Alphabet) ຕ ິ ດ ົ ວອັກສອນພາສາອັງກ English Alphabet is composed of the following 26 letters: ຕ ິ ດມ ີ ທັງໝ ົ ວອັກສອນພາສາອັງກ ົ ດ ັ່​່ 26 ຕ ຸ ມນ ີ້ : ັ ງລ ົ ວ. ັ່​່ດ Letters: A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z A is a vowel, two sounds.

B, C is a letter that has no sound but either takes the sound of K or S. K as in Can and S as in rice.

D, E is another vowel.

F G has two sounds. G as in good or a 'hard' G as in magic. Garage has both sounds H I is another vowel.

J K L M N O is another vowel.

P Q is nearly always used with U and has the qu sound R S T U is another vowel.

V W X has two sounds. Most common one is Extreme (ks), and another sound as in Example (gz) Y sometimes has a short 'I' sound as in MYTH but at the beginning of a word it has a YUH sound, such as young.

Z as in buzz or zodiac or zip

1

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Vowels: A E I O U (Sometimes Y)

Lesson2: I got two pencils for my seventh birthday. ຂ ້ ອຍໄດ ້ ຮັບສ ໍ 2ກ ້ ານ ໍ ສາລັບ ວັນເກ ້ ອຍ. ີ ດຄ ົ ບຮອບ 7 ີ ປຂອງຂ ັ່​່ີ (Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers) ຈານວນນັບ ແລະ ເລກທ Cardinal Numbers: ຈານວນນັບ: 1………………one

2

11………………eleven

21………………twenty one

2………………two

12………………twelve

23………………twenty two

3………………three

13………………thirteen

23………………twenty three

4………………four

14………………fourteen

24………………twenty four

5………………five

15………………fifteen

25………………twenty five

6………………six

16………………sixteen

26………………twenty six

7………………seven

17………………seventeen

27………………twenty seven

8………………eight

18………………eighteen

28………………twenty eight

9………………nine

19………………nineteen

29………………twenty nine

10………………ten

20………………twenty

10.....ten

60.....sixty

20.....twenty

70.....seventy

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

30………………thirty

1000.....a thousand

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 30.....thirty

80.....eighty

40.....forty

90.....ninety

50.....fifty

100.....a hundred

ັ່​່ີ : Ordinal Numbers: ເລກທ 1st………………first

12th………………twelfth

30th………thirtieth

2nd………………second

13th………………thirteenth

40th………fortieth

3rd………………third

14th………………fourteenth

50th………fiftieth

4th………………fourth

15th………………fifteenth

60th………sixtieth

5th………………fifth

16th………………sixteenth

70th………seventieth

6th………………sixth

17th………………seventeenth

80th………eightieth

7th………………seventh

18th………………eighteenth

90th………ninetieth

8th………………eighth

19th………………nineteenth

100th………hundredth

9th………………ninth

20th………………twentieth

10th………………tenth

21st………………twenty-first

11th………………eleventh

22nd………………twenty-second

ັ່​່ີ 12ກ Lesson 3: 14th of February is Valentine’s Day. ວັນທ ຸ ມພາແມ ັ່​່ ນວັນແຫ ັ່​່ ງ ຄວາມຮັກ.

(Days / Months / Seasons / Directions) ວັນ ເດ ູ ການ ື ອນ ລະດ ັ່​່ື ງ: Days of Week: ວັນພາຍໃນອາທ ິ ດໜ 1. Monday 2. Tuesday 3. Wednesday 4. Thursday 5. Friday 3

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 6. Saturday 7. Sunday Common misspelling: Wendesday Months: ເດ ື ອນ: 1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December January is the first month of the year.

February is the second month of the year.

March is the third month of the year.

April is the fourth month of the year.

May is the fifth month of the year.

June is the sixth month of the year.

July is the seventh month of the year.

August is the eighth month of the year.

September is the ninth month of the year.

October is the tenth month of the year.

November is the eleventh month of the year.

December is the twelfth month of the year.

Common Misspelling: Feburary

Seasons: ລະດ ູ ການ: Spring Summer Fall in American English / Autumn in British English Winter Spring

4

Summer

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Fall / Autumn

Winter

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ March April May

June July August

September October November

December January February

ັ່​່ີ 2 ທັນວາແມ Lesson 4: December 2nd is Lao National Day. ວັນທ ັ່​່ ນວັນຊາດລາວ. ັ່​່ (Telling the Date in English) ການບອກວັນທ ັ ນພາສາອັງກ ີ ເປ ິ ດ In American English: ໃນພາສາອັງກ ິ ດ ອາເມຣ ີ ກາ: If you want to be formal, you write the month and the day, and then you add the year in numerical format.

For example: May the twentieth, 1981 A less formal way of writing the date is writing only the month and then adding the day and the year in numerical format.

For example: May 20th, 1981 The least formal way of writing the date is using all numerical formats.

05/20/1981 Note: you can use a dot (.) or a hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/).

For example: 05.20.1981 or 05-20-1981 In British English: ໃນພາສາອັງກ ິ ດ-ອັງກ ິ ດ: The only difference between American and British English in writing the date is actually the order of the month and the day. In American English month comes first, however; in British English day comes first.

American English

5

British English

05/20/1981 05-22-1986

20/05/1981 22-05-1986

May the twentieth, 1981 May the twenty-second, 1986

the twentieth of May, 1981 the twenty-second of May, 1986

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Note: In both American and British English months are written with an initial capital.

For example: May, June, July

Lesson 5: Where is the Night Market? ຕະຫ ຼ າດກາງຄ ຼ າດມ ັ່​ູ່ ໃສ? ື ນ(ຕະຫ ຶ ດ) ຢ (Ask and Give Directions) ຖາມ ແລະ ໃຫ ້ ທ ິ ດທາງ ັ່​່ື ອຖາມ ັ່​່ ັ ງກ We can use various patterns in asking and giving directions. ໃຊ ູ ບແບບດ ັ່​່ າວເພ ້ ຮ ແລະ ໃຫ ້ ທ ິ ດທາງ.

Look at the following dialogues to get an idea of how to ask and give directions in a polite way.

1.

A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?

B: It is on First Street. Walk down the first street and you will see the pharmacy on the right, next to the gas station.

A: Thank you.

2.

A: Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the Public Library from here?

B: Sure. Walk up Bright Street and you'll see the public library' on the left, across from the Laundromat.

A: Thanks a lot.

3.

A: Excuse me. Would you please tell me how to get to the hospital from here?

B: Certainly. Drive along First Avenue to Maple Street and turn right. Drive up Maple Street and you will see the hospital on the left, between the museum and the park.

A: Thanks.

4.

A: Excuse me. What is the easiest way to get to the Grand hotel?

B: Take the Park Street bus and get off at second Avenue. Walk down Second Avenue and you'll see the Grand Hotel on the left.

A: Thank you very much.

B: You're welcome.

Lesson 6: Somphone, what time is it now? ສ ້ ວ? ົ ມພອນ,ຈັກໂມງແລ (Telling the Time) ບອກເວລາ TIME ເວລາ

WHAT TIME IS IT? ຈັກໂມງ?

SHORT ເວ ໍ້ ົ ້ າແບບຫຍ

04:30

It is half past four.

It is four thirty

6

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 07:00

It is seven o'clock.

It is seven o'clock.

09:15

It is a quarter past nine.

It is nine fifteen

01:45

It is a quarter to two.

It is one forty five

03:10

It is ten past three.

It is three ten.

03:50

It is ten to four.

It is three fifty.

05:40

It is twenty to six.

It is five forty

10:20

It is twenty past 10.

It is ten twenty.

AM vs PM ເອເອ ີ ເອ ັ ມ ແລະ ພ ັ ມ When 12 hour time is used we sometimes add am or pm to the time to distinguish the first half of the day from the second half.

AM: Is from midnight to noon (Midnight...Morning...11:59 am) PM: Is from noon to midnight (Noon...Evening...11:59 pm) NOTE: 12:00 pm is noon 12:00 am is midnight

ັ່​່ຶ ງ Lesson 7: He is a teacher. ລາວເປ ູ້ ໜ ັ ນອາຈານຜ (Subject Pronouns) ປະທານແທນນາມ Subject Pronouns: ຄາແທນນາມເປ ັ ນຕ ົ ວປະທານ: Singular

Plural

I You He She It

We You They

He

7

Mr. Ken Jake Nicholas My Father ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

She

Mrs. Bouala Miss Jackson Anna My Mother

It

The book The cat The school The weather

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

They

Lily and Douagta The cat and the dog Jill and James She and Sila

Examples: a. Tony and Soumaly are basketball players.

They are basketball players. b. Miss Anny is very clever.

She is very clever. c. Vannaly is an English teacher.

He is an English teacher. d. Lion is the king of the jungles.

It is the king of the jungle.

Lesson 8: That’s too much money! ມັນຖ ຼ າຍໂພດ! ື ກເງ ີ ນຫ (Much / Many / A Lot Of) ຫ ຼ າຍ / ຫ ຼ າຍ / ຫ ຼ າຍ MUCH We use much with uncountable nouns. It is used in question and negative forms. ໃຊ ້ ກັບຄານາມທ ີ ັ່​່ໍ ໄດ ນັບບ ູ ບແບບ ໍຄາຖາມ ແລະ ປະຕ ້ . ໃຊ ້ ກັບຮ ິ ເສດ.

Is there much water in your glass?

There isn't much milk in the bottle.

MANY We use many with countable nouns. We usually use it in question and negative forms. ໃຊ ້ ກັບຄາ ນາມທ ູ ບແບບ ໍຄາຖາມ ແລະ ປະຕ ້ . ໃຊ ້ ກັບຮ ີ ນັບໄດ ິ ເສດ.

Are there many horses in the field?

There aren't many tomatoes in the bowl.

8

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ A LOT OF We use a lot of with countable and uncountable nouns. It is used in affirmative sentences. ໃຊ ້ ກັບ ັ່​່ົ ວໄປ. ູ ບແບບ ບອກເລ ໍຄານາມທ ໍັ່​່ ໄດ ້ ແລະ ນັບໄດ ້ . ໃຊ ້ ກັບຮ ີ ນັບບ ົ າທ There are a lot of eggs in the fridge.

There is a lot of milk in the pitcher.

Note: We also use 'lots of' instead of 'a lot of', especially in spoken English and that there is no difference in their meanings.

Examples 1. There aren't many / much apples in the fridge.

2. Is there many / much snow on the mountains?

3. There are a lot of vegetables but there isn't much fruit.

4. There isn't much water in your cup.

4. I have got a lot of books in my library.

5. There isn't much sugar in her coffee.

6. Is there much pollution in Beijing?

7. There aren't many trees in the garden.

8. Loren has got a lot of money in the bank.

9. Have you got many friends in Vientiane?

10. There are a lot of exercises in this Grammar Book.

Lesson 9: How much money do you need? ເຈ ຼ າຍປານໃດ? ້ ອງເງ ີ ນຫ ົ ້ າຕ (How Much vs How Many) ຫ ຼ າຍປານໃດ / ຫ ຼ າຍປານໃດ Look at the usage chart and work through the subject exercises.

HOW MANY?

countable plural nouns ຼ າຍນັບໄດ ໍ ຄານາມຈ ໍ ານວນຫ ້

How many books?

How many chairs?

How many ideas?

HOW MUCH?

uncountable nouns ັ່​່ໍ ໄດ ໍ ຄານາມນັບບ ້

How much time?

How much sugar?

How much water?

Examples a. How many bananas are there in the basket? b. How many days are there in a year? c. How much ink is there in the pen? d. How much honey is there in the tin?

9

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

ັ່​່ໍ ມັນຟັງເພງຄ Lesson 10: I love listening to music too. ຂ ້ ອຍກ ື ກັນ.

(Also / Too / Either) ເຊ ື ກັນ/ແລະ ື ຄກັນ ັ ນກັນ/ຄ Also and too are used in affirmative sentences. ໃຊ ້ ກັບປະໂຫຍກບອກເລ ົ າ Mrs. Sivai is an English teacher.

Mr. Lee is also a teacher.

Naly is a student.

Alisa is a student, too.

Either is used in negative sentences. ໃຊ ້ ປະໂຫຍກປະຕ ິ ເສດ I don't like video games.

Martin doesn't like video games, either.

More Examples 1. My car isn't fast. - His car isn't fast, either.

2. They go to Hawaii in summer. - We also go to Hawaii in summer.

3. Alexandra is a smart woman. - I am a smart woman, too.

4. Somdy has got a new barbecue. Bounta has also got a new barbecue.

5. I like America. - Senthong likes America, too.

6. The teachers aren't at school. - The students aren't at school, either.

7. Ronaldo isn't an actor. - Johnny isn't an actor, either.

Note: You can also use too as alternative to also in affirmative sentences. Both are correct. You can use "too" too.

Lesson 11: Could you pass me some salt please? ໍຂເຈ ້ ເດ ັ່​່ ? ື ອມາໃຫ ົ ້ າເອ ົ າເກ (Polite Requests) ການຮ ຸ ພາບ ້ ອງຂ ໍ ແບບສ ັ່​່ຶ ງໃຫ ັ່​່ີ ງໃດໜ ັ່​່ື ງໃຫ Asking people to do things: ໍຂຮ ູ ້ ໃດໜ ້ ອງຜ ້ ເຮ ້ . ັ ດສ Can you wait a moment, please?

Could you tell me how to get to the library?

Do you think you could post my letter?

I wonder if you could sign the paper?

Do you mind helping me with my project?

Asking for and giving permission:ຂ ຸ ຍັດໃດໜ ໍ ຮ ້ ອງ ແລະ ໃຫ ້ ການອະນ ື ງ.

May I come in? "yes, please do."

Could I use your calculator? "yes. sure' Can I speak to Mr. Drill, please?

10

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ ັ່​່ຶ ງ.

For offering an invitation: ໃຫ ້ ການເຊ ື ້ ອເຊ ີ ນໃດໜ Would you like a cup of tea?

Would you like to play chess with me? ັ່​່ີ ັ່​່ໍບທາງການໃຫ ັ່​່ື ອນ Informally to a friend. ການຂ ູ ັ່​່ ເພ ໍ ຮ ້ ອງທ ້ ໝ Do you think you could turn the volume of the TV down?

Do you think you could give me a lift to the station?

Do you think I could borrow your car?

Formally to a Stranger ທາງການສາລັບບ ຸ ກຄ ້ າ ົ ນແປກໜ Could you tell me where the nearest ATM is, please?

Would you mind if I sit here?

Would you mind lending me your book, please?

Would you like to sit here?

Would you mind giving me a hand with my suitcase?

Note: We can add the phrase by any chance at the end of our request to make it more polite. (More for information requests) Do you know what time it is by any chance? (friends / strangers) Excuse me, do you know how I can get to the theater by any chance? (strangers)

ັ່​່ຶ ນນອນສ Lesson 11: I wake up too late! ຂ ້ ອຍຕ ັ່​່ ວາຍ (Daily Routine Verbs) ຄາກ ິ ິ ລຍາໃນຊ ີ ິ ວດປະຈາວັນ Daily Activities in The Morning: ກ ິ ດຈະການໃນຕອນເຊ ົ້ າ On Weekdays I usually wake up at 8 am.

I stay in bed about 10 minutes before I get up.

I wash my face and take a shower.

Then I dry and comb my hair.

I have a breakfast at around 8.30.

After breakfast I brush my teeth.

I put on make up.

I get dressed.

I leave home at around 8.50.

11

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Daily Activities Outside: ກ ້ ານ ິ ດຈະການປະຈາວັນນອກບ I take a bus to work.

I arrive work at around 9.30.

I have a cup of coffee while I read the newspaper.

Then I check my emails and file my papers.

I usually make some telephone calls.

Then I report to my boss.

At around 1 pm I have lunch. I usually work on the computer.

I have afternoon tea at around 4 pm and eat some snacks.

Daily Activities After work: ກ ຼ ັ ງເລ ິ ດຈະການປະຈາວັນຫ ີ ກງານ I leave work at 5.30.

I take a train and go to the gym before I go home.

I work out for almost an hour.

I arrive home at around 7.30.

Daily Activities In The Evening: ກ ິ ດຈະການປະຈາວັນໃນຕອນແລງ I get undressed.

I take a bath.

I get into my pajamas and take the rubbish out.

If I don't feel so tired I cook dinner.

I have dinner at around 9.

I relax on my couch and watch TV. I wash the dishes and feed my dog.

I lock the door and brush my teeth.

At around 11.30 I set the alarm and read a book for about 30 minutes.

Then Finally at around 12 pm I turn off the lights and go to bed.

Daily Activities At The Weekends: ກ ້ າຍອາທ ິ ດຈະການປະຈາວັນໃນທ ິ ດ (ວັນເສ ິ ດ) ົ າ-ທ On Saturdays, I usually go grocery shopping early in the morning.

I do the washing and hang the clothes out to dry.

I water the garden and wash my car.

Then I do the ironing.

At night, I go out with my friends and have some fun .

On Sundays I go to church in the morning.

Then In the afternoon, I go to the mall by my car and do some shopping.

Then I usually hire a movie and watch a movie Before I go to bed I make sure that I recharge my cellphone and meditate to reduce the stress I get during the week.

12

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 12: Sommaly has one pen and two pencils. ສ ້ ານ ແລະ ີ ມ ີ ິບກ 1 ກ ົ ມມາລ ໍສ 2 ກ ້ ານ.

(Singular and Plural Nouns ) ຄານາມຈານວນນ ຼ າຍ ້ ອຍ ແລະ ຫ ັ່​່ີ , ວັດຖັ່​່ີ ສງ A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea: ຄານາມ ໝາຍເຖ ີ ງຄ ົ ນ,ສັດ, ສະຖານທ ຸ ັ່​່ ຂອງ ຫ ດການ, ຫ ແນວຄວາມຄ ດໃດໜ ງ. ຼື ປະກ ຼ ື ິ ື ົ Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language. ັ່​່ື ອຈານວນຫ ັ່​່ື ມ s For the plural form of most nouns, add s. ເມ ຼ າຍຕ  bottle – bottles  cup – cups  pencil – pencils  desk – desks  sticker – stickers  window – windows For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es. ໍ ຄານາມລ ້ າຍ ch,x, s ຫ ້ ື ຼ ອອກສຽງ s ໃຫ ົ ງທ ັ່​່ຕ ມ es ື  box – boxes  watch – watches  moss – mosses  bus – buses ັ່​່ີ ລ For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es. ໍ ຄາທ ັ ນ v ແລ ້ າຍ fe, ໃຫ ້ ປ ັ່​່ ຽນເປ ້ ສ ົ ງທ ັ່​່ືຕມ es  wolf – wolves  wife – wives  leaf – leaves  life – lives Some nouns have different plural forms.  child – children  woman – women  man – men  mouse – mice  goose – geese Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.  baby – babies  toy – toys  kidney – kidneys  potato – potatoes  memo – memos 13

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 

stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.  sheep – sheep  deer – deer  series – series  species – species [Quiz 1] Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1)I have three (child, children).

2)There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).

3)(Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.

4)I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.

5)A few men wear (watch, watches).

6)I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.

7)I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.

8)There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

View Answers 1) children 2) men, woman 3) Babies 4) potatoes 5) watches 6) memo 7) mouse 8) buses

Lesson 13: I’d like a cup of coffee without sugar please. ຂ ້ ອຍຂ ໍ ກ ີ ນກາເຟຈອກ ັ່​່ໜ ັ່​່ໍ ໃສ ້ າຕານ. ັ່​່ ໍນ ຶ ງບ (Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns ) ຄານາມນັບໄດ ້ ແລະ ໍັ່​່ບໄດ ້ .

Count nouns Can be counted as one or more.  pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc.

Take an s to form the plural.  pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc.

Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of) 14

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 

a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc.

Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).  a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc.

Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).

Non-count nouns Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.  water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.

Generally cannot be pluralized.

Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.  Sugar is sweet.  The sunshine is beautiful.  I drink milk.  He eats rice.  We watch soccer together.  The wood is burning.

Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).  We ate some rice and milk.  I hope to see some sunshine today.  This meat is good.  She does not speak much Spanish.  Do you see any traffic on the road?  That wine is very old.

Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).

[Quiz 1] Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list: wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood View Answers wine, water, wind, milk, furniture, rice, wood

15

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

ັ່​່ື ອງຫ Lesson 14: Don’t touch it! It’s my kid’s toy. ຢາຈັບມັນ, ມັນແມ ັ່​່ ນເຄ ີ ຼ ້ ນຂອງ ລ ູ ກຂ ້ ອຍ.

(Possessive Nouns ) ຄານາມສະແດງເປ ັ ນເຈ ົ ້ າຂອງ Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.

Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s.  John's book  Kerry's car  Grandma's mirror When a noun is plural and ends in s, just add an apostrophe (').  The kids' toys  My parents' house  The teachers' lounge If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person only.  John and Mary's new house  David and Sue's wedding  Tom and Doug's car If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each person.  Susan's and Beth's books  Jean's and Dan's pants  Ben's and Jim's offices [Quiz 1] Which of the following is not correct?

1)Dr. Hunts has a new computer.

2)Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well.

3)Dr. Hunts' computer is new.

View Answers Both 2 and 3 are the correct answers. In your writing, you should be consistent. If you choose to leave the final 's' out, then leave it out throughout your writing.

16

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 15: She goes to the mall alone. ລາວໄປຕະຫ ຼ າດຜ ູ ້ ດຽວ.

(Pronouns ) ຄາແທນນາມ A pronoun takes the place of a noun.

Example story: Mary is one of the heads of the Tong Construction Company. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

If the story above is written using pronouns: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to a person:  I go to school.  You are a student.  They are Koreans.  He works here.  We gave her food.

The word ‘it' refers to an object:  I drank it.  It is big.  They cut it into halves.

Memorize the personal pronouns: First

Second

Singular Subject

I

Singular Object

Third Male

Female

Neutral

you

he

she

it

Me

you

him

her

it

Singular Reflexive

Myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

Plural Subject

We

you

they

Plural Object

Us

you

them

Plural Reflexive

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

[Quiz 1] Write the correct pronoun in each blank.

1)I ate an apple.

2)You look tired.

17

was delicious. should rest.

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 3)She is a teacher. I gave 4)They are my friends. I like 5)He saw the movie.

a book. very much. was fun.

View Answers [4.1] 1) it 2) you 3) her 4) them 5) it

Lesson 16: They are in America now. ດຽວນ ັ່​ູ່ ສະຫະລັດ. ີ ້ , ພວກເຂ ົ າຢ (Be' Verbs is/am/are) ກ ັ່​່ ວຍ. ິ ິ ລຍາຊ A verb shows action or a state of being.

I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed.

Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.

"Be" verbs indicate a state of being.

Verbs must match subjects.  I am a doctor.  He is sleepy.  We are here.

Negative sentences need ‘not' after the verb.  I am not a doctor.  He is not sleepy.  We are not there.

The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.  Am I a doctor?  Is he sleepy?  Are we there?

"Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).  He isn't sleepy.  We aren't there.

Remember the variations of "be" verbs: Present Negative I am I am not 18

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Interrogative Am I?

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ You are

You are not (aren't)

Are you?

He is

He is not (isn't)

Is he?

She is

She is not (isn't)

Is she?

It is

It is not (isn't)

Isn't it?

We are

We are not (aren't)

Are we?

You are

You are not (aren't)

Are you?

They are

They are not (aren't)

Are they?

[Quiz 1] Which of the following sentences are written correctly?

1)I am thirsty.

2)You are kind.

3)He am not sad.

4)She are not tall.

5)It is not moving.

6)We aren't tired.

7)Is they running?

8)Are you ready?

View Answers 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8

ັ່​່ັ່​່ າງໄປໂຮງຮຽນ.

Lesson 17: Toukta usually walk to school. ປ ຸ ກຕາຍ ົ ກກະຕ ິ ຕ (Action Verbs ) ຄາກ ຼັ ກ ິ ິ ລຍາຫ Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.

Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects.  He eats bread.  She walks to the station.  It floats on the sea.

Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.  I do not eat bread.  He does not eat bread.  You did not walk to the station.  It does not float on the sea.

Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did.  Do you eat bread?  Does he eat bread?  Does she walk to the station?

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 

Did they finish it?

Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.  I don't eat bread.  She doesn't walk to the station.  It doesn't float on the sea.  They didn't finish it.

Remember the variations of action verbs: Affirmative Sentence Negative Sentence I sing a song.

I do not (don't) sing a song.

Interrogative Sentence Do I sing a song?

You sing a song.

Do you sing a song?

You do not (don't) sing a song.

He (she) sings a song. He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a song. Does he (she) sing a song?

We sing a song.

We do not (don't) sing a song.

Do we sing a song?

They sang a song.

They did not (didn't) sing a song.

Did they sing a song?

[Quiz 1] Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is.

1)I runs a marathon.

2)You look sleepy.

3)She do not dance.

4)Does you leave today?

5)We don't stay here.

6)It come with rice.

View Answers 1) runs -> run 3) do -> does 4) Does -> Do 6) come -> comes

Lesson 18: She is really beautiful. ນາງສວຍງາມຫ ຼ າຍ.

(Adjectives ) ຄາຄ ຸ ນນາມ Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealisticcharacters in a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes my tired mind.

Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun.  A pretty girl  Red flowers 20

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ   

A long stick Heavy boxes Warm weather

Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or dis.  clear – unclear, important – unimportant, predictable – unpredictable, believable – unbelievable, common – uncommon, aware – unaware, ambiguous – unambiguous, conventional – unconventional, certain – uncertain  definite – indefinite, correct – incorrect, comparable – incomparable, complete – incomplete, evitable – inevitable, expensive – inexpensive  able – disable, assemble – disassemble, content – discontent, similar – dissimilar When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape + age + color + origin + material.  A big brown house  A small old English desk  A beautiful black Italian leather purse  Delicious Chinese food The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.  the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc.  This popular TV show is loved by the old.

[Quiz 1] Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix.

1) Clear – 2) Definite – 3) Correct – 4) Expensive – 5) Complete – [Quiz 2] Underline all adjectives in the following sentences.

In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big oak tree.

View Answers [1] 1) unclear 2) indefinite 3) incorrect 4) inexpensive 5) incomplete [2] red, cute, small, beautiful, big, oak 21

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 19: Everest MT is the highest mountain in the world. ພ ູ ເຂ ີ ເຣດ ົ າ ເອເວ ັ່​່ ັ່​່ ເປ ູ ີທສ ູ ງທ ຸ ດໃນໂລກ. ັ ນພ ີ ສ (Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ) ຄາຄ ຸ ນນາມສ ົ ມທຽບ Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than two things Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in 'y' use 'er' to form comparatives and 'est' to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change the 'y' to 'i' before adding the 'er' or 'est'.  old – older – oldest  young – younger – youngest  pretty – prettier – prettiest  long – longer – longest  short – shorter – shortest  bright – brighter – brightest  close – closer – closest  happy – happier – happiest Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives and most to form superlatives.  respectable – more respectable – most respectable  beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful  preferable – more preferable – most preferable  hardworking – more hardworking – most hardworking Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives.  good – better – best  bad – worse – worst  little – less – least  much (many) – more – most  far – further – furthest The word than typically appears in comparative sentences.  Amy is smarter than Betty.  Chad is stronger than Dan.  Greg is more diligent than his brother.  I have more apples than he.  She likes him more than me.

Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the.  Tom is the oldest man in town.  Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood.  That shade of blue is the most beautiful color.  This is the longest song that I have ever heard.

22

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [Quiz 1] Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each blank.

Yesterday was a cold day. Today is the day yet.

than yesterday. Tomorrow will be

[Quiz 2] Which of the following sentences is incorrect?

1)Mary is shorter than Jane.

2)The moon is more closer to the earth than the sun.

3)I have the best score on the exam.

[Quiz 3] Fill in the blanks.

1)My friend has a pretty purse, but I have a one.

2)The weather is yet to come!

3)Today's sunshine is beautiful than yesterday's.

View Answers [1] colder, coldest [2] 2 [3] prettier, best, more

ັ່​່ົ າຍ Lesson 20: The turtle walks very slowly. ໂຕເຕ ັ່​່ າງບັກຊ ້ າໆ.

(Adverbs ) ຄາກ ິ ິ ລຍາວ ິ ເສດ Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.  The fire engine runs fast.  Listen to his speech carefully.  I browse the web frequently.  It rained hard.

An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.  The news is very surprising!  The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful.  Nature is really amazing!

An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.  It rains very hard.  Computers run much faster these days.  I clean my room less frequently because I am busy.

23

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'.  slow – slowly  quick – quickly  comfortable – comfortably  loud – loudly  clear – clearly To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'.  happy – happily  easy – easily [Quiz1] Choose the correct word form in the following sentences.

1)I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time.

2)We talked about it (clear, clearly).

3)I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa.

4)My dog runs very (fast, faster).

5)Let’s install the new program (quick, quickly).

View Answers 1) carefully 2) clearly 3) comfortable 4) fast 5) quickly

Lesson 21: She goes to the library. ນາງໄປຫ ຸ ດ ໍ ສະໝ (Simple Tense ) ກາລະທາມະດາ Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses.

Present Past Future Simple

Finish

finished

will finish

Progressive

am/is/are finishing

was/were finishing

will be finishing

Perfect

have/has finished

had finished

will have finished

had been finishing

will have been finishing

Perfect Progressive have/has been finishing Things to remember about simple tense: a. Present tense is the original verb form. b. Past tense has a few patterns. c. Future tense needs will (shall) + verb. run 24

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

eat

see

  

I run a marathon twice a year. (present) I ran a marathon last year. (past) I will run a marathon next year. (future)

  

I eat lunch in my office.

I ate lunch an hour ago.

I will eat lunch in one hour.

  

I see a movie once a week.

I saw a movie yesterday.

I will see a movie tomorrow.

  

I know it.

I knew it the day before yesterday.

I will know it by tomorrow.

  

I learn English.

I learned English the last two years.

I will learn English next year.

  

I cook my supper every night.

I cooked our dinner already.

I will cook breakfast tomorrow.

know

learn

cook

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms.

1)I 2)He 3)I

a song at the concert yesterday. a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow. to the library to borrow some books this weekend.

View Answers 1) sang 2) will write 3) will go

ັ່​່ີ ນຂະໜະນ Lesson 22: The clock is running now. ໂມງກາລັງເດ ີ້ .

(Progressive and Perfect Tense ) ກາລະກາລັງດາເນ ູ ນ ີ ນ ແລະ ສ ົ ມບ Progressive Tense The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time. In the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing. run  

25

I am running a marathon right now. (present progressive) I was running a marathon at this time last year. (past progressive) ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ eat



I will be running a marathon next Sunday. (future progressive)

  

I am eating lunch now.

I was eating lunch when you saw me.

I will be eating lunch in the meeting.

  

I am learning English at my desk.

I was learning English the last two years.

I will be learning English then.

  

I am cooking my supper now.

I was cooking our dinner when you called me.

I will be cooking breakfast by the time you come home.

learn

cook

Perfect Tense The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb.

The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had + the past participle form of the verb.

The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other action.

Use will have + the past participle form of the verb. run  I have run several marathons this year. (present perfect)  I had run many marathons in the past. (past perfect)  I will have run a marathon by the time I turn 30. (future perfect) learn  I have learned a lot about English grammar this semester.  I had learned the basics of English grammar in elementary school.  I will have learned a lot about English grammar when I finish college. know  I have known her since I was young.  I had known her until she passed away.  I will have known her for 20 years next month. cook  I have cooked supper every night this week.  I had cooked supper every night until the stove broke.  I will have cooked supper every night by the time this diet ends.

[Quiz 1] Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present, past, and future progressive tenses.

I sing a song on the big stage.

26

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [Quiz 2] Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given.

1)He 2)I

(exercise) hard since last year. (study) math as my major since high school.

View Answers [1] I am singing a song on the big stage.

I was singing a song on the big stage.

I will be singing a song on the big stage.

[2] 1) has exercised 2) have studied

Lesson 23: Bounthan has been studying English for 3 years. ບ ຸ ນທັນໄດ ້ ຮຽນ ພາສາອັງກ ີ ແລ ັ ນເວລາ3ປ ້ ວ. ິ ດເປ ັ່​່ື ອງ ັ່​່ໍ ເນ (Perfect Progressive Tense ) ກາລະສ ູ ນຕ ົ ມບ The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future.

The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was initiated in the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some relation to the present time. Use have/has + been + ing  It has been raining, and the street is still wet.  I have been running, and I am still tired.  She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now.

The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing.  It had been raining, and the street was still wet.  I had been running, and I was still tired.  She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better.

The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed in the future. Use will + have + been + ing.   

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By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet.

By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy.

By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better. ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [Quiz 1] Choose the incorrect sentence from the following.

1)I have been sleeping all day today.

2)They will have been walking for almost an hour by the time they arrive at their destination.

3)She have been eating a lot recently.

View Answers 3) have -> has

້ ມຫ ້ ືປ Lesson 24: Naly bought her sister a new book. ນາລ ້ ືຊ ັ່​່ ໃຫ ້ ນ ້ ອງລາວ ີ ໄດ ົ ວໃໝ (Regular and Irregular Verbs ) ກ ົ ກກະຕ ົ ກກະຕ ິ ິ ລຍາປ ິ ແລະ ອະປ ິ Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding ed (d).

Base Verb Past Past Participle Learn Learned Learned Study

Studied

Studied

Cook

Cooked

Cooked

Solve

Solved

Solved

Ask

Asked

Asked

Watch

Watched

Watched

Listen

Listened

Listened

Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns.

Base Verb

Past

Past Participle

grow

Grew

grown

know

knew

known

begin

began

begun

draw

Drew

drawn

drive

drove

driven

fly

Flew

flown

give

Gave

given

speak

Spoke

spoken

Swim

Swam

swum

Go

Went

gone

Take

Took

Taken

Find

Found

Found

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Spend

Spent

Spent

Teach

Taught

Taught

Pay

Paid

Paid

Feel

Felt

Felt

Buy

Bought

Bought

Meet

Met

Met

Have

Had

Had

Feed

Fed

Fed

Keep

Kept

Kept

Cut

Cut

Cut

Hit

Hit

Hit

Set

Set

Set

Shut

Shut

Shut

Fit

Fit

Fit

[Quiz 1] Find the past and past participle forms of the following verbs using your dictionary: bring drink think tell eat make beat View Answers brought – brought drank – drunk thought – thought told – told ate – eaten made – made beat – beaten

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

ັ່​່ີ ງໜັງອາເມຣ Lesson 25: I love watching American Movies. ຂ ້ ອຍມັກເບ ິ ກາ. ັ່​່ (Gerunds ) ຄາກ ິ ິ ລຍາຕ ື ມ-ing A gerund (verb + ing) acts like a noun in a sentence.  Seeing is believing.  Running a marathon is not an easy thing to do.  Watching TV is sometimes harmful.  Eating is always fun.  My hobby is painting.  She loves babysitting her sister.  I like listening to music.  I wasted all my afternoon by taking a nap.  I am afraid of singing a song on a stage.

Often, a possessive noun or pronoun comes before a gerund.  I hope that you don’t mind my using your pen.  Don’t be mad about my leaving early.  I don’t want you misunderstanding.  You will be amazed by my writing.

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks.

1)I enjoy (draw) as a hobby.

2)She likes (buy) clothes.

3)Children are fond of (play) with water.

4) (dance) is my favorite thing to do.

5)I am upset at his (break) the rule.

View Answers 1) drawing 2) buying 3) playing 4) Dancing 5) breaking

ັ່​່ໍ ແມ Lesson 26: My parents want me to be a doctor. ພ ັ ນທ ັ່​່ ຢາກໃຫ ້ ຂ ້ ອຍເປ ັ່​່ ານໝ ໍ ັ່​່ື ມ - to ( Infinitives 1 ) ໍ ຄາກ ິ ິ ລຍາຕ An infinitive is a verb combined with the word to. Most often, an infinitive acts as a noun in the sentence. Less frequently, it acts as an adjective or an adverb.  I want to go home early today.  I hope to be chosen as a member.  I prefer to go there earlier.  You need to consider various rules in writing sentences.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ                   

You have to explain your reasoning in detail.

You might wish to act as a teacher.

To leave for a vacation is my only wish at this time.

A common mistake in a relationship is not to trust the other person.

Help me to save the trees!

To be mentally healthy, you must read books.

Do you want me to fill out this form?

Here is our to-do list.

It was nice to meet you.

It is time to move on.

I am young enough to change my habits.

Don’t forget not to make grammar mistakes.

You are required to leave all your belongings here.

I came to see a doctor today.

You have to work harder to succeed.

I need to take three more classes to finish my graduate study.

I got closer to the speaker to listen clearly.

Be sure to check if you have tickets.

I am going to buy the new computer.

Generally, it is not common to split to and the verb except for when you want to emphasize the verb.  I want you to immediately stop doing that.  You have to seriously work hard to succeed.  You need to definitely explain your reasoning in detail.

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks.

1)I am going 2)It is common 3)Did you come

(learn) English. (make) a grammar mistake. (clean) my house?

View Answers 1) to learn 2) to make 3) to clean

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 27: It is time to finish our homework. ມັນເຖ ້ ອງໃຫ ້ ວຽກບ ້ ານ ີ ງເວລາຕ ໍ ສາເລ ້ ວ. ັ ດແລ ັ່​່ື ມ - to (Infinitives 2 ) ຄາກ ິ ິ ລຍາຕ Commonly, an infinitive is used with the subject it. The sentence structure is "It is infinitive.…" It refers to the infinitive. This expression is used in many ways.  It is time to do math.  It is common to think that way.  It is appropriate to keep a low profile.  It was nice to see you.  It was my pleasure to meet you.  It was my honor to have dinner with you.  It is good to see you.  It was great to go on a trip with them.

+

Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a variety of ways. Gerunds and infinitives can follow certain verbs but not others. You need to remember which verbs can be followed by only a gerund or only an infinitive.

Verbs that can precede only gerunds: consider, suggest, enjoy, deny, avoid, miss, mind, practice, postpone, resist, finish, quit, give up, put off Verbs that can precede only infinitives: offer, decide, hope, attempt, promise, agree, afford, deserve, refuse, undertake, learn, fail, seem, appear, tend, pretend, choose, demand, desire, guarantee, claim, manage, determine, expect, want, wish Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives without changing meanings: continue, like, love, begin, start, propose, neglect, stand, hate Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives but change meanings: forget, remember, stop, try  I stopped watching the movie. (I no longer watched the movie.)  I stopped to watch the movie. (I stopped what I was doing to watch the movie.)

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks.

1)I decided (leave) the job.

2)She pretended (know) me.

3)He desires (be) a professor.

4)The company considered (sell) its main building.

5)I expect (win) at this game.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 6)Do you enjoy 7)She hopes 8)Did you fail 9)They want me 10)It is great

(take) care of your pet? (go) on a vacation. (pass) the exam? (take) this position. (hear) that they agreed

(share) the land.

View Answers 1)to leave 2)to know 3)to be 4)selling 5)to win 6)taking 7)to go 8)to pass 9)to take 10)to hear, to share

Lesson 28: I eat a mango/A mongo is eaten by me. ຂ ້ ອຍກ ັ່​່ ວງ/ໝາກ ີ ນໝາກມ ມ ັ່​່ ວງຖ ້ ອຍກ ື ກຂ ີ ນ.

(Active Voice and Passive Voice) ປະໂຫຍກທ ໍ າມະດາ ແລະ ປະໂຫຍກ ືຖກ.

Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence.

Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action.  The window is broken. (It is not known who broke the window, or it is not important to know who broke the window.)  The class has been canceled. (The focus is on the class being canceled. It is not important to know who canceled it.)  The passive voice is often used. (The focus is on the passive voice. It is not important to explain who the writer is.)

Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in writing. However, in some cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the action, not the actor. Also, passive voice can be considered more polite, as it sounds less aggressive or dramatic.  That building was built in 1990.  The car was invented about a hundred years ago.  I was told that Mary moved to a different country.  Your business is appreciated.  She was elected to city council.  It was rumored that the company would lay off a few people soon.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 

It is recommended that the billing process be shortened.

You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence. The object in the active sentence becomes a subject in the passive sentence. The verb is changed to a “be” verb + past participle.

The subject of the active sentence follows by or is omitted.  Sam wrote a letter to Jamie.  A letter was written to Jamie by Sam.  The government built a new bridge.  A new bridge was built by the government.  I recommend that you apply for this position.  It is recommended that you apply for this position.

[Quiz 1] Rewrite the following sentence in passive voice.

John gave me a bunch of flowers on my birthday.

[Quiz 2] Choose the sentences written incorrectly in the passive voice.

1)I was eaten an ice cream.

2)The song was sung by a singer.

3)I was deceived by the TV program.

4)The concert was finished at 12 p.m.

5)He was written a novel.

6)The tennis match was aired on TV. 7)He was treated kindly.

8)I have been managed a company since 2004.

View Answers [1] I was given a bunch of flowers on my birthday by John.

OR A bunch of flowers was given to me on my birthday by John.

[2] 1) I ate an ice cream.

5) He wrote a novel.

8) I have managed a company since 2004.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 29: If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere. ຖ ັ ນນ ້ າຂ ້ ອຍເປ ້ ອຍຈະ ົ ກ, ຂ ຸ ກຫ ັ່​່ ງ. ີ ບນໄປທ ົ ນແຫ (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood ) A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is saying.

Indicative Mood states an actuality or fact.  We will go to see a movie this Sunday.  I’ll follow you.

Imperative Mood makes a request.  Let’s go to see a movie this weekend!  Please stop bugging me!

Subjunctive Mood expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an "if" clause.  If I were you, I wouldn’t buy a house.  I wish I were more organized.

The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, recommend, suggest, wish, insist, order, commend, request, and demand.A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different form.

The subjunctive for the present tense third-person singular drops the s or es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else. In the subjunctive mood, the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless of what the subject is.  Incorrect: If I was you, I would take any offer.  Correct: If I were you, I would take any offer.

(The verb follows ‘if’ and expresses a non-factual condition.)  

Incorrect: I wish I was able to speak English fluently.

Correct: I wish I were able to speak English fluently.

(The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It suggests a nonfactual or doubtful condition.)

 

Incorrect: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team does the survey.

Correct: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team do the survey.

 

Incorrect: She recommended that each student takes a note.

Correct: She recommended that each student take a note.

[Quiz 1] Write the correct form of the verb given.

1)I insist that Jennifer (finish) her meal.

2)She suggests that the office (be) closed today.

3)If I (be) you, I would win the game.

4)I wish I (can) fly.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [Quiz 2] Choose the correct sentence from the following.

1)I wish I was able to buy this car.

2)It were recommended that the company closes its foreign offices.

3)If Jack were 17 years old, he would apply for the university.

4)Our manager insists that the group is reorganized.

View Answers [1] 1) finish 2) be 3) were 4) could [2] 3 Correct sentences for 1, 2, and 4: 1) I wish I would be able to buy this car 2) It was recommended that the company closed its foreign offices.

4) Our manager insists that the group be reorganized.

Lesson 30: Do you speak English? ເຈົ້າເວົ້າພາສາອັງກິດໄດ້ບ?ໍ (Auxiliary Verbs - 'Be,' 'Do,' 'Have' ) ກ ັ່​່ ວຍ be, do , have ິ ິ ລຍາຊ An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.  I think I should study harder to master English.  I am having a cup of coffee.  You have been practicing hard.  It was written by a petitioner.  You may choose what you like.

The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb.

The following examples show these verbs used as auxiliary verbs.

1. "Be" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in progressive sentences:  I am taking a bath.  She is preparing dinner for us.  They have been studying all night. b. Used in passive sentences:  I was given a free meal.  He was seen by fans at the airport.  This song has been sung by all nations.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 2."Do" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in negative sentences:  I do not know the truth.  She doesn’t agree with me.  They didn’t arrive here yet. b. Used in questions:  Do you want to have another one?  Did he finish his homework?  Do we need to keep going straight?

3."Have" as an auxiliary verb a. Used in perfect sentences:  I have been following you for a mile.  We have done a lot so far.  She had been queen of the town.

[Quiz 1] Identify all auxiliary verbs in the following paragraph.

I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason.

[Quiz 2] Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary verbs?

1)I didn’t have any reason to go there.

2)Have we practiced this song enough?

3)Three seats have been reserved for us.

4)I am a professor in the economics department.

View Answers [1] I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that time? I must ask that you explain the reason.

[2] Sentence 4 (the verb am is used as the main verb)

ັ່​່ື ອງດ ັ່​່ື ມບ Lesson 31: Would you like to have some drink? ເຈ ້ ອງການເຄ ໍ ? ົ ້ າຕ (Auxiliary Verbs - 'Will/Would,' 'Shall/Should' ) ກ ັ່​່ ວຍ will ິ ິ ລຍາຊ would, shall should.

The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone. They are used as auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to follow.

Will Used to express desire, preference, choice, or consent: 37

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ I will take this duty.

Will you stop talking like that?

Used to express the future:  It will rain tomorrow.  The news will spread soon.

Used to express capacity or capability:  This bucket will hold two gallons of water.  This airplane will take 200 passengers.

Used to express determination, insistence, or persistence:  I will do it as you say.  

Would (past form of will) Often used in auxiliary functions with rather to express preference:  I would rather go shopping today.  We’d rather say something than stay quiet.

Used to express a wish or desire:  I would like to have one more pencil.

Used to express contingency or possibility:  If I were you, I would be so happy.

Used to express routine or habitual things:  Normally, we would work until 6 p.m.

Shall Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it has more usages in British English). For the future tense, will is more frequently used in American English than shall.  Shall we dance?  Shall I go now?  Let’s drink, shall we?

Often used in formal settings to deliver obligation or requirement:  You shall abide by the law.  There shall be no trespassing on this property.  Students shall not enter this room.

Should (past form of shall) Often used in auxiliary functions to express an opinion, suggestion, preference, or idea:  You should rest at home today.  I should take a bus this time.  He should be more thoughtful in the decision-making process.

Used to express that you wish something had happened but it didn’t or couldn’t (should + have + past participle):  You should have seen it. It was really beautiful.  I should have completed it earlier to meet the deadline.  We should have visited the place on the way.

Used to ask for someone’s opinion:  What should we do now?  Should we continue our meeting?  Should we go this way?

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ  Where should we go this summer?

Used to say something expected or correct:  There should be an old city hall building here.  Everybody should arrive by 6 p.m.  We should be there this evening.

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks using an appropriate auxiliary verb.

1)I 2)You 3) 4)I 5)

leave now. It is too late. have seen him. His dance was amazing. we have lunch together? like a cup of tea, please. we read the email?

View Answers [1] 1) should 2) should 3) Shall 4) would 5) Should

Lesson 32: Dara can speak four languages. ດາຣາສາມາດເວ ້ 4 ພາສາ. ົ ້ າໄດ (Auxiliary Verbs - 'Can/Could,' 'May/Might/Must' ) ກ ິ ລະຍາຊນວຍ may might must.

Can Used to express ability (to be able to do something):  I can make jewelry.  He can’t speak French.  Can you open this jar?

Used to ask for permission:  Can I use your bathroom?  Can I leave now?  Can I raise the volume?

Used to make requests or suggestions:  Can I have more napkins?  Can I have the bill?  You can take this spot if you like.  You can do whatever you want.

Could (past form of can) Describes an ability that someone had in the past:  I could swim when I was young.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ You could see the boat sinking.

They could tell he was nervous.

Often used in auxiliary functions to express permission politely:  Could I take this jacket with me?  You could borrow my umbrella.  Could you please let me pass you?  Could I get you more water?

Used to express possibility:  All of them could ride in the van.  You could always stay at our house.  Could it be true?  This plan could really work out.  

May Used to ask for formal permission:  May I come in?  May I say something now?  May I ask one question?

Used to suggest something that is possible:  She may agree with this plan.  They may not be happy about what happened.  It may shower tonight.

Might (past form of may) Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than may in American English):  He might have finished it.  I might go see a doctor.  I might not come this time.  It might be right.  You might have lost it.  The store might have been closed today.

Must Used to express something formally required or necessary:  I must complete the project by this week.  The government must provide health care for everybody.  Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth.  The building must have a fire alarm.  You must answer my question right now.

Used to show that something is very likely:  He must be a genius.  You must be joking!  There must be an accident.  She must be very tired.

[Quiz 1] Choose the right word for each blank.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 1)She (can, could, may, might, must) have practiced a lot. Her performance was amazing.

2)I can’t find my watch anywhere. I (can, could, may, might, must) have lost it.

3)Professor, (can, could, may, might, must) I ask a question?

4) (can, could, may, might, must) you please lower your voice?

5)You (can, could, may, might, must) be kidding! How is that possible?

6)I (can, could, may, might, must) speak both English and Chinese fluently.

View Answers [1] 1) must 2) might 3) may 4) could 5) must 6) can

ົ໋ົ າເງ Lesson 33: Your wallet is on the table. ກະເປ ັ່​ູ່ ເທ ີ ນເຈ ີ ງໂຕະ. ົ ້ າຢ ັ່​່ື ອມ on at in (Prepositions - 'On,' 'At,' 'In' ) ຄາເຊ A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence.

Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.  to the office  at the desk  on the table  in an hour  about myself A preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.

Here are a few common prepositions and examples.

On Used to express a surface of something:  I put an egg on the kitchen table.  The paper is on my desk.

Used to specify days and dates:  The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays.  I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988.

Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: 41

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ He is on the phone right now.

She has been on the computer since this morning.

My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.

Used to indicate a part of the body:  The stick hit me on my shoulder.  He kissed me on my cheek.  I wear a ring on my finger.

Used to indicate the state of something:  Everything in this store is on sale.  The building is on fire.

At Used to point out specific time:  I will meet you at 12 p.m.  The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m.

Used to indicate a place:  There is a party at the club house.  There were hundreds of people at the park.  We saw a baseball game at the stadium.

Used to indicate an email address:  Please email me at abc@defg.com.

Used to indicate an activity:  He laughed at my acting.  I am good at drawing a portrait.

In Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:  She always reads newspapers in the morning.  In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks.  The new semester will start in March.

Used to indicate a location or place:  She looked me directly in the eyes.  I am currently staying in a hotel.  My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.

Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:  This painting is mostly in blue.  The students stood in a circle.  This jacket comes in four different sizes.

Used to express while doing something:  In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.  A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.

Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:  I believe in the next life.  We are not interested in gambling.   

[Quiz1] Identify all prepositions in the following sentences.

After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to 42

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.

[Quiz 2] Choose a correct preposition in the sentence.

1)I want to lose 5 kilogram 2)Could you get me this pants 3)She seems to be interested 4)I will come to pick you up 5)This class will be held

(on, at, in) one month. (on, at, in) a larger size? (on, at, in) Psychology. (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow. (on, at, in) Mondays.

View Answers [1] After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.

[2] 1) in 2) in 3) in 4) at 5) on

Lesson 34: Nina is going to the shopping mall. ິນນ ິ ງມ ັ່​່ າກ ໍ າລັງໄປຊັອບປ ໍ . ັ່​່ື ອມ of, to , for (Prepositions - 'Of,' 'To,' 'For' ) ຄາເຊ Of Used for belonging to, relating to, or connected with:  The secret of this game is that you can’t ever win.  The highlight of the show is at the end.  The first page of the book describes the author’s profile.  Don’t touch it. That’s the bag of my friend’s sister.  I always dreamed of being rich and famous.

Used to indicate reference:  I got married in the summer of 2000.  This is a picture of my family.  I got a discount of 10 percent on the purchase.

Used to indicate an amount or number:  I drank three cups of milk.  A large number of people gathered to protest.  I had only four hours of sleep during the last two days.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ  He got a perfect score of 5 on his writing assignment.

To Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something moves toward, or the direction of something:  I am heading to the entrance of the building.  The package was mailed to Mr. Kim yesterday.  All of us went to the movie theater.  Please send it back to me.

Used to indicate a limit or an ending point:  The snow was piled up to the roof.  The stock prices rose up to 100 dollars.

Used to indicate relationship:  This letter is very important to your admission.  My answer to your question is in this envelop.  Do not respond to every little thing in your life.

Used to indicate a time or a period:  I work nine to six, Monday to Friday.  It is now 10 to five. (In other words, it is 4:50.)

For Used to indicate the use of something:  This place is for exhibitions and shows.  I baked a cake for your birthday.  I put a note on the door for privacy.  She has been studying hard for the final exam.

Used to mean because of:  I am so happy for you.  We feel deeply sorry for your loss.  For this reason, I’ve decided to quit this job.

Used to indicate time or duration:  He’s been famous for many decades.  I attended the university for one year only.  This is all I have for today.

[Quiz 1] Choose the correct preposition in each sentence.

1)I slept (of, to, for) only two hours last night.

2)It was my first trip (of, to, for) Hawaii.

3)Turn off the TV and go straight (of, to, for) bed.

4)This book was written (of, to, for) the people who want to learn how to play a guitar.

5)I was late (of, to, for) school.

6)Spencer is one (of, to, for) my best friends.

View Answers 1) for 2) to 44

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 3) to 4) for 5) for 6) of

Lesson 35: I will go the South Korea with my family by Airplane. ຂ ້ ອຍຈະໄປ ັ່​່ື ອງບ ເກ ້ ກັບຄອບຄ ້ ວຍເຄ ີ ຼ ໃຕ ີ ນ. ົ າຫ ົ ວດ ັ່​່ື ອມ with over by (Prepositions - 'With,' 'Over,' 'By' ) ຄາເຊ With Used to indicate being together or being involved:  I ordered a sandwich with a drink.  He was with his friend when he saw me.  She has been working with her sister at the nail shop.  The manager will be with you shortly.

Used to indicate "having":  I met a guy with green eyes.  Were you the one talking with an accent?  People with a lot of money are not always happy.

Used to indicate "using":  I wrote a letter with the pen you gave me.  This is the soup that I made with rice and barley.  He cut my hair with his gold scissors.

Used to indicate feeling:  I am emailing you with my sincere apology.  He came to the front stage with confidence.

Used to indicate agreement or understanding:  Are you with me?  Yes, I am completely with you.  She agrees with me.

Over Used to indicate movement from one place to another:  Come over to my house for dinner sometime.  Could you roll over?  They sent over a gift for his promotion.

Used to indicate movement downward:  The big tree fell over on the road.  Can you bend over and get the dish for me?  He pushed it over the edge.

Used to indicate more than an expected number or amount:  This amount is over our prediction.  Kids twelve and over can watch this movie.  The phone rang for over a minute.

Used to indicate a period of time: 45

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ  

I worked there over a year.

She did not sleep there over this past month.

By Used to indicate proximity:  Can I sit by you?  He was standing by me.  The post office is by the bank.

Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive voice sentence:  The microwave was fixed by the mechanic.  The flowers were delivered by a postman.  The branch office was closed by the head office.

Used to indicate an action with a particular purpose:  You can pass the exam by preparing for it.  I expressed my feeling toward her by writing a letter.  She finally broke the record by pure effort.

Used to indicate a mean or method:  Please send this package to Russia by airmail.  I came here by subway.

[Quiz 1] Choose the correct preposition in each sentence.

1)If she left at 4 p.m., she should be here (with, over, by) now.

2)Go (with, over, by) there and catch my ball.

3) (With, Over, By) your determination, you will be able to achieve your dream.

4)I just found it! It was (with, over, by) the radio on my desk.

5)I knocked him (with, over, by) accidentally.

6)She was (with, over, by) me when the accident occurred.

View Answers 1) by 2) over 3) With 4) by 5) over 6) with

46

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

ັ່​່ື ວ Lesson 36: I love the song “You and I” ຂ ້ ອຍມັກເພງຊ ັ່​່ າ “ເຈ ້ ອຍ” ົ ້ າ ແລະ ຂ ( Conjunctions - Coordinating and Correlative ) A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.  I ate lunch with Kate and Derma.  Because it is rainy today, the trip is canceled.  She didn’t press the bell, but I did.

There are three types of conjunctions: 1.Coordinating Conjunctions a.Connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal b.and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not 2.Correlative Conjunctions a.Used in pairs b.both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also 3.Subordinating Conjunctions a.Used at the beginning of subordinate clauses b.although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when, while, where, whether, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions 1.And—means "in addition to"  We are going to a zoo and an aquarium on the same day.

2.But—connects two different things that are not in agreement:  I am a night owl, but she is an early bird.

3.Or—indicates a choice between two things:  Do you want a red one or a blue one?

4.So—illustrates a result of the first thing:  This song has been very popular, so I downloaded it.

5.For—means "because":  I want to go there again, for it was a wonderful trip.

6.Yet—indicates contrast with something:  He performed very well, yet he didn’t make the final cut.

Correlative Conjunctions 1.Both/and  She won gold medals from both the single and group races.  Both TV and television are correct words.

2.Either/or  I am fine with either Monday or Wednesday.  You can have either apples or pears.

3.Neither/nor  He enjoys neither drinking nor gambling.  Neither you nor I will get off early today.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 4.Not only/but also  Not only red but also green looks good on you.  She got the perfect score in not only English but also math.

[Quiz 1] Write the correct conjunction in each sentence.

1) my friend I are taking the geography class.

2)Do you want to go swimming golfing?

3)I studied grammar for a long time, I still make mistakes.

4) wood bricks can be used as homebuilding materials.

5)I wasn’t feeling well this morning, I had to go to work.

View Answers 1) Both, and 2) or 3) but (yet) 4) Either, or 5) yet (but)

Lesson 37: Although she is poor but she is honest. ເຖ ຸ ກ ແຕ ັ່​່ ານາງຈະທ ັ່​່ ລາວ ີ ງວ ເປ ັ ນຄ ິ ດໃຈຂາວໃສສະອາດ ົ ນຈ (Conjunctions - Subordinating ) ຄາຕ ໍັ່​່ Subordinating Conjunctions 1.Although—means "in spite of the fact that":  Although it was raining, I ran home.  She showed up, although she felt sick.  Although my mom told me to come home early, I stayed out late.

2.After—indicates "subsequently to the time when":  Please text me after you arrive at the shopping mall.  We were forced to stop watching TV after the electricity went out.  I always tell my daughter that she can have dessert after she eats her dinner.

3.Before—indicates "earlier than the time that":  He had written a living will before he died.  Before he contacted me, I was going to call him.  I need to finish the dishes before my wife gets home.

4.Because—means "for the reason that":  Because he was smart and worked hard, he was able to make a lot of money.  They stopped building the house because it was pouring.  I love dogs because they are so cute.

5.How—means "the way in which":  I wonder how you did it.  He explained how he completed it in a few days.

48

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ  Can you show me how you fixed the computer?

6.If—means "in the event that":  If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the beach.  If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know.  You can watch TV if you finish your homework.

7.Once—indicates "at the moment when":  Once you see him, you will recognize him.  Once the light came on, we all shouted with joy.  Call me once you start having contractions.

8.Since—means "from the time when":  I’ve been a singer since I was young.  Since he graduated, he has been doing nothing.  This building has been remodeled three times since I lived here.

9.So that—means "in order to":  So that she could keep her position, she didn’t complain at all.  He finished his work as fast as possible so that he could leave early.  He worked harder for a raise so he could buy a nice car.

10.Until—means "up to the time that":  Don’t go anywhere until I come back.  She didn’t realize her talent in painting until her teacher mentioned it.  They won’t allow us to sit until everyone arrives.

11.Unless—means "except, on the condition":  You will not pass the exam unless you get a score of 80 or higher.  I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first.  Unless you ask her, you will never know.

12.When—means "at that time":  When I came in the room, everyone looked at me.  I woke up when my baby was crying.  I started looking for a gas station when my gas light went on.

13.While—means "during the time":  Someone called you while you were at the meeting.  We met while we were working at the University.  My dog started barking while I was talking on the phone.

14.Where—indicates "in the place":  This is where I came from.  Please tell me where you are going.  I need to know where John hid the present.

15.Whether—means "if it is true or not":  We will have a picnic whether it rains or not.  It is time to decide whether we should take action.  You need to decide whether or not you are hungry.

[Quiz 1] Fill in the blanks with an appropriate conjunction.

1)Could you email me 2)I want to buy it 49

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

you receive the offer? it is expensive or not.

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ 3)Don’t do that I allow it.

4) you are confident with it, you should go for it.

5)I didn’t enroll this semester I could go backpacking in Europe.

6)My neighbor’s cat has been missing last Friday.

7) I own a house, I am required to pay property taxes.

View Answers 1) when 2) whether 3) unless 4) If 5) so that 6) since 7) Because

ັ່​່ໍ ແມ Lesson 38: My parents returned home. Likewise, I went home. ພ ັ່​່ ຂອງ ຂ ້ ອຍໄດ ້ ກັບມາເຮ ້ ວ, ຂ ້ ອຍຕ ື ອນແລ ື ອນ. ົ ງກັບເຮ ັ່​່ໍ ກ (Conjunctive Adverbs )ຄ ໍ າຕ ິ ິ ລຍາວ ິ ເສດ Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence.

When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it.  We have many different sizes of this shirt; however, it comes in only one color.

Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally, however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, still, therefore, then, etc.  The due date for the final paper has passed; therefore, I could not submit mine on time.  There are many history books; however, none of them may be accurate.  It rained hard; moreover, lightening flashed and thunder boomed.  The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang.  The law does not permit drinking and driving anytime; otherwise, there would be many more accidents.

Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor); however, they are not as strong as coordinating conjunctions and they are punctuated differently.

A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma (,) is used to separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence.  I woke up very late this morning. Nevertheless, I wasn’t late to school.  She didn’t take a bus to work today. Instead, she drove her car.  Jack wants a toy car for his birthday. Meanwhile, Jill wants a dollhouse for her birthday.  They returned home. Likewise, I went home.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [Quiz 1] Choose the right conjunctive adverb for the sentence.

1)Hurry up; , you will be late for the train.

2)I studied hard for the exam; , I failed.

3)Tom is a sportsman; , his brother Tom is athletic.

4)He didn’t go to college. , he started his own business.

5)He is not good-looking. , he is popular among girls.

View Answers 1) otherwise 2) however 3) likewise 4) Instead 5) Nevertheless

Lesson 39: I see a man, an elephant and the star on the sky. ຂ ້ ອຍເຫ ັ ນຊາຍຄ ົ ນ ັ່​່ຶ ງ, ຊ ັ່​່ຶ ງ ແລະ ດວງດາວບ ໜ ້ າ. ້ າໂຕໜ ້ ອງຟ ົ ນທ (Articles - Indefinite and Definite ) The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.

Indefinite Articles—a, an an—used before singular count nouns beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound:  an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange a—used before singular count nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u):  a stamp, a desk, a TV, a cup, a book Definite Article—the Can be used before singular and plural, count and non-count nouns 1. Indefinite Article (a, an) Used before singular nouns that are unspecified:  a pencil  an orange Used before number collectives and some numbers:  a dozen  a gallon Used before a singular noun followed by a restrictive modifier:  a girl who was wearing a yellow hat Used with nouns to form adverbial phrases of quantity, amount, or degree:  I felt a bit depressed.

2. Definite Article (the) Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously specified in the context:  Please close the door.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ  I like the clothes you gave me.

Used to indicate a noun that is unique:  Praise the Lord!  The Columbia River is near here.

Used to designate a natural phenomenon:  The nights get shorter in the summer.  The wind is blowing so hard.

Used to refer to a time period:  I was very naïve in the past.  This song was very popular in the 1980s.

Used to indicate all the members of a family:  I invited the Bakers for dinner.  This medicine was invented by the Smiths.

[Quiz 1] Choose the correct article in each sentence.

1)Did you bring (a, an, the) umbrella?

2)Are you looking for (a, an, the) shampoo?

3)I checked (a, an, the) mailbox again.

4)Can I have (a, an, the) spoon please?

5)I was born into (a, an, the) poor family.

6)She will come back in (a, an, the) hour.

7)Have you been to (a, an, the) Space Needle Tower in Seattle?

8)I would love to talk to one of (a, an, the) managers.

9)What (a, an, the) amazing view!

10)The helicopter landed on (a, an, the) roof of a building.

View Answers 1) an 2) the 3) the 4) a 5) a 6) an 7) the 8) the 9) an 10) the

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

Lesson 40: Oh! My GOSH! ໂອ! ຕາຍ ຕາຍ!

(Interjections ) ໍ ຄາອ ຸ ທານ An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion. It can be used as filler.

Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone.  Ouch! That hurts.  Well, I need a break.  Wow! What a beautiful dress!

When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mark (!). A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion.

Interjections do the following: 1.Express a feeling—wow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh:  Oops, I’m sorry. That was my mistake.  Geez! Do I need to do it again?  Oh, I didn’t know that.

2.Say yes or no—yes, no, nope:  Yes! I will do it!  No, I am not going to go there.  Nope. That’s not what I want.

3.Call attention—yo, hey:  Yo, will you throw the ball back?  Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident.

4.Indicate a pause—well, um, hmm:  Well, what I meant was nothing like that.  Um, here is our proposal.  Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.

[Quiz 1] What should be B’s expression?

A: I got a perfect score on the math exam.

B: (Well. Wow! or Um.) [Quiz 2] What should be C’s expression?

C:

! (Nope, Hey, or Geez) My computer just broke.

View Answers 53

ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ [1] Wow! [2] Geez

Lesson 41: I live in LuangPrabang. ຂ ຼ ວງພະບາງ. ້ ອຍອາໄສຢ ັ່​ູ່ ເມ ື ອງຫ (Capitalization ) ການນາໃຊ ້ ຕ ັ່​່ ີ ມໃຫຍ ົ ວສະກ ົ ດພ Capitalization means using a capital letter (for example, A instead of a). The use of capital letters helps readers read your writing without confusion.

Always capitalize the following: The first word in a sentence.  I grew up in Vientiane  She left a message on my phone.

The pronoun I.  This country is where I dreamed of.

The first letter of a proper noun (specific name).  David wants to play soccer with us.  This letter is from Sounita.  I graduated from the University of New York.  I like Coca-Cola.  She likes Godiva chocolates.

The first letter of months, days, and holidays (but not seasons).  Today is June 8, 2011.  Susie’s birthday is this Thursday.  The shops are closed on New Year.  This summer is going to be very hot.

The first letter of nationalities, religions, races of people, and languages.  We often eat Italian food.  I want to master many languages, such as Spanish, Korean, Chinese, and Russian.  There is one Christian church in my town.

The first letter in a person’s title.  This is Dr. Simon.  I got it from Mr. Tom. Geographic areas: cities, states, countries, mountains, oceans, rivers, etc.  

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My destination is Paris, France.

Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ໃຊ້ສະເພາະສູນ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ Historical periods.  The Renaissance began in the 14th century.  The Qing Dynasty is the last dynasty in China.

The first letter of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc.  Tolstoy’s War and Peace is my favorite novel.  I found the article “How to Write a Good Cover Letter” in this magazine.

[Quiz 1] Correctly write each sentence using proper capitalization.

1)i was born in shanghai, china, but grew up in the united states.

2)mrs. ohana gave me the bible.

3)if you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see mt. rocky.

4)my family will have a summer vacation in hawaii.

5)I didn’t want to cook tonight, so I just ordered thai food for dinner.

View Answers 1)I was born in Shanghai, China, but grew up in the United States.

2)Mrs. Ohana gave me the Bible.

3)If you walk two more blocks, you will be able to see Mt. Rocky.

4)My family will have a summer vacation in Hawaii.

5)I didn’t want to cook tonight, so I just ordered Thai food for dinner.

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ສູນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີ ຫຼວງພະບາງ

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ປະຫວັດຫຍໍ້ຂອງຜູ້ຮຽບຮຽງ ສະບາຍດີ, ສະມາຍເລິ, ຍໍ່ຢໍ່ງ ທຸກທ່ານ. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າມີນາມວ່າ ຈະສີ ສົມຫວັງ, ໝູ່ມັກເອີົ້ນວ່າ: “ ສີ ” ໝູ່ມັກຢອກວ່າ: “ສີ” ໃສູ່ໄມ້ເອກ ເປັນ “ ສີ​ີ່” ແຕູ່ ໃສູ່ໄມ້ໂທ ເປັນ “ຫ້າ”. ສ່ວນນັກຮຽນມັກເອີົ້ນໃສູ່ ວ່າ: “ອາຈານ”. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າເກິດໃນວັນແມູ່ຍີງສາກົນເລີຍບີ່ຄອຍມີໃຜມາສະຫຼອງວັນເກິດໃຫ້ ແຕູ່ມີແຕູ່ຕົນເອງເປັນ ຝູ່າຍທີ​ີ່ຕ້ອງ ສະຫຼອງ ແລະ ສັນສະເຊີນ ວັນແມູ່ຍີງໃຫ້ພັນລະຍາ (ເມຍ) ແລະ ແມູ່. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າເກິດທີ​ີ່ ບ້ານຊົີ່ນເຜົີ່າມົ​ົ້ງນ້ອຍໆທີ​ີ່ ເມືອງແບງ ແຂວງອຸດົມໄຊ. ເມືີ່ອຮຽນຈົບວິທະຍາໄລຄຫຼວງພະບາງໃນປີ 2012 (ປະລິນຍາຕີ ສາຍຄພາສາອັງກິດ), ຂ້າພະເຂົ​ົ້າບີ່ ມີໂອກາດເຂົ​ົ້າເຮັດວຽກລັດນາເພີ​ີ່ນເນືອງຈາກວ່າ ເຫດຜົນສ່ວນຕົວ ແລະ ຕະຫຼາດແຮງງານສັງຄົມໃນປະຈຸບັນ. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າໄດ້ໄປເສັງເອົາໃບຈາກຫ້ອງການພາຍໃນ ແລະ ໄປເສັງຫຼາຍບ່ອນ (ອົງການລັດ) ແລະ ຜົນອອກມາ ຄື: “ສນ” (ບາງບ່ອນຊືົ້ຄາຮ້ອງແຕູ່ບີ່ມີຊືີ່ເສັງ, ບາງບ່ອນເສັງໜ້າຈະໄດ້ 100% ແຕູ່ຜົນອອກບີ່ມີຊືີ່). ສີ​ີ່ງເຫຼົີ່ານນີົ້ບີ່ແມູ່ນອຸປະສັກຕີ່ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າ ແລະ ອະນາຄົດຂອງຕົນ ແຕູ່ມັນມາທ້າທາຍຄວາມແຂງແກູ່ງ ຂອງເຮົາເອງ. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ​ົ້າຈີ່ງໄປຈ້າງເຮັດວຽກຕາມຮ້ານອາຫານ (Joy’s Restaurant & Bar), ໂຮງແຮມ (Mekong Riverview Hotel), ຮັບສອນພາສາ (Xayyadeth College) ແລະ ຍ້າຍໄປເຮັດວຽກນາ ອົງການຈັດຕັົ້ງສາກົນ World Vision International ແລະ ໄດ້ໄປເຂົ​ົ້າເຝິກອົບຮົມດ້ານວິຊາການ ທາງພາຍ ໃນ ແລະ ຕ່າງປະເທດ (YSEALI Go NGO Workshop, Cebu the Philippines ແລະ YSEALIProFellow Exchange Program, University of Montana & Frenchtown District School, USA). ປະຈຸບັນນີົ້ກາລັງເຮັດວຽກນາອົງການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອເດັກສາກົນປະຈາລາວ (Save the Children Inter) ປະຈາພາກສະໜາມ ແລະ ເປັນຄູ່ຮ່ວມກີ່ຕັົ້ງສນພາສາອັງກິດ ເອອີຊີຫຼວງພະບາງ (AEC English Center Co-Founder) ອີກດ້ວຍ. ສະຫຼຸບຄວາມຄື: ຢູ່າໂທດສັງຄົມ, ຕົນເອງ ຫຼື ໂຊກສະຕາ. ທຸກຢູ່າງມັນເປັນກົນໄກ ແລະ ລະບົບທີ​ີ່ບີ່ ເນູ່ນອນໃນສັງຄົມ, ເມືີ່ອທຸກຢູ່າງຫັນປູ່ຽນແບບບີ່ຄົງຕົວຄືກັນໜ່ວຍໂລກທີ​ີ່ກາລັງໝນຮອບຕົວເຮົາທຸກໆ ວິນາທີ, ສະນັົ້ນ ຕົວເຮົາເອງກີ່ເຊັນກັນ, ເຮົາຕ້ອງເບີ​ີ່ງໃນທາງບວກ, ຢູ່າໂທດໃຜ ແລະ ພັດທະນາຕົນເອງ

ຕະຫຼອດ. ຂ້າພະເຈົ​ົ້າໝັົ້ນໃຈວ່າ ສຸດທ້າຍທ່ານຈະໄດ້ຮັບຜົນທີ​ີ່ອອກມາໃນທາງບວກເນູ່ນອນ.

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