“Transforming an unused or underused building into one that serves a new use”
- Liliane Wong
The project focuses on the adaptive reuse of the West Kirk of St. Nicholas, a historically significant building which originally served as a church located in Aberdeen, Scotland. This project aims to bring new life into the church which currently has no purpose and is underused. Evolving in both purpose and form, while preserving its cultural and architectural heritage. By converting the West Kirk into a vibrant cultural arts venue and heritage museum, the project not only respects the past but also caters to modern needs, transforming the space into a hub of creativity and learning.
Adaptive reuse is critical in the current landscape, with predictions suggesting 90% of existing buildings will be renovated in the next 10 years for adaptive reuse, extending the life of heritage buildings, and bringing life back to vacant properties and with this igniting social change.
The West Kirk of St. Nicholas is one segment of a larger site that includes the East Kirk and the graveyard, parts of which date back to the 12th century. (See Appendix Fig.4Timeline). Throughout the centuries, the Kirk has undergone numerous alterations, expansion, and repurposing, reflecting the changing needs of the community and the shifting architectural styles. These changes have made it hard to identify original features. However, despite these alterations, it’s role in the community has diminished in recent years, which has resulted in the building lying vacant. For the Kirk to regain purpose it requires thoughtful adaptation to extend the longevity of the building.
By repurposing the West Kirk as a cultural venue, the project responds to both local and global shifts in how heritage spaces are being adapted for contemporary uses, instead of leaving them unused or underpurposed. Ensuring that the West Kirk continues to serve the community. The new design will create a space where arts, history, and education intersect, making it a destination for tourists and locals alike (See Additional Appendix - Shaping Aberdeen’s Future digital survey - pg.22 ‘What Kind of Space…” and pg.25 ‘What Activities…’)
By incorporating its long history into the current building, the project seeks to celebrate the structural and architectural evolution by carefully blending old and new elements (See Additional AppendixShaping Aberdeen’s Future digital survey - pg.26 ‘What Architectural Style…’). The intervention will prioritise maintaining the building’s unique character while adapting it to modern standards of accessibility and sustainability.
The transformation of the West Kirk is part of a broader goal to revitalise Aberdeen’s city centre (See Additional Appendix - Shaping Aberdeen’s Future digital survey - pg.3 ‘What Three Words…’, pg. 12 ‘How Important…’ and Appendix Fig.17 Zoning Diagram)
The adaptive reuse will encourage public engagement with the Kirks's heritage while providing flexible space for Aberdeen’s future. Sustainability is also at the forefront of the project. By reusing existing structures rather than building from scratch, the project reduces the environmental impact typically associated with new construction. Efforts will be made to incorporate energy-eficient systems and materials that further reduce the carbon footprint of the site.
Moreover, our vision aligns with the city's strategies to promote tourism (Council, 2023) and cultural activity (Aberdeen, 2024), offering a dynamic space for workshops, performances, exhibitions, and educational events. This project is more than an architectural transformation; it is a communityfocused initiative that recognises the value of the past whilst envisioning the future.
Eric Auld portrayed St. Nicholas Kirk Dedication of c.1498 painted in c.1992.
Image of St. Nicholas Kirk 2024: credit to Kenny Elrick/ DC Thomson
2. Project Vision and Objectives
2.1 Vision
The vision for the West Kirk of St. Nicholas is to transform it into a vibrant cultural arts venue and heritage museum that serves as a dynamic hub for the community. By repurposing this historic building, we aim to create a space that fosters artistic expression, cultural exchange and provides a sense of belonging (See Additional Appendix Fig.29 Exploring Wider Context Issues). This transformation will bring life not only to the Kirk but also to Aberdeen’s city centre by providing a mixed-use space that focuses people on the present and future (See Additional Appendix - Shaping Aberdeen’s Future digital survey - pg.28), where local artists, performers, and creators can showcase their work. While the heritage museum will offer visitors an opportunity to engage with the city's past (See Additional Appendix Fig 27. Aberdeen Talks Book- Community Engagement and Shaping Aberdeen’s Future digital survey - pg.20) . Our goal is to establish an engaging environment that fosters community interaction and offers vibrant activities for all ages while promoting a welcoming space for all, ultimately strengthening communal bonds and inspiring creativity across generations.
2.2 Objectives
• Preserving Historical Integrity
Ensure that key historical features are preserved, allowing the building's rich history to coexist with its new functions as a cultural arts venue and heritage museum.
• Fostering Artistic Expression and Cultural Exchange
Design flexible spaces that accommodate local artists, performers, and creators, enabling them to showcase their work while fostering cultural exchange and creativity within the community.
• Enhancing Accessibility and Inclusivity
Make the venue accessible and welcoming to all members of the community, with design elements that cater to diverse needs, promoting a sense of belonging and inclusivity.
• Sustainability and Future-Proofing
Introduce sustainable practices in the design and use of the space, ensuring the building remains viable for future generations while contributing to Aberdeen’s vibrant city centre. (See Additional Appendix Fig.35 + 36 ventilation and solar diagram)
• Creating a Multi-Functional, Mixed-Use Space
Design the venue to support a variety of uses from cultural performances and exhibitions to heritage learning encouraging community interaction and engagement across all ages.
3. The Building Now
3.1
Building Overview
Located in the heart of Aberdeen, just South of Union Street and North of Schoolhill, the Kirk of St. Nicholas stands as a significant historical landmark and is located within the city centre Conservation Area (Council, 2022). The site is divided into two distinct sections: the East Kirk and the West Kirk. Both sections form part of the rich history of this Category A-listed building. The West Kirk of St. Nicholas is a Classical sandstone building, which contrasts with the vast use of granite in Aberdeen a local building material (Stone Database NI, 2023). Embodying the ethos of the classical architecture the West Kirk is portrayed through symmetry and proportion which creates a sense of harmony and order within the building. The Kirk’s exterior features clean lines and restrained decoration, while the monumental stone facade reflects simplicity and grandeur.
Internally, the West Kirk is notably dark and enclosed, with the barrel vault spanning the nave and groin vaults down the sides. The stone columns and somewhat cluttered interior only add to the sense of confinement. Although large arched windows are present, they provide very little natural light, therefore electrical light ittings have been added to brighten the space along with other ‘modern’ services.
3.2 Current Condition
The current physical condition of the West Kirk is generally good, with little damage and no structural issues noted. However, there are concerns regarding some water ingress and paint peeling. Externally, some mould growth has been observed, attributed to a blocked gutter, which may require immediate attention to prevent further deterioration. The extension on the North side of the West Kirk is in poor condition, with significant mould growth and damage, potentially caused by a combination of a flat roof design, limited light exposure, and drainage issues. While demolition is being considered, repairs may be possible, though dificult, due to its north-facing orientation and lack of light. Overall, regular maintenance and prompt repairs to address these issues will be essential to preserve the integrity and appearance of the existing building (Parry-Geddes, 2024)
3.3 Site Opportunities and Constraints
Credit to Dougl
Belkouri
Opportunities:
• Listed status - The Kirk’s history and status as a Category A listed building offers a unique story that can be leveraged for educational and cultural programming.
• Tourist Appeal - As a historical landmark, the Kirk can draw visitors interested in cultural and heritage experiences, making it suitable for a museum or community centre. Unique architectural features - The classical architectural style, including its symmetrical facade, can attract interest and appreciation, providing a strong aesthetic appeal for potential new uses. Location: Located in the heart of Aberdeen, the West Kirk is easily accessible and can serve as a central hub for community activities, attracting both locals and tourists
Constraints:
• Listing status - As a Category A listed building, any alterations or adaptations will need to comply with strict regulations to preserve its historical significance, potentially limiting design options.
• Limited Accessibility - Existing features, such as stairs and narrow circulation space, may pose challenges to accessibility, requiring modifications to meet current accessibility standards.
• Sustainability Issues - Incorporating sustainable elements in the intervention may be complicated due to the building’s existing structure and materials (See Additional Appendix Fig.34 Exploded Structural Render)
• Energy Eficiency - Upgrading the building to meet modern energy eficiency standards while being respectful and preserving the Kirk's historical features may be challenging.
• Public Opinion - A proportion of local community members have strong opinions about changes to a historic building, leading to resistance against proposed adaptive reuse plans.
Community response from digital survey: “What activities or events would you like to see hosted within
the West Kirk of St. Nicholas church?”
Community response from digital survey: “What words come to mind when you think about the current state of St. Nicholas church?”
4. Target Users and Stakeholders
4.1
The Client
The client for this adaptive reuse project is Scot-ART, who recently purchased the West Kirk of St. Nicholas. Scot-ART is a charity organisation focused on enhancing creativity, enterprise, and wellbeing through the development of inclusive and dynamic incubator hubs. Their goal is to transform the West Kirk of St. Nicholas into a space that fosters collaboration, innovation, and community engagement, offering affordable workspaces for a diverse range of users, including artists and startups. With over a decade of experience, Scot-ART has successfully developed thriving hubs that support urban regeneration and contribute to the local economy such as St Margaret’s House in Edinburgh. They aim to facilitate a variety of programs, including workshops and events, to attract and engage the community while creating job opportunities (ScotART, 2024).
4.2 Stakeholders
4.3 Primary Users
The primary users of the space encompass local artists, makers, musicians, community members, tourists, and historians. Regarding the intervention, they have specific needs and expectations, including:
• Functional workspaces for creating, performing, and showcasing their art, including studios, workshops, and performance areas.
• Opportunities for collaboration and networking with other creatives and community members.
• Accessible and inclusive design to ensure everyone, regardless of ability, can participate and engage.
• Flexible and adaptable spaces that can cater to a range of activities and events.
5. Design Requirements
5.1 Architectural Style and Approach
The architectural approach for the adaptive reuse of West St. Nicholas Kirk must sensitively respect the building's historical elements while integrating modern functions and standards. Balancing accessibility, sustainability, and heritage regulations will be challenging. However, the design will remain flexible as the project evolves, ensuring all interventions are sympathetic to the building’s historical significance while meeting modern-day requirements. While there isn't a singular prescriptive style, the design should enhance the character of the existing structure and the surrounding area. The intervention must respect the Classical architectural style of the West Kirk, ensuring that any new elements harmonise with the building's original features, including its sandstone façade and vaulted ceilings.
The design proposal should be appropriate in scale and massing, maintaining a balance that respects the historical significance of the West Kirk while accommodating contemporary needs. A focus on creating a warm and welcoming public space is important, as it will invite both the local community and tourists to engage with the building.
Sustainability along with energy eficiency should be guiding principles, with a strong emphasis on using environmentally friendly materials and construction practices. The design should also consider passive systems, flexibility and adaptability for future uses, incorporating principles of a circular economy including the ability for disassembly to facilitate any necessary changes at the end of the Kirks life or for stage 0 in the RIBA plan of work to commence again (RIBA, 2020)
5.2 Uses
The proposal must incorporate activities and facilities that draw people in, creating a vibrant community venue potentially including but not limited to:
Exhibitions and Workshops:
• Exhibitions and workshops hosted by the Aberdeen Artists Society
• Collaborations with the Scottish Sculpture Workshop for displaying artworks and offering educational workshops in partnership with the Kirk and Scot-ART
• Exhibitions by local photographers
• Hosting Spectra installations
• Peacock visual arts displays
Community Engagement:
• Art therapy workshops focused on mental health and well-being for the public hosted in partnership with SAMH
• Youth outreach art programs
• Engagement initiatives for elderly and senior community members
Cultural Events:
• Organising music events, such as performances by Aberdeen Choir, AberdeenJazz festival, Candlelight concerts, and folk music groups
• Providing space for Aberdeen performing arts to conduct rehearsals, drama classes, and small-scale performances.
• Offering storytelling events by Aberdeen Inspired
• Featuring historical reenactments that celebrate Aberdeen’s rich history and heritage
• Belmont Film House screenings
Educational/Informational Activities:
• Hosting presentations from Robert Gordon University and Robert Gordon College
• Serving as a starting point for city tours
• Showcasing artefacts currently hidden within the Kirk
5.3 Key Design Elements and Principles
In the adaptive reuse of the West Kirk of St. Nicholas, several essential design elements should be integrated to create a functional and inviting space while respecting the building's historical integrity:
• Welcoming Main Area - An accessible entrance that visually connects the interior to the urban environment, potentially using transparent materials or large doors for enhanced visibility (See Additional Appendix Fig.31 Entrance Analysis).
•
• Natural and Artificial Lighting: Thoughtfully integrated lighting that maximises daylight, complemented by energy-eficient fixtures to resolve the lack of natural light.
• Flexible Seating Arrangements - Movable furniture to accommodate various activities and encourage social interaction within the space.
• Circulation - Pathways for accessibility and safety, featuring materials that create unity with the existing structure.
• Modern Materials - Use of modern materials and sustainable products that either contrast with the original sandstone structure, enhancing visibility while respecting historical significance or that harmonise with the original sandstone structure, respecting the historical significance by being made to look like it it’s always been there.
• Technology Integration: Incorporation of automated lighting and sound systems to enhance user experience, aligning with the building's character.
These elements will support the building's adaptive use while honouring its architectural and historical significance, ensuring that the West Kirk serves as a vibrant community venue.
5.4
Essential services
• Public toilets (accessible, gender-neutral, family-friendly).
• Staff toilets and a small break room.
• Large storage area.
• Small reception area.
• Loading/delivery area for event setup and business needs.
• Gift shop.
• Cleaners/janitors store.
• Waste management facilities.
• Built-in storage for the mixed-use areas.
5.5 Funding Strategy
It is important to ensure the financial stability of the Lux Center at the West Kirk of St. Nicholas as it directly affects the success and longevity of the building. A diverse approach is proposed to generate revenue, this funding strategy will allow the Lux Centre to become a self-sustaining venue within Aberdeen.
The primary sources of income will include:
Mixed-Use Space Rental
• The flexible event and exhibition spaces will be available for rent to community groups, local artists, cultural organisations, and external event organisers. The adaptability of these spaces allows them to host a variety of functions, such as art exhibitions, concerts, workshops, markets, private events, etc.
• By offering tiered rental rates (e.g., reduced fees for community groups and higher rates for commercial events), we will maximise occupancy while fostering community engagement.
Gift Shop
• The gift shop within the Lux Centre will sell locally made crafts, artworks, books, and souvenirs connected to the cultural and historical significance of Aberdeen and the West Kirk itself. This retail space will serve as an additional revenue stream, encouraging visitors to purchase keepsakes during their visits.
• The items sold in the gift shop will be available through an agreement, where local makers can purchase cabinets or spaces to display their items, with a commission added to support the centre.
Donation Boxes
• Strategically placed donation boxes within the building will encourage visitors to contribute voluntarily. By emphasising the importance of donations in maintaining the building’s cultural and community-focused programs, the Lux Centre aims to build a sense of ownership and participation among visitors.
• A digital donation system (e.g., card readers) will also be installed to cater to those who prefer cashless transactions, enhancing
convenience and potential contributions.
Workshops and Programs
• The Lux Centre will offer educational workshops, art classes, and guided historical tours that generate additional income. These programs will be priced based on their target audience.
• Collaboration with local creatives and educators will develop a diverse program calendar, drawing different groups into the space and ensuring community engagement.
Partnerships and Grants
• We will explore partnerships with local businesses, cultural organisations, and government bodies to secure sponsorships and grants aimed at supporting cultural and community-oriented initiatives.
• By applying for heritage and cultural funding available through local councils and national heritage organisations, the Lux Centre could offset some of the initial renovation and operational costs.
By combining these income-generating strategies, the Lux Centre will aim to not only cover operational costs but also reinvest any profits into expanding the event programs and maintaining the building. This sustainable funding approach ensures that the West Kirk remains an active and accessible space for the community while preserving its heritage for future generations.
6. Functional Requirements
6.1
Multi-Use Spaces
Ground Level:
Main Hall
• Function: This central area will host a variety of events, performances, and community gatherings.
• Flexibility: The design will incorporate a stage which can be disassembled and stored elsewhere, allowing the space to adapt from concerts or performances to conferences or classes.
Heritage Museum
• Function: This space will display a rotational exhibition of artefacts and educational exhibits related to the West Kirk and the local area's history.
• Flexibility: Modular display units will facilitate changing exhibitions and interactive educational programs, making the space adaptable for school groups or public events.
Mezzanine Level:
Gallery Space
• Function: A dedicated area for showcasing local art exhibitions.
• Flexibility: Adjustable wall panels will enable the space to accommodate both large installations and smaller, themed exhibitions.
Workshop Rooms
• Function: Spaces for creative workshops, educational classes, and community programs.
• Flexibility: Equipped with movable furniture and storage solutions, these rooms can easily be rearranged to suit different activities, such as art classes or community meetings.
Market Area
• Function: Designed for seasonal markets, local vendors, and community fairs.
• Flexibility: The open floor plan will allow for easy reconfiguration of stalls, making it suitable for various events throughout the year.
Community Lounge
• Function: A social space for visitors to relax and interact.
• Flexibility: Movable seating will allow for diverse uses, from casual meet-ups to group discussions.
Technology/Media Room
• Function: A space for presentations, film screenings, and workshops.
• Flexibility: Adjustable seating as well as audio and visual equipment will make it suitable for various functions, including educational seminars and film screenings.
Graveyard
• Function: The outdoor space will serve as a contemplative area that creates unity with the historical significance of the graveyard while offering a peaceful environment for reflection and community activities, such as guided tours and educational programs.
• Flexibility:
- Commemorative Events: The area can accommodate small memorial services, community remembrance events, or guided historical walks that highlight the significance of the site and the people who are buried there.
- Educational Programming: Interactive workshops or storytelling sessions can take place, focusing on local history, cultural heritage, or nature walks, enhancing community engagement.
- Seasonal Installations: Temporary art installations or exhibitions can be set up in designated areas to encourage visitors to appreciate both the natural beauty and the historical context of the space.
- Rest Areas: Benches or seating can be arranged for visitors to relax and enjoy the surroundings, ensuring that the space remains inviting for contemplation and social interaction.
6.2 Accessibility and Inclusivity
To ensure that the West Kirk of St. Nicholas is accessible to all members of the community, including individuals with disabilities, parents with strollers, and the elderly several essential requirements and design considerations will be implemented:
• Widened Doorways:
- All entrances and internal doorways will be widened to accommodate wheelchairs, mobility aids, and strollers, ensuring ease of movement throughout the building.
• Ramps and Lifts:
- Ramps will be strategically placed at entrances and key locations within the building to provide seamless access for individuals with mobility challenges.
- A lift will be installed to connect different levels of the building, including the mezzanine and rooftop viewing platform, ensuring that all areas are accessible without relying solely on stairs.
• Accessible Restrooms:
- An accessible restroom will be re-integrated and equipped with grab bars, accessible sinks, and adequate turning space to accommodate users with varying needs.
- Family restrooms will also be provided for parents with strollers or caregivers assisting individuals with disabilities.
• Clear Signage:
- Clear, high-contrast signage will be installed throughout the building to guide visitors effectively, featuring both text and visual symbols.
• Flexible Seating Arrangements:
- Seating in common areas will be designed for flexibility, allowing for easy rearrangement to accommodate users with different needs, such as space for wheelchairs or strollers.
• Lighting and Acoustics:
- Adequate natural and artificial lighting will be ensured to enhance visibility and safety for all users.
- Acoustically friendly materials will be incorporated to minimise background noise, supporting individuals with hearing impairments.
• Inclusive Programming:
- Events and programs will be designed with inclusivity in mind, ensuring that activities are accessible and accommodating for all community members, including those with disabilities.
7. Environmental and Sustainability Considerations
7.1 Energy Efficiency
The adaptive reuse of the West Kirk of St. Nicholas will incorporate goals and strategies to improve the energy eficiency of the building, including:
• Natural Lighting Optimisation:
The design will prioritise the use of natural lighting by restoring and enhancing existing large arched windows. The orientation of the building will also be considered to maximise daylighting, reducing reliance on artificial lighting during daytime hours.
• Renewable Energy Sources:
The integration of solar panels will be explored to harness renewable energy and offset electricity consumption. This can include photovoltaic panels on the roof or integrated into the building's design while maintaining its historical character.
• Insulation Strategies:
High-performance insulation will be considered for installation within the walls and roofs to improve thermal eficiency, minimise heat loss, and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures throughout the year.
• Passive Ventilation:
The design will incorporate passive ventilation techniques to enhance indoor air quality and reduce reliance on mechanical cooling and heating systems. This may include strategically
7.2 Sustainable Materials
The Lux Center intervention will aim to use sustainable materials where possible and the following requirements will guide the construction and design:
• Sustainable and Recycled Materials:
The use of sustainably sourced, recycled, or reclaimed materials will be prioritised. This includes materials such as reclaimed wood, recycled metal, and sustainable timber.
• Locally Sourced Materials:
Where possible, materials will be sourced locally to reduce transportation emissions and support the local economy. This includes stone or aggregates that match the existing sandstone structure of the West Kirk.
• Alignment with Character and History:
The selected materials will be chosen to complement the historical character of the building. For example, any new materials will reflect the original aesthetics of the West Kirk, ensuring that the overall design is cohesive and respectful of it being a Class A listed building and being located in a Conservation area.
• Durability and Lifecycle Considerations:
Materials will be selected based on their durability and long-term performance, minimising the need for frequent replacement and reducing waste over time.
• Eco-Friendly Finishes:
Non-toxic, low-VOC (volatile organic compound) paints, finishes, and adhesives will be used to enhance indoor air quality and ensure a healthier environment for occupants.
8. Compliance and Regulatory Considerations
The proposed Lux Center must comply with a range of regulatory requirements and guidelines to ensure that the project is legally compliant and preserves the building's historical integrity. The following considerations will be addressed:
• Building Codes:
Compliance with local building codes is critical to ensure the safety and accessibility of the building. This includes regulations related to structural integrity, fire safety, electrical installations, and plumbing. The design will incorporate necessary measures to meet these codes, such as fire exits, alarms, and emergency lighting systems.
• CDM 2015 Regulations:
Compliance with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 is essential to ensure health, safety, and welfare throughout the project. This includes identifying and managing risks associated with construction, maintenance, and use. Measures such as safe access routes and hazard mitigation strategies will be in place. Clear coordination and communication with the design team, contractors and stakeholders to adhere to CDM requirements effectively.
• Heritage Conservation Guidelines:
As a listed building, the West Kirk of St. Nicholas is subject to strict heritage conservation guidelines. The project will comply with the Conservation Area Regulations - Aberdeen City Center: Following guidelines that protect the character and appearance of the surrounding conservation area.
• Legislation for Listed Buildings:
The project must comply with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 as the Kirk is grade A listed. This includes ensuring that any works carried out do not harm the building's special architectural or historic interest. The project will also consider the Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP) and related guidance documents to align with best practices in heritage conservation.
• Accessibility Regulations:
The project will adhere to the Equality Act 2010 and relevant building regulations concerning accessibility. This includes making provisions for individuals with disabilities and ensuring compliance with the British Standards (BS) for access and use of buildings.
• Environmental Regulations:
Compliance with environmental legislation will be considered, including the Environmental Protection Act and waste management regulations, to ensure that sustainable practices are followed.
9 . Submission Requirements
Concept designs
Plans, Sections and Elevations
Initial sketches and design concepts illustrating the vision for the adaptive reuse.
Visual representations of the intended use and integration of the spaces.
Floor plans for each level, including the main hall, heritage museum, gallery space, workshop rooms, market area, community lounge, and outdoor spaces.
Elevation drawings showing the building’s exterior and any modifications.
Sections that detail the building’s spatial relationships and structural elements.
3D visualisations
Sustainability Strategies
Detail Drawings
Models
Renderings of the proposed design, including interior and exterior perspectives.
Digital models showcasing the building's design in context to its surroundings.
Outline the energy eficiency targets and sustainable practices, including materials selection, renewable energy sources, and insulation methods.
Diagrams portraying the integration of sustainable features, such as solar panels, passive ventilation systems, etc.
Detailed technical drawings for construction, including specifications for materials and finishes.
Diagrams for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems.
Physical or digital models demonstrating key design elements and spatial relationships.
Prototypes of specific features (e.g., seating arrangements, fixtures) to illustrate their functionality.
10 . References
Aberdeen, C. (2024). Aberdeen Performs. Culture Aberdeen. [online] Available at: https:// committees.aberdeencity.gov.uk/documents/s82402/Culture Aberdeen v5 - Appendix 1.pdf Council, A.C. (2022). Conservation areas | Aberdeen City Council. [online] www.aberdeencity.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/services/planning-and-building-standards/buildingconservation-and-heritage/conservation-areas.
Council, A.C. (2023). Events strategy which will help bring visitors to Aberdeen agreed | Aberdeen City Council. [online] Aberdeencity.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/news/ events-strategy-which-will-help-bring-visitors-aberdeen-agreed Parry-Geddes, J. (2024). The Current Condition [interview] - St. Nicholas Kirk. 3 Sep. RIBA (2020). Plan of Work. [online] Architecture.com. Available at: https://www.architecture.com/ knowledge-and-resources/resources-landing-page/riba-plan-of-work?
