Context - West Kirk of St Nicholas

Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting PreDesign Study

Building type: Residential Occupancy schedule: Weekdays 6:00 to 22:00 Weekends 6:00 to 22:00 Location: Aberdeen, Scotland, GB

Site Context See how the sun and wind affect your site at different times of the year

1

June

Equinoxes

December

Frequent detrimental sun

Frequent beneficial sun

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Seasonal prevailing winds

30 m

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Seasons Aberdeen has a temperate oceanic climate

2

Quite seasonal. Winters with cold, short days and summers with mild to warm, long days.

21 Dec to 20 Mar

21 Mar to 20 Jun

21 Jun to 20 Sep

21 Sep to 20 Dec

Winter - cold, dark

Spring - chilly

Summer - cool, light

Autumn - chilly

Cold and windy to crisp

Dull and dreary to fine

Fine to dull and dreary

Cold and windy to changeable

Weather Avg min

Avg max

Avg min

Avg max

Avg min

Avg max

Avg min

Avg max

3°C

7°C

6°C

12°C

12°C

17°C

6°C

11°C

Usually breezy Sometimes strong winds, rarely calm

Mainly breezy Rarely strong winds or calm

Mainly breezy Rarely calm or strong winds

Usually breezy Sometimes strong winds, rarely calm

Meaningful precipitation

Low precipitation

Meaningful precipitation

Meaningful precipitation

(206 mm over 37 days)

(126 mm over 35 days)

(177 mm over 42 days)

(171 mm over 39 days)

Noticeable snowfall

Minimal snowfall

No snow

No snow

(3 cm over 2 days)

(1 cm over 1 day)

Seasons

3

21 Dec to 20 Mar

21 Mar to 20 Jun

21 Jun to 20 Sep

Winter - cold, dark

Spring - chilly

Summer - cool, light

Autumn - chilly

Cold and windy to crisp

Dull and dreary to fine

Fine to dull and dreary

Cold and windy to changeable

N

N

Impact of wind on comfort

N

Cooling

Chilling

Too windy

N

40% 20%

W

W

S Calm

40% 20%

E

Calm

40% 20%

E

W

S 5% hrs

21 Sep to 20 Dec

20%

E

W

S 6% hrs

Calm

40%

E

S 8% hrs

Calm

3% hrs

Daylight & sunshine Daily daylight hrs

Daily daylight hrs

Daily daylight hrs

Avg 8.9 hrs

Avg 15.8 hrs

Avg 15.8 hrs

Daily daylight hrs Avg 9.0 hrs

24

24

24

24

12

12

12

12

0

0

0

0

Avg daily sunshine

3.7 hrs

Avg daily sunshine

6.0 hrs

Avg daily sunshine

6.3 hrs

Avg daily sunshine

4.4 hrs

Avg daily cloud

5.2 hrs

Avg daily cloud

9.8 hrs

Avg daily cloud

9.5 hrs

Avg daily cloud

4.6 hrs

Seasons

4

21 Dec to 20 Mar

21 Mar to 20 Jun

21 Jun to 20 Sep

21 Sep to 20 Dec

Winter - cold, dark

Spring - chilly

Summer - cool, light

Autumn - chilly

Cold and windy to crisp

Dull and dreary to fine

Fine to dull and dreary

Cold and windy to changeable

Likely heating & cooling need Heating frequency

90 days

Energy demand

90 days

Energy demand

Cooling frequency

0 days

Energy demand

Air pollution

Heating frequency

Cooling frequency

Occasionally high or very high

Low

Medium

High

Rarely high or very high

12 days

Energy demand

0 days

Energy demand

Very low

Heating frequency

Cooling frequency

Heating frequency

83 days

Energy demand

0 days

Cooling frequency

Energy demand

Energy demand

Rarely high or very high

Rarely high or very high

Very high

0 days

Architectural response

5

Impact of climate on architectural response Too cold to be outside

OK outside if sheltered

Frequency (Occupied hrs)

Frequency (Occupied hrs) 81%

What it’s like: Breezy and chilly Still and cold (or colder) What most humans want: Shelter from the wind Warmth

Want to be outside

Frequency (Occupied hrs) 18%

What it’s like: Still but chilly Breezy and cool Windy but pleasant What most humans want: Shelter when needed Some connectivity with outside

Too hot to be outside

Frequency (Occupied hrs) 1%

What it’s like: Pleasant or warm Breezy or calm, not windy What most humans want:

0% What it’s like: Warm but windy Hot (or hotter) What most humans want:

To be outside

Protection from the wind & sun

To enjoy the weather

To be cool

Architectural response

6

Best ways for architecture to respond to climate Provide shelter from the cold

Bring the outside in

Well-insulated glazing and envelope Good control of infiltration

Controlled openings for natural ventilation Sheltered outside spaces like courtyards & atriums

Massings with limited articulation Efficient & comfortable heating systems

Larger glazing ratios Shading as needed

Take the inside outside

Provide shelter from heat

Large openings to connect inside with outside

Shaded glazing with solar control

Shaded outside areas as alternative to inside space Larger glazing ratios

Limited unprotected glazing Efficient indoor cooling systems

Shading where needed

Shaded outdoor areas with fans and possibly misting

Architectural response

7

When architectural responses are most important

% occupied hrs

100

50

0 Mar Provide shelter from the cold 82%

Jun Bring the outside in 30%

Sep Take the inside outside 3%

Provide shelter from heat 0%

Dec

Glazing ratio: South facade

8

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential: 3,170 heating degree-days per year

Amount of overheating sun: 402 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio:

Impact on glazing ratio:

High

Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: South-west facade

9

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

402 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio: High

Impact on glazing ratio: Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: West facade

10

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential: 3,170 heating degree-days per year

Amount of overheating sun: 315 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio:

Impact on glazing ratio:

High

Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: North-west facade

11

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

179 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio: High

Impact on glazing ratio: Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: North facade

12

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

43 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio:

Impact on glazing ratio:

High

Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: North-east facade

13

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

43 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing: High

Heat gain through glazing: Low

Impact on glazing ratio: High

Impact on glazing ratio: Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: East facade

14

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

130 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio:

Impact on glazing ratio:

High

Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Glazing ratio: South-east facade

15

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate Factors affecting glazing ratio Overall recommendation Focus on strategies that reduce heat loss to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Improving glazing and frame insulation will have the biggest impact.

Cold weather leading to heat loss

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain

Heat loss potential:

Amount of overheating sun:

3,170 heating degree-days per year

266 overheating hrs per year

Heat loss through glazing:

Heat gain through glazing:

High

Low

Impact on glazing ratio:

Impact on glazing ratio:

High

Negligible

Optimal strategy

Typical strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Double glazed low-E, non-metal, no shading, basic glazing

Insulation

Insulation

Solar control

Solar control

Maximum glazing

Maximum glazing

73%

60%

Shading: South facade

16

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

6

18

Equinoxes

South facade

W

E

15 9 12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is extremely common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit can be quite significant.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Embrace beneficial warming sun; avoid shading.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: South facade

17

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Overhang

Fins

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Double Overhang

Zero

High

Extreme

Hood

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

High

Extreme

Eggcrate

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Automated Blinds

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Offset Panel

Solar impact

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: South-west facade

18

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

18

W 15

6

e ad ac tf es w hut So

Equinoxes

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is extremely common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit can be quite significant.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Embrace beneficial warming sun; avoid shading.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: South-west facade

19

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Overhang

Fins

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Double Overhang

Zero

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Hood

Zero

High

Extreme

Eggcrate

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Automated Blinds

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Offset Panel

Solar impact

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: West facade

20

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

W 15

6

West facade

18

Equinoxes

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is extremely common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit can be quite significant.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Embrace beneficial warming sun; avoid shading.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: West facade

21

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Eggcrate

Overhang

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Fins

Zero

High

Extreme

Double Overhang Solar impact

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Offset Panel

Zero

High

Extreme

Hood

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Automated Blinds

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Detrimental

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North-west facade

22

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

W 15

6

N or th -w es tf ac ad e

18

Equinoxes

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is very common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit may be relatively low.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Shading not needed.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North-west facade

23

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Eggcrate

Overhang

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Fins

Zero

High

Extreme

Automated Blinds Solar impact

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

High

Extreme

Offset Panel

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Hood

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Double Overhang

Detrimental

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North facade

24

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

6

18

Equinoxes

W

E

North facade

15 9 12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Shading not needed.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North facade

25

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Eggcrate

Overhang

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Fins

Zero

High

Extreme

Automated Blinds Solar impact

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

High

Extreme

Offset Panel

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Hood

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Double Overhang

Detrimental

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North-east facade

26

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

t as -e th or N

6

18

Equinoxes

W

de ca fa

15

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Beneficial warming from the sun is common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit may be relatively low.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Shading not needed.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: North-east facade

27

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Eggcrate

Overhang

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Fins

Zero

High

Extreme

Automated Blinds Solar impact

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

High

Extreme

Offset Panel

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Hood

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Double Overhang

Detrimental

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: East facade

28

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

18

W 15

6

East facade

Equinoxes

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

Beneficial warming from the sun is very common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit can be quite significant.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Embrace beneficial warming sun; avoid shading.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: East facade

29

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Eggcrate

Overhang

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Fins

Zero

High

Extreme

Double Overhang Solar impact

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Offset Panel

Zero

High

Extreme

Hood

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Automated Blinds

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Detrimental

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: South-east facade

30

Annual solar impact N 21 3

June

W 15

6

So ut hea st fa ca de

18

Equinoxes

E 9

12

December

12

S

Frequent detrimental sun

Beneficial warming from the sun is extremely common.

When warming sun happens, its benefit can be quite significant.

Mainly cloudy, sun passive

Overall recommendation

Solar impact without shading

This facade sees a low amount of detrimental overheating hours.

When overheating happens, its impact is low.

Frequent beneficial sun

Detrimental

Embrace beneficial warming sun; avoid shading.

Beneficial Zero

High

Extreme

Shading: South-east facade

31

Effectiveness of different shading strategies Detrimental sun let in

Detrimental sun blocked

No shading

Beneficial sun let in

Beneficial sun lost

Overhang

Fins

Solar impact

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Zero

High

Extreme

Double Overhang

Zero

High

Extreme

Brise Soleil

Zero

Solar impact

Solar impact

Detrimental

Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

High

Extreme

Hood

Zero

High

Extreme

Eggcrate

Zero

Solar impact Detrimental

Detrimental

Beneficial

Beneficial

Beneficial

Extreme

Extreme

Solar impact

Detrimental

High

High

Automated Blinds

Solar impact

Zero

Extreme

Offset Panel

Solar impact

Zero

High

Zero

High

Extreme

Zero

High

Extreme

Toplighting

32

Impact of sun on toplighting strategies Beneficial sun

Provides a net benefit for: Flat skylights Angled skylights facing E , S & W Clerestories facing E , S & W

Cloudy / Benign sky

Predominant condition for: Angled skylights facing N Clerestories facing N Good for toplighting

Great for toplighting Mix of diffuse and direct sun Improved thermal comfort Better passive design Lower heating energy

Mainly diffuse light Minimal overheating Low glare

Detrimental sun

Low daylight

Not common in this climate.

Frequency (Occupied hrs)

Ideally avoided Benefits of daylight outweighed by: Reduced thermal comfort Reduced natural ventilation potential Higher cooling energy

34% As the residential schedule is often at night this % can be quite high.

To consider during these times: Electric lighting will be required for adequate lighting inside Privacy may be needed Glazing may appear like a mirror from the inside

Toplighting

33

Suitability of different toplighting in this climate Clerestory facing north

Clerestory facing east

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Clerestory facing south

Clerestory facing west

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Skylight angled north Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Skylight angled east Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Toplighting

34

Suitability of different toplighting in this climate Skylight angled south

Skylight angled west

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Unprotected skylight

Monitor skylight

Not exposed to much detrimental sun.

Consider an overhang for the monitor to block overheating sun.

Sun often provides beneficial warming.

Daylight from a mix of direct sun and diffuse light.

Daylight mainly from diffuse light.

Daylight a mix of redirected sun and diffuse light.

Light Pipes Small opening limits impact of overheating sun.

Does not let in any beneficial warming sun.

Daylight often insufficient due to cloudy skies.

Outside spaces

35

How often outside space is usable Maximum intervention usability

An outside space in this location without intervention will have limited use for seated periods of 20 minutes or more.

Rain cover 20% hrs*

Sun shade 0% hrs*

Always usable 1% hrs* Always unusable 15% hrs* Usable with intervention 84% hrs*

Air movement 0% hrs* Wind breaks 94% hrs*

Lighting 39% hrs* Heating 68% hrs*

* Annual occupied hrs

Overall recommendation Combine wind breaks with heating and lighting (+65% hrs*)

Outside spaces

36

Maximise the usability of an outside space

* Annual occupied hrs

Selected interventions

Air movement

Heating

Lighting

Rain cover

Sun shade

Wind breaks

Aug

Sep

Annual usability: 85% hrs * An improvement of 4,896 hrs 100

% occupied hrs

80

60

40

20

0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Usable without interventions

Jun

Jul

Additional use with interventions

Generally unusable

Oct

Nov

Dec

Outside spaces

37

How this strategy compares Intervention combinations

Usability*

Selected interventions

✓

✓

✓

✓

Best 5 interventions

✓

✓

✓

Best 4 interventions

✓

✓

Best 3 interventions

✓

✓

Best 2 interventions

✓

Best single intervention No intervention

✓

✓

85%

✓

✓

85%

✓

✓

85%

✓

66%

✓

47%

✓

13% 1%