COVID-19 Outdoor Public Space Survey, Report #2

Impacts of COVID-19 on Human Behaviors in Outdoor Public Space

Survey No. 2 Results Report August 2020 The Neighborhood Design Center Columbus, Ohio

Table of Contents 1

Preface & Media Spotlight

2

Results Highlights

4

Background & Methods

5

Results Summary

6

Survey Results by Question

14

Long Answer Responses

16

Survey Demographics

17

Opportunities

18

Appendix A: Full survey text

20

Appendix B: NYC Sidewalk Width Map Appendix C: NACTO’s Emerging Practices for Cities

21

Appendix D: Historic Sidewalk Width Visual Comparison

Adapting to pandemic life.

Cities gain their competitive edge from density and diversity. For millennia, urban centers have been catalysts for innovation and progress of all kinds, allowing for the spread of ideas through physical proximity. The built environment of cities allows for serendipitous meetings and chance encounters that suburban and rural life cannot match. But with the novel coronavirus working its way across the globe, the very nature of urban life has emerged as a topic of discussion.

The Neighborhood Design Center (NDC) is a nonprofit committed to empowering communities in Central Ohio through affordable design-related services. Since 1982, we have worked directly with neighbors and stakeholders to imagine unique projects and see them through to reality. Our philosophy—design is a right, not a privilege—reminds us that safe urban design is a right as well. Given the concerns caused by COVID-19, the NDC designed a survey to assess the impacts of the virus on people’s behaviors and perceptions in outdoor public spaces.

This report shares the results of that survey, which was distributed during August 2020. The results illustrate a significant level of concern regarding COVID-19 when using outdoor public spaces. We are proud to share the experiences of Central Ohio residents in this report, and hope that the data will inform future decisions impacting public space.

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IN THE NEWS

Excerpt from The Columbus Dispatch, 4 July 2020; Photo: Maddie Schroeder

Excerpt from The Columbus Dispatch, 31 August 2020; Photo: Fred Squillante

Bars, restaurants say Columbus isn’t making it easy to expand outdoor seating

Columbus to allow expanded outdoor dining

By Patrick Cooley & Samantha Raudins As cities and towns throughout Ohio let bars and restaurants expand their seating, Columbus is going against the grain by maintaining what owners say is a long and complicated process.

Columbus stands in contrast to other Ohio cities.

Cincinnati said last month that it would close certain streets and restrict parking in some places to accommodate more outdoor seating.

In May, Canton closed a block of a downtown street to allow bars and restaurants to expand outside.

Dublin took a similar step last week when it allowed Longshore Street in Bridge Park to close so that the development’s pubs could expand outside.

By Mark Ferenchik Columbus begins two-month pilot program allowing restaurants to expand outdoor dining in the midst of coronavirus pandemic Following months of pleas from the struggling restaurant industry, the city of Columbus is implementing a pilot program to allow restaurants to expand outdoor seating.

The temporary program, to end Oct. 31, will allow restaurants to expand seating on sidewalks and on-street parking spaces where street speed limits are 30 mph or less. Business owners must place edge barriers to separate customers from traffic.

The program will also allow restaurateurs to expand seating to adjacent parking lots.

Robin Davis, Ginther’s spokeswoman, said Columbus Public Health has signed off on the program. She said the city didn’t want to close streets to expand dining because it didn’t want to encourage crowds.

The Neighborhood Design Center

Of the activities asked about, socializing and running errands were the most stressful for respondents.

72% of respondents indicated that running essential errands, like shopping for groceries, was an either moderately or significantly stressful experience.

Likewise, 72% of respondents indicated that social interaction with others, even at a distance of 6 feet or more, was either moderately or significantly stressful for them. This illustrates that most of the outdoor activities we asked about are not significantly stressful for respondents, but indoor activites—like shopping—were more stressful.

Respondents reported walking and biking more, but using other modes less.

With less places to go, 88% of respondents reported driving less since May 2020. Conversely, 52% reported walking more and 42% reported biking more.

Other modes, including public transportation, bike/ scooter share, and ridehailing decreased along with driving. The nature of shared and commual services, like bike-share and public transportation, likely led to decreases in these modes.

Nearly half of respondents reported difficulty maintaining safe social distance on public sidewalks.

Many people are forced into illegally entering the roadway to maintain safe social distance when outdoors.

When asked about outdoor public spaces where social distancing was difficult, the top response was Main Street/Destination Street (including sidewalk), with 48% of those surveyed reporting difficulty. This difficulty may be due in part to the width of existing sidewalks in many areas not being adequate to accommodate public health guidelines to maintain six feet between people.

80% of respondents indicated that they have been forced to go into the roadway when using publc sidewalks to maintain safe social distances from others.

Walking parallel in the roadway when a sidewalk is available is currently an illegal act* and offenders could be ticketed—despite following public health guidelines.

*Columbus City Code 2171.05 - Walking on path or street, jaywalking. (a) Where a sidewalk is provided and its use is practicable, it shall be unlawful for any pedestrian to walk along and upon an adjacent roadway.

(ORC 4511.50; Ord. 1170-75; Ord. 2120-03 § 1 (part); Ord. No. 0411-2009, § 4, 4-19-2010) The Neighborhood Design Center

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Background & Methods Why conduct this survey?

Our first survey about this topic was conducted in May 2020. This survey is a follow-up to assess changes in behavior and perception throughout the summer.

COVID-19 has impacted our daily lives in ways we never expected. On March 22, 2020, the State of Ohio issued a stayat-home order requiring non-essential business and operations to cease, limiting/banning public and private gatherings, and taking other steps to limit the spread of the coronavirus.

When the number of cases in counties throughout the state changed, pubilc health directives would typically adjust.

Throughout the pandemic, outdoor space has typically been understood as less risky for transmitting the virus than indoor spaces.

The Neighborhood Design Center, as a nonprofit focused on improving the quality of life for residents of Central Ohio, undertook this survey to gain a deeper understanding of the impacts of the stay-at-home order and the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s relationship to and perceptions of the built and natural environment in the context of human interaction.

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Survey distribution and limitations The goal of the survey was to assess the impact of restrictions and the existence of the virus in general on a variety of outdoor activities, including using sidewalks, multi-use paths, and visiting public space like parks and regional trails.

Survey questions asked about changes in how respondents navigate public space and their stress levels when encountering others in public places.

Questions were typically multiple choice, with some variety including Yes/ No and long answer responses. Refer to Appendix A for a full copy of the second survey.

Survey results are intended to help inform policymakers, practitioners, and interested stakeholders about the impact of COVID-19 on the behavior of Central Ohio residents in outdoor public spaces. Ultimately, the way public space is designed will likely need to adapt based on the realities of public health.

We are hopeful these survey results can help leaders make more informed decisions moving forward.

The COVID-19 Outdoor Public Space survey was designed to gauge how residents of Central Ohio have changed their behaviors to adapt to the risks presented by the global pandemic on outdoor activity. The target audience for the survey was adults living in Central Ohio.

The survey was answered by 26 individuals. Demographic results show that survey respondents were more likely to be white and live in high-income households, which illustrates that survey responses are not from an equitably distributed demographic pool.

The survey was distributed passively, meaning individuals were not specifically contacted. The primary distribution methods of the online survey link were through the Neighborhood Design Center’s email list and social media—Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.

As with all passive surveys, people who have an interest in the topic area may be more likely to engage. This could indicate that the individuals attracted to taking this survey harbored strong feelings about COVID-19’s impact on outdoor public space.

The survey was designed using Typeform, and was only available online during August 2020. No paper, phone, or in-person surveys were conducted.

The Neighborhood Design Center

Results Summary

Most survey respondents...

The survey results are presented question-by-question in the following pages. Major take-aways from the questions are also shown in the panel to the right. Additional highlights are shown under the icons below.

...find that running errands and socializing are the most stressful activities. ....spend more time outdoors in public due to COVID-19. ...are walking more and driving less. ...are only socializing with people with whom they are self-isolating. ...have difficulty maintaining safe distances while in outdoor public space.

54% of respondents were against or “on the fence” about issuing warnings or citations to people for not wearing masks

Running errands was the most stressful reported activity

Destination streets were the most reported location where distancing was difficult

...have gone into the roadway to maintain safe distance when using sidewalks. ...report an increase in the number of people using sidewalks. ...have observed a decrease in vehicular traffic. ...report feeling anxiety when in outdoor public space.

65% of respondents thought that using road space to extend outdoor patios was a “Great idea!”

84% of respondents reported wearing masks outdoors when safe social distancing was not possible.

56% of respondents reported spending more time outdoors.

...support using road space to extend shopping/dining areas for businesses. ...support select road closures to open streets for people and bikes. ...report that concern or anxiety about COVID-19 has prevented them from going to outdoor public space.

The Neighborhood Design Center

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Neighborhood streets

Neighborhood parks

Metro Parks

Question 1 Since the governor’s order to wear face masks in public on July 22, have you been wearing a face mask when in outdoor public space where you cannot maintain 6 feet of distance from others?

Yes

Question 2 Since May, where have you spent time outside in public? (Check all that apply)

96%

Neighborhood parks

3%

Other

80%

61%

Metro Park

11%

Have not spent time outdoors in public 0 p. 6

State parks

Neighborhood streets

84%

No

Greenway trails

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

3%

0

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 3 How often have you visited outdoor public spaces since May? This does not include your own private yard, porch, or balcony.

Question 4 How stressful are the following activites for you?

Commuting to work

Low Medium High

A few times a week

83% 16% 0%

57% Running essential errands (i.e. Grocery)

Daily

15%

Several times daily

61% 11%

15%

Less than once a week

26%

11%

Exercise for you or your pet

69%

Outdoor relaxation

75%

31% 0%

20% 0

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

4% Taking children outside

63% 27% 9%

Social interaction (at a distance of 6 feet or more)

26% 61% 11%

The Neighborhood Design Center

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Question 5 How has the time you spend in outdoor public space changed since the initial stay-at-home order for the pandemic was announced in March 2020?

Increased moderately 38% Decreased moderately 19% Increased significantly 19% Decreased significantly 15%

Question 6 During the pandemic stay-at-home order, how has the way you get around changed?

LESS

SAME

MORE

Biking

14%

42%

42%

Walking

20%

28%

52%

Scooter/Bike Share

62%

37%

0%

Driving own Vehicle

88%

7%

3%

Riding in Taxi/ Uber/Lyft

84%

15%

0%

Riding COTA

80%

20%

0%

Stayed the same 7% 0

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10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 7 How have you been socializing outdoors since May with people who DO NOT live in your household? (Check all that apply)

Question 8 Since May, where has it been difficult to maintain safe physical distancing when outdoors? (Check all that apply)

Spending time in one place together

Main street or destination street (including sidewalk) 48%

80% Walking together

Large park/Metro Park 53%

32%

Exercising together 23%

My neighborhood streets (including sidewalks) 24%

No, I only spend time outdoors with people with whom I am self-isolating 15%

Neighborhood park (including dog park)

Other 0%

No, I have not experience difficulty distancing outdoors 24%

0

20%

The Neighborhood Design Center

40%

60%

80%

24%

100%

0

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

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Question 9 What do you do when encountering others in the following situations?

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Typical neighborhood sidewalk

Trail/multi-use path

Road without sidewalks

Continue moving off-path but create distance

84%

95%

18%

Stop, go off path, and allow others to pass

34%

36%

42%

Another tactic to distance

34%

73%

26%

The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 10 Since May, have you had to go into the street in order to maintain safe social distance when using a sidewalk?

Question 12 Since May, have you experienced anxiety when encountering others in outdoor public space due to COVID-19?

Yes, I have had moderate anxiety

Yes—80% 0

20%

40%

No—20% 60%

80%

100%

Question 11 Since May, has concern or anxiety about COVID-19 prevented you from going to outdoor public spaces?

Yes—57% 0

20%

The Neighborhood Design Center

50% No, I have not experienced anxiety 26% Yes, I have had significant anxiety 23% 0

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

No—43% 40%

60%

80%

100%

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Question 13: Please indicate your reaction to the following suggestions to address social distancing Use road space (i.e. parking lane or metered parking spots) to extend outdoor patios for restaurants.

Allow for non-motorized use (i.e. cones to mark off extra space for biking or walking along the curb where cars typically park)

Great idea

65%

65%

I’m on the fence

26%

19%

Not a good idea

7%

15%

Enforcement (issuing warnings or citations to people for not wearing masks)

Educational signage

46%

57%

23%

30%

30%

11%

Select road closures (i.e. reduce or eliminate vehicular traffic on weekends or for a certain time period)

Begin construction to widen existing trails/multi-use paths

61%

46%

26%

34%

11%

19%

One-way sidewalks

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Reduce parking capacity at trailheads (i.e. Metroparks)

23%

24%

30%

40%

46%

36% The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 14 How have the following aspects of streets in your immediate neighborhood changed since May 2020?

Vehicular traffic Increase

14%

About the same

25%

Decrease

48%

Not sure

11%

Number of people using sidewalks

55% 11% 18% 14% Number of people bicycling

51% 14% 11% 22%

The Neighborhood Design Center

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If you have another idea to improve physical distancing in outdoor public space, tell us!

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“Visual cues about what social distancing looks like... circles on the ground or occasional physical guidance to cue separations.”

“Consistent messaging from elected and community leaders.”

“We have deliberately sought out less popular parks.”

“Overall I think that the biggest problem is people who are unwilling to follow the guidelines, not with the public space themselves.”

“Put some sort of indication of what is a safe distance, markings on the grass, or other ways to remind people.”

“Add sidewalks in neighborhoods where there are not any.”

“I just wish leadership would actually do anything at all.

None of them want to lead.”

“Create more spaces for people.”

The Neighborhood Design Center

How should government policy address social distancing in outdoor public places like sidewalks, parks, and trails?

“Some street parking should be removed to increase outdoor dining options for bars and restaurants and increase the ability to distance while walking along the sidewalk.”

“More of the outdoor environment should be devoted to people instead of cars.”

“Prioritize people powered non-motorized travel on a long-term basis by widening sidewalks/narrowing roads.”

“Government should do something! There is no political will to do anything.”

“We need a federal response and if we wanted schools to start without this chaos, we needed to be locked down over the summer.”

“Masks must be required, with consequences. Areas that cannot sustain distancing and provide regular maintenance should be closed to use.”

“Eliminate jay walking policies.

Reduce speed limits. Create shared environments on lowtraffic residential streets. Take lanes and give it to outdoor patios. Give neighborhoods a revolving festival street to gather outdoors.”

“Nationwide mask order if social distancing is not possible..”

“I am a lot less worried about outdoor spaces than indoor spaces.”

Nine selected responses shown.

The Neighborhood Design Center

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Who took the survey?

26%

46%

8%

18 - 29

30 - 45

46 - 60

Over 60

Race

Gender

Age

20%

Male — 34%

96%

White

4%

Asian

Income

36%

More than $100,000

9%

$75,001 - $100,000

27%

$50,001 - $75,000

22%

$20,001 - $50,000

4%

Under $20,000 0

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Female — 65%

20

40

60

80

100 The Neighborhood Design Center

Opportunities Survey respondents indicate that they face stressful situations due to the threat of COVID-19 transmission.

Organizations and municipalities should take precautions to both reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and help put citizens at ease.

The policies featured on this page respond to comments received through this survey and could be implemented in Columbus to improve social distancing and active transportation safety throughout the city.

Examples here were gathered from the “Rapid Response: Emerging Practices for Cities” produced by the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO).

Reduce high-touch points in the built environment Many cities are using the pandemic as an opportunity to improve infrastructure and policy for pedestrians. For example, pedestrian “beg buttons,” where people must ask permission to cross the street at a signaled intersection, are being removed due to the public health hazard they pose. This sign (left) was installed in Providence, RI to let people know that the walk signal will automatically initiate.

Expand pedestrian facilities in high-volume areas Many cities reduced the width of their sidewalks when expanding roadspace for vehicles in the mid-20th century. Today, some neighborhoods experience crowding on sidewalks—especially when social distancing guidelines are considered. The City of Toronto identifed ten key hot spots where there are lineups or pinch points on sidewalks for a space expansion pilot, dubbed CurbTO. The goal is to install 100 sidewalk expansions throughout the city to help with social distancing.

Build pop-up bike lanes Berlin (pictured left) quickly installed pop-up bike lanes during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020. Milan, New York, and many other cities also took swift action to implement and plan expanded protected bike options. If not now, when traffic is low and people are adapting, then when should these options be built?

Milan 2020 Adaptation Strategy: “the current health crisis can be an opportunity to decide to give more space to people and improve the environmental conditions in the city, increasing more sustainable, non-polluting, means of travel and redefining the use of streets and public spaces for commercial, recreational, cultural, and sport purposes...”

The Neighborhood Design Center

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Appendix A: Full Survey

This is an update to the COVID-19 Outdoor Public Space Survey from May 2020. We’re excited to learn how the pandemic has changed our behaviors throughout the summer, and to share the results with you. Please respond to these questions regarding your thoughts and behaviors since May 2020.

Question 1 Since the governor’s order to wear face masks in public on July 22, have you been wearing a face mask when in outdoor public space where you cannot maintain 6 feet of distance from others? Think only of OUTDOOR places like sidewalks, parks, and trails.

Yes No Other: ____________ Question 2 Since May, where have you spent time outside in public? (Check all that apply) My neighborhood streets (including sidewalks) Neighborhood park (including dog park) Large park/Metro Park (i.e. Sharon Woods, Scioto Grove, Battelle Darby Creek) I have not spent time in any outdoor public spaces

Question 5 How has the time you spend in outdoor public space changed since the stay-at-home order for the pandemic was announced in March 2020?* Increased significantly Increased moderately Stayed the same Decreased moderately Decreased significantly Question 6 Since the initial stay-at-home order for the pandemic was announced in March, how has the way you get around changed? If you don’t use a mode, skip the question.

Question 3 How often have you visited outdoor public spaces since May? This does not include your own private yard, porch, or balcony.

Less than once a week A few times a week Daily Several times daily

Bike

Question 4 If you have had the following experiences during the stay-at-home order, please rate your level of stress during them. If you haven’t experienced it, do not check any box in that row.

No stress Some stress Significant stress

Public transportation

Commuting to essential/ frontline job Running essential errands Exercise for you or your pet Outdoor relaxation Taking children outside Social interaction (at a distance of 6+ feet or more)

More

Less

Same

Walk Bike/Scooter Share (i.e. Cogo, Bird) Driving own vehicle Riding in taxi/ride-share (i.e. Uber, Lyft)

Question 7 How have you been socializing outdoors since May with people OTHER than those with whom you are self-isolating? (Check all that apply)* Walking together Exercising together (biking, running, small group fitness) Spending time in one place together No, I only spend time outdoors with people with whom I am self-isolating Other: ____________ Question 8 Since May, where has it been difficult to practice physical distancing when outdoors?

(Check all that apply)* My neighborhood streets (including sidewalks) Main street or destination street (including sidewalks) Neighborhood park (including dog park) Large park/Metro Park (i.e. Sharon Woods, Scioto Grove, Battelle Darby Creek) No, I have not experienced difficulty distancing in any outdoor public spaces Other: ____________ *Required question

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The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 9 When you are in the following outdoor public spaces, what do you do when encountering others? If you haven’t had to do any of these in any context, do not respond.

Stop, go off path, and allow others to pass

Continue moving off-path but create distance

Another tactic to distance (i.e. cross street)

No attempt to distance

Typical neighborhood sidewalk

Question 13 Let us know how you feel about the following actions that could improve physical distancing in outdoor public space: • Use road space (i.e. parking lane or metered parking spots) to extend outdoor patios for restaurants • Allow for non-motorized use (i.e. cones to mark off extra space for biking or walking along the curb where cars typically park) • One-way sidewalks • Educational signage

Options: —I’m on the fence, need to hear more

Trail/multi-use path (wider than sidewalks)

• Enforcement (issuing warnings or citations to people for not wearing masks) • Select road closures (i.e. reduce or eliminate vehicular traffic on weekends or for a certain time period) • Begin construction to widen existing trails/multi-use paths • Reduce parking capacity at trailheads (i.e.

Metroparks)

—Not a good option

—Great idea!

If you have another idea to improve physical distancing in outdoor public space, tell us! You can also just paste a link to an online story. ________________________[LONG ANSWER]

Road without sidewalks

You can upload a photo on the next page.

Question 14 Since May, has concern or anxiety about COVID-19 prevented you from going to outdoor public spaces?* Yes No

Question 10 Since May, have you had to go into the street in order to maintain safe social distance when using sidewalks?* Yes No

Question 11 How have the following aspects of streets in your immediate neighborhood changed since May 2020?

Increased

Decreased

About the same

I’m not sure

Vehicular traffic Number of people using sidewalks Number of people bicycling Question 12 Since May, have you experienced anxiety when encountering others in outdoor public space due to COVID-19? Consider only outdoor places like parks, sidewalks, and trails.* No, I have not experienced anxiety Yes, I have had moderate anxiety Yes, I have had significant anxiety Yes, I have had severe anxiety I have not encountered others in public space since the stay-at-home order was issued The Neighborhood Design Center

Question 15 Please share your thoughts about how government policy should address social distancing in outdoor public places like sidewalks, parks, and trails. [Long answer] ___________________________________________________________________ DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS Please help us understand the nuances of survey responses by completing this section.

What is your age range?* Under 18 years 30 to 45 years Above 60 years

What is your gender?* Male Female Non-binary How would you describe yourself?* American Indian/Alaska Native Asian Black or African American

Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander

What is your total annual household income range?

More than $100,000 $50,001 – $75,000 $20,001 – $50,000 $75,001 – $100,000

18 to 29 years 46 to 60 years

White Multi-racial Prefer not to answer

Under $20,000

While this survey is anonymous, if you’d like to receive a results summary you can provide your email address. Otherwise, follow ColumbusNDC on Facebook and look for results in the next couple of weeks. Thank you! _________________ [short answer must contain “@”] *Required question p. 19

Appendix B: New York City Sidewalk Width Map

Appendix C: NACTO’s Emerging Practices for Cities

The Sidewalk Widths NYC map illustrates the width and corresponding safety level of every sidewalk in the city. Available at sidewalkwidths.nyc, the map determines the ease of social distancing on sidewalks and offers a level of safety corresponding to the width. For example, sidewalks 21 feet and wider are classified as “very easy” to maintain social distancing.

The map is intended to give an impression of how sidewalk widths impact the ability of pedestrians to practice social distancing. Widths were determined from New York City’s Sidewalk dataset which was not verified for accuracy or completeness.

The National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) recently released the Rapid Response: Emerging Practices for Cities, a guide for how to handle the dynamic pressures placed on urban transportation infrastructure by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cities and transit agencies are taking action now to address the most critical impacts of the coronavirus and ensure that essential services operate in their communities. To help city and agency staff plan responses to the pandemic, NACTO is regularly updating a summary of rapidly-deployed responses.

1. Maintain transportation systems to safely move essential workers and goods • Establish protocols for frequent, comprehensive cleaning of transit vehicles and facilities • Establish back door boarding and waive fares to alleviate crowing and for operator safety • Strategically adjust service to balance public need for essential trips with reduced staffing and operational capacity • Build pop-up bike lanes • Classify bike shops as essential services • Offer free or reduced price bike share access • Convert actuated to fixed signals where possible • As traffic volumes drop, adjust signal timing to slow vehicle speeds and ensure safety 2. Keep front-line workers safe, and actively manage and support both operational and remote office workforces • Stagger start times, enhance cleaning, and employ dispatch procedures for operations teams • Clearly communicate safe work practices to essential employees working in the field • Provide guidance for managers supporting remote teams • Ensure adequate hardware, software, and program licensing for remote staff 3. Address immediate delivery & pick-up needs • Develop protocols for on-sidewalk queuing at grocery stores • Establish dedicated delivery/loading zones for restaurants, commercial businesses, and school lunch pick-up

4. Relieve crowded areas (i.e. parks and narrow sidewalks) to support health department guidance for physical distancing • Close or limit through traffic on select streets for social distancing • Close or limit through traffic on streets adjacent to or within parks for social distancing • Temporarily expand pedestrian facilities in high-volume or congested locations using interim materials • Restrict access routes to areas and attractions where it is impractical to promote social distancing

5. Create clear messaging of city policies and guidelines • Give simple instructions in plain language • Place signage in obvious places

6. Support unsheltered and vulnerable populations • Use city/government property to open testing locations accessible to people outside cars • Provide transportation to testing • Repurpose taxi fleets to deliver groceries/ medicines to vulnerable populations.

Learn more at https://nacto.org/covid19-rapid-response-tools-for-cities p. 20

The Neighborhood Design Center

Appendix D: Historic Sidewalk Width Visual Comparison

N. High Street at Fifth Avenue

Oak Street at Miller Avenue

N. 4th Street at E. 11th Avenue

Mt. Vernon Avenue at N. Monroe Avenue

Historic photos are from the Blanchard Collection, taken in 1922 by Forest Ira Blanchard.

Learn more at www.cura.osu.edu/blanchard. Current photos from Google Maps.

The Neighborhood Design Center

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September 2020

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