Sprott School of Business Research Review 2020

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

2020 Research Review

Table of Contents Message from the Dean..............................................................................................................................1 Welcome Message.......................................................................................................................................2 Research at a Glance..................................................................................................................................3 Features: Merridee Bujaki: The Researcher Who Loves to Think Outside the Box.................... 4 Knowledge is Power, but Information Management is Essential: Enter Ouafa Sakka........................................................................................................................... 6 Finding Social Support Online.................................................................................................... 8 Two-Eyed Seeing: Helping to Change World Views on the Way We Do Business Through Indigenous Values.............................................................10 Neighbourhood Watch: Amid a Devastating Health Crisis and Rising Racial Tensions, Carleton Researchers Are Evaluating Ottawa’s New Community Policing Project............................................................................................. 12 Bringing Out the Best in Business Through Sustainable Accounting.........................14 Illuminating Unique and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Business Practices..........................................................................................................................16 The Environment and Sustainability Core Values at Sprott........................................... 18 The Future of Business is Now................................................................................................... 21 A Call to Action: The Sprott School of Business Response to COVID-19................. 24 Faculty News and Research..................................................................................................................26 Graduate Student Research:.................................................................................................................34 The Sprott School of Business Celebrates 25 Years of the PhD in Management Program Blazing Trails and Throwing Away Boxes: A Sprott PhD Student Taking Chances Bridging the Gap Between Newcomer Expertise and Organizational Support Undergraduate Student Research.......................................................................................................41 2020 Publications.....................................................................................................................................45

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | B

Message from the Dean I

n a year when every aspect of our professional and personal lives were disrupted, the Sprott research community demonstrated its resilience and responsiveness.

Early in the pandemic, the community pulled together to reflect on ways that our expertise could benefit organizations that were coping with the shock of the pandemic. We learned that some of our past research was relevant to the questions that organizations were facing, and we drew on our expert knowledge to develop new research agendas and projects.

Dana Brown

As the year progressed and issues of social justice, inclusion and wellbeing came to the forefront of political and business agendas, the significance our deep knowledge in these areas became even clearer. This year, our community not only continued to develop projects and to publish; we also took opportunities to share our research with practitioners, to forge new partnerships and to reach out to our broader business community.

As we responded to the new issues and challenges facing the world, we also started to look ahead. Over the course of the year, a team of Sprott colleagues completed a process of consultation with our community and stakeholders and wrote our strategic plan. ‘Vision 2025’ was officially unveiled in November, featuring a strong emphasis on our research and expertise.

In the plan, we define our core strengths; inclusion and diversity, sustainability, entrepreneurship, organizational change and internationalization. Our vision for future involves further developing research across these areas as well as finding new ways to make our research matter. Impact, at a local and global level, is a key goal for our future. We will achieve this goal in a number of ways; through outreach and partnering; increasing visibility of our expertise and by embedding our research into our degree programs and executive training. As you will see in the pages that follow, our research is already making a difference and has the potential to create more widely shared benefits for individuals and organizations worldwide.

We are proud of all that we have overcome and accomplished in 2020 and we hope that you will enjoy learning more about Sprott research in this third annual review.

Dana Brown Dean, Sprott School of Business

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

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Welcome Message A

s it’s often said, challenges present opportunities for those who are prepared. With unprecedented crisis facing all of us in 2020, building on solid research tradition, extensive and in-depth subject matter expertise, knowledge and skills, and research networks, Sprott researchers responded, innovated, and thrived. Lead by the Dean, Dana Brown, and with the support of Sprott colleagues and friends, Sprott officially launched its new five-year strategic plan, “Vision 2025: Business for a Better World”, a reflection of Sprott collective strength in areas of research and a clear sense of direction of the School.

The 2020 Sprott Research Review highlights and showcases some of the major achievements by Sprott researchers in research input, output, and milestone events.

Building on the momentum and continuous solid support by the Sprott Research Facilitator, Amanda Bradford-Janke, the tri-agency funding reaches its record measured by both number of awards and funding Shaobo Ji level. Internal to Carleton University, Sprott researchers, more than 15%, responded to a call by the Office of the Vice President Research and International (OVPRI) and received the COVID-19 Rapid Response Research funding to carry out important, timely, and impactful research projects. In 2020, Sprott researchers are among some of the most successful recipients in securing non-triagency funding, i.e., industrial and not for profit partnership, such as MITACS. On the research output front, measured by the peer review journal publication, Sprott researchers continue to publish, despite the challenges we faced. A total of 52 peer-reviewed journal articles were published by Sprott faculty in 2020, with many publications appearing in high quality journals and in emerging areas such as sustainability and responsible management.

Our graduate research programs (MSc and PhD in Management), an integral part of the Sprott research enterprise, welcomed a record number of new students. In October, the School celebrated the 25 Year Anniversary of its PhD Program.

With great pleasure, I am proud to present to you the 2020 Sprott Research Review that will provide you with an overview of what has been achieved by Sprott researchers and help you to glimpse what to expect.

Shaobo Ji Associate Dean, Research and International

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

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Carleton University Sprott School of Business

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Feature

Merridee Bujaki: The Researcher Who Loves to Think Outside the Box As a tenured, full Professor in Accounting, Merridee Bujaki is a resident expert at the Sprott School of Business. And, with over two decades of highly influential work in the accounting arena and many academic and professional publications under her belt, Bujaki is showing no signs of slowing down.

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n fact, she is embarking on one of her largest research projects to date—a project that will have resounding impact to workplace mental well-being nationally.

But we’ll get to that.

Bujaki’s research program is a robust, eclectic mixture of projects where she’s injected an interdisciplinary approach while maintaining a strong accounting undertone. Bujaki summarizes her research program as the “four Cs.” All her research falls within a Canadian framework; explores Canadian corporations’ voluntary disclosures; careers focus, predominantly around women’s careers in accounting; and fascinating work understanding canals— specifically the Rideau Canal and the accounting history of its construction and early operations. What is wonderful about Bujaki’s program is it envelopes a “think-outside-the-box” approach to the accounting world.

One branch of her research stream sees Bujaki examining Canadian firms’ voluntary disclosures and the underlying language or images behind those disclosures. Specifically, Bujaki is highly interested in why Canadian firms present voluntary information in their corporate reporting—such as annual reports, letters to investors and stakeholders, management discussions and analyses, even the photography used—in certain ways. What is the language used to convey a message? What ideological undertone is behind the choice of photos

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used to support the language? These questions all fall under the guise of impression management because it’s an attempt by firms to present themselves in such a way that it could influence the perspective of the reader.

Bujaki’s fascination with the language and the mindset of firms’ reporting isn’t much of a diversion since English and Psychology were her majors during her undergraduate degree and now offer a highly valuable infusion into her research framework. Bujaki’s findings have revealed that firms do indeed choose to say or present information in a very deliberate manner; “they are very much trying to manage impressions.”

For example, Bujaki’s current research is examining firms’ use of language around merit, and how and who defines merit in cases such as hiring executives and appointing members to the board of directors. “Historically, merit and work are very much gendered concepts,” and

“One of the things I value most about being an academic is the freedom for intellectual curiosity and to explore areas of research that are new and interesting. And the Sprott School is highly supportive and values this research approach.”

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Merridee Bujaki

so Bujaki’s research taps into a prevalent, persistent problem in the workplace around gender inequality.

The main goal with her research is to empower consumers and investors to look at firm publications with a more critical eye. “Don’t stop at the surface level; ask why they are presenting information in a certain way.”

Further to this work, and a passion for Bujaki, is her research examining women’s careers in professional positions. This interest comes out of lived experience, seeing firsthand while working as an accountant the struggles that women continue to face in professions designed under a patriarchal system. With this drive to see women in professions flourish within a fair and equitable environment, Bujaki dedicates much of her time beyond her research and teaching to spearhead committees and help organizations that focus on empowering and educating women in business.

As well, Bujaki’s research has evolved over time to include projects exploring women in academia as well as women in accounting, and through this, Bujaki has discovered one stark consistency. Women continue to face significant challenges in integrating into antiquated patriarchal systems and the consequences are manifesting through health-related issues due to stresses on the job.

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Her discoveries led Bujaki to address a much bigger question: If health issues due to stress happen in the accounting and academic worlds, does it happen in all professions? As part of a large team awarded a substantial SSHRC-CIHR grant in 2018 to address this question, Bujaki is knee-deep into the largest project of her career and one that can have a substantive and positive impact on workplace well-being. The five-year, comparative study, “Examining the Gendered Nature of Mental Health Issues,” has Bujaki collaborating with colleagues from eighteen universities to conduct a large-scale survey that includes seven professions (accounting, teaching, academia, medicine, nursing, dentistry, and midwifery) across Canada. The research is focusing on how individuals return to work after they’ve taken a leave of absence for mental-health reasons. The study aims to better understand not just what professionals are experiencing, but to formulate best-practice policies and interventions that help organizations across these seven professions (and beyond) support employee reentry and foster a healthier and accepting work culture. Moreover, the findings are rich with results that can aid in learning and sharing information across these professions.

True to form, a “think-outside-the-box-visionary”, Bujaki delves into a unique perspective of the accounting world. Bujaki’s final C is the one that fellow accountants and academics seem to find most intriguing, and one she finds herself talking about often at conferences. For the last decade, Bujaki has been researching canals and specifically, the Rideau Canal. Opened in 1832, the 202 km waterway connects Ottawa to Lake Ontario in Kingston. The oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, it is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Although Bujaki finds the history and lure of the canal fascinating, it’s the financial and accounting history and nuances of reporting that Bujaki has been researching. Bujaki is particularly interested in the evolution of the reporting processes and management practices, and changes that have occurred over time in terms of the language used in accounting records and around cost/benefit analyses during the canal’s construction.

Bujaki is, yet another accountant at the Sprott School who is truly passionate about her role as a leader, mentor, and in changing the accounting profession for the better, and who will, through her notable research, encourage investors to be more critical consumers of corporate disclosures and help to redefine how women in business and society are respected and valued.

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Feature

Knowledge Is Power, but Information Management Is Essential: Enter Dr. Ouafa Sakka Tunisia is a small, but beautiful country located at the very north of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. It may not be a well-known country, but it is a country that makes its education system a top priority and one of its main resources.

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omen are highly educated and are infused in all areas of business and society. Ouafa Sakka is one of those Tunisian women who flourished under this ideology. After earning her BBA in Accounting with distinction in Tunisia, Sakka was granted a merit scholarship to pursue her studies in Canada and it was then that she knew that she would continue her life in academia.

From Tunisia to Canada, Sakka was only 22 when she moved across the world to pursue higher learning. “I came to Canada to gain a more robust experience.”

Without family and friends, Sakka had to integrate into a new culture, learn new languages, all while completing her MSc (concentration in Management Control) from HEC Montreal business school.

“It was both exciting and scary at the same time. I had to learn a lot. But it was the Canadian people being so helpful that made the transition easier.” Meeting a great network of people—and her future husband— motivated her to stay and earn her PhD in Business Administration (concentration in Accounting). And now, it’s Ottawa, Canada that she calls home.

Sakka has been a faculty member at Sprott since 2008 and has developed a thriving research and teaching program that integrates accounting concepts with other business areas. Her multidisciplinary research program is quite unique because it delves into the accounting world from

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a decision-making perspective. Her research has always included an aspect of management control.

“I’m interested in understanding how information is used by managers to achieve the company’s or the project objectives.” It is important that her models have variables linked to performance as this provides a picture of efficacies as well as limitations—a holistic picture that can help managers and companies move in the right direction.

Sakka’s most recent and very exciting two-year project, funded by a SSHRC Insight Development Grant, sees her, along with collaborators, tease out the factors that challenge the quality of internal audit in the federal government.

Somewhat serendipitous, the project grew from a discussion with an internal auditor who expressed their concerns to her.

Internal auditing in all government departments was mandated in the wake of the federal sponsorship scandal hitting various cords between 1995 and 2006 and the Harper government’s call to action with the introduction of the Accountability Act to “crack down on unethical actions and make government transparent.” But governance scandals in the Canadian public sector continue to make news headlines.

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Ouafa Sakka

Sakka is interested in looking at this problem from various points of view—auditors, managers, policy makers, and standard setters. She aims to explore not only how challenges are managed by internal auditors, but to further elucidate the kinds of policy changes needed around internal auditing to supply recommendations to the government for more transparency, efficiency, and an unbiased process.

In another ongoing project, Sakka is studying innovation risk management in small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) and within her research program she examines how SMEs use information collected from collaborations with clients and suppliers to manage their internal risk—specifically around innovation. In other words, how SME managers use external information to help them innovate and improve their market share. In Canada, SMEs are the majority in the marketplace, yet the current literature mainly supports large organizations, leaving a large gap in understanding SMEs. Moreover, SMEs have a higher rate of innovation, but the structures around risk management are less formal, so clarifying risk management in this context is highly valuable. Understanding what works, what doesn’t and why is highly contributory to substantiate the

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“We have a lot of rules and policies to ensure that auditors are independent from management, that they add value to the organization, and that they are providing sound advice, but this isn’t happening in practice.” literature and to ensure SMEs succeed within the Canadian economy.

From Tunisia to Canada, a long way indeed, and although Sakka calls Ottawa home with her family and a wonderful cohort of friends and colleagues, Tunisia will always be a part of who she is. Sakka would love to be a part of establishing a business program, such as an MBA, there someday—and I’m sure they would be thrilled!

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Feature

Finding Social Support Online Daniel Gulanowski is all about synergy—working together to make real change in the world. He strongly believes the best way to foster change is to work together and build collaborations, share knowledge, and to follow your dreams. His dream? To help people use technology to adjust to new societies; to give newcomers into Canada the best possible opportunity to succeed. And, he is proving that it is a win-win for our nation

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orn and raised in Poland, Gulanowski immigrated to Canada and completed his undergraduate degree with a dual major in Commerce and Economics, graduating with honours from the University of Toronto. But it was during his MBA at Ryerson University when he experienced a major shift in his passion for academia. Gulanowski realized he could be an agent of change; that research could be highly contributive to the larger narrative and have a significant impact, not just on theories, but also practically, such as on policy and the way people live. Gulanowski’s own experiences and challenges as a newcomer inspired him to study global mobility and newcomers’ integration. And, he found the perfect fit at Sprott, where he completed his PhD in Management and International Business.

Now as a faculty member, Gulanowski’s research examines how organizations can facilitate the movement of people across borders with the use of technology, and most importantly, how to do this in a way that helps them adjust well to new cultures and different environments.

Gulanowski’s research is already breaking ground, revealing how online forums and blogging are essential tools in providing support and guidance for newcomers (such as expatriates and their families, migrant workers, and international students).

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“These groups all face unique and different challenges and have different access to resources and social support.

These differences may pose certain restrictions on an individual’s success at adjusting to a new environment.”

The idea of technology as one of the main avenues for newcomers to gain knowledge and support is quite novel; very little research has been done to explore the important roles of online forums and blogging in this context. Gulanowski and colleagues are interested in how and why newcomers use online technologies, teasing out the different factors that contribute to facilitating newcomers’ integration into the workforce and that help them adapt to their new environments; combining this data with qualitative interviews to develop a robust framework and understanding.

One stream of his research examines user stories—the textual discussions both on forums and on blogs. The analyses of the emotional context of user posts has been quite revealing. For example, expression of users’ emotions in blogs both increases the amount of responses to that user and triggers similar emotional responses from other blog users. In other words, the more emotional a post is, the more it gives the user access to further online support and connections, which are vital for improving newcomers’ adjustment and integration.

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“Newcomers, in general, have different types of challenges, but adjustment is always a challenge with or without technology. What technology does is facilitate access across time and space to social support resources, such as information, advice, and companionship, which may help newcomers deal with their experiences of uncertainty, anxiety, and ambiguity.”

One of Gulanowski’s important findings has revealed that online forums and blogging technologies as resources have not yet reached their full potential in providing help. As more and more people use these platforms and add new information and guidance, the users become the co-creators. They work synergistically to exchange and create new information and knowledge, stimulating the forums to grow and expand. Furthermore, Gulanowski discovered that many users are accessing forums before moving to Canada, suggesting that forums are particularly valuable for preparing newcomers for migration and managing their expectations about their skills, Canadian culture, and the employment market.

Gulanowski’s findings in this area are quite valuable as there is a concurrent problem happening in the country—a shortage of skilled workers, while at the same time, difficulty finding meaningful employment for a significantly large portion of the immigrant population. Gulanowski is sharing his insights with the Canadian government to illustrate that better information and preparedness of newcomers along with managing their expectations is good for everyone. In fact, it is a game changer.

By working collaboratively with researchers, government, and organizations, Gulanowski is offering a solution. Online technologies are successful at providing advice and disseminating knowledge and information about culture and work environments to newcomers before they come to Canada. Educating newcomers and setting them up to successfully Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Daniel Gulanowski

integrate, have adequate support, and ultimately find meaningful employment to bridge the gap—that is a win-win.

“Online technologies can create online communities – a virtual place that is fueled by users as they gain and create new knowledge and information and develop networks of relationships. And, by the exchange of experiences, users can create new information and resources and come to more informed conclusions. It really is synergistic and co-creative.

“As our world continues to adjust to new norms (such as with COVID-19), it is even more important that online technology play a vital role in accessibility of knowledge resources for newcomers. As a result, this avenue of research is gaining more and more significance.”

Gulanowski is already brimming with academic awards and grants to kick-start his career and research. And as his research grows, he will continue to investigate the roles of various contemporary social media technologies in helping newcomers adjust and integrate into new foreign environments.

Moreover, with the passion to explore new avenues of international business, he sees the future of his research cross-pollinating with many disciplines and collaborators, including his students, to create a well-rounded perspective on his research topics. He loves teaching and inspiring young minds to aim high.

He wants to share the knowledge forward and help students for the world ahead. That is synergy, that is his dream, and it is a win-win.

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Feature

Two-Eyed Seeing: Helping to Change World Views on the Way We Do Business Through Indigenous Values The Sprott School of Business has been fortunate to welcome Rick Colbourne as Assistant Professor, Indigenous Leadership and Management. And what’s extraordinary about Colbourne is not only his fascinating and eclectic background and experience, or the unique Indigenous research and teaching pedagogy he has brought to the School, but also that he is truly a passionate and humble person who is giving back to his roots, empowering Indigenous peoples around the world, and part of a movement that could change world views on the way we all do business

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olbourne’s research program at Sprott includes a rich overlay of work looking at Indigenous entrepreneurship and economic development, Indigenous governance and leadership, hybrid ventures, entrepreneurial ecosystems, as well as Leadership Exchange programs.

And he’s found a wonderful connection here at Sprott.

Colbourne moved from Vancouver, British Columbia to Ottawa to be part of the Sprott School because he wanted to contribute back to Algonquin communities in Ontario and Quebec. He realized that Sprott was authentic in their passion and desire to act on reconciliation and build collaborative relationships with Indigenous peoples, communities, and organizations. The mutual goal is to promote the acceptance and legitimization of Indigenous philosophical and intellectual traditions, pedagogies, and co-generate Indigenous-led research that contributes to community selfdetermination and socioeconomic wellbeing.

“This is completely new to Sprott and I saw a great opportunity to build Indigenous partnerships that would welcome Indigenous students into

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Sprott and co-create Indigenous-led research programs for and by Indigenous communities.”

With over 370 million Indigenous people worldwide, it is a sad reality that many Indigenous communities continue to experience unfavourable conditions, most notably access to quality education and restrictions to Western opportunities that have cultivated poverty and poor economic development. Colbourne’s research and work aims to change this reality. He wants to contribute to indigenization and reconciliation efforts that provoke universities to go beyond simple territorial acknowledgements or narrow ‘indigenization’ strategies and instead have them recognize and act on historical complicities in colonialism in Canada.

Colbourne’s perspective is that Indigenous entrepreneurship is a process of extracting and contributing value that is anchored in a community’s socioeconomic condition. Indigenous entrepreneurship allows Indigenous peoples to exercise their rights to design, develop, and maintain culturally relevant political, economic, and social

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opportunity for senior decision-makers to participate as equal partners. “It opens a window of dialogue that leads to acceptance of new ways of thinking. This is a pathway to decolonization and to enable Indigenous perspectives to be part of the conversation.”

Doing the research and the community outreach is only part of what Colbourne loves about his role at Sprott. He loves teaching, both undergrads and graduate students, and being a part of transformational learning. He is developing new business courses at Sprott that draw on Indigenous perspectives—courses that respond to the Calls to Action and are flipping the status-quo on its head.

What’s more, he’s seeing a lot interest from students, particularly international students. “They are excited and engaged because they recognize that change is needed. I shift the talk from shareholder value or stakeholders to values, empathy, and community.”

Rick Colbourne

systems or institutions that promote sovereignty, selfdetermination, and socioeconomic well-being.

One of Colbourne’s research goals is to create ethical spaces for engagement that bridge Indigenous ways of being and knowing with Western ones in order to challenge colonization and develop alternative perspectives and understandings. Moreover, Colbourne is working on integrating the consideration of urban, rural, and northern influences, along with territory and community values, Aboriginal law, treaty, community and corporate governance, and even the legacy of colonization into a wholistic framework for understanding Indigenous entrepreneurship and economic development.

“It’s not about helping—it’s about enabling selfdetermination and socioeconomic well-being.

It’s about community working in their traditional territories and creating ventures that address their specific socioeconomic needs and values.”

Colbourne’s work using “Two-Eyed Seeing” is a way to contextualize research methodologies in an ethical space of engagement from Indigenous perspectives.

Through this work, Colbourne developed a leadership exchange program that brought together senior Indigenous leaders with CEOs and VPs of corporations in a transformative program that enabled each to share insights, experiences, ways of knowing, and ways of being in their communities and provided a unique Carleton University Sprott School of Business

For Colbourne, life has come full circle. An Anishinaabe, an Algonquin from the Mattawa First Nation, his father was Aboriginal, his mother German Canadian. He didn’t have a typical upbringing and travelled around a lot while his father was in the military. But it was while working as a social worker in the Downtown Eastside area of Vancouver, British Columbia, working with people in need in the community and looking at how to enable them to improve their well-being, that he found his true passion and his mission in life—to give back to the community.

What’s more, Colbourne has an eclectic past. If you google “Rick Colbourne” you will of course see the numerous contributions he’s made in academia, industry, and with the Indigenous communities internationally. Perhaps you’ll see that he’s earned numerous awards for his teaching and research excellence, as well as the documentaries he’s made.

You’ll see he’s at the forefront of change and part of an elite group of academics who are doing essential work on Indigenous issues. But you’ll also find that he has a noteworthy musical past. For many years before entering the world of teaching and research, Colbourne was a successful songwriter, musician, and even concert producer (working with many prominent artists like Tina Turner, Melissa Ethridge, and ZZ top).

He’s even made a few of his own albums—in fact, he’s quite the rocker.

Colbourne has put the guitar strings down, for now, to dedicate his time to his true passion. A visionary professor who has brought something very special to Sprott—and the world—a new value to business, one that fosters a fair and just society, and above all, sustainability. “It’s all about community and as any entrepreneur, we need to respect that and give back.”

This is what business should be about.

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Feature

Neighbourhood Watch: Amid a Devastating Health Crisis and Rising Racial Tension, Carleton Researchers Are Evaluating Ottawa’s New Community Policing Project (The following is an excerpt from Carleton University Raven Magazine, Fall 2020. Written by Lisa Gregoire.)

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iven recent controversies, not to mention the global pandemic, one could argue that it’s not a great time for academics to partner with police departments. Or you could say the opposite: in an era of simmering distrust and heightened scrutiny, let’s ask a few important questions — what’s working, what’s not, and why? — in order to grow a new relationship between police officers and the public they serve.

Linda Duxbury, a management professor at Carleton’s Sprott School of Business, believes the latter. Last year, she and frequent collaborator Craig Bennell from the university’s psychology department launched a three-year project with the Ottawa Police Services (OPS) to evaluate three neighbourhood policing pilot projects in Vanier/Overbrook, Lowertown/ByWard Market downtown and Bayshore in the west end.

New Neighbourhood Response Teams In fall 2019, long before the COVID-19 lockdown and the May 2020 death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, the OPS, under acting Chief Steve Bell, quietly heeded calls from residents in high crime areas such as Vanier/Overbrook and assembled neighbourhood response teams (NRTs).

These teams consist of communityspecific officers in schools, on the street, in frontline enforcement and in traffic control. The OPS had eliminated community officers in 2017 because,

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although neighbourhoods liked them, concrete impacts had never been established. This time around, the OPS is gathering facts to help it assess the value of such programs, with help from Duxbury, Bennell and a team of graduate students.

“If you knew how much money is being spent on policing in Canada, why shouldn’t business schools do research that looks at how officers spend their time?” says Duxbury.

“At Sprott, we want to make a difference in the community.”

Duxbury, who has conducted studies on change management, work-life balance and the impact of technology in the public, private and not-for-profit sectors, recently completed an evaluation of the Peel Regional Police’s school resource officer program with Bennell. Impressed with those results, the OPS asked them to conduct an audit of its three NRT pilots.

With $350,000 in funding from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and MITACS, the multi-year study was launched in fall 2019, starting in Vanier/Overbrook. The researchers managed to complete a baseline round of stakeholder interviews, neighbourhood focus groups and an online survey before the pandemic ground our lives to a halt.

But while COVID-19 has forced the team to shift consultations to an online format, RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 12

Linda Duxbury

it also offers a unique opportunity to examine how the pandemic is impacting police officers, crime and community wellness. Last April, Duxbury launched a separate research project, in collaboration with the Canadian Police Association and also supported by MITACS, to examine the impact of working during the coronavirus crisis on officers and their families.

In simple terms, Duxbury’s community policing group is hoping to define what an ideal relationship would look like between NRT officers and the neighbourhoods they patrol and then offer recommendations on how to achieve that. But there’s nothing simple about the work.

Synthesizing elements such as public expectations, crime prevention, feelings of safety and trust, police interactions, community anecdotes and experiences, court diversion and the quality of communication is tricky. To do that, researchers are measuring the Social Return on Investment, or SROI, a progressive tool for evaluating not just a policy’s cost and statistical outcomes but also its social value: the impacts a policy might have on a community’s health and well-being.

For instance, familiar neighbourhood cops might make people feel safer, but how does that translate into actual benefits for the community? You map out the impacts using SROI indicators over time and then attach dollar figures to the outcomes. “You also talk to people and listen to their stories,” says Duxbury.

“An SROI analysis goes beyond numbers to the stories that help illustrate or explain them.”

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“We have to have a dialogue about what we want from police,” says Duxbury, “and we have to have a debate about roles.

I think data helps change the conversation. We need the data, otherwise you’re basing opinions on the loudest voices.”

What is challenging for police, and what people have to understand, is that there’s no one view of what a positive relationship looks like between members of the community and police. “This process doesn’t work,” says Duxbury, “if the community doesn’t work cohesively and with the police to get a common view of what it wants.”

So, what do the people of Vanier/Overbrook want?

Depends on who you ask. Sources say they welcome the reinstatement of community policing, but they’re still unclear about what the officers should be doing and whether they’ll be effective in meeting their diverse needs.

–– Read the full article at carleton.ca/ravenmag

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Feature

Bringing Out the Best in Business Through Sustainable Accounting Leanne Keddie believes in the good of all people. She believes that most everyone wants to do the right thing, make good decisions, be compassionate, give back to the greater good. This belief is not only at the heart of Keddie’s research, but it is at the heart of everything she does in life.

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erhaps surprising, Keddie is an accountant; a numbers person who loves to analyze business plans. And, she is using her proclivity for logic to be an agent of change in the business world.

At Sprott since early 2019 as Assistant Professor, Keddie’s research program focuses on sustainability—helping large corporations rethink how to incentivize executives to effectively and genuinely incorporate corporate social and environmental issues into their business models.

It was Keddie’s experience working in the banking industry that sparked her love of how numbers tell a story about a company, and why she went on to earn her MBA/CMA degree from McMaster University in Hamilton. While working as an accountant in business valuation, Keddie was able to see the art in figuring out what a company was worth. But while teaching accounting as a sessional lecturer and concurrently working for CPA Canada, Keddie came across an article. A scant article at best, yet it was the first time Keddie read anything about social and environmental accounting.

At that time (circa 2010), for Keddie, the concepts “accounting” and “environment” were not fundamentally congruent.

Keddie was drawn to this idea of learning more about issues in corporate social responsibility (CSR), so she left industry and took a leap of faith. She dove into academia to earn her PhD in Accountancy from Concordia University

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in Montreal. And she did it all while building a family of four kids and taking on the task of becoming carbon neutral through ongoing major modifications to her family’s lifestyle. None of these are small feats, proving that Keddie is truly dedicated to her mission.

With Keddie’s arsenal of expertise from industry, her brilliant way of analyzing business, and her passion to bring out the best in people, Keddie’s mission is to drive real change in corporate governance’s systematic approach to executive compensation linked to CSR. Remarkably, 40 per cent of companies on the S&P 500 are indeed integrating incentives linked to societal metrics, such as diversity or workplace safety, or an environmental metric, like water usage or greenhouse gas emission reduction, within their executives’ compensation plans. Yet, there is so little understanding of how CSR incentives work, the effects and outcomes, what strategies are most effective, how to create metrics that effectively measure and provide useful outcomes to the company, or even provide a clear definition of executive performance success. Moreover, there is a huge lack of information around who influences this compensation process.

Keddie is tackling all these questions and is keen to tease out the players who have a vested interest in promoting genuine and effective CSR compensation and those who may push against this strategy.

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“How do we tell the difference between companies who have a genuine interest in CSR from those who are simply pretending to care? I’m looking to identify the ‘wolves in sheep’s clothing.’ There are no industry standards, protocols, or measures that allow us to do that yet.”

Executive compensation has historically been linked to financial measures that tell the story of a company’s direction and success. Keddie sees, however, that there is much more to this story.

Compensation linked to CSR is a relatively new way of thinking and Keddie’s goal is to bring out the best in those high-level executives and board of directors by providing effective strategies and tools. And, this will be a game-changer.

“Sustainable accounting—it’s a revolutionary concept. The big goal is to differentiate companies that want to do better and provide them with the tools and guidance to help them achieve this.”

Keddie’s research has revealed that corporate governance is about thinking critically and the necessity for organizations to gain a full perspective around CSR executive compensation. Preliminary work suggests that having board directors with CSR experience is key, along with understanding who has the power and the influence over the incentive plan. Moreover, previous CSR research indicates that it is a win-win for companies who do it right. When companies have a genuine approach to CSR, they are also very profitable.

Leanna Keddie

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Keddie understands that it is essential, now more than ever, that corporations remain accountable for social and environmental issues in society; that the environment and the future of our planet depends on this commitment. Keddie knows that when you provide the knowledge and tools, executives—and all people—want to do the right thing. Keddie truly believes in the good of all people. And it is thinking like this that keeps the world going around!

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Feature

Illuminating Unique and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Business Practices First off, throw away the mould of whatever preconceived notions you have about professors. At Sprott, you will find many of the faculty who are impressive think-outside-the-box academics. Rodney Nelson is no exception. But Nelson comes to the School from, perhaps, a less traditional path—one with such unique and eclectic experiences from around the world that have transformed his life in a way that gives him fantastic insights into humanity, a genuine compassion for life, and the best stories to share.

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oreover, he has an authentic passion to be an agent of change. He is excited to settle into his faculty role in International Business where he can share his worldly perspectives, inspire young minds, and revolutionize the way we think about business.

Before we can talk about his research program, you need to know where it all began. Nelson grew up in a military family who moved around a lot within Canada and abroad. This gave him the opportunity to see many different facets of social norms and cultures, and over the years, he continued to witness racial violence, poverty, and economic hardship in societies around the world. These experiences were a strong impetus for his interest in psychology and anthropology (thus earning two undergraduate degrees and a Master’s in these fields). But from a career perspective, what injected the business element to his passion was his first “gig.” For many years he was a professional musician; the bass player in a semi-pro band. (They were even on MuchMusic!) The music industry gave him his first foray into what the business world was all about, and he went on to run his own production company. “I learned a lot about business in the worst industry possible.”

A self-described “life-long student,” Nelson attended university between

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

tours and recording. After taking a break from music, he entered the corporate world wearing many hats, so to speak: Entrepreneur in marketing and communications; ethics officer for Public Works and Government Services Canada; senior management roles; leading the National Pandemic Preparedness Working Group, and helping to create the Canadian Pandemic Preparedness Plan during the N1H1 pandemic, and; representing Canada at APEC (AsianPacific Economic Cooperation). He became a certified director through the Director’s College at McMaster University’s DeGroote School of Business.

He sat (and sits) on many boards, and started the Global Governance Group, for which he is the CEO. He also completed a PhD. In addition, he is an appointed Governor in Council as Trustee for Canada’s National Museum of History and the War Museum.

Now faculty at Sprott, Nelson has established a robust program with research in areas of international development work, board governance (with a focus on board corporate social responsibility and ethics), continuity planning, agritourism, and Indigenous relations and cross-cultural communications. Wonderfully unique, he approaches all his projects through the lens of a musician, a psychologist, an

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“Working with diverse people and understanding their ways and practices is so valuable. This gives you a true perspective on their issues and what their needs are. You can’t stamp a Western business model on sustainability.”

Rodney Nelson

anthropologist, an entrepreneur, an academic—even an eager life-long learner.

And, with Nelson’s vast expertise and sagacious insights, he is exploring innovative ways of looking at sustainability and social issues in business into his research. Nelson’s work in economic sustainability and agritourism in Northern Italy, for example, describes how small, once economically depressed communities are creating “locality” for local farmers, generating revenue and jobs through a regeneration of old farming practices. Young, educated locals are coming back to their homes, creating experiences for tourists that are enriching, authentic, and immersive.

Tourism is essentially refueling these little towns back to business with unique and successful business models.

In fact, much of Nelson’s research centers around how small business ecosystems in Indigenous communities in Canada and around the world are creating successful business ventures, and he is inspired to

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

share their success stories; narrating the ingenious ways members of communities have learned to overcome socioeconomic challenges and achieve entrepreneurial success. One publication describes economic development corporations in First Nations and their successful businesses, for which prompted many organizations to work with First Nations leaders to learn their ways, share strategies, and create synergistic collaborations. What is fantastic, too, is that Nelson has experienced and witnessed, firsthand, the people and their practices—something he is very proud of.

Nelson is clearly passionate about being an agent of change and being at Sprott feels right; it is the perfect fit and he is here to stay. And, what he is most excited about: Teaching. Years of entertaining crowds on stage, he sees the value in engaging students in a fun, interesting way—sharing his stories and injecting novel teaching pedagogy to higher learning. Sure, Nelson has worn many hats, but hey, “There are just too many fun things in the world, why wouldn’t you?”

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Feature

The Environment and Sustainability Core Values at Sprott “Passion begins with a burden and a split-second moment when you understand something like never before. That burden is on those who know. Those who don’t know are at peace. Those of us who do know get disturbed and are forced to take action.” --Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize winner

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ne of the grand challenges facing humanity today is how to live symbiotically with our natural world; to live with a balanced mindset that recognizes the importance of preserving and maintaining our planet because it is essential to our survival.

This mindset functions when our altruistic side is triggered yet blinded when we allow our selfish side to dominate—such as in advanced nations where materialism promotes self-indulgences. The former mindset fosters solutions and a devotion to collectivism; the latter tends to devoid our lives of what is truly important—the sustainability of our environment that we are inherently dependent on. It is therefore critical that those who are awakened by this forgone conclusion stay tuned. Tuned to change, open to change, and to know that we are truly capable of great things. We can devise solutions and save our planet from further harm. We just need to take a moment to listen.

Communicating the problems—and the solutions—is arguably the biggest barrier we, as a society, face. How do we inspire over 37 million Canadians that we must act now—both individually and collectively?

Carleton University is listening and taking action. The university has made sustainability and well-being one of its key mandates and core values: “… our vision is to chart paths of resilience, helping us all overcome obstacles, and step toward a future with purpose.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Together we will strive for wellness and sustainability—for individuals, for communities, and for our planet.”

And the Sprott School of Business has tremendous capacity to see this vision through with the power of interdisciplinary collaborations and a ton of passion.

The leaders and faculty at Sprott know that they have a large role to play in being agents of change—being accountable for sustainability pedagogy and fostering the creation of future leaders. Moreover, the researchers at Sprott recognize that it is key for businesses and policymakers alike to take a lead role in shifting the landscape of its environmental and social responsibilities.

Sprott understands that the way we think about business must change, including adopting a multidimensional approach to business models. The faculty at Sprott are tackling environmental issue in business with three core strengths: Visionaries who approach their research in unique and novel ways, challenging the status quo There is a wonderful cross-pollination of talents where faculty not only tackle issues across many research areas within the business arena that foster a highly collaborative milieu, but look to expertise outside the business arena, such as other valuable disciplines, organizations, or government sectors.

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An immense amount of industry experience and diverse knowledge All the faculty whose research focuses on sustainability have experienced first-hand the challenges that organizations face with respect to environmental accountability. With valuable insights and in-depth knowledge, these faculty can tackle real-world business challenges to create practical, effective solutions.

Believing that one of their primary roles is to serve their students The faculty take action to ensure that their knowledge is shared to empower their students. Recognizing that their students are the leaders of the future, the faculty know that it is essential to foster and challenge the students in ways that prepare them with a multidimension perspective of business—an economy that is fair and equitable and one that adopts business models that include more worldly perspectives of sustainability.

For example, Patrick Callery (Assistant Professor, Strategic Management), focuses his research on two key areas of sustainability in business.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

His first area examines the corporate strategies and communications created to handle the risk management related to climate change and carbon emissions to determine what firms do to mitigate loss of profits, while at the same time remaining committed to high standards of environmental performance. Callery is shining a light on how corporate carbon emissions reduction initiatives (for example, the Canadian federal carbon tax), along with changing public perceptions of corporate contributions to climate change, position firms’ success in new regulatory environments. Callery aims to help businesses establish a best-practices approach—a “practice what you preach” goal in the way of influencing policies to create a more genuine and transparent disclosure profile and to reduce illegitimate methods. Moreover, Callery is exploring new territory in green innovation and strategies for environmentally focused businesses to succeed.

Callery recognizes that there is another way for businesses in the renewable energy industry to be successful and is passionate about supporting these novel approaches and new technologies in environmental innovation.

With years as an accountant Leanne Keddie (Assistant Professor, Accounting) recognized a

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concept that was being overlooked by the accounting world: The importance of linking sustainability and accounting. Keddie is helping large corporations rethink how to incentivize executives to effectively and genuinely integrate corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues in their business models. Compensation linked to CSR is a relatively new way of thinking and Keddie’s goal is to bring out the best in highlevel executives and board of directors by providing effective strategies and tools. And this will be a gamechanger: “Sustainable accounting—it’s a revolutionary concept. The big goal is to differentiate companies that want to do better and provide them with the tools and guidance to help them achieve this.”

Irene Lu (Associate Professor, Marketing) and Ernest Kwan (Assistant Professor, Supply Chain Management) are combining their areas of expertise to explore a very novel area of ecologically responsible consumption. Repurposing goods is an increasingly popular consumer product; defined as the transformation of old products into new products of greater value that serve a different function.

Repurposing is a key strategy because it reduces waste and promotes ecological sustainability. Lu and Kwan are excited to illuminate aspects of why people buy and sell repurposed products, with the goal to empower retailers and offer guidance to policymakers on how to market these types of Carleton University Sprott School of Business

products to effectively promote conservationism and sustainability—and to encourage consumers to embrace greener living.

Ruth McKay (Associate Professor, Management) is working with The Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR), a non-profit research institute dedicated to improving the regulations and building code standards to create “climate-ready” housing.

Her research taps into a unique facet of one of the consequences of climate change. As global warming results in more erratic weather issues, such as flooding, stronger winds, and fires, the response from the Government of Canada is to “…integrate climate resilience into building codes and standards.”

This area of research will have far-reaching effects to sustainable and safe housing and contribute to recommendations for more comprehensive approach to climate-resilient construction technology in the building code.

The Sprott School’s forward-thinking academics who, with a tremendous amount of experience and knowledge and a collective lens of multidisciplinary experts, are taking action and tackling the world’s grand challenges with purpose – “…for individuals, for communities, and for our planet.” And, with this talent, the world is in good hands.

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Feature

The Future of Business is Now A computer screen filled with racing columns of numbers and symbols scrolling, shimmering like green-electric rivers. This is the visual we are given in the opening scene of The Matrix, a cyberpunk, science fiction movie—one of many that depict the future of machines taking over the world. Although computer technology is ubiquitously infused in every facet of our society, be rest assured, machines are not malevolent.

And, as we hang on tight to the changing digital ecosystems arising at warp speed, it is thrilling to witness the expertise and innovation happening.

For the last few decades, we have watched the rise and evolution of the Information Age and understand that technology is inevitable and most definitely essential and integral to the future of our society, but even more so, of business. So now, a common phrase in our lexicon: business analytics.

Business analytics (BA) is all about technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), to collect and transform huge datasets into useful information; this to help firms make smarter, data-driven business decisions, ultimately giving them a competitive edge. In today’s market, 83 per cent of businesses think AI is a strategic priority for their business today—a global market that is estimated to be worth around 267 B USD by 2027 (idc.com). Moreover, there are significant societal benefits to business analytics— from improved urban infrastructure, environmental solutions, to medical innovations that could save lives. If knowledge is power, then the power of digital technology is the almighty powerful.

Fortunately, the Sprott School of Business has a powerful and mighty team of analytics experts that are focused on preparing businesses and students for tomorrow’s digitally driven world. The faculty represent a diverse range of

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

expertise, spanning many disciplines that offer a wonderfully eclectic scope of BA research solutions. The Sprott School is committed to a five-year vision to become a pillar of excellence for education and research in business analytics; this includes highly innovative and real-world applicable research and projects. Moreover, there is a commitment to “help launch new professional programs and an executive-coaching group aimed at increasing management and leadership capacity in regional worldclass technology companies.”

The research happening at Sprott is most definitely exciting, innovating—and game changing. The faculty are throwing away conventional approaches to research, and instead, developing ideas and solutions that keep Sprott at the forefront of business analytics.

Mohamed Al Guindy (Assistant Professor, Finance) has a research program that is unique, innovative, and highly contributory to one of the fastest growing and hottest areas within finance.

Among many of his projects (including cryptocurrency and robonews), his work examining the impact of tweeting on financial markets has drawn a lot of attention. Al Guindy reveals financial tweets not only improve the efficiency of information disclosure and help lower costs of capital, but they also provide smaller, less profiled companies—ones that have the “greatest information disadvantage”—with a voice in the market.

Concurrently, Al Guindy’s research includes creating a working universe, or network, of companies. He calls this, The Social Intranetwork. Al Guindy determines which companies are associated with other companies from over 3,000 publicly-traded companies’ financial Twitter conversations—these, Al Guindy finds, generate peer groups. From these relationships, Al Guindy can establish peer connections and ultimately a map of RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 21

firms in the economy in a multidimensional lattice or mini universe. With this, governments, policy makers, and central bankers will know how to diffuse capital where it will have the greatest influence on the entire economy.

Michael Hine (Associate Professor, Information Systems) is an expert in the field of information systems and much of his research uses text mining to inform business decisions. One of his recent publications details an inductive approach to the development of a prescriptive model that was used to build and validate an environmental sustainability dictionary for the IT industry.

“The resulting process model can provide a road map for researchers who want to use automated approaches to text analysis but are currently prevented by the lack of applicable domain dictionaries. The dictionary can be used as a starting point for future research on Green IT and sustainability management.”

Most recently, Hine has been awarded the Carleton University COVID-19 Rapid Research Response grant for his research using text-analytic methodologies to explore the 20 most active Canadian university Reddit sites. “Reddit provides real-time authentic student community response to the COVID crisis and is increasingly being used for studies of online communities.” The goal is to help educators, Carleton University Sprott School of Business

government, and students alike mitigate negative pandemic-related outcomes.

Ahmed Doha (Associate Professor, Supply Chain Management) is a computer scientist turned business guru. He has combined his talents to create a robust research program with a mission to solve business and economic problems using AI. Doha sees that business model innovation is paramount for unlocking the value of AI in everyday life.

“The success of today’s biggest businesses owes more to business model innovation than to technology, process, or product innovation.”

And Doha is one of only a few whose research innovates on business models to turn AI’s powerful capabilities into valuable solutions to important problems. In one research project, he investigates AIenabled innovative business models in identifying and fighting corruption at individual and organizational levels. Another project is a game-changer; in fact, it could save lives. Not yet published work, a glimpse into this amazing work develops innovative AI models that enable researchers to accomplish literature discovery tasks at a tiny fraction of the time and cost currently needed. This technology can expand beyond researchers to include many critical care and mission-driven professions, where instant access to vital information is invaluable.

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Alex Ramirez (Associate Professor, Information Systems) is at the frontier of analytics research.

Ramirez is part of a collaborative multidisciplinary team at Carleton University that is reimagining how we look at cities—the urban future—through the concept of digital twinning (DT). The team’s project, funded by the Government of Canada’s New Frontiers in Research Fund, is called “Imagining Canada’s Digital Twin.” The goal of the project is to create digital versions of infrastructures, such as buildings (and other city features), then synchronize data connections between them in real-time. These “smart cities” can help reduce waste and improve efficiency for things such as energy use, essentially improving how we work and live. Ramirez knows that this is game-changing—it is machine intelligence and connectivity to the cloud that allows unprecedented potential for large-scale implementation of technology for companies in a variety of industries.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Samira Farivar (Assistant Professor, Information Systems) understands how important big data analytics have become in the business arena. It is essential in today’s economy for firms to implement analytic tools to enhance their performance in many areas of the business operations and functions. Yet, the successful adoption BA is not yet mainstream.

Farivar examines the factors and elements involved in the supply chain process that companies must consider. And, to provide an understanding of how to effectively implement analytic tools into the framework of business operations; a process that is vital for business sustainability and growth.

The Sprott School of Business is excited to be an integral part of the rapid evolution of business analytics and to contribute with effective, socially conscious, and game-changing global solutions—as we blast into the future.

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Feature

A Call to Action: The Sprott School of Business Response to COVID-19 More than ever our society—our world—is relying on solutions.

We are amid a devastating COVID-19 pandemic that has, and will, continue to change the world as we know it. And so, we find comfort in knowing that there are people working on solutions to keep our people healthy and safe, our economy alive and well, and to believe that we can bring life back to some level of normalcy and stability.

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ike it or not, the natural evolution of life is putting humanity to the test.

But adapting is what we do best. This is a time that solutions need to come from the collective world as we tap into our altruistic side—to consider the greater good of humanity over the needs of our own—to know that during these difficult times, people are willing to come together to help overcome the challenges—to be humanitarians.

The faculty at the Sprott School of Business is doing just that. They are a team of academics who know how to pool their intellectual acumen and work synergistically to solve grand challenges that face our society and our world. I have had the pleasure of working with many of the Sprott faculty; interviewing them about their research—long before this virus came to be. And during these discussions with them I got to know the person behind the research. Their leading-edge research programs are impressive for sure; but what’s more, in writing their stories I learned that every one of them has this immense and incredible desire to help the world. They are crusaders because they are genuine and passionate about the research they do and how it can—and will—help our world. Moreover, the team’s research is an eclectic, often interdisciplinary, program where they think outside-the-box and see challenges in business as not just about helping corporations succeed, but helping people succeed. They are humanitarians.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Apropos, the Sprott faculty are stepping up and coming together with all the same passion and commitment as before. In these unprecedented times, the faculty have mobilized their research programs at unprecedented speed and over a dozen faculty have been awarded substantive grants from Carleton University’s COVID-19 Rapid Research Response Grants, Mitacs, and SSHRC to fund their COVID-19 research. The faculty work within a diverse range of research areas at Sprott and have taken this critical time to team-up with members of business, government, other universities, and society alike to tackle the challenges from, and devise business solutions to, the COVID-19 pandemic.

Moreover, there is focus on some highly novel areas of business, such as work by Vinod and Uma Kumar (Supply Chain Management), who are examining the level of trust seniors must have to accept autonomous care systems—artificial intelligent (AI) medical care—over human support. The use of AI with the senior population, who have been greatly impacted by COVID-19, can significantly improve independence and increased social interactions, as well, provide improved patient safety and quality of care. Or, Linda Duxbury (Management) who has undertaken a real-time study called “Work, Family, Life” project, in collaboration with the Canadian Mental Health Association (Ontario Division), to explore the challenges, stressors, RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 24

and coping strategies of working adults during the pandemic. In addition, Duxbury is conducting a parallel study that focuses on the unique experiences of police officers (and their partners) as frontline workers during and after the pandemic. As well, Rick Colbourne (Equity and Inclusive Communities) is working with Indigenous communities to map their economic venture responses and help develop insights that address risk issues and challenges to community health and socioeconomic well-being resulting from the pandemic.

With an upheaval to the workforce, it is imperative that during and post-COVID-19, there is care taken to ensure the health and well-being (both physically and mentally) of all employees. Sprott has numerous faculty who have a strong focus in this area and the Centre for Research on Inclusion at Work (CRIW), funded by the RBC Foundation, has recognized and awarded four research groups in this area to support their research exploring the impact of COVID-19

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on workplace inclusion. Research has begun to understand how work culture has changed during the pandemic including research exploring challenges and benefits associated with remote working; impacts and responses to social-distancing guidelines on business and communities; how COVID-19 regulations are affecting employees and consumers alike in a brick-and mortar retail setting; as well, research examining the impact of social isolation and remote working on single mothers—another particularly hard hit demographic—with the goal to identify effective support strategies.

The Sprott faculty’s mission within their research agenda is to generate resiliency and inspire—and transpire change—within the business community.

They are a team of leaders who are taking action to create solutions that will help businesses and communities emerge with new tools and strategies for success, and perhaps with a greater sense of wellbeing.

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Faculty News & Research Research Achievements 2020 Carleton University Research Award Uma Kumar, Professor, Supply Chain Management

Uma Kumar

Uma Kumar’s research focusing on Enhancing Firm’s Performance through Cloud Manufacturing will investigate the fact that many manufacturing firms have their operations and resources (e.g. design, R&D, manufacturing), at geographically decentralized locations and that they need to be integrated to facilitate information and data sharing. Advancements in Cloud Manufacturing is thought to do this; however, the question is – does cloud manufacturing help and how. This research will investigate to what extent cloud manufacturing influence the firm’s performance and does it help to create synergy between strategy and manufacturing capability.

This award is administered by the Office of the Vice-President, Research and International, and selected by a committee of past recipients. It provides 10 faculty members across campus with funds in support of a research project. View all 10 recipients of Carleton’s 2020 Research Achievement Awards.

2020 Carol-Ann Tetrualt Sirsly Research Award Linda Duxbury, Professor, Management This annual recognition is presented to a Sprott faculty member for exemplifying quality in research. Linda Duxbury has published widely in both the academic and practitioner literatures in the area of work-family conflict, change management, supportive work environments, employee wellbeing, role overload, telework, the use and impact of office technology, managing the new workforce and supportive management.

Linda Duxbury

The Carol-Ann Tetrualt Sirsly research award was created by Sprott School of Business in memory of Carol-Ann and the foundational role she played in the Sprott community.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

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Fulbright Distinguished Visiting Research Chair

Fulbright Canada has established a unique 25-year commitment with Carleton University to support collaborative scholarship between researchers from the United States and Canada. The Sprott School of Business will host a one of four Carleton Visiting Chair opportunities through a series of one-year appointments from 2018 through 2043.

Sprott School of Business will be welcoming Daved and Jeffery Reuer as the 2020/21 visiting Fulbright Canada Distinguished Chairs in Entrepreneurship.

Jeffery Reuer is the Guggenheim Endowed Chair and Professor of Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Operations at the Leads School of Business (University of Colorado Boulder). His research is focused on governance and design of alliances, collaborative strategies, and applications of information economics and real options theory to various problems in strategy, international business, and entrepreneurship.

Jeffery Reuer

Chancellor’s Professor

Carleton University Chancellor’s Professor honours an individual with at least ten years of service at the rank of full professor, and scholarly activities that have been and continue to be of outstanding merit with substantial international impact.

Vinod Kumar Professor, Supply Chain Management

Vinod Kumar

Vinod Kumar has published over 360 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings, authored 20 research books and monographs, and contributed chapters in another 46 books. He is highly sought as a speaker and has been invited to be a key note speaker at several conferences across the world from South Korea, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, and Canada. His research interests are in the areas of enterprise system adoption and implementation, e-commerce technology strategy, supply chain management, the improvement of production and operations systems, manufacturing flexibility, technology transfer, quality in R&D, and sustainability in supply chain.

Linda Duxbury Professor, Management

Linda Duxbury

Linda Duxbury has published widely in both the academic and practitioner literatures in the area of work-family conflict, change management, supportive work environments, employee wellbeing, role overload, telework, the use and impact of office technology, managing the new workforce and supportive management.

She has also given over 500 plenary talks on these issues to public, private and not for profit sector audiences. In the past decade, her research has focused on balancing work and family in the public, private Sectors and not for profit sectors; management support; generational differences in work values; the impact of office technology such as email; employee well-being, work role overload and workforce change. She has completed three national studies (1991, 2001, 2012) on work-life balance in which over 70,000 Canadian employees participated and a major study on balancing work, childcare and eldercare with over 5,000 participants.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

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Distinguished Research Professor

Nicolas Papadopoulos Distinguished Research Professor and Chancellor’s Professor A former manager in international firms, a worldrenowned researcher, a passionate professor, and a true pioneer in the evolution of the Sprott School of Business, Dr. Nicolas Papadopoulos is embarking on a new chapter in his career – “retirement with a twist,” as he calls it, since he remains in the school to focus on his research.

In 1975, they moved to Lakehead University. While attending a conference, he met a colleague from Carleton University who, rather impressed by Papadopoulos’ research, encouraged him to apply for a position opening at Carleton.

“I have been here a long, long time,” he said. “It’s been a fantastic ride.”

Throughout his tenure, Papadopoulos has been dedicated to helping the school grow and develop into the renowned institution it is today. Over the years, he served as director of the school, teaching area coordinator for international business, associate dean for research, and director of the school’s IB research unit. In 2008, he was appointed to the prestigious rank of Chancellor’s Professor.

Papadopoulos’ relationship with the business world spans 50 years, with 45 of them in academia and 41 of those to date in the Sprott School. After graduating from university in Greece, he did his compulsory two-year military service and worked for Exxon, 3M, and Procter & Gamble, moving to the United States in-between with his wife, Irinela, where he obtained his MBA and she her Bachelor of Psychology from Washington State University.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

“I did and the rest is history,” said Papadopoulos.

Upon his retirement Papadopoulos was appointed to Distinguished Research Professor, and intends to stay busy for the next five years delving into his research.

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“He is an authority in the field of international business and marketing,” said José Rojas-Méndez, professor of international business at Sprott, who has known Papadopoulos for 20 years. “He is renowned and wellreputed across the world. And, he is inspiring.”

Papadopoulos has more than 340 publications to his credit – including 15 books and over 90 book chapters and journal articles. He is recognized around the world as a leading expert in international market selection, place images and country-of-origin effects, and nation branding. Among his many distinctions, he has won ten best paper awards and serves on the editorial or senior advisory boards of the major journals in his field.

“With my co-researchers, our studies have covered 91 countries so far. And, in doing that, I have worked with well over 30 to 40 colleagues here and internationally, which has been a real pleasure.”

As his research program expanded, so did the school.

When he arrived at Carleton, Sprott “had a grand total of 12 faculty and two staff members,” and, looking at how far it has come, he said the “metamorphosis has been wonderful to watch and exciting to be a part of.”

When asked to reflect upon his time here, Papadopoulos said that he considers his introduction and building of international studies in the Sprott School as his greatest achievement, followed closely

by the Bachelor of International Business and PhD programs as well as the concentrations in the Bachelor of Commerce.

“My mantra for students as they evolve has always been learn, learn, learn, learn, learn,” he said. “Keep your eyes and ears open, your antennae up at all times. Because there is absolutely nothing you’re doing in life that you cannot learn from.”

“Many of my students would probably be sick and tired of listening to me say ‘engage’! Don’t be like a passive theatre goer, just watching scenes go by.”

Irinela shares this principle and has been his partner and contributor in everything they’ve done, in both personal and academic life, during their 52 years together.

It is remarkable but not surprising, then, given his emphasis on both research and teaching, that many of their personal friends today are former students and that more than 40 per cent of his papers are coauthored with people he has taught. And now, as he starts his next chapter, he has one last message for students, faculty, and staff at Sprott: “Believe in Sprott and in Carleton. Both are fantastic places. Believe that they are indeed different, tell others, and invest in making them even better – you’ll be paying it forward for others and also backward for yourself.”

Papadopoulos (centre) at Carleton University Convocation in 2012 with honorary degree recipients, Ron Rosenes (left), HIV activist, and Elijah Harper (right), Canadian politician and former Chief of the Red Sucker Lake community.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 29

Newly Funded Research Projects

Each year Sprott researchers apply for external research support from a variety of funders including Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and Mitacs. Several of these funding opportunities include partner organizations outside of Carleton University and involve direct collaboration in the research. Please see below for a list of research projects funded in 2020 by external funding agencies various programs.

External Research Funding Principal Investigator

Title

Funding Agency

Program

Partner Organization

Ahmed Doha

DeepGraph: Beyond Domain Agnostic Search Methods in Business and Management Literature Discovery

SSHRC

Insight Development

Linda Duxbury

Determining the value of community-based police teams

Mitacs

Accelerate

Boys and Girls Club

Linda Duxbury

Work, Family, Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mitacs

Accelerate – COVID

Canadian Mental Health Association

Linda Duxbury

Work, Family, Life of Mitacs Police Offices and Their Families During and After a Pandemic – Examination of an Extreme Case

Accelerate - COVID

Canadian Police Association

Linda Duxbury

Work, Family, Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Story Continues

SSHRC

Partnership Engage COVID-19 Special Initiative

Canadian Mental Health Association

Linda Duxbury

Determining the value of community based police teams

SSHRC

Partnership Development

Boys and Girls Club, City of Ottawa, Federation of Citizen’s Associations of Ottawa, Inuit Non-Profit Housing Corporation, Ottawa Police Service, Minwaashin Lodge, Ottawa Public Health

Samira Farivar

Social Media Influencing on Instagram

SSHRC

Insight Development

Maryam Firoozi

Cyber Security Risk Disclosure

SSHRC

Insight Development

Gerald Grant

Transforming work in the digital economy: the impact of digital technologies on work innovation and worker engagement

SSHRC

Knowledge Synthesis

Irene Lu

Why do consumers buy repurposed products: A study of motivations in consumption behaviour that is good for the environment

SSHRC

Insight Development

Luciara Nardon

A Longitudinal Study of Organized Social Support for HighlySkilled Immigrant Women’s Social and Professional Integration

SSHRC

Insight

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 30

Luciara Nardon

Integrating immigrants SSHRC in the workforce through mentorship

Partnership Engage

World Skills

Linda Schweitzer

Investigating Mansplaining in the Workplace

Mitacs

Research Training Award

Stoyan Tanev

What makes for high performing teams in technology start-ups?

Mitacs

Accelerate

Unicorn Labs

Andrew Webb

Impact analysis of how COVID-19 will affect the Canadian Precast Concrete and Canadian Construction Industries

Mitacs

Accelerate

Canadian Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute (CPCI)

Andrew Webb

The MLSE Launchpad: cross-sector social partnership success factors

SSHRC

Partnership Engage

Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd (MLSE)

Andrew Webb

What we know, and what we need to know about adapting experiential learning to the digital economy

SSHRC

Knowledge Synthesis

In addition, Sprott researches have access to several Carleton University administered research funding opportunities. These opportunities are available through a variety of Carleton offices such as Office of VicePresident (Research and International), Carleton International, and SSHRC Institutional Grants (SIG). Sprott School of Business research centres such as the Centre for Research on Inclusion at Work (CRIW) also offer small research grants to support members. Please see below for a list of research projects funded in 2020 by internal calls for proposals.

Internal Research Funding Principal Investigator(s)

Title

Funding Agency

Program

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Mohamed AlGuindy

Social learning in economic networks: Evidence from COVID-19

Merridee Bujaki

An Historical Perspective on Carleton University Water and the Environment during the Construction of the Erie (1817 – 1825) and Rideau (1826 – 1832) Canals: Insights and Implications from Environmental Philosophy

International Research Seed Grant

Alan Cai

The Effect of Regional Culture on Social Distancing and Business Activities During the Pandemic

CRIW

Ignite! COVID-19 Special Funding

Rick Colbourne

Mapping Indigenous Economic Venture Responses to the Covid-19 Crisis

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 31

Rick Colbourne

Mobilizing for Socioeconomic Well-Being: Exploring Spaces for Indigenous Engagement within the Economy

SSHRC – Institutional Grant

Explore Research Development Grant

Angela Dionisi

Weathering the Storm Alone: Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychological and Job-related Well-being of Single Working Mothers

CRIW

Ignite! COVID-19 Special Funding

Daniel Gulanowski & Greg Sears

Factors facilitating work integration of immigrants in Canada

CRIW

Ignite!

Michael Hine

Examining the Impact of COVID-19 Carleton University on Canadian University Reddit Communities: A Text Mining and Visualization Approach

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Diane Isabelle

Surviving and managing in a post COVID-19 World: Implications for international business activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Vinod Kumar & Uma Kumar

User Trust: The key issue in the application of the autonomous system embedded with ambient intelligence for protecting elderly people

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Irene Lu & Ernest Kwan

Staying green vs. staying safe: Consumer attitude towards sustainable consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Sana Mohsni & Maryam Firoozi

Board gender diversity policy, firm SSHRC – governance, performance and Institutional Grant risk-taking

Explore Research Development Grant

Luciara Nardon

Pandemic, panic, and precarity: Interviews with international students stranded in Ottawa during COVID-19

CRIW

Ignite!

Leighann Neilson

The Impact of COVID-19 on Brickand-Mortar Retail Workers

CRIW

Ignite! COVID-19 Special Funding

Isaac Otchere

Financial Innovation and Bank Risk Taking Behavior: The Case of African Banks (in collaboration with the Reserve Bank of South Africa)

Carleton University

International Research Seed Grant

Linda Schweitzer

The Changing Nature of Work due to COVID-19

CRIW

Ignite! COVID-19 Special Funding

Linda Schweitzer

The Changing Nature of Work due to COVID-19

Carleton University

COVID-19 Rapid Response Research Grant

Andrew Webb & Francois Brouard

Cross-sector social partnerships to facilitate operational success of MLSE LaunchPad

CRIW

Ignite!

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 32

Graduate Research Feature

The Sprott School of Business Celebrates 25 Years of the PhD in Management Program Time gives us perspective. It allows us to reflect on the significance of the past, how to be present in the now, and imagine the future.

As the Sprott School of Business celebrated a milestone event—the 25th anniversary of the PhD program in Management—the faculty and students—both past and present, were excited to express their thoughts on the significance and impact of the program over the years, its success today, and what directions the program will take moving forward.

O

n the evening of October 29, 2020, over 60 Sprott faculty, students, and alumni gathered via Zoom to commemorate the success of the program. Included in attendance were the three “founders” who were instrumental in launching the program many years ago.

Nicolas Papadopoulos, Roland Thomas, and Louise Heslop recounted the days when the PhD program was simply an idea, and how bringing that idea to fruition was in fact quite challenging, with multiple formidable hurtles to overcome.

But by the fall of 1995, the first seven students began the inaugural PhD in Management program.

Wonderful resounding ardent expressions: synergy, leadership, relevancy, trailblazing research, collaborations, life-long relationships, family—these are the words used by the group to describe the strengths of the school and PhD program. For the Sprott team, it is not just about their passion for research and higher learning, or their passion for seeing real change in the world and being an agent of that change.

There is an inherent quality to Sprott that exemplifies higher learning; a group of academics who challenge and inspire, and who set forth skills and strategies

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

that transcend beyond Carleton and into the rest of their lives.

As one of only a third of the business schools in Canada to offer a PhD in Management, the program has proved hugely successful over the years, amassing over 100 graduates to date.

Moreover, it is one of the only two programs to offer part-time options.

The director of the program, Shaobo Ji says, “The program is designed to train highly qualified professionals who will be working primarily in academia, as well as other organizations, such as research institutions, government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations, and industries.”

The Management program spans many research areas, including Accounting, Marketing, Operations and Supply Chain Management, Information Systems, Finance, and International Business.

The students come from a diverse background—from around the world, industry, or academia, and all have gone on to thrive in their respective fields—as professors, deans, and leaders in industry.

The success of the program can be attributed to many factors, but of note, RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 33

to the distinguished faculty who are leaders in their research areas who are often conducting groundbreaking research. Moreover, there is absolutely a strong collaborative and synergistic milieu. Fostering a multidisciplinary approach to learning and developing quality research is essential to prepare students with the tools to move forward postgraduation; elements that were deemed essential from the inception of the program. Students work with faculty across many disciplines combined with a strong emphasis on deploying industry expertise and in working closely with businesses to truly understand their needs to develop strategies for better business practices.

Robert Mittelman, (PhD/15), now acting Dean of the Faculty of Management at Royal Roads University in Victoria, B.C., reflects: “The Sprott PhD program was an incredible challenge as we dove into theory and literature like never before. And, the most valuable take-away [for me] was the interdisciplinary research and collaborations. If we are going to tackle [grand issues], we have to look beyond our traditional disciplinary borders.”

This sentiment is echoed by Papadopoulos: “One of the greatest sources of joy I have had is working with our doctoral students and colleagues. The [PhD] program has created synergy, it has helped bind us together, to enhance Sprott’s collegiate spirit, and to increase tremendously our research and teaching capabilities.”

What’s more, the PhD program is highly competitive worldwide. Admissions are tough and program design and requirements are intensive, with nine mandatory courses, a comprehensive exam, thesis proposals and dissertations, a teaching certificate, and participation in research seminars. There has been, and continues to be, a strong impetus for creating a quality program that produces exceptionally qualified graduates.

Over the past year, with the COVID-19 pandemic and other world events, many new challenges and substantive impacts to the state of the economy, businesses, and society have emerged. The Sprott team, consequently, understands that it is essential to keep the program proactive in the needs of teaching pedagogy and deliver the PhD program in novel ways.

The mobilization of students to remote learning and integrating technology into the teaching regime has been both challenging and full of opportunity.

The school knows that they must be leaders in change—with a focus on adaptability and maximizing the benefits of how technology can expand the connections and networks within their research sphere. This means adapting teaching during a time Carleton University Sprott School of Business

that traditional face-to-face interactions and sharing of ideas is not possible.

The Dean of Sprott, Dana Brown’s advice for doctoral students is that “it’s not just about the quality of your research, or your ability to teach, or your CV as it’s written, it’s who you are as a person. It’s about building relationships and joining a community.”

Sean Lyons (PhD/04), now Associate Dean, Research and Graduate Studies, of the Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics at the University of Guelph, agrees, “There has been a rapid change and the School needs to reimagine how we teach, train, and engage with students, the research we do, and how it impacts the world.”

Looking into the future, the Sprott team concur that relevancy is key. The faculty continue to evolve and adapt their research to not only stay substantive, but more so, be preemptive to the needs of business and society—thinking holistically about the purpose of business, the responsibility that Sprott has to globalization and creating an inclusive growth pattern, knowing they have a responsibility to shape what the future of business looks like.

Shantanu Dutta, (PhD/06), now Interim Vice Dean, Research, of theTelfer School of Management at the University of Ottawa, emphasizes “that there are challenges, but also opportunities to leverage technologies for collaborative work with academics and business leaders from around the world.”

The Sprott School has consistently demonstrated exceptional standards of research, teaching, higher learning, and industry relationships. But what’s more, the Sprott team has a truly unique quality and is what makes the PhD program particularly special.

The faculty and students alike see their experience in the program as one akin to having a family. There is an extremely strong sense of pride from faculty and alumni when speaking about the program—a resounding concurrence on how the Sprott program is a community with a strong focus on quality, relevant, and forward-thinking research.

As Ji states: “As a family, I believe it’s important to remember our past—our roots—in order to move ahead and embrace the future.” And that is worth celebrating!

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 34

Student Feature

Employees and their Leaders: Relationship Matters Jade Han is one of the Sprott School’s PhD students who, like most, are extremely busy researching and publishing and looking forward to graduating. Han knew early on that she loved academia; a drive that started in her homeland China where she earned her BA in Business Administration.

Jade Han

F

rom there, Han completed not one, but two master’s in Business (Human Resources and Finance) from the University of Amsterdam. Han’s drive didn’t stop then; she went on to win awards and earn funding to pursue her PhD here at Sprott. And now, under the supervision of Dr. Greg Sears, Han’s research program is quite robust and progressive. With two main research streams, Han’s research intersects between Human Resources and Organization Behaviour (HR/OB) and International Business. Han is highly interested in understanding what makes a good leader, a happy employee, and what contributes to successful leaderfollower relationships. Concurrently, she is exploring how individual personality differences may impact expatriate employees’ adjustment to working abroad. As the finish line to completing her PhD fast approaches, Han is excited for the next stage in her career—staying in academia and pursuing her love of research and teaching at a university.

You have lots of irons in the fire—let’s expand on the first area of your research.

Within the research looking at leaderfollower relationships, I’m doing a couple of things. Firstly, I’m investigating which

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

employee personality traits contribute to building high-quality relationships between followers and their leaders, as well as the impact of leader behaviour on employee well-being in the workplace. I have conducted research investigating how specific employee individual differences in personality traits, such as career resilience and negative affectively, are associated with work behaviours and can be used as potential indicators of employee well-being. I love the idea of bringing together psychology and human resources management, and the goal with my research is to contribute to our knowledge of how to achieve high levels of employee well-being and positive feelings toward their leaders.

When businesses can better identify how to empower leaders to better manage by understanding the psychological aspects of their employees, this will inevitably have direct benefits to the organization because it establishes a healthy and productive workforce.

How is this research expanding?

The second prong to this area of my research, and what I am very excited about, is that I am tapping into something new in the business world. I want to offer new insights on the topic of leaderRESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 35

follower relationships by exploring a relatively new concept—perceptions of ambivalence in leaderfollower exchange relationships. In other words, I want to understand when an employee exhibits ambivalence—having both good and bad feelings about the relationship with their leader—what does it do to affect the employee’s subjective evaluation of their level of job satisfaction and well-being?

There is robust research being done to understand ambivalent feelings towards social relationships (e.g., friendships and relationships with family members), however, research exploring the feelings of ambivalence towards the relationship with one’s leader has been limited. Our results show that employee ambivalence toward their leader does indeed diminish that employee’s feelings of well-being in the workplace regardless of whether they rated the overall relationship with their leader as good or bad. So, understanding employee perceptions and how they may influence leader-follower relationship success allows organizations to develop solutions and strategies that improve both leadership performance and employee well-being.

Can you tell us about your research on expatriate adjustment?

As more and more companies expand their business internationally, there is a need to send their employees around the world to work. I’m interested in these employees’ well-being—particularly how do we evaluate personality traits that can be predictors of expatriate success in the host country. Studies indicate that the average cost of expatriate failure is around $225K per person. So, it’s not only a financial burden to companies, but the emotional impact of failure on the employee is significant as well. My research can help improve the success of expatriates by improving the selection and training process.

My research is a large meta-analysis of previous empirical studies and using the foundation of socioanalytic and social learning theories, I show that the big-five personality traits (conscientiousness,

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and emotional stability) as well as cultural empathy, cultural flexibility, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence, are all key factors that will positively relate to expatriate adjustment. Personality traits can be essential determinants of individual’s fundamental motives: getting along with others, getting ahead to achieve status, and finding meaning.

These motives enable expatriates to develop and maintain interpersonal ties in the host country, spend time on work assignments, and make sense of their international experiences. Furthermore, people high on emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence are better at the learning process and can function effectively within a new culture and interact effectively with host-country people.

The second vein in this research examines how national cultural factors influence expatriate well-being and success. Our results suggest that personality traits have a more significant positive impact on adjustment when the cultural distance is short: When the host country is culturally similar to the home country, an expatriate can more effectively adjust. Conversely, when the expatriate works in a culturally different country, we observe more difficulty to overcome the challenges to adapt—and this is true even for those who are high on cultural intelligence.

What’s great about these findings is that companies can add value to expatriate selection by developing more formal selection tools. By understanding which personality traits are more likely to foster employee success in a new country, a company can focus their modelling to bolster confidence and motivation in employees—helping them to better prepare, adapt, and perceive their working and living experiences more positively. This of course, will lead to expatriate success and well-being.

Supervisor: Greg Sears, Associate Professor, Management

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 36

Student Feature

Blazing Trails and Throwing Away Boxes: A Sprott PhD Student Taking Chances

“Instead of thinking outside the box, get rid of the box.” - Deepak Chopra

M

eet Nada Elnahla—one of those people who has indeed thrown away the box. A genuine, brilliant, and talented woman, Elnahla is blazing trails while amassing a robust, eclectic, and free-thinking research program as she completes her PhD in marketing at Sprott.

Elnahla’s life and academic journey started in Egypt where she earned her PhD in comparative literature.

But, after some years as an assistant professor in English literature at the Alexandria University, Elnahla and her family made the decision to immigrate to Canada—a move she knew would come with major sacrifices. One of them: she would have to rethink her career in academia. With few opportunities available in Canada to teach English literature at the postsecondary level, Elnahla was faced with the decision to learn a new discipline. She had to start from scratch.

Based on a series of events and people she knew, she was guided toward Dr. Leighann Neilson, Associate Professor in marketing at Sprott because Neilson was known to have a interdisciplinary approach to her research and Elnahla had some ideas of how to integrate her expertise in comparative literature into the marketing arena. Elnahla and Dr. Neilson met in a Starbucks café one afternoon, and by the end of the meeting it was a sealed deal—they clicked instantly and knew they would work well together. And so, marketing is where Elnahla has found a new passion and is excited to begin the data-collection phase of her research project. And, her project? It’s extremely interesting. Moreover, Elnahla is blazing trails in this area of marketing research and theory. In fact, her research area is so novel, she’s coined a new term to describe what it’s about: Retaillance. It means surveillance in the retail sector.

Elnahla’s research focuses on big chain retailers—the brick and mortar stores, such as Walmart, IKEA, Canadian Tire, and Loblaw as examples, and Elnahla was surprised to learn just how much surveillance happens within a retail setting. Surveillance can include what we all may expect, such as cameras and employees tracking our movement mainly for security reasons. But retailers are also tapping into the rapidly adapting and advancing technology and

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

now surveillance can include anything from cooler doors displaying advertisements of frozen food that change depending on your age, sex, time of day, even your ethnicity; free WiFi that allows the store to track your movement through your phone; points cards gathering personal data; even facial recognition technology. One of the retailers Elnahla is including in her research, MANGO clothing, is introducing a new kind of surveillance where they’ve partnered with Vodaphone to create the digital fitting room: you don’t actually try on the clothes, instead, the augmented mirror simulates this process.

Elnahla is approaching this area in a big picture, exploratory way; uncovering truths around retail surveillance where little is known. Through surveys and interviews with both consumers and retailers, Elnahla is elucidating what consumers know about retail surveillance, what they are willing to accept, as well, if consumers are aware of regulations and laws pertaining to retail surveillance. Moreover, Elnahla wants to understand if surveillance technology

Nada Elnahla

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 37

has a negative or positive effect on consumer behaviour—when will consumers accept, resist, or even negotiate with retailers’ surveillance strategies?

There is significance in knowing all of this—both for the consumer and the retailer. A retailer knowing your shopping history and frequency, where you live and how much money you make, could result in vulnerabilities to the consumer and can ultimately lead to various kinds of discriminations, where retailers focus their marketing and advertising to a certain, more preferred kind of demographic.

For retailers the risk comes in the form of trust. If consumers feel that retailers have tipped the scales too far and there is a feeling of personal violation or unfairness occurring, then that consumer may choose to shop elsewhere and the retailer has now lost customer loyalty and therefore, of course, revenue.

What’s really fascinating with this untapped area of marketing is that it is a double-edged sword of sorts.

Retailers’ goal for surveillance is to keep their stores and customers safe, but also to create a positive and valuable shopping experience for customers. The ultimate question is: what amount of surveillance is too much? Elnahla sees her research expanding well beyond this initial project, such as working to help shape regulations and laws that are in sync with surveillance technology to help consumers have more informed shopping experiences—and so everyone can walk out of the store happy.

Elnahla has also adjusted her research framework to address the COVID-19 crisis—how will this change or modify consumers’ reactions and feeling toward surveillance? Will it push consumers to be more accepting—or rejecting—of extra safety measure and data collection? Concurrent to the surveillance research, Elnahla is actively collaborating with other faculty, cross-pollinating her expertise to look at how the fields of marketing and comparative literature can coexist. More specifically, Elnahla examines how managers can use scenarios from fictional literature to help navigate through issues with employees on sensitive issue such as mental health and drug addictions. Further to this, and apropos to her “throwaway-that-box” thinking, Elnahla is examining the end stage of marketing—the disposal of items—specifically in the context of how immigrants feel about disposing of their personal items when moving abroad, which introduces an additional emotional element because often disposal is out of necessity rather than desire.

Elnahla is a person who has taken an immense amount of talent (she’s also a highly-acclaimed classical pianist!), academic experience, and intellectual acumen to create such unique narratives within her research sphere—blazing trails and throwing away boxes. Even starting from scratch, Elnahla is already a highly-valuable scholar within the academic world—and beyond!

Supervisor: Leighann Neilson, Associate Professor, Marketing

Student Feature

Bridging the Gap Between Newcomer Expertise and Organizational Support

Canada relies heavily on the global mobility of people—both in and out of the country.

With the combination of millions of baby boomers retiring over the next decade and low fertility rates, immigration, in particular, is critical to sustain and grow the Canadian labour force and economy—newcomers, whether they are international students, refugees, or highly skilled and trained workers, are key to Canada’s growth strategy.

M

ore than this perhaps, accepting newcomers into the workforce and society is not just about the numbers, it’s about providing an environment and a support system that allows these individuals to integrate, feel inclusive, and thrive.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Yet, immigration has not always been considered a business problem.

Meet Vivi Zhang, a PhD candidate at the Sprott School, International Business. Zhang is up to the challenge to tackle one of the country’s most pressing problems: To bridge the gap between employing RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 38

“There is a real need to study immigration and connect it to business challenges.” of their abilities. Preliminary findings reveal that many of the limitations to workforce integration, inclusion, and maximizing talent happens because of a communication gap between different government sectors, the business community, and the newcomers themselves. For example, policymakers are not yet utilizing valuable data around individual newcomer experiences or deploying effective support services that are long-term oriented. Moreover, organizations are still working toward understanding an effective framework to institute diversity management and strategies into their business plans.

Vivi Zhang

highly skilled newcomers in roles that utilize their full potential and providing the tools, strategies, and knowledge for organizations to tap into newcomer talent. Zhang’s research is not only about identifying challenges facing newcomers to find jobs, but it is about creating a system that fosters the development of individuals based on their full skillset.

Notwithstanding the obvious fear and trepidation that comes with new cultural norms, learning a new language, and (often) leaving family and friends behind, some of the real challenges newcomers face when immigrating is securing a productive, fulfilling job, and to feel inclusive and accepted within these environments. For the last three years, Zhang has worked under the guidance of Luciara Nardon, International Business, to explore newcomers’ experiences and perspectives (e.g., barriers and challenges) when entering the workforce, retaining employment, and securing positions that match their level of expertise. And, as important, Zhang sees that organizations (in our country) will benefit from utilizing the skillset and experience of these individuals. Zhang’s research over the next few years will focus on the employing organization perspectives, which is less researched and understood. Specifically, her will work to uncover the challenges that organizations face with diversity management, inclusion, and tapping into newcomer talents and skills; ultimately working to identify best practices that organizations can adopt to better employ and retain newcomers to the best Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Zhang’s research provides much needed and highly valuable narratives that have and will continue to shed light on what is really happening in the workforce when it comes to newcomers’ experiences, issues, and barriers; additionally, from the perspectives of employing organizations. Moreover, Zhang comes to her research with a genuine understanding and compassion to her research topics. As a newcomer herself, Zhang came to Canada to pursue a postgraduate education, to experience a new culture, and to develop a professional career. The journey was not easy, and it took an immense amount of bravery and faith in herself. Yet, despite the initial challenges adapting to the new environment, she is now feeling great; pleased with her academic achievement and life in Canada. Overcoming the challenges at work and personally has given her the confidence to keep learning and discover her life’s path and take on an adventure that she could have never imaged for herself. Zhang is thrilled with her decision to come to Canada and thankful for her this country’s offerings but understands where improvements can be made. Her experience of immigrating has allowed Zhang to fully sympathize with and understand the challenges all newcomers face. And with this, she has found a passion in academia and is here to stay; to create and disseminate knowledge that is critical to newcomers’ integration in Canada. Zhang knows that to bridge the gap and for business to benefit from helping newcomers thrive, her research needs to include multidimensional perspectives that comprises government and organizational limitations and challenges as well. Newcomer integration in the workplace is key, but “Social inclusion beyond integration—that’s the ultimate goal of course.”

Supervisor: Luciara Nardon, Associate Professor, International Business RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 39

Undergraduate Research We are pleased to support undergraduate student involvement in research projects through our faculty’s participation in the Carleton University Discovery Centre I-CUREUS program and the Sprott School of Business Summer Undergraduate Research Internship. Both programs provide research opportunities to engage students in their undergraduate years that may inspire them to continue into graduate studies.

2020 I-CUREUS Awards •

Laura Robledo-Restrepo (Bachelor of International Business) – Supervisor: Jose Rojas-Mendez

2020 Sprott School of Business Undergraduate Research Interns • • •

Liam Hoselton (Bachelor of International Business) – Supervisor: Luciara Nardon Kathryn Vanderby (Bachelor of Commerce) – Supervisor: Leighann Neilson Minyu Kuang (Bachelor of International Business) – Supervisor: Isaac Otchere

Narratives of Return Migration By: Liam Hoselton, BIB/20

H

ello, my name is Liam Hoselton. I am recent graduate of the Bachelor of International Business program. In September, I am going to be undertaking a Master’s of Science in Management, which I plan to follow up with a PhD program in Europe.

This is my second time working with Professor Luciara Nardon through the Sprott Undergraduate Summer Research Experience. I have worked on and off as one of Professor Nardon’s research assistants since our first summer research experience together in 2018. This second experience was important to me as a graduating student, as it afforded me the opportunity to finalize some of the research projects we were working on together, and expand my practical

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

knowledge of research and academia before entering my MSc program.

Research This summer of research was quite interesting due to the Covid-19 pandemic being constantly in the background of everything. It forced us to take new approaches to facilitate research in a primarily digital and cloud-based space.

This change presented itself with a slight learning curve for our research participants, as well as us as researchers, as we all were forced to adjust to a new normal at the same time together.

However, I would be remiss if I did not say that the pandemic created opportunities to explore once-in-a-lifetime research questions. So, over the course of this summer, I was able to participate in three RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 40

studies; completing one, and assisting in the initial set up of two others.

on during my Master, and is being actively worked towards a publication.

The primary research I participated in was an exploratory study reviewing the narratives of return migration from return migrants around the world.

This study looked at the causes and decision-making processes of migrants as they made their decision to return home. The data for this study was collected primarily from the UN’s International Organization of Migration’s project titled, “I am a Migrant.” The “I am a Migrant” project offered us a database of firsthand accounts of migration written by the migrants themselves or directly with the migrant’s involvement.

With this dataset we collected 684 narratives, 88 of which met our return migrant criteria. Through these 88 accounts we determined that there were four consistent narratives which emerged: mission accomplished, mission aborted, back to roots, and disillusionment with host.

That being said, both studies are still ongoing and look promising.

The mission accomplished narrative consisted of migrants who had set out on their international journey with a clear-cut goal and upon accomplishing said goal, decided to return home; e.g. a foreign exchange student on a year abroad. The mission aborted narrative consisted of migrants who never reach their intended end host destination and instead abort their migratory journey as result of unexpected difficulties; e.g. a migrant who has traveled along an alternative migratory route to Europe who suffers a medical emergency and is forced to return to their home country before arriving at their intended European country. The back to roots narrative involved migrants returning to their home countries in order to reconnect with their families, friends, or culture. Finally, the disillusionment with host narrative saw migrants returning to their home country after failing to integrate with their host country often due a combination of institutional voids (economic, cultural, and legal).

Skills/Credentials Gained This Summer • • • • • •

Updated knowledge on qualitative research methods Learned more about mixed methodology research approaches Insight into survey making Learned how to use chatbot software Learned about research participant outreach and management Presented at an academic conference

Conclusions I am quite grateful for this research experience. I feel like this time around I was really able to hit the ground running with a lot of the skills and knowledge I developed from my first Sprott research experience.

I believe I learnt a lot from this second experience as I had a clearer image of what to expect. Overall, I am confident that I will succeed in my masters where I will truly be able to hone the skills that I have learned for my PhD and future career as an academic.

Liam Hoselton

The culminating effort from this study on narratives of return migration resulted in me presenting a draft copy of our paper to the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada 2020 academic conference.

This was an incredible experience and was very humbling for me.

The two other studies I had the chance to help on were directly Covid-19 related. The first study looked at the impact of the pandemic on the lives/ experiences of international and exchange students in and from Canada. The second looked at the challenges of employment and job searching for recently immigrated women in Canada during the pandemic. This project is one that I will be working

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 41

Changing Motivations of Today’s Thrifty Consumer By: Kathryn Vanderby, BCom/20

A

s the economic fallout from COVID-19 worsens, the future of retail is in flux.

Secondhand consumption is coming to the forefront of retail markets as many consumers are foregoing a pair of new Nike Air Max sneakers for a pair of used shoes. Over the past four months I had been given the opportunity to work alongside Professor Leighann Neilson and delve into research regarding the rise of secondhand consumption. During these unprecedented times, many consumers are rapidly changing their demands and shopping habits. Through multiple online interviews and countless research articles, I have been gaining further insights into the changing motivations of today’s thrifty consumer.

Phases of Research In the beginning phases of research my goal was to explore prior work conducted on vintage, thrift, and secondhand consumption. Fast forward through twenty journal articles, two podcasts, and constant googling, I had developed a better understanding of what my summer research would consist of.

Through a combination of theoretical research, various frameworks, and highquality examples I began establishing a solid foundation on which my personal research could flourish. I formulated multiple questions and highlighted consistent themes to further explore during interviews. This helped me gain a better understanding of why consumers prefer to shop secondhand rather than a typical fast fashion store. Some common motivation themes found among journal articles included environment, income, uniqueness, and cleanliness. I quickly found myself very intrigued spending my free time wanting to read more journal articles and listening to podcasts in hopes to find more themes to add to my list. My love for research expanded and it became

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

clear that secondhand consumption was my calling.

As an avid thrift shopper, I was surprised by the range of motivations presented in prior academic research. I was excited to begin online interviews to hear the opinions and motivations of others who have the same passion as I do. I started interviewing a few close friends to test the waters. Once I got comfortable with the video recording platforms, interviewing others became fun and conversations with informants appeared more natural. To my surprise, a handful of people contacted me wanting to participate in interviews. Questions were proposed more as conversation starters allowing interviewees freedom to express their own views and opinions. Although I had a set list of questions, I regularly noticed new topics of interest stimulated by interviewee’s responses.

Currently approaching the end phases of research, I have been in the process of transcribing interviews. Transcribing is very tedious and vulnerable to mistakes.

It definitely is not my favorite part about research, but it has made me more aware of my interviewing technique and allowed me to adapt interview questions for future participants.

Setbacks in Research My experience throughout the summer was filled with many moments both good and bad. With global restrictions on social contact, I was confined to my tiny apartment and faced with new challenges. Typically, I stick to a routine schedule; out of the house by 8:30 a.m., coffee in hand, and at Macodrum Library before anybody can take my favorite seat. For some reason the heat of the fluorescent light on fourth floor calls my name and I can finish almost all my work RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 42

Kathryn Vanderby

in one sitting. For the first few weeks I struggled adjusting to the new work-from-home atmosphere.

My motivation to complete my work was quickly decreasing and I was giving into temptations to stay in bed all day. In order to overcome these challenges, I began creating schedules and routine plans as if I was leaving the house. Reducing the amount of distractions and creating a single workspace within my home helped to get back on track. Additionally, I can confidently say I have a love/hate relationship with technology. I frequently deal with spotty WIFI, fuzzy audio, and pixelated images. In person connection adds a unique feel to an interview so it took a few tries to ensure I was properly reading participants’ body language and facial expressions.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Online interviews have presented many challenges but slowly I have been getting better at dealing with them. The transition from school to home has helped me gain some realistic work-from-home skills.

In conclusion, the past four months as a research assistant have been enjoyable. Through trial and error, I have gained new skills and expanded my knowledge on a fascinating topic. Part of what made my research satisfying was the thrill my participants displayed when telling stories of their favourite secondhand finds or their crazy shopping experiences. The excitement of others encouraged me to continue.

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2020 Publications Books

Colbourne, R., & Anderson, R. (Ed.). (2020). Indigenous SelfDetermination and Sustainable Economic Development, Abington, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Book Chapters

Colbourne, R. (2020). Native Americans and Entrepreneurship.

In T.M Cooney (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook on Minority Entrepreneurship. Abington, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Mika, J., Colbourne, R., & Almeida, S. (2020). Responsible Management: An Indigenous Perspective. In Laasch, O., Suddaby, R., Freeman, E. & Jamali, D (Eds.), The Research Handbook of Responsible Management (pp.

260–276). Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.

Colbourne, R., & Anderson, R. (2020). Introduction. In Colbourne, R. & Anderson, R. (Eds.), Indigenous Self-Determination and Sustainable Economic Development. Abington, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Henriques, I., Colbourne, R., Peredo, A., & Anderson, R. (2020).

Relational and social aspects of Indigenous entrepreneurship: the Hupacasath case. In Colbourne, R. & Anderson, R. (Eds.), Indigenous Self-Determination and Sustainable Economic Development. Abington, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Koul, S., Kumar, U., Kumar, V., & Rajput, P.K. (2020). Being Distinctive and Successful is a Balancing Act – Evidence from an Indian MSME. In A.K. Dey, VilleVeikko Piispanen and S. Mishra (Eds.), Sustainable Entrepreneurship Innovation and Transformation (pp.

175-188). India: Bloomsbury India.

Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Actors in the Emerging Internet of Things Ecosystems. Disruptive Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 265285). Information Resources Management Association.

Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L., Papadopoulos, N., & El Banna, A. (2020). Attracting foreign direct investment: Location branding and marketing. Promoting and Managing International Investment.

Routledge.

Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Actors in the Emerging Internet of Things Ecosystems. Securing the Internet of Things: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 1587-1607).

USA: Information Resources Management Association.

Rasmussen, E. S., Tanev, S., & Hansen, K. R. (2020). Lean startup: making the start-up more successful. In Pacheco-Torgal, F., Rasmussen, E., Granqvist, C., Ivanov, V., Kaklauskas, H., Makonin, S. (Ed.), Start-Up Creation. The Smart Eco-efficient Built Environment. (pp. 39-56).

Woodhead Publishing.

Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Actors in the Emerging Internet of Things Ecosystems. Sustainable Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 617-637).

USA: Information Resources Management Association.

Tanev, S., Rasmussen, E. S., & Hansen, K. R. (2020). Business plan basics for engineers and new technology firms. In PachecoTorgal, F., Rasmussen, E., Granqvist, C., Ivanov, V., Kaklauskas, H., Makonin, S. (Eds.) (Ed.), Start-Up Creation. The Smart Eco-efficient Built Environment. (pp. 21-38).

Duxford, UK: Woodhead Publishing.

Tanev, S. (2020). The Encounter of Theology with Physics: An Eastern Christian Perspective. T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Theology and the Modern Sciences (pp. 209222). T&T Clark.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Peer-Reviewed Journals

Abukari, K., & Otchere, I. (2020).

Dominance of Hybrid Contratum Strategies over Momentum and Contrarian Strategies: Half a Century of Evidence. Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, 34, 471-505.

Azzi, S., Gagnon, S., Ramirez, A., & Richards, G. (2020). Healthcare Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Analytics: A Review and Proposed Framework.

Applied Sciences, 10 (18), 65-53.

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 44

Bailetti, T., & Tanev, S. (2020).

Examining the Relationship Between Value Propositions and Scaling Value for New Companies.

Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (2), 5-13.

Bailetti, T., Tanev, S., & Keen, C. (2020). What Makes Value Propositions Distinct and Valuable to New Companies Committed to Scale Rapidly? Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (6), 14-27.

Cai, S., Jun, M., & Yang, Z. (2020). The joint effects of formal institutions and business characteristics on interfirm guanxi practices in China: A fuzzy set analysis. Journal of Business-toBusiness Marketing, 27 (2).

De Nisco, A., Massi, M., & Papadopoulos, N. (2020). Partners or Foes? Cross-Country Consumer Animosity, Ethnocentrism, and Nationalism in Times of International Crisis. Journal of Global Marketing, 33 (3), 207-222.

Del Sarto, N., & Isabelle, D. (2020).

The role of accelerators in firm survival: an fsQCA analysis of Italian startups. Technovation, 90-91, 102102.

Duxbury, L., & Ormsbee, F. (2020). Does studying the past help us understand the future? An examination of the expectations of Gen X knowledge workers.

International Journal of Human Resources Management, 36 (2), 935-963.

Elnahla, N., & McKay, R. (2020).

Workplace issues in the context of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World: Mental health problems, cannabis and the division of labour.

Transnational Corporations Review, 12 (2).

Farivar, S., Abouzahra, M., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2020).

Wearable device adoption among older adults: a mixed-methods study. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102109 Greve, K., Leminen, S., De Vita, R., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Unveiling the diversity of scholarly debate on living labs: A bibliometric approach.

International Journal of Innovation Management, 24 (08), 204003, Halinski, M., & Duxbury, L. (2020).

Perceiving Agency in Sustainability Transitions: A Case Study of a Police-Hospital Collaboration.

Sustainability, 12 (20), 8402.

Halinski, M., Duxbury, L., & Stevenson, M. (2020). Employed Caregivers’ Response to FamilyRole Overload: the Role of Control-at-Home and Caregiver Type. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35, 99-115.

Han, Y., & Sears, G. (2020).

Exploring the role of vocational interests in balancing work and family demands: Do the RIASEC types predict work–family conflict?

Journal of Employment Counseling, 57 (2), 66-84.

Isabelle, D. (2020). Gamification of entrepreneurship education.

Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 18 (2), 203223.

Isabelle, D., & Del Sarto, N. (2020).

How can accelerators in South America evolve to support startups in a post-COVID-19 world?

Multidisciplinary Business Review, 13 (2), 66-79.

Isabelle, D., Horak, K., McKinnon, S., & Palumbo, C. (2020). Is Porter’s Five Forces framework still relevant? A study of the mining industry versus the IT industry. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (6), 28-41.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Isabelle, D., Westerlund, M., Mane, M., & Leminen, S. (2020). The Role of Analytics in Data- Driven Business Models of Multi-Sided Platforms: An exploration in the food industry. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (7), 5-16.

Jiang, G., Holburn, G., & Beamish, P. (2020). Repeat market entries in the internationalization process: The impact of investment motives and corporate capabilities. Global Strategy Journal, 10 (2), 335-360.

Jiang, G., Jung, J., & Makino, S. (2020). Parent firm corporate social responsibility and overseas subsidiary performance: A signaling perspective. Journal of World Business, 55 (6), 101-141.

Khataei, A., Hine, M., & Arya, A. (2020). The Design, Development and Validation of a Persuasive Content Generator. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 29 (3), 46-80.

Kobana, A., & Otchere, I. (2020). Has stock exchange demutualization improved market quality? International Evidence.

Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 55, 901-934.

Lamont, B., & Kiggundu, M. (2020).

Retrospective and prospective glances of the past and future of the Africa Journal of Management.

Africa Journal of Management, 6 (1), 1-15.

Lee, E., Szkudlarek, B., Nguyen, D., & Nardon, L. (2020). Unveiling the canvas ceiling: a multidisciplinary literature review of refugee employment and workforce integration. International Journal of Management Reviews, 22 (2), 193-216.

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 45

Leminen, S., Nyström, S., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Change processes in living lab-based open innovation networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 91, 701-718.

Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., Wendelin, R., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Industrial internet of things business models in the machineto-machine context. Industrial Marketing Management, 84, 298311.

Liotta, G., Tanev, S., Gorra, A., & Pospieszala, A. (2020).

Sustainability communication patterns on the websites of European top R&D spenders.

Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (10), 4354.

Lupton, N., Jiang, G., Escobar, L., & Jimenez, A. (2020). National income inequality and international business expansion. Business and Society, 59 (8), 1630-1666.

McKay, R., & Irwin, B. (2020).

Introduction to a special issue on breaking the disciplinary matrix: the ever-changing view of organizational theory.

Transnational Corporations Review, 12 (2), 89-93 [invited article].

Moffit, U. E., Nardon, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Negotiating Identity and National Belonging in the Public Sphere: Narratives of High-Skilled Work. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 78, 84-95.

Neculita, C.S., & McKay, R. (2020). The institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of the cholesterol theory. Transnational Corporations Review, 12 (2), 173-192.

Neilson, L. (2020). Why are Canadians researching their Family History? Results from the Canadian Genealogy Survey. Canadian Issues, 22-25 [invited article].

Neilson, L., & Barkel, E. (2020). The Gift that Starts a Home’: Marketing of the hope chest in the United States. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 12 (4), 473502.

Ng, E.S.W., & Sears, G. (2020).

Walking the talk on diversity: CEO beliefs, moral values, and the implementation of workplace diversity practices. Journal of Business Ethics, 164 (3), 437-450.

Otchere, I., & Abukari, K. (2020).

Are super stock exchange mergers motivated by efficiency or market power gains? Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 64, 1-15.

Otchere, I., Senbet, L., & Zhu, P. (2020). Does political connection distort competition and encourage corporate risk taking? Journal of Empirical Finance, 55, 21-42.

Pollanen, R. (2020). Public Sector Accounting Standards Conundrum in Canada and United States: National vs. International Standards.

International Journal of Business, Accounting and Finance, 14 (1), 130-147.

Rajendran, D., Ng, E.S.W., Sears, G., & Ayad, N. (2020). Determinants of migrant career success: A study of recent skilled migrants in Australia.

International Migration, 58 (2), 3051.

Shareef, M. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Kumar, V., Mahmud, D., Hughes, D. L., H. Kizgi (2020). The Inherent Tensions within Sustainable Supply Chains: A Case Study from Bangladesh. Production Planning and Control, 31 (11-12), 932-949,.

Smith, C., & Duxbury, L. (2020).

It’s not just what you say, but how you say it! A case study exploring union-member communications.

Industrial Relations Journal. 51, 2– 33.

Szkudlarek, B., Osland, J., Nardon, L., & Zander, L. (2020). Intercultural communication in international business – moving the field forward.

Journal of World Business, 55 (6), 101-126.

Wang, Z., Cai, S., & Liu, D. (2020).

The Effects of Self-Reflection on Individual Intellectual Capital.

Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21 (6), 1469-1930.

Weeger, A., Wang, X., Gewald, H., Raisinghani, M., Sanchez, O., Gerald Grant & Siddhi Pittayachawan (2020). Determinants of intention to participate in corporate BYODprograms: the case of digital natives. Information Systems Frontiers. 22, 203–219.

Westerlund, M. (2020). An Ethical Framework for Smart Robots. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (1), 35-44.

Rogers, Z., McIntyre, M., & Caputo, T. (2020). Gold Standard Strategic Plans: How well do Canadian police services do? Police Practice and Research, 21 (3), 210-226.

Westerlund, M. (2020). Citizen Perceptions of Government’s Resistance to Shared Parking.

Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (5), 28-40.

Rojas-Mendez, J., & Chapa, S. (2020). X-Scale: a new scale to measure consumer xenocentrism.

Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 38 (3), 354-368.

Westerlund, M. (2020).

Digitalization, Internationalization and Scaling of Online SMEs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (4), 48-57.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 46

Westerlund, M. (2020). Social Acceptance of Wind Energy in Urban Landscapes. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (9), 49-62.

Westerlund, M. (2020). The Ethical Dimensions of Public Opinion on Smart Robots. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10 (2), 25-36.

Woo, H., Jin, B., & Papadopoulos, N. (2020). Does the Direction of Offshoring Matter? Comparison of Downward and Upward Offshoring Strategies in Changing Consumers’ Brand Perception by Brand Tiers.

Journal of Textile Institute, 111 (6), 795-807.

Carleton University Sprott School of Business

Zhang, Y., & McIntyre, M. (2020).

Depositors’ Discipline, Banks’ Accounting Discretion, and Depositors’ Expectations of Implicit Government Guarantees. Journal of Banking Regulation, 21 (3), 256277.

RESEARCH REVIEW 2020 | 47

CONTACT US Associate Dean, Research and International Sprott School of Business, Carleton University Tel: 613-520-2388 Email: info@sprott.carleton.ca Web: sprott.carleton.ca/research