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cuvP

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cuvP (`yB)

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cuvP (wZb)

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wPšÍv I fvlv cweÎ miKvi

1. cvwL Av‡M bv wWg Av‡M

B ZK©Uvi K_v mevB Rv‡bb| wWg cvwL cv‡o, wKš‘ cvwLI †Zv wWg dz‡UB †e‡ivq| Zvn‡j †K Av‡M †K c‡i? GB Z‡K©i GL‡bv gxgvsmv nqwb ej‡j K_vUv GKUz AwZiÄb n‡e| gxgvsmv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e mvaviY cvVK †mUv mevB Rv‡bb bv e‡j g‡b nq| Aek¨ ZK©UvB †h Av‡Q ZvI A‡b‡K Rv‡bb bv| wKš‘ †jLvcov Kiv gvby‡li g‡a¨ G wb‡q nq‡Zv KL‡bv cÖkœ I‡V, hv‡`i g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ávb †bB Zviv mn‡R Gi DËi cvb bv| g‡bvweÁvb ev g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b AbwfÁ cvV‡Ki Rb¨ GB †jLv| wPšÍv Avi fvlvi e¨vcv‡i GB GKUv mgm¨v wQj| nq‡Zv GLb g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, Av‡i! GUv GKUv mgm¨v bvwK? IUv †Zv wQj GKUv AvcvZ-mgm¨v, Zey cÖkœUv A‡bKw`b a‡i Avgv‡`i Sv‡gjvq †d‡j‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Dbwesk I wesk kZvãx‡Z Ñ gvbyl Av‡M wPšÍv K‡i Zvici K_vq Zv cÖKvk K‡i, bvwK fvlv Qvov gvbyl wPšÍv Ki‡ZB cv‡i bv, fvlvB wPšÍvi GKgvÎ evnb? A_©vr cÖ_g GK`j A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB `y‡qi m¤¢ve¨ we‡”Q` Kíbv K‡i, e‡j †h fvlv QvovI wPšÍv Kiv hvq| Zviv Aek¨ Ggb Pig K_v e‡jb bv †h, fvlvq wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| fvlvi ga¨¯’Zvq wPšÍv Aek¨B Kiv hvq, fvlvq wPšÍv cÖKvwkZ nq| gvby‡li hw` fvlv bv AwR©Z n‡Zv Zvn‡j gvbyl GZ wewPÎ wPšÍv Ki‡ZB cviZ bv, cÖKvk Ki‡Z †Zv cviZB bv; wKš‘ fvlv QvovI wPšÍv Kiv m¤¢e| Av‡iK `j e‡j ev ejZ †h, `~i! fvlv Qvov wPšÍv m¤¢eB bq| cÖ_g `‡j Av‡Qb Pgw¯‹i GKKv‡ji GgAvBwUi QvÎ †Rwi †dv‡Wvi Avi wØZxq `‡j Av‡Qb wf‡Mvrw¯‹ bvgK iæk g‡bvweÁvbx, Av‡gwiKvb fvlvweÁvbx eøygwdì Ñ Ges Av‡iv †KD †KD|

†dv‡Wv‡ii hyw³, Av”Qv, cïcvwLi †Zv fvlv †bB, wKš‘ Zviv wK wPšÍv K‡i bv? wKsev †h-wkï fvlv †k‡Lwb, Zvi wK †Kv‡bv wPšÍvcÖwµqv †bB? Ômvg‡b MvQcvjv¸‡jv bo‡Q, †K Rv‡b ILv‡b Avgv‡ì wec` jywK‡q Av‡Q wK bv ÑÕ nwiY ev †Reªvi `j wK GiKg fv‡e bv? GL‡bv bvbv RvqMvq †h el©vi c‡i nbygv‡bi `j P‡j Av‡m Lvevi-dj BZ¨vw` jyUcv‡Ui evmbv wb‡q Ñ Zv‡ì wK †Kv‡bv wPšÍv _v‡K bv †h, ÔGB mg‡q djUj cvK‡e, P‡jv `j‡eu‡a D‡`¨vM wbB?Õ wkï wK KL‡bv Zvi gv m¤^‡Ü fv‡e bv †h, ÔGB gwnjvi Ici Avwg Lv`¨ ev Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’vi R‡b¨ †ek wbf©i Ki‡Z cvwi, ZvB GB gwnjv Kv‡Q _vK‡j Avgvi fv‡jv jvM‡e|Õ wbðqB cïcvwLiv Ges wkïiv Ggb fv‡e| GgbwK †dv‡Wvi Av‡iv GKUv AwZ AKvU¨ hyw³ w`‡ZB cvi‡Zb; RxeRM‡Zi weeZ©‡bi hyw³, †mUv n‡jv, ÔAv‡i gvbyl †Zv eûw`b K_v ej‡ZB †k‡Lwb, Zv hLb Zv‡ì fvlv wQj bv ZLb wK Zviv wPšÍv KiZ bv? wbðqB KiZ|Õ wVK K_v! gvbyl G‡m‡Q c„w_ex‡Z Zv cÖvq Avwk-beŸB nvRvi eQi n‡e; Avi Zvi fvlv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q eo‡Rvi Pwjøk nvRvi eQi Av‡M| Zvn‡j Pwjøk-cÂvk eQi wK †m Av‡`Š wPšÍv K‡iwb? Gme hyw³ †KD A¯^xKvi Kivi K_v fv‡e bv| e¯‘Zc‡ÿ Pgw¯‹i GKwU K_v‡ZI GB Bw½Z Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| `yB nvRvi mv‡j w`wjø wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKwU e³…Zvq wZwb gvby‡li weeZ©‡b fvlv‡eva ev fvlvÿgZv Kxfv‡e Rb¥vj Zvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb (Chomsky, 2000 : 17)| e‡jwQ‡jb †h, nq‡Zv cÂvk ev lvU nvRvi eQi Av‡M, gvby‡li ev gvbe-AwfgyLx DbœZ ÔcÖvB‡gUÕ‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKUv ÔwRbÕ ev wKQy Xz‡K c‡o, hvi e‡j gvbyl fvlvi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| c‡i †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb †h, GB wRbUvi bvg Fox P2| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î GB wRbMZ

mshyw³ N‡Uwb, ZvB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi fvlvI †bB| Pgw¯‹i K_v¸‡jv Zz‡j w`B Ñ Let us imagine a higher primate wandering around. It lacks the language organ but it has something like our brain and other organs, including sensorimotor systems sufficiently close to ours, and also a conceptual-intentional system sufficiently close to ours so that it can think about the world more or less the way we do in so far as that is possible without language. But it doesn’t have language and cannot articulate such thought Ñ even to itself. Kíbv Kiæb †h, GKwU D”P¯Í‡ii bievbi Ny‡i †eov‡”Q| Gi fvlv-A½ †bB, wKš‘ Avgv‡ìB g‡Zv gw¯Í®‹ Avi Ab¨vb¨ A½cÖZ¨½ Av‡Q| Av‡Q Abyfe Avi mÂvj‡bi cÖYvjx hv A‡bKUv Avgv‡ìB g‡Zv, Avi †mBm‡½ Av‡Q GKUv wPšÍv Avi B”Qvwbg©v‡Yi cÖYvjx, hv‡Z Zviv c„w_ex m¤^‡Ü fve‡Z cv‡i Ñ †mI Avgv‡ìB g‡Zv, AšÍZ fvlv Qvov hZUv Gme _vKv m¤¢e| wKš‘ G cÖvYxi fvlv †bB, ZvB †mme wPšÍv D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, GgbwK wb‡Ri Kv‡QI| Avgiv cÖ_‡gB GB AvaywbK wm×všÍwU, nq‡Zv †kl wm×všÍwU w`‡q ïiæ Kijvg †h, wPšÍv Av‡M, fvlv c‡i| wKš‘ GB wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z A‡bK weZ‡K©i c_ †c‡iv‡Z n‡q‡Q| G-cÖe‡Ü †mB weZ‡K©i m~Î¸‡jv Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kie| Ges †klKv‡j GB Bw½ZI †Ìqvi †Póv Kie †h, Rvwb bv †m-†Póvi Av‡`Š ìKvi Av‡Q wK bv Ñ fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ wPšÍvi g‡a¨ †h-Hk¦h© mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zv fvlv Qvov m¤¢e wQj bv| A_©vr fvlv Qvov wPšÍv m¤¢e n‡jI fvlvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q wPšÍvi †h we¯Ívi, êwPÎ¨ I mg„w× N‡U‡Q Zv fvlvi Av‡M Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| GLv‡b †h-cÖkœ¸‡jv †Zvjv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv Ñ 1. †KvbUv Av‡M, wPšÍv bv fvlv? 2. hw` wPšÍv Av‡M nq Zv Kxfv‡e n‡jv? 2. hviv fvlv Av‡M e‡j mve¨¯Í K‡ib Zv‡ì hyw³ Kx? 3. fvlv Av‡M gv‡b Kx Ñ K. fvlv Qvov wPšÍv m¤¢e bq? L. fvlv wPšÍv‡K iƒc †`q ev wbqš¿Y K‡i? fvlvcÖfvweZ wKsev fvlvwbqwš¿Z wPšÍv Kx ai‡bi wPšÍv? GB cÖkœUv‡KB Avevi `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ñ K. e¨w³i cwicvk¦©-†ev‡ai (wbmM© I Zvi bvbv Dcv`vb, mgq i‡Oi aviYv, cwigvc, `~iZ¡) Ñ BZ¨vw` wK Zvi fvlvi kãvewji Øviv wbqwš¿Z? L. fvlv wK Zvi mvgvwRK, RvZxq BZ¨vw` †eva I ms¯‹…wZi bvbv welq m¤^‡Ü e×g~j aviYv ˆZwi K‡i †`q? A_©vr fvlv wK GKwU gvbwmK †RjLvbvi g‡Zv, hvi †_‡K fvlx KL‡bv †e‡iv‡Z cv‡i bv?

2. fvlvwew”Qbœ wPšÍv m¤¢e, m¤¢e bq : PviwU ZË¡ K. AvPiYev`, fvlv Av‡M, wPšÍv c‡i

÷vBbevM© Iwðqvwiwb (1993) G-cÖm‡½ k³-big PviwU Z‡Ë¡i D‡jøL K‡i †m¸‡jvi wePvi K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g ZË¡wU huviv g‡bvweÁv‡b Avi fvlvweÁv‡b AvPiYev`x ev Behaviourist bv‡g cwiwPZ, Zuv‡ì| ïay Zuv‡ì bq, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ KÆi‡ì, †hgb, †jbvW© eøygwdì, weGd w¯‹bvi cÖf…wZ| Zuv‡ì K_vq, K_v bv dzU‡j, K_vi ÿgZv bv _vK‡j wPšÍv m¤¢eB bq| ZvB GUvi GKUv bvg identity view| K_v Avi wPšÍv Abb¨; K_v Qvov wPšÍv Afvebxq| A_©vr K_v Av‡M, wPšÍv Zvi c‡i| AvPiYev`xiv gvby‡li me KvR‡KB (GgbwK fvebv Avi Abyfe‡KI) cÖKvk¨ ÔAvPiYÕ ev behavior e‡j g‡b K‡ib, hv cÖKvk¨ bq, Zv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| AvPi‡Yi Avov‡j _vKv gb‡K Guiv cÖvq A¯^xKviB K‡ib| cï‡ì †h gb Av‡Q, wPšÍv Av‡Q, †m-wPšÍv

Zviv GKfv‡e cÖKvkI Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv †evanq AvPiYev`xiv aZ©‡eï g‡a¨B Av‡bb bv| Zuv‡ì g‡Z wPšÍv n‡jv ÔAe¨³ fvl¨Õ ev sub-vocal speech, A_©vr fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ g‡b g‡b †f‡e †bIqvi NUbv, ev Aby”PvwiZ fvlv| Gu‡ì Kv‡Q ÔfvlvÕ gv‡b D”PvwiZ fvlv ev speech. G Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ GB AvPiYev`xiv ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| GLv‡bB cvVK‡ì e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †h, Pgw¯‹ cÖgyL AvaywbK fvlvweÁvbx speech-†K A_©vr D³ ev D”PvwiZ fvlv‡K h_v_© fvlv e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Gu‡ì Kv‡Q speech n‡jv ewntcÖKvwkZ fvlv, ewnf©vlv ev externalized language (e-language)| wKš‘ GB ewnf©vlvi wfwË‡Z Av‡Q GKUv AšÍf©vlv ev Internalized language (l-language), †hUvi Awaôvb Avgv‡ì g‡b A_©vr gw¯Í‡®‹| †mUv wbqge×, wePz¨wZnxb, myk„•Lj Ñ Ges †mUv Av‡Q e‡jB Avgv‡ì ewnf©vlv Av‡Q, Zvi wbqg †g‡bB Avgiv Avgv‡ì K_v¸‡jv ejvi †Póv Kwi| AvPiYev`x‡ì K_v n‡jv, †hgb †jbvW© eøygwdì e‡jb †h, GKRb fully literate person Ggb GKUv Dcvq ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Ñ a system of internal substitute movements which serve him for private purposes, such as thinking and silent reading, in place of audible speech sounds (1961 : 31, 1942-Gi †ccvi †_‡K) A_©vr GKRb c~Y© mvÿi †jvK fvlv D”PviY bv K‡i Zv wbtk‡ã g‡bi g‡a¨ wPšÍvi AvKv‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ñ ZvB fvlvi weKí, †hgb †m-eB mvg‡b wb‡q wbtk‡ã c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| fvlv Av‡Q e‡jB gvbyl Zv cv‡i, †hgb cov‡jLv Rvbv gvbyl wbtk‡ã co‡ZI cv‡i| ZvB wPšÍv Aby”PvwiZ wbtkã K_v Qvov Avi wKQy bq| eøygwdì Avevi Gi g‡a¨ Ôcy‡iv mvÿ‡iÕi cÖm½ G‡b †d‡jb, Ggb A™¢zZ Ges Aev¯Íe Bw½Z K‡ib †h, wbiÿi †jv‡Kiv wPšÍv Ki‡Z Rv‡bb bv| wKsev nq‡Zv mvÿi †jv‡K‡ì wbtkã covi m‡½ mgvšÍivj Uv‡bb wbtkã wPšÍv‡K| cov †hgb gyw`ªZ kãwbf©i, IB wPšÍvI †Zgwb Aby”PvwiZ, wKš‘ kã-mvRv‡bv evK¨wbf©i| Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q hvIqvi Av‡M eøygwd‡ìi A‡¯¿B eøygwdì‡K Nv‡qj Kiv hvq e‡j Avgv‡ì aviYv| Zuvi Language (1933) eB‡qi G‡Kev‡i cÖ_‡gB Av‡Q `ywU ZiæY-ZiæYxi K_v Ñ R¨vK Avi wRj| Zviv MÖv‡gi c_ w`‡q hv‡”Q, Ggb mgq wRj †`Lj iv¯Ívi cv‡ki Av‡cj Mv‡Q Av‡cj d‡j‡Q, †`‡L wR‡ji g‡b n‡jv Zvi wL‡` †c‡q‡Q| †m ZLb R¨vK‡K ejj, ÔR¨vK, Avgv‡K GKUz Av‡cj †c‡o †`‡e?Õ Lye fv‡jv K_v| wKš‘ GB e¨vcviUv‡K AvPiYev`x eøygwdì e¨vL¨v K‡ib stimulus Avi response, A_©vr Ô†cÖiYvÕ Avi ÔmvovÕ Ñ GB `ywU cwiwPZ aviYv w`‡q| A_©vr Av‡cj †`‡LB wR‡ji g‡b n‡jv Zvi wL‡` †c‡q‡Q, ZvB †m R¨vK‡K fvlvq IB Aby‡iva Kij| Gevi Avgv‡ì cÖkœ Ñ wR‡ji †h g‡b n‡jv, Zv wK fvlv Qvov g‡b n‡Zv bv? kvixwiK wL‡ì Abyfe cïcvwL, ev K_vnxb wkï‡ì nq Kx K‡i? GB Abyfe wK wPšÍv bq, Zv‡Z gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| Avgiv c‡ii As‡k GB cÖkœwU‡K enb K‡i wb‡q hvw”Q| ejv evûj¨, AvPiYev`x‡ì K_vi Rev‡e cvjUv cÖkœ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j gnvkq, cï‡ì wK wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv †bB, Zviv wPšÍv K‡i bv? Avi ¯^vfvweK wkï, †h ZL‡bv K_v †k‡Lwb, †m wK wKQy fv‡e bv? g~K I ewai, K_vkw³nxb wkï I gvby‡liv wKQy fv‡e bv| Zv‡ì †Kv‡bviKg wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv †bB? Av‡M K_v ej‡Z n‡e, Zvici wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e, G-K_v †Zv RxeRM‡Zi weeZ©‡bi ØvivB AcÖgvwYZ n‡q hvq| gvbyl KZw`b fvlv Qvov †eu‡P‡Q ejyb Ñ AšÍZ Pwjøk-cÂvk nvRvi eQi Av‡MI †Zv

Zvi fvlv ej‡Z Avgiv GLb hv eywS Zv wQj bv| Kv‡RB gvby‡li Kv‡Q G‡j IB ZË¡Uv Av‡iv †ewk cÖkœvaxb n‡q c‡o| GK ai‡bi wPšÍv cïiv wbðqB K‡i, ˆRweK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m‡½B †h wPšÍv RwoZ| †Kv_vq †Kv_vq Lvevi cvIqv hv‡e, Lvevi †c‡j mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ Zv wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e, Lvevi hw` cÖvYxRvZxq nq Zvn‡j Zv wkKvi Kivi †KŠkj Kx Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kvb ai‡bi evm¯’vb Zvi Avi Zvi mšÍvb‡ì c‡ÿ fv‡jv n‡e, Kvi Ges Kx †_‡K Zv‡ì wec` Avm‡Z cv‡i Ñ †mme wPšÍv Zviv K‡i bv| GZ eo Avðh© K_v! GLv‡b Ggb `vwe Ki‡j †Zv n‡e bv †h, cï‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Avwi‡¯ÍvZ&‡ji g‡Zv `vk©wbK †bB, †Kv‡bv cïi nv‡Z Mvj †i‡L wPšÍvwbgMœ g~wZ© fv¯‹i iù¨v evwb‡q hvbwb, Kv‡RB cïiv wPšÍv K‡i bv| cïiv h‡_ó wPšÍv K‡i| ÔIB †h mvg‡b g~wZ©Uv †`Lv hv‡”Q †m Avgvi eÜz bv kÎæ, GB hv e¯‘Uv mvg‡b c‡o Av‡Q Zv wK Avgvi Lv`¨ bv Lv`¨ bq, AvR †Kvbw`‡K †M‡j mn‡R Lv`¨ wgj‡e, IB gwnjvi m‡½ wK Avwg Avgvi mvgwqK cï-msmvi cvZ‡Z cvwi, Avgvi mšÍvb¸‡jv‡K Kxfv‡e iÿv Kie, Avgvi `‡ji g‡a¨ wnsmª cï AvµgY K‡i‡Q, Avwg Kxfv‡e Avgvi `j‡K iÿv Kie?Õ BZ¨vw` bvbv wPšÍv cï‡K bvbv mg‡q Ki‡Z nq Ges fvlvi mvnvh¨ QvovB †m Zv K‡i| gvby‡li K_vnxb wkï‡ì welqUvI GKB| Ômvg‡b †h gwnjvwU Av‡Qb, Bwb Avgvi Lye cwiwPZ, Gui kix‡ii GKUv As‡k Avgvi Lv`¨ Av‡Q, Avgvi GLb Gi Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡eÕ Ñ GI GK ai‡bi wPšÍv| †m nq‡Zv kã w`‡q GB K_v¸‡jv fv‡e

ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Av‡iv GKUv mvsNvwZK cixÿvi K_v cvB Avgiv Ñ w¯§_ e‡j GKRb M‡elK wb‡Ri kix‡i Bb‡RKkb w`‡q kix‡i mvgwqK c¨vivwjwmm ev AvoóZv mÂvi K‡iwQ‡jb Ñ hLb Zuvi K_v ejvi †Kv‡bv ÿgZvB wQj bv| IB mgq K…wÎg k¦vmh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wZwb k¦vm wb‡q‡Qb| ZLb wK Zuvi wPšÍvkw³ m¤ú~Y© †jvc †c‡qwQj? G‡Kev‡iB bv| wZwb c‡i Zuvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b Rvbvb †h, wZwb IB Ae¯’v‡ZI wPšÍv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| ïay ZvB bq, Zuvi mnKvixiv Zuv‡K wKQy AsK Kl‡ZI †`q, ZvI wZwb wVK wVK K‡l †`b| A_©vr K_v ejvi ÿgZvi m‡½ wPšÍvi ÿgZvi †Kv‡bv mvÿvr m¤úK© †bB| hw` _vKZ Zvn‡j K_v ejvi ÿgZv hw` Kv‡iv c‡i †jvc cvq (Ggb A‡b‡Ki †ÿ‡Î n‡q‡Q, †hgb m¤úÖwZ cÖqvZ cÖwm× c`v_©we` w÷‡db nwKs), Zvn‡j Zuvi wPšÍvi ÿgZvI †jvc †cZ| GgbUv KL‡bv N‡U bv| w÷‡db nwKs‡qi g‡Zv cÖej wPšÍvkxj gvbyl G c„w_ex‡Z KZRb wQ‡jb? Avi wkïi weKv‡k Ggb †`Lv †M‡Q Ges cixÿv‡ZI cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, Avgv‡`i N‡iI Zv †`L‡Z cvB Ñ K_v ejvi Av‡M wkï K_v eyS‡Z †k‡L| K_v †evSv Avi †mB †evSv Abyhvqx KvR Kiv Ñ wbtm‡›`‡n GK ai‡bi wPšÍvkw³i cwiPq Ñ hv AvPiYev`xiv AMÖvn¨ K‡ib| Zviv hLb eøK mvRvq, mvwR‡q ¯Í‚c ev IB ai‡bi bvbv MVb ˆZwi K‡i, ev wRMm cvR‡ji Qwei UzK‡iv emvq ZLb †KvbUvi c‡i Ñ Ic‡i ev cv‡k †KvbUv mvRv‡Z n‡e Zvi wPšÍv Ges wm×všÍ Zviv mn‡RB †bq| Avi K_v Av‡M eyS‡Z bv wkL‡j K_v D”PviY ev Drcv`b KivI wkïi c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡Zv bv,

K_v wPšÍv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, bv wPšÍv K_v‡K? AvPiYev`xiv †hb cÖ_gUv‡KB wek¦vm K‡ib| wKš‘ wPšÍv †h K_v ejv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, Zvi GKUv cÖgvY n‡jv wg_¨vfvlY bv, A_©vr Ômvg‡bÕ, ÔgwnjvÕ, ÔBwbÕ, ÔAvgviÕ, ÔcwiwPZÕ BZ¨vvw` †Kv‡bv K_vB Zvi AvqË nqwb, wKš‘ †m †h gv‡K †`L‡jB Zvi kix‡ii IB Lv`¨‡RvMvb`vi As‡ki w`‡K GwM‡q hvq, Zv †Zv Avgiv cÖZ¨nB †`wL| K_vi ÿgZv QvovB wkïi g‡b G-wPšÍv RvM‡Z cv‡i, Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gwnjv‡K †`‡LI †m eyS‡Z cv‡i, Zuvi ey‡K Zvi Lv`¨ †bB| wcÖq †Ljbv †`‡L †m †h nvZ evovq, ZvI IB wPšÍv †_‡K †h, ÔGUv Avgvi fv‡jv jvM‡Q, GUv Avwg PvB|Õ ev ÔIB AvIqvRUv Avgvi fv‡jv jvM‡Q bv, IUv fqsKi wKQy bq †Zv?Õ Ggb ej‡j n‡e bv †h, G¸‡jv wPšÍv bq, ïay ÔCk¦i Av‡Q wK †bB, gvbyl g„Zzï ci †Kv_vq hvqÕ, ÔDËi-AvaywbKZvi fzj †Kv_vqÕ Ñ Gme wPšÍvB wPšÍv| g~K I ewai wkï Ges gvbyl‡ì wb‡qI cÖPzi M‡elYv n‡q‡Q GB welqUv †`Lvi Rb¨| GUvI †`Lv †M‡Q †h, K_v ejvi ÿgZv Avmvi Av‡MB K_v †evSvi ÿgZv (comprehension) Rb¥vq wkï‡ì| K_v eyS‡Z cvivUvB GK ai‡bi wPšÍvcÖwµqv| g~K-ewai‡ìI †h K_v †evSvi ÿgZv Av‡Q Zv †Zv Avgiv †`wLB, Kv‡RB K_v GKUzI bv ej‡Z cvi‡jI Zviv GK ai‡bi wPšÍvcÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ A‡bï K_v ey‡S †bq Ges Av‡iK ai‡bi wPšÍvcÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ †mB K_v cvjb Ki‡Z ev A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z G‡Mvq| hw` K_vi cÖwZ D`vmxb _v‡K, ZvI GKUv wPwšÍZ wm×v‡šÍi welq Ñ ÔAvwg G K_vUv‡K †Kv‡bv g~j¨B w`‡Z PvB bv|Õ fvlvweÁvbxiv AvBwik †jLK †bvjvb Avi Rvcvwb evwjKv wi‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb, huviv K_v ej‡Z cvivi Av‡M †jLv co‡Z cvi‡Zb, Ges †jLv †_‡K k‡ãi gv‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡Zb| Zvi gv‡b Zuv‡ì wPšÍvi mvg_©¨

AvPiYev`xiv G-K_vUv‡ZI †Zgb Avgj †`b bv| Zuv‡`i ZË¡ åvšÍ, G‡Z m‡›`n †bB| G †_‡KB †h-cÖkœUv D‡V c‡o Zv n‡jv, K_v wPšÍv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, bv wPšÍv K_v‡K? AvPiYev`xiv †hb cÖ_gUv‡KB wek¦vm K‡ib| wKš‘ wPšÍv †h K_v ejv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, Zvi GKUv cÖgvY n‡jv wg_¨vfvlY| Avwg fvewQ GK, Avi ejwQ Ab¨ Ñ GB n‡jv wg_¨vfvl‡Yi g~j K_v| Kv‡RB wg_¨v eje GB wPšÍv Av‡M Av‡m, Zvi †_‡K ïiæ nq wg_¨v K_v ejv|

L. ZË¡ `yB : wPšÍvi Rb¨ fvlv Acwinvh©

ZË¡ `yB, wZb I Pvi g~jZ GKB Z‡Ë¡i iKg‡di, ÷vBbevM© I wðqvwiwb Zv‡K wZbwU m~² fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jvi cÖe³v †gvUvgywUfv‡e `yB Av‡gwiKvb Ñ GWIqvW© mvwci (1884-1939) Avi †eÄvwgb wj †nvqd© (1897-1941)| cÖ_gRb weL¨vZ fvlvweÁvbx, wØZxqRb †kŠwLb ZË¡wRÁvmy, wKš‘ fvlvweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx‡ì Kv‡Q Zuvi gZvgZ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| GB ZË¡‡K Ôfvlv-mv‡cÿev`Õ ev Linguistic RelativismÕ bvg †Ìqv nq| Av‡Mi Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ Gi GKUz Zdvr Av‡Q| Zv n‡jv, AvPiYev`xiv g‡b K‡ib fvlv Av‡M, wPšÍv Zvi c‡i Av‡m; Avi Guiv g‡b K‡ib fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ wPšÍv Drcvw`Z nq| iæk g‡bvweÁvbx wf‡Mvrw¯‹I G-K_v e‡jb, Ôthought is born through wordsÕ (1934 : 153), ZvB GB gZUv‡K we‡kl K‡i mvwci-†nvqd© nvB‡cvw_wmm bvg †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GwUi Ab¨

Bs‡iwR bvg Linguistic Determinism ev fvlv-mv‡cÿev` wKsev fvlv-wbqš¿Yev`| Gi †h cÖv_wgK K_v †h fvlv Qvov wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv Ñ Zv Av‡Mi Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv‡ZB åvšÍ cÖgvwYZ n‡q †M‡Q| Av‡Mi Z‡Ë¡i K_v wQj †h, fvlv †_‡KB wPšÍvi D™¢e, GwU Zzjbvq GKUz D`vi| KviY Av‡Mi Z‡Ë¡ fvlv ej‡Z ïay K_v ejvi ÿgZv eywS‡q‡Q| Avi GB Z‡Ë¡ fvlvi GKwU c~Y©v½ †Pnviv Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ñ K_v †evSvi ÿgZvI Zvi A½| mvwc‡ii K_v Lye ¯úó Ñ A‡b‡K fv‡eb †h ... they can think, or even reason, without language is an illusion. (Sapir, 1921 : 15)| wf‡Mvrw¯‹i K_v Avgiv Ic‡i D×vi K‡iwQ| fvlv m¤^‡Ü Gu‡ì g‡Zv AvPiYev`x‡ì †P‡q D`viZi n‡jI, Gu‡ì g‡ZvI MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Zvi KviY, Av‡MB e‡jwQ, cixÿvi Øviv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, g~K I ewai gvby‡liv, hviv K_v ïb‡Z cvb bv, ej‡ZI cv‡ib bv, Zv‡ìI wPšÍvi ÿgZv Av‡Q| †n‡jb †Kjvi Zuvi GK ¯§iYxq `„óvšÍ| ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li †P‡q bvbv †ÿ‡Î kÖæwZ I evKcÖwZeÜx‡ì eyw× ev wPšÍvi ÿgZv Kg bvbv cixÿv‡Z GI AcÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Avi wØZxq K_v, hviv GKwUi †P‡q †ewk fvlv Rv‡bb Ñ A_©vr eûfvlxiv Ñ Zuv‡ì wPšÍvi ÿgZv wK GKfvlx‡ì †P‡q †ewk? mv¤úÖwZK g‡bvweÁv‡b GKvwaK fvlv Rvb‡j †gavi GKUz †ni‡di N‡U Zv ejv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Zv eûfvlx‡K GKfvlxi †P‡q ¯^Ztwm×fv‡e †ewk wPšÍv ÿgZvevb K‡i †Zv‡j bv|

Z…Zxq ZË¡ : fvlv gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK cÖwZ‡e‡ki †eva‡K wbqš¿Y, GgbwK wbg©vY K‡i

Gu‡ì g‡Zi Ñ IB linguistic determinism ev fvlv-mv‡cÿev‡ì Ñ †mvRv weeiY n‡jv Ñ gvbyl †h-fvlv e‡j, †m-fvlv Zvi Rxeb Avi c„w_ex‡K †`Lvi †eva‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| A_©vr gvbyl Av‡M GKUv kã cvq, Avi †mB kã Zv‡K Zvi AwfÁZvi m‡½ hy³ K‡i| hZ kã, ZZ AwfÁZvi êwPÎ¨; Avevi kã hZ Kg, AwfÁZv ZZ mxgve×| †hgb aiv hvK, Avw` Av‡gwiKvb †nvwc‡ì fvlvq cvwLi GKUv bvg Av‡Q; wKš‘ Avi hv wKQy I‡o meB GKUv kã w`‡q †evSv‡bv nq Ñ †cvKvgvKo †_‡K A¨v‡iv‡cøb Avi Zvi cvBjU ch©šÍ| Gw¯‹‡gv‡ì fvlvq ei‡di bvbv †Pnvivi hZ kã Av‡Q Bs‡iwR ev evsjv fvlvq ZZ †bB, Bs‡iwR‡Z Zey †MvUvcuv‡PK Av‡Q, evsjvq ZvI †bB| bvbv fvlvi i‡Oi bvg Avi aviYv, ÁvwZ bvg Avi aviYv †_‡KI AvcvZfv‡e g‡bB n‡Z cv‡i †h, nu¨v, e¨vcviUv eywS GiKgB| Avgv‡ì evOvwj‡ì ÔfvqivfvBÕ, ÔRvgvBeveyÕ Avi ÔkvjvÕ meB Bs‡iwR‡Z brother-in-law| Bs‡iRiv wK GB wZb‡U m¤^Ü‡K GK e‡j fv‡e? Zv †gv‡UB bq| ZvB †nvqd© †hgb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔWe cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significance as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way Ñ and agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language.Õ G‡Z largely †_‡K community ch©šÍ Ask ev` w`‡q co‡j welqUv Av‡iv ¯úó n‡e| A_©vr Avgiv cÖK…wZ‡K (ev Rxeb-AwfÁZv‡K) †K‡UKz‡U wewfbœ aviYvq mvwR‡q Zzwj, Avi Zv‡Z A_© w`B, g~jZ Avgiv GKUv Pzw³i Øviv IB iKgfv‡e cÖK…wZ‡K ev c„w_exi AwfÁZv‡K mvwR‡q Zzj‡Z eva¨; GB Pzw³‡Z Avgv‡ì fvlv‡Mvôxi mevi Ask Av‡Q, Avi Avgv‡ì fvlvi web¨v‡mi g‡a¨B GB Pzw³i kZ©¸‡jv ˆZwi Av‡Q|

†nvqd© D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avw` Av‡gwiKvb †nvwc fvlvi D`vniY G‡bwQ‡jb| †m-fvlvq bvwK ÔmgqÕevPK k‡ãi msL¨v LyeB Kg, ZvB BD‡ivcxq-Av‡gwiKvb‡ì mg‡qi aviYv Ñ mgq avivevwnKfv‡e AZxZ †_‡K eZ©gvb, eZ©gvb †_‡K fwel¨‡Z P‡j bvwK †nvwc‡ì †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| d‡j †nvwciv eZ©gvb, AZxZ, fwel¨r‡K wbLuyZfv‡e Zdvr K‡i bv| cieZx© M‡elYvq †nvq‡d©i e³e¨ wfwËnxb cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| †nvwcivI w`we¨ cwðwg mg‡qi aviYv ey‡S wb‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K GK fvlvi gvbyl Ab¨ fvlv hLb wk‡L †bq, ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ `yB fvlvi `yiKg wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ `yB AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ jovB †e‡a hvq wK? bv, wek¦exÿvi Ggb †Kv‡bv Ø›Ø Dcw¯’Z nq bv| Gw¯‹‡gv‡ì fvlvq ei‡di bvbv †Pnvivi (RgvU eid, R‡j fvmv eid, ¸u‡ov eid, BMjy ˆZwii Rb¨ ei‡di BU, e„wó‡Z cov eid BZ¨vw`) Rb¨ cÖvq †ò WRb kã Av‡Q, Bs‡iwR‡Z †m Zzjbvq eidevPK kã cuvPwU ev QwU Ñ ice, snow, sleet, icicles, slush, frost| Zvi A_© GB bq †h, Gw¯‹‡gv‡ì cwi‡e‡k _vK‡j †Kv‡bv Bs‡iR IB kã¸‡jvi A_© Abyhvqx eid‡K Zdvr Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv fvlvq i‡Oi kã Kg _vK‡jI Zviv mvZUv is‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPb‡Z cv‡i bv Zv bq| ìKvi n‡j Ab¨ fvlv †_‡K kã avi K‡i ev wb‡R‡ì fvlvq †hŠwMK kã ˆZwi K‡i Zviv aviYvi †m-duvK c~iY K‡i| aiv hvK ÔgfÕ (mauve) ev jvBjvK i‡Oi aviYv¸‡jv Avgv‡ì evsjv‡Z wQj bv| wKš‘ †jLvcov-Rvbv evOvwj †g‡q‡ì GB iswU‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amywe‡a nq bv, KviY gf i‡Oi bvbv e¯‘ Zviv eënvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| ZvB Dj‡Uv K_vUvB mZ¨ †h, gvby‡li wfbœ wfbœ AwfÁZv †_‡KB kã ˆZwi nq Ñ kã †_‡K AwfÁZvi m„wó memgq nq bv| Gw¯‹‡gviv ei‡d Av”Qbœ cÖwZ‡e‡k bvbv Kv‡R ei‡di wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡ci m‡½ cwiwPZ nq e‡jB Zv‡ì fvlvq eidwfwËK AZ¸‡jv kã ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| A_©vr (hv wPšÍvi GKwU iƒc) †_‡KB k‡ãi ev fvlvi m„wó, kã ev fvlv †_‡K AwfÁZvi m„wó bq| `yB fvlv ev` w`‡q GK fvlv †_‡KB Avi GKUv Abyiƒc `„óvšÍI †Ìqv hvq| Avgiv hviv GKUv fvlv ewj, Zv‡ì AwfÁZvI †Zv ûeû GK bq| Avwg evOvwj Ôf`ª‡jvKÕ, ÔwkwÿZÕ e‡j wb‡R‡K g‡b Kwi, Avgv‡ì `yR‡bi AwfÁZvi †ÿÎ GK bq| e‡jB Avgv‡ì k‡ãi fvÐviI me©vs‡k GK bq| Avgvi †P‡q GKRb Pvwl av‡bi A‡bK †ewk bvg Rv‡bb, Avwg Rvwb bv| GKRb grm¨Rxex A‡bK †ewk gv‡Qi bvg Rv‡bb, GKRb Dw™¢`weÁvbx Rv‡bb A‡bK †ewk MvQ Avi dz‡ji bvg| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡jv, †KvbUv Av‡M nq Ñ wZwb Av‡M av‡bi bvg Rv‡bb, bv Zvi Pv‡li Kv‡Ri AwfÁZvi m~‡Î G‡K G‡K av‡bi bvbv iƒ‡ci m‡½ Zvi cwiPq nq, d‡j wZwb †m¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPb‡Z †k‡Lb †hgb Zv‡ì bvg¸‡jvI Zvi ¯§„wZ‡Z w_Zz n‡q hvq Ñ GB cÖ‡kœi DË‡i Avgiv Rvwb, Av‡M AwfÁZv, Zvi c‡i bvg ˆZwi ev bvg Rvbv nq| grm¨Rxex Avi Dw™¢`weÁvbx m¤^‡ÜI GKB K_v|

ZË¡ Pvi : fvlv Avgv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦`„wó‡K wbqš¿Y I wbg©vY K‡i

GB ZË¡ Ic‡ii Z‡Ë¡i m‡½B Nwbôfv‡e hy³| †hgb aiv hvK, Avgv‡`i evsjv fvlvq gvgv, KvKv, R¨vVv Ñ meB Bs‡iwR‡Z uncle bv‡g P‡j| †mLv‡b evsjvi Zzjbvq Bs‡iwR ÁvwZm¤úK© under-distinguished ev Dbwbw`©ó| wKš‘ `iKvi n‡j Bs‡iR maternal uncle e‡j ÔgvgvÕi aviYvwU‡K cÖKvk Ki‡ZB cv‡i| A_©vr AwfÁZv fvlv Ges wek¦exÿv †nvqd© hv‡K e‡jb metaphysics) ˆZwi K‡i, fvlv wek¦exÿv ˆZwi K‡i bv,

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Ôfvlvi NvUwZ ZË¡ : evb©÷vB‡bi weåvwšÍÕ, cweÎ, miKvi, 1998, c„. 139-153| ..., 1998, fvlv †`k Kvj, KjKvZv, wgÎ I †Nvl| Aitchison, Jean, 2003, Words in the Mind, London : Blackwell Publishing Carruthers, Peter, 1996, Language Thought and Consciousness, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Carroll, John B. (ed.), 1964, Language Thought and Reality : Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, Cambridge, Mass : The MIT Press. Crystal, David, 1987, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Steinberg, Danny D. and Natalia V. Sciarini, 1993, An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, Harslow, England etc. : Pearsons/ Longmans. Vygotsky, L. S., 1934/ 1962, Thought and Language, Cambridge, MS., MIT Press. r

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Nv‡gi †duvUv †`L‡Z cv‡”Q| Gi A‡bK mgq ci hLb †fv‡ii Av‡jv †dv‡U ZLb MÖv‡gi wKQy f`ª‡jvK Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i| KvwRcvovi ew` KvRx| †gvojcvovi ieŸvbx Av‡iv wKQy wkw¶Z MY¨gvb¨ gvbyl| Zviv G‡m Ab¨ K_v e‡j| ieŸvbx †Zv MwÐ bv †g‡b mivmwi m‡d` Avjxi kix‡ii Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m| m‡d` Avjxi nvZ, bvK-eyK BZ¨vw` cix¶v K‡i †NvlYv †`q, G †Zv gviv †M‡Q| Gme fÐvwg iv‡Lb Avcbviv| SvoduzK eÜ K‡ib| `vd‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib| hZme Kzms¯‹vi| Dcw¯’Z RbZv ¯úóZB mw›`nvb n‡q c‡o Ges `y`‡j fvM n‡q hvq| GK`j Svoduz‡Ki c‡¶, Ab¨ `j `vd‡bi c‡¶| I¯Ív` wKwÂr †Mvm&mv nb| wZwb e‡jb, fvBme, Avwg ej‡ZwQ †ivMx euvBPv Av‡Q| mv‡c KvU‡j mvZw`b ch©šÍ Rvb _v‡K kix‡j| Avc‡biv wK Pvb †ivMx my¯’ nBqv DVzK? hw` Pvb †Zv Avwg wPwKrmv PvjvB hve evwK Ic‡i Avjøvn Avi gv gbmv fimv| Avi bv PvB‡j Avwg Pjjvg| Gevi RbZv wØavwš^Z nq| Zviv mnmv wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv Zvici mg¯^‡i e‡j, Avgiv PvB †ivMx my¯’ †nvK| Avcwb PvjvBqv hvb| †Mvjvg ieŸvbx †Kv‡bv K_v bv e‡jB ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| d‡j Avev‡iv c~‡Y©v`¨‡g gš¿ Pj‡Z _v‡K| m‡d` Avjx †Lqvj Kij AvR †KD Miæi Lvevi w`‡jv bv| ivw½ MvB nv¤^v nv¤^v Ki‡Q †mw`‡K Kv‡iv `„wó †bB| gyiwMi †Lv‡c nuvm-gyiwMi hy× Pj‡Q| m‡d` Avjx nZvk nq| GUv †Kgb K_v! GKRb gvby‡li g‡i hvIqv Avi †eu‡P _vKvi m‡½ Aejv cÖvYx‡K Afz³ ivLvi Kx m¤úK©? †ejv ev‡o| gvbyl ev‡o| I¯Ív`-mvM‡i‡ì gy‡L †dbv R‡g †M‡Q| ivZ RvMvi jvj †PvL, kÖvwšÍ| gvby‡li †Pv‡L-gy‡L nZvkvi Qvqv| KviY m‡d` Avjxi kixi bxj †_‡K K…òeY© aviY K‡i‡Q| Zzjv ivwki nvZ m‡d` Avjxi cv‡qi †Mvovwj‡Z wel Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q cÖvq `y-NÈv Av‡M| wKš‘ Zvi wb‡P Avi wel bv‡g bv| wel bvg‡j †Zv m‡d` Avjx D‡V emvi K_v| Ggb mgq †gŠjwf mv‡ne G‡jb| GjvKvi m¤§vbxq e¨w³| aigcyi nvB¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wk¶K| wZwb m‡d` Avjxi gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q ivq w`‡jb, m‡d` Avjx Avi †bB| Zvi K_vq Dcw¯’Z RbZvi †Zgb †KD wØgZ Kij bv| wZwb civgk© w`‡jb Dc‡Rjv m`‡ii †Rbv‡ij nvmcvZv‡j wb‡Z| gviv hvIqvi ciI nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kb †m ai‡bi cÖkœ Aek¨ †KD Kij bv| †h‡nZz †gŠjwf mv‡ne e‡j‡Qb, nvmcvZv‡j wb‡Z n‡e| D‡g` Avjxi eÜziv m‡d` Avjxi kixi‡K P¨vs‡`vjv K‡i f¨v‡b Zz‡j Dc‡Rjvi w`‡K iIbv w`‡jv| DuPz-wbPz, fvOv‡Pviv iv¯Ívq cÖvq NÈvLv‡bK Pjvi ci Zviv nvmcvZv‡j nvwRi nq| m‡d` Avjx Av‡M KL‡bv GB nvmcvZv‡j Av‡mwb| Avmvi ìKviB c‡owb| AvR GLv‡b G‡m g‡b n‡jv eû gvbyl Zvi Avkcv‡k Ny‡i †eov‡”Q, hv‡ì kixi †bB| GKevi BKevj `v`v‡KI †`Lj g‡b n‡jv| BKevj `v`v Zv‡K Lye Avì KiZ| KZ eQi Av‡M g‡i‡Q g‡bI †bB| eviv›`vq †jvnvi †Uwe‡j m‡d` Avjx‡K †kvqv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cwii g‡Zv my›ì GKUv †g‡q Zvi kix‡ii Ici Szu‡K Kxme hš¿ jvwM‡q cix¶v Ki‡Q| †g‡qwUi kixi †_‡K A™¢zZ myNªvY †f‡m Avm‡Q| AvjZvevbyi kix‡ii †_‡KI A‡bK †ewk †bkv GB Nªv‡Y| m‡d` Avjxi g‡b n‡jv, givi ci GB GKUv jvf

n‡jv, Rvb‡Z cvij me †g‡qi kix‡iB Avjv`v NªvY _v‡K| †m wm×všÍ wbj ev‡iK ISv hw` Zv‡K euvPv‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †m Ggb GKUv †g‡q‡K we‡q Ki‡e| gymjgvb cyiæl, Pvi‡U we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi Zvi UvKv-cqmviI Afve †bB| wKQy mgq cix¶vi ci †g‡qwU gv_v bvwo‡q ejj, m¨wi, †ivMx A‡bK Av‡MB gviv †M‡Qb| Avcbviv Av‡M wb‡q G‡jb bv †Kb? fvBRvb e‡j D‡g` Avjx WzK‡i †Ku‡` I‡V| m‡d` Avjxi gb Lye Lvivc nq| †mUv wb‡Ri g„Zzï msev` ï‡b bvwK D‡g‡ì Kvbœv ï‡b eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| nvmcvZv‡j hvIqvi mgq m‡½i hyeK‡ì g‡a¨ †h Avkv-DÏxcbv wQj †divi c‡_ Zvi wKQy †`Lv †Mj bv| Zv‡ì‡K nZvk Avi AwZwelYœ g‡b n‡Z jvMj| nq‡Zv Zviv D‡g‡ì eÜz e‡jB mge¨_x wQj| m‡d` Avjxi evwo ev evwoi Avkcv‡k hviv D‡ËRbv wb‡q A‡c¶v KiwQj Zviv †`Lj m‡d‡ì kixi †WvivKvUv weQvbvi Pvì w`‡q Avcv`g¯ÍK XvKv| †mw`‡K †PvL hvIqvi ci A‡b‡KB ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| KviY m‡d` Avjxi g„Zz¨ mKj D‡ËRbvi BwZ †U‡b w`‡q‡Q| AvjZvevby Avjy_vjy †e‡k m‡d‡ì kix‡i Suvwc‡q c‡o| gvÎ GKUv ivZ, Zv‡ZB AvjZvevbyi kixi †f‡O w`‡q‡Q| my›ì kixi wb‡q AvjZvi eo AnsKvi| m‡d` Avjx nvmvi †Póv K‡i| e‡j, AvjZv, kixi GgbB| wg‡k hv‡e GKw`b gvwUi m‡½| AvjZvi GB AvPi‡Y Dcw¯’Z gyiweŸiv †KD †KD bv‡Lvk nb, †i‡M hvb, gwnjv‡K mivI| gy`©v GLb cicyiæl| cibvixi †Quvqv cvc| wKš‘ AvjZvevby †mUv MÖvn¨ Kij bv| m‡d` Avjxi B”Qv n‡jv I‡K `ynv‡Z ey‡Ki g‡a¨ Rwo‡q iv‡L| wKš‘ wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GZÿ‡Y m‡d` Zvi wZb eQ‡ii †Q‡j ivRb‡K †`L‡Z †cj| Avjg Zv‡K †Kv‡j wb‡q m‡d`‡K †`Lvq, IB †`L, Zzgvi AveŸv| fv‡jv K‡i †klev‡ii g‡Zv †`‡L bvI evRvb| ivRb Kx eySj †K Rv‡b| †m LjLj K‡i †n‡m ejj, AveŸv Nygvq| m‡d‡ì gb Lye fvivµvšÍ n‡”Q Gme †`‡L| mewKQy †m †`L‡Z cv‡”Q †Kb, †mUvI eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zvn‡j wK †m Avm‡jB †eu‡P Av‡Q? m‡d‡ì jvk Avevi D‡Vv‡bi cvwU‡Z bvwg‡q †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| ev‡iK ISv, Kwdj, gwdj GL‡bv ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡iwb| nq‡Zv †kl †`L‡Z Pvq ev cvIbvi UvKv PvB‡Z cvi‡Q bv ZvB A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| GKRb g„Z gvby‡li Svodzu‡Ki Rb¨ UvKv PvIqvUv KwVb| jv‡ki †Mvmj, RvbvRvi †Zvo‡Rvo Pj‡Q| Pzjvq Mig cvwb UMeM K‡i dzU‡Q| Zv‡Z eiB‡qi cvZv| AvZi-†jvev‡bi MÜI cvIqv hv‡”Q| Kvd‡bi Kvco P‡j G‡m‡Q| m‡d` Avjx mewKQy †`L‡Q wKš‘ †Kv‡bv fvevšÍi †bB| †m GLb me fvevi E‡aŸ©| gmwR‡ì Bgvg mv‡ne G‡m‡Qb| gy`©vi †Mvm‡ji †jvK wVK n‡q‡Q| N‡ii †cQ‡b Kvco w`‡q wN‡i gy`©vi †Mvm‡ji eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| hviv †Mvmj Kiv‡Z G‡m‡Qb m‡d` Avjx Zv‡ì mevB‡KB †P‡b, Zey A¯^w¯Í jv‡M| Zvi kix‡ii †Mvcb me gvby‡li mvg‡b AvR Db¥y³ n‡q hv‡e| bwKei PvPv Mv‡qi kvU© Ly‡j GK wPrKvi w`‡jb, Av‡i m‡d` †Zv euvB‡P Av‡Q! GB K_v ejvi m‡½ m‡½ A‡b‡K Qy‡U G‡jv| Bgvg mv‡ne Mv‡q nvZ w`‡q ej‡jb, Avjøvni Kx Kvwikgv †`L!

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†`‡L‡Qb wK bv G‡K g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv kixd †Rvqv`©vi| Zey gvSmgy‡`ª Kv‡Vi UzK‡iv cvIqvi g‡Zv †jvKwU‡K Rwo‡q a‡i ej‡jb, Ñ fvB, Avcwb wK Avgvi c¨v‡KUUv †c‡q‡Qb? †jvKwUi gy‡L PIov nvwm| jyw½i †KuvPo †_‡K c¨v‡KUUv †ei K‡i w`‡q ejj, Ñ m¨vi, e„wói Rwb¨ Kvj wiKkvq †Lc gvi‡Z cvwi bvB| Avc‡b‡i bvgvq w`qv M¨viRZ Pwj hvB| mKv‡j SvowZ-gyQwZ M¨v‡j GBWv cvB| ZnbB eySwQ GBWv Avc‡bi| kixd †Rvqv`©vi WvOvq DV‡jb GZÿ‡Y| Ggb gvbylI Av‡Q `ywbqvq! Ñ wKš‘ Avcwb eyS‡jb Kx K‡i GUv AvgviB? Ñ Kx †h Kb m¨vi| wiKkvq DVevi Av‡MB †Zv cwjw_b bvgvq w`jvg Avc‡b‡i| Avcwb KB‡jb GB KvM‡Ri c¨v‡KWWv wm‡Wi Z‡j _vKzK, e„wó‡Z wfB¾v hvevi cv‡i| c‡i Zvovûovq AvgviI g‡b wQj bv, Avc‡biI wQj bv| Ñ wKš‘ Avcbvi †Zv ¯§iYkw³ Am¤¢e fv‡jv| evwoUvI wVK

g‡b †i‡L‡Qb| bvg Kx Avcbvi? evwo †Kv_vq? Ñ †R m¨vi, bvg †gvi Kzievb Avwj| evwo Lyjbvi Zvjv _vbvq| Avc‡bi wRwbm †diZ wèvi cviwQ m¨vi| †Lv`vi Kv‡Q nvRvi ïKzi| AveQv Av‡jv-AÜKv‡i wmuwoZjvi RvqMvUv kixd †Rvqv`©v‡ii Kv‡Q ¯^‡M©i g‡Zv jvMj, Ggb †d‡ikZvi g‡Zv gvbylUv‡K Avevi Rwo‡q ai‡jb wZwb| N‡i wb‡q LvIqv‡Z PvB‡jb| wKš‘ Kzievb Avwji Zvov Av‡Q| †m Avi ùvov‡Z Pvq bv| cuvP‡kv UvKv w`‡Z PvB‡jb ZvI wbj bv| wRnŸv †K‡U ejj, Ñ m¨vi, Avc‡b hw` †Kv_vI hvB‡Z Pvb, wb‡q hvB P‡jb wKš‘ UvKv wbevi cvie bv‡b| gwjbvi Avmvi mgq n‡q †M‡Q| Gici kixd †Rvqv`©vi evRv‡ii Rb¨ Kzievb Avwji m‡½ †ei n‡jb| eo Avb‡›ì m‡½ evRv‡ii Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b cywi w`‡q wfwR‡q wfwR‡q Pv †L‡jb `yR‡b| †hb KZw`‡bi †`vw¯Í Zv‡ì, GgbB M‡í †g‡Z iB‡jb| †mw`b `y-GKUv wRwb‡mi †Mvjgvj n‡q †Mj| gwjbv Lye †PuPv‡jb| Zey me fv‡jv jvM‡Z jvMj Zvi| †g‡q‡K wb‡q we‡K‡j AvBmwµg wK‡b w`‡jb| †Q‡ji m‡½ cÖvq A‡bKÿY †dv‡b K_v ej‡jb| †Q‡j Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ wb‡q co‡Q| n‡jB _v‡K| cÖ_g eQi evmv †_‡KB hvZvqvZ KiZ, wKš‘ kixd †Rvqv`©vi †f‡e †`L‡jb wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi †kÖô mgq †Q‡ji bó n‡q hv‡”Q GB hvZvqv‡Z| ZvQvov

Pviav‡i cyi‡bv Avg‡ji †ek KUv evwo| †Zgv_v iv¯Ívi Ici e‡j Av‡jv-†iv‡`i Afve †bB GLv‡b| Ggb fv‡jv evwo †KD gi‡Z Qv‡o! gwjbvi †Kvg‡i ïay e¨_vB bq, gvs‡mi ¯Í‚cI †e‡o‡Q| iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i gwjbv‡K Kv‡Q Uvb‡j †m e‡j I‡V, Ñ Avn&! Qv‡ov! Qv‡ov! wb¯Íi½ ivZ¸‡jv‡Z eviv›`vq D‡V wM‡q AvKv‡ki Zviv‡`i m‡½ m‡½ Zvi †Vuv‡Ui wmMv‡iUI R¡‡j Avi †b‡f| A‡bKw`b n‡q †Mj Kzievb Avwji m‡½ †`Lv †bB| Awdm †_‡K †divi ci Mwji gy‡L cÖvqB †Luv‡Rb wbf©vi nvwm‡Z gvLv gyLUv‡K| wKš‘ mskqfiv gb wb‡q evmvq †d‡ib wZwb| †Kv_vI kvwšÍ cvb bv kixd †Rvqv`©vi| †Q‡ji wek¦we`¨vj‡q MÐ‡Mvj †j‡MB Av‡Q G‡Ki ci GK| fvM¨ fv‡jv †h, gwjbv wmwiqv‡j e¨¯Í _v‡K| Le‡i †Zgb gb e‡m bv Zvi| UK‡kvi Zzgyj K_v-KvUvKvwUi †P‡q bvwK wmwiqv‡ji IBme K‚UKPvwj A‡bK fv‡jv| A_P Awd‡m †M‡j Zv‡K Lei ïb‡Z nq| evRv‡i †M‡j wbZ¨`v‡gi IVv-covi Lei, ev‡m ÿgZvmxb Avi we‡ivaxc‡ÿi Lei; meLv‡b kixd †Rvqv`©vi‡K Le‡ii Pv‡c wcó n‡Z nq| †mw`b wM‡q Rvbvj evRv‡i bvwK KuvPvgwi‡Pi †KwR AvovB‡kv UvKv! LeiUv ï‡bB Mv Nvg‡Z ïiæ K‡i w`‡jv Zvi| Kzwo UvKvi KuvPvgwiP PvB‡ZB †`vKvb`v‡ii gyLSvgUv †L‡Z n‡jv, Ñ wgTv, wb‡j cÂvk UvKvi jb bvB‡j evwo hvbMv|

kixd †Rvqv`©v‡ii GB GKwUgvÎ AvcwË msmv‡i| Ggb †Lvjv‡gjv eo eviv›`vi evwo wK Avi cvIqv hv‡e| GLb †Zv me eviv›`v ej‡Z KeyZ‡ii †Lvc| `geÜ n‡qB gviv hv‡eb wZwb †mLv‡b| Zv‡ì evwoUvi Pviav‡i cyi‡bv Avg‡ji †ek KUv evwo| ZiæY‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i mvwn‡Zï QvÎ‡ì wbweo GKvšÍ mgq ìKvi| ch©vß ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j I‡ì weKvk n‡e Kxfv‡e| gwjbvi gb Lvivc n‡jI †Q‡ji Lywk †`‡L †K| kixd †Rvqv`©v‡ii evwo h‡kv‡ii gwbivgcy‡i| eQ‡i GKevi hvIqv nq †mLv‡b| Aemi Rxe‡b Zvi Lye B”Qv †mLv‡b w_Zz n‡eb| wKš‘ gwjbvi Zv‡Z eÇ AvcwË| mewKQyi m‡½ Avcm K‡i Pj‡Z wM‡q Rxe‡bi A‡bK wKQyB Zvi mxgve×| `yB †e‡Wi GB d¬¨vUUzKz‡Z w`‡bi †k‡l wd‡i Uz‡ji Ici e‡m wmMv‡iU †dv‡Kb Avi g‡b g‡b fv‡eb, GKw`b Kzievb Avwj‡K evmvq `vIqvZ w`‡q LvIqv‡eb| wKš‘ wKQy‡ZB K_vUv ¯¿xi Kv‡Q cvo‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| h‡kv‡ii AvZ¥xq ej‡eb †h ZviI Dcvq †bB| Kzievb Avwji K_vq Lyjbvi fvlv eo RxešÍ| wg_¨v K_ vI †m e‡j bv| GKRb wiKkvPvjK †h Zvi eÜzgvbyl †m-K_v wZwb KvD‡K ej‡Z cv‡ib bv| kixd †Rvqv`©v‡ii PvKwi Av‡Q Avi †gv‡U `k eQi| Gi †fZi †Q‡jUvI ùvwo‡q †M‡j Zv‡K fve‡Z n‡e bv AZwKQy| wKš‘ w`bw`b Zvi Li‡Pi fvM¸‡jv Av‡iv fv‡M wef³ n‡qB P‡j‡Q| gwjbvi †Kvg‡ii e¨v‡gv, d‡j QyUv eyqv wb‡Z n‡q‡Q| †g‡qi eÜz‡ì Rb¥w`b †j‡MB Av‡Q ev‡ivgvm| Av‡Mi †mB P‡Kv‡j‡Ui c¨v‡K‡U AvRKvj †cvlvq bv| †Mvgov gyL GK`g fv‡jv jv‡M bv Zvi| wmMv‡i‡Ui msL¨vI Kwg‡q G‡b‡Qb LiP euvPv‡Z| gwjbvi eo mva Avi GKUz fv‡jv d¬¨v‡U wM‡q Zviv I‡Vb| wKš‘ kixd †Rvqv`©v‡ii GB GKwUgvÎ AvcwË msmv‡i| Ggb †Lvjv‡gjv eo eviv›`vi evwo wK Avi cvIqv hv‡e| GLb †Zv me eviv›`v ej‡Z KeyZ‡ii †Lvc| `geÜ n‡qB gviv hv‡eb wZwb †mLv‡b| Zv‡ì evwoUvi

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myiwRr `vk¸ß cÖev‡m Nbvq †kvK P‡j †M‡Q Avcbvi †jvK| c‡o Av‡Q ¯^cœ¸‡jv wKQy ZvRv wKQy ev n‡q‡Q ay‡jv| ZvRv¸‡jv dzU‡e wK dz‡j bvwK †jv‡K µ‡g µ‡g hv‡e fz‡j? ˆekvLx S‡o wKQy †M‡Q S‡i wKQy Av‡Q Kv‡iv Kv‡iv ü`‡qi N‡i, wKQy Av‡Q Avgvi cÖev‡m|

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AjsKiY : me¨mvPx nvRiv

A‡kvK wgÎ ¯§i‡Y

Reve Rvbv n‡j Gme cÖ‡kœi Avgvi AšÍ‡i kvwšÍ `vI| 65

wZwb ej‡Zb (†ejvj †PŠayix eivei)

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Zvi cÖKvwkZ eB‡qi msL¨v †ewk bq ej‡Zb hvi eD-fvM¨ †hgb Zvi eB-fvM¨I †Zgb Ñ eD Avi eB GKB

wZwb ïay w`‡Z Rvb‡Zb wb‡Z Rvb‡Zb bv gvby‡li fv‡jvUvB †`L‡Zb Ges Kxfv‡e cÖksmv Ki‡Z nq †mUv Rvb‡Zb Lye fv‡jv K‡i

Z‡e me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K K_v e‡j‡Qb dviv°v euva m¤^‡Ü wkwíZ RjmÎ Hkx‡Z †kl ch©šÍ cweÎ gv-M½vI cÖwZeÜx n‡jb G Kx KvÐ, †`kfvM Ki‡Z wM‡q b`x‡KI LÐ Ki‡Z n‡e! nvq ivRbxwZ Rv‡b bv Ñ gvbwPÎ e`j nq gbwPÎ bq

cÖksmv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z weij `ÿZvq mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb Ges Zv wQj Mob-MV‡bi hv mevi w`‡q nq bv| Avgv‡`i GB cÖksmv-K…cY mgv‡R

†`k fvOv nq‡Zv n‡jv cÖengvb b`x †Kb cÖK…wZi Mv‡q nvZ AwZ RNb¨ Aciva Ñ Lye K‡i ej‡Zb

Avnv wZwb hw` mevi gv‡S Av‡iv GKUz _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb!

`ywU KweZv bvwmi Avn‡g` Amn¨ my›`i NªvY

†Mva~wj‡ejvi ˆmK‡Z

`xN©v½x my›`i Zzwg P‡j †M‡j Nigq Zxeª NªvY †i‡L †mB M‡Ü †R‡M _v‡K wewb`ª KweZv mvivivZ Nigq cvqPvwi K‡i GK wkíQvqv †hb wKewiqvi lv‡Ui `k‡K AuvKv Avðh©my›`i bMœ bxj weg~Z©Zv|

LÐ LÐ KvP c‡o Av‡Q mgy`ª‰mK‡Z wSwKwgwK †Mva~wji †mvbv is Sjgj Ki‡Q IB R‡ji Ici kv`v Kv‡Pi LÐ¸‡jv Ry‡o Ñ Zzwg ej‡e wkí e‡U †hb `ÿ wkíxi B‡Rj Qwo‡q Av‡Q †Mva~wji ˆmK‡Z|

wbf…‡Z †Zvgvi m‡½ gy»Zvq †R‡M _v‡K Aw¯’i k‡ãiv Avm‡j Zzwg †Zv bI, †Zvgvi Nªv‡Yi m‡½, †Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi m‡½ †R‡M _v‡K KweZvi A‡MvQv‡jv kã ivwk ivwk AvR iv‡Z GB N‡i KweZvi e„wó n‡e Nªv‡Y Db¥vZvj|

Avwg GB RjR a~mi bxj mgy‡`ªi Kv‡Q G‡m hLb `uvovB GKv ZLb Avgvi †Pv‡L c‡o bv wk‡íi †Kv‡bv Qvqv eis µ›`biZ mgy‡`ªi gg©‡jvK †_‡K Avgvi †fZ‡i `ªæZ msµwgZ n‡q hvq Rxe‡bi `ytL`vn †Mvcb †MvOvwb|

Avb‡›`i GB NªvY †Kb †W‡K Av‡b GB ga¨iv‡Z ¯§„wZ †e`bvweayi ¯§„wZ GwPs gva¨‡g Kiv Ô†g‡gvwi wmwiRÕ †hb! Avm‡j †Zvgvi m‡½ Avgvi †Zv †Kv‡bv ¯§„wZ †bB! Zvn‡j wK‡mi NªvY, Kvi Nªv‡Y gy» n‡q Av‡Q wkí‡eva|

GB û û K‡jøv‡ji g‡a¨ Avwg ïwb jvj‡bi Aa¨vZ¥ †e`bvgq wein msMxZ Avi mnmª eQie¨vcx gvby‡liB ¯^iwPZ wbtm½Zv| AbšÍ bxieZvi g‡Zv fqven wbR©bZvi Kzqvkvq wf‡R I‡V gb|

DËi LyuR‡Z wM‡q wKQyB †g‡j bv, Mvp Kzqvkv †Kej Rxebvb‡›`i g‡Zv AvgviI gbbRy‡o ïay K¬vwšÍ Av‡b Kx GK †ev‡ai Kv‡Q aiv c‡o hvq wkíZ…òvfiv gb Zvi †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v †bB eZ©gvb fwel¨r Kvjmxgv †bB|

mÜ¨vi mgy‡`ª µ‡g inm¨gqZv `vbv euv‡a, wkíx Zzwg †mB inm¨gqZv wb‡q Qwe Gu‡K nq‡Zv ev cyi¯‹…Z n‡e Avwg GB Av‡av AÜKv‡i bv›`wbKZvi †Kv‡bv `„k¨ mvRv‡Z cvwi bv eis Avgvi Abyf‚wZgq Rgv nq cwjnxbZvi †bvbv †eva|

Avm‡j Av‡m bv †KD Kwei Awd‡m wKsev N‡i mœvqyi †fZ‡i ïay Amn¨my›`i NªvY gv_vKz‡U g‡i|

mgy‡`ªi wbtm½Zv Ges wbR©bZv nvRvi eQi a‡i c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡liB gg©R¦vjv iPbv Ki‡Q bvbv cÖZx‡K Bw½‡Z| 67

b`x nZ¨vKvix †Mvjvg wKewiqv wcby

Q›` gvngy` Kvgvj

b`xI hLb ïwK‡q hvq g`‡bi †jv‡f Ñ ZLb avZzwbwg©Z iÿvKe‡P Kx n‡e?

Q›` Avgv‡K †`wL‡q‡Q Av‡jv-c_ c‡_i g‡a¨ wQj bv cv_iKzwP †Lvjv `‡ivRvq wQj bv wb‡la †iLv GKRxe‡bB †R‡M I‡V ¯^KxqZv|

wbgMv‡Qi cvZv †bB KviI kix‡i Ñ b`xwe‡aŠZ gvby‡liI Z¡K ˆZwi mRviæ I MÐv‡ii Pvgovq! Kx Avðh© Kvj G‡m hvq jÂ I †bŠKvq P‡o Av‡Q b`x nZ¨vKvix!

Q›` Avgv‡K wbq‡gi gv‡S †i‡L Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q Gfv‡eB ïwP iwZ †QvU G-Rxe‡b †Kb †h ûj¯’‚j! AbwZµvšÍ e„‡Ëi gv‡S †_‡K|

†KvwK‡ji ¯^i f‚Z-†cwZœi ¯^iMÖv‡g AvUKv Ñ Abœ`vZv Avi `xÿv`vZv AvgjKx e‡b wM‡q Avi wdi‡Q bv!

Q›` Avgv‡K †XD n‡q Kv‡Q Wv‡K wg_yb gy`ªvq Pjgvb Qwe¸‡jv i‡³ i‡³ †mªvZb`x n‡q I‡V Zvjkuvm Kuv‡c gvÎve„Ëe¨v‡c|

Akøxj I K`h© `j‡b b`xI `~wlZ! b`xI n‡q‡Q cy®‹wiYx Ñ FYx i‡qwQ b`xi Kv‡Q Ñ fz‡j hvB!

gv gviædzj Bmjvg wZb ivZ a‡i Ny‡gvqwb gv GKeviI wZbw`b gy‡L †`qwb GKbjv fvZ Avnv †i Zvi bvwo‡Quov KwjRvi UzKiv gvwUi wb‡P GKv GKv Kx Rvwb Kx K‡i Zvi wK Avi bvIqv-LvIqv-Nyg Av‡Q bqbgwY †Q‡j‡K AÜKv‡i Afz³ †i‡L `ytwLbx gvi Mjv w`‡q Kx K‡i bvg‡e fv‡Zi `jv kn‡i †h‡Z PvBZ bv †Q‡jUv †QvU‡ejvq evc nvwi‡q †Kgb †hb mviv¶Y gvi ey‡K †j‡Þ _vKZ hZ K_v hZ Mí hZ Mvb me Zvi gvi mv‡_ hZ mva Avn¬v` ivM Awfgvb gvi mv‡_ †Mvmj Ki‡Z †M‡jI gv‡K e‡m _vK‡Z nq cyKzi cv‡o wZb‡ejv fvZ Lvq gvi nv‡ZB A‡bïv hZ nvmvnvwm K‡i †m Zvi gvi †c‡Ui †fZ‡i Av‡iv Xz‡K c‡o Ny‡gi g‡aÏ gv ¯^‡cœI gv Zvi c„w_ex gv Qvov Zvi Avi †KBev Av‡Q wÎfze‡b †Kv‡bv gvivgvwi SMovSuvwU †bB †Kv‡bv bvwjk †bB Bk&Kz‡ji wk¶‡Kiv eis †`Lv n‡j ejZ †mvbvi UzK‡iv †Q‡j GKw`b Muv‡qi bvg D¾¡j Ki‡e gv‡qi `ytL `~i Ki‡e nvq †i evcab Rb¥`ywLbx gv‡q‡i G ZzB †Kvb wPi`yt‡Li mvq‡i fvwm‡q w`‡q †Mwj‡i Rv`y Bk&Kz‡ji cix¶vq hLb fv‡jv dj Kij mevB hLb wgwó †L‡Z PvBj †Q‡ji gv_vq nvZ †i‡L A‡MvP‡i _yZz w`‡q Avjøvni ìev‡i Av`vq Kij nvRvi ïKwiqv ejj hv kn‡i hv me¸‡jv cvk w`‡q ZzB eo n IB eUMvQUvi PvB‡ZI eo

cÖ_gevi kni †_‡K wd‡i G‡m †Q‡ji KZ Mí KZ Mí ivZfi e‡j gv‡K kn‡i wb‡q hv‡e GB †`Lv‡e IB †`Lv‡e GUv LvIqv‡e IUv LvIqv‡e eo eo Mvwo Pov‡e nvq †Lv`v †m Avi Kx Mvwo Po‡e GB eo MvwoB †Zv Zvi ey‡Ki cuvR‡ii Ici w`‡q Qy‡U †Mj †K‡o wb‡q †Mj ey‡Ki ab GKvwKbx gv‡qi GKgvÎ †mvbvgvwbK gvi `y‡Pv‡L GLb †Kv‡bv Rxeb †bB RMr †bB msmvi †bB w`b`ywbqv †bB †e‡nkZ-†`vRL †bB ¯^‡`k †bB ag© †bB gvbyl †bB G-mgvR G-mgq G-cÖwZ‡ek G-wewae¨e¯’v MvwoPvcv w`‡q‡Q gvi m‡eab bxjgwY mšÍvb KeiPvcv w`‡q‡Q AZxZ eZ©gvb fwel¨r Avi RxešÍ Kei w`‡q‡Q gv‡K AvKv‡k aªæeZviv Vvq †R‡M _v‡K †R‡M _v‡K AZ›`ª Kvjcyiæl wbwb©‡gl †R‡M _v‡K bxnvwiKv †mBm‡½ †R‡M _v‡K gv gvi †Pv‡L Nyg †bB _vK‡Z cv‡i bv †n gvbyl †n Avw`gvZvi mšÍwZ †n gv‡qi Mf©RvZ mšÍvb †Zvgv‡`i gv‡qi Kmg mveavb †Zvgiv Avi †Kv‡bv gvi eyK Lvwj K‡iv bv 69

bxie AÜKv‡i †Lvi‡k` evnvi wZwb nuvU‡Zb AÜKv‡i †R¨vwZ®§vb GK ¯^vwcœK cyiæl Zvi nvIqvB kv‡U©i Avw¯Í‡b fuvR Kiv wbtmxg AÜKvi wmœ» cikgvLv, wbe©vK †P‡q _vKv GK Acvi we¯§q| mg‡qi wmuwo fvO‡Z fvO‡Z GLb Zv jywU‡q‡Q ayjvq| cowki `iRvq Kov †b‡o †R‡bwQ G evwo‡Z I bv‡gi AvR Avi †KD _v‡K bv Rvbvjvq DuwK †g‡i †`‡LwQ mewKQy SKSK Ki‡Q nvRvi Iqv‡Ui evwZ‡Z Sjgj Pvicvk eB‡qi ZvK¸‡jv †MvQv‡bv mhZ‡b wgwn myZvq eybv nvIqvB kvU© Do‡Q nvIqvq| KjKvKwj‡Z gyLwiZ GB ˆbtk‡ã¨i Rbc‡` wbe©vwmZ AÜKvi GZUzKz Avovj †bB †bB Ae¨³ K_‡bi mybmvb k~b¨Zv| wb‡g©vn †cÖgv‡e‡M Avcb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Lye Kv‡Q G‡m A‡bK Lyu‡RwQ Zv‡K Abyf‡ei D¾¦jZvq Av‡jvwKZ PZzc©v‡k mÜ¨vi †Uwe‡j, miæ Mwji gv_vq Avi eY©vX¨ Auvav‡i| A‡bK Lyu‡RwQ Zv‡K `wLbv evZv‡mi wSwiwSwi Q‡›` †ewj dz‡ji g g M‡Ü Uzc Uvc e„wói QUvq Aeva¨ †bvbvR‡j| ZeyI hvq bv cvIqv Zv‡K †d«‡g ew›` mv`v-Kv‡jv gyLLvwb bxie AÜKv‡i| 70

mgc©Y `yjvj miKvi Avi †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K mgc©Y K‡iv n‡Z cv‡i K…l‡Ki B‡”Qi Kv‡Q Ñ n‡Z cv‡i †m †Kv‡bv cÖej e„wó ¸”Q ¸”Q jZvi †fZi ayjvgy³ wbg©j evqy¯Í‡ii Kv‡Q e„‡ÿi cÖkvwšÍ| n‡Z cv‡i k¦vm‡ivax mxmvgy³ gvby‡li `xN©k¦vmnxb wbg©j k~‡b¨i g‡a¨ eû`~‡i DuPz‡Z DuPz‡Z AvKv‡ki UjUjvqgvb c„w_ex‡K wN‡i _vKv AKcU AvKv‡ki weï× M‡Üi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wcQyUvbnxb cvwL bxwjgvi Hk¦h©gvLv my`~iZv cig gyw³i g‡Zv g‡b nq `xN© my›`i, n‡Z cv‡i †m †Kv‡bv eÜbgy³ †mªv‡Zi Av‡eM mgy‡`ª nvwi‡q †d‡j wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ GZ my‡L _vKv GZ my‡L _vKv GZUv wekvj‡Z¡i g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K nvwi‡q †djv wekvj †gŠ‡bi g‡a¨ cvnv‡oi cÖvK…wZK Aeq‡ei g‡a¨ †h wbtmxg AZjZv Zzwg wK Zv †Pb, Zzwg wK Zv †Pb?

†ejvj †PŠayix kÖ×v¯ú‡`ly AvBDe ˆmq` K. mg„w×Ki‡Yi †KŠZ‚njx mvov, càŸwbi ¯^v¶‡i êwPÎ¨gq bvov| ˆkwíK-Hk¦‡h© fiv, mvwn‡Zï ÔdvbymÕ, †ejvj †PŠayix wPikvk¦Z Ñ D¾¡j gvbyl| L. gy³ nvIqvi evDÐz‡j Rxeb, AšÍi dzuov‡bv †ev‡ai D‡b¥vPb| cZvKvevnx cÖvšÍ‡i Dovb Nywo, wbq‡gi e¨wZµgx Ñ Kwe †ejvj †PŠayix| M.

we`vq †ejvjfvB wcqvm gwR` gvby‡li c„w_ex‡Z KZ`~i G‡Mvj Kzwg‡ii Pvl, g‡bi mgy‡`ª aiv †Mj Kx AvKv•ÿvi iƒcvis gvQ? GBme M~p cÖ‡kœ wbZvšÍB wbiæËi KwdnvDm e‡m _v‡K ïay †Zvgvi A‡cÿvq Ñ mybxj ¯^cœ wb‡q, kw³ K·evRvi, wZb cvcxi k¨vgj-¯^M©, Zzlv‡ii †kl †bŠKv Avi m›`xc‡bi w`evwbwki KjKvZv| AšÍR©v‡ji GB AvKv‡j Lyu‡R †div Avgv‡`i AšÍR©jx hvÎv Ñ GK Rxe‡bi mv‡ai kk©`x †_‡K GZ`~i iƒcPuv` cÿx| gv‡qi evsjv †_‡K gv‡K©‡mi jvwZb-ü`qcy‡i †gNjv g½jevi †f‡O w`‡q µgk; wblv` cÖ‡`k †_‡K P‡j wM‡q Kx fxlY †_‡K Av‡Qv wbiæ‡Ïk nvIqvq nvIqvq!

mewKQy‡ZB Avjv`v-wfbœ iƒ‡ci fw³, w`e¨`„wói D”PviK Avnv! Aw¯ÍZ¡ `k©‡bi kw³| BwZnv‡mi Abyl½ Ôc`vewjÕi dvêyb whwb, †KZKx Kzmy‡g Wz‡e _vKv Ô¯^cœew›`Õ †ejvj †PŠayix wZwb|

Avd‡mvm A‡jvK †mb †jvKUv wLuwP‡q DVj Ñ †Kb †h †j‡Lb? a¨veov GiKg gwZ”Qbœ ivM? Ô†KbÕ Ñ , IB kãwUi DrmgyL LyuR‡Z wM‡q Ñ Avt hgybvi †m wK KzjyKzjy... †bŠKv †mB †h Wzej, Kvwj`vm GKUzI gyPwK nvm‡jb bv, Rq‡`eI jy‡Kv‡jb bv gyL PÐx`vm nvm‡Z nvm‡Z †b‡o w`‡jb cÂwe Wvj| we¯§q hLb dv‡Uvdv‡Uv mbœ¨vmx wjL‡jb KZ Kx †h AZ‡j XzKevi Av‡MB †n Ck¦i! †Kv_vq †h wQ‡j †U‡b Lyj‡j kxZwb`ªv, †cÖg! msmvi cÖcÂ, gvqv, åg X¨vOv, KUv : †mB f`ª‡jvK U‡O e‡m LyuR‡Qb `iRv Ges MvB‡Qb, nv‡Z iB‡jv bv wKQy, ¸b¸b, ¸b¸b 72

†Zvgvi R‡b¨ w`jviv nvwdR †Zvgvi R‡b¨ AvKvk evwo, Kei-Nvm, cvZvjR‡j wbgw¾Z me Ke‡ii Lei ivwL, gvwUi g‡Zv Vzb‡Kv Ggb giYev‡bI Rxeb evwR †Zvgvi R‡b¨ GL‡bv Avwg hLb-ZLb gi‡Z cvwi; †Zvgvi R‡b¨ A‡cÿvZzi e„ÿwU‡K Mfxifv‡e fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvi R‡b¨ avivcv‡Zi giYwejvm Kv‡ji-cvZvq hy³ Kwi †Zvgvi R‡b¨ mvÜ¨-fvlvq GL‡bv Avwg `nb-R¡vjvq wPZvq R¡wj; †Zvgvi R‡b¨, ïay †ZvgviB R‡b¨ wKse`wšÍi cy®ú-jZvq dz‡U DwV, †Zvgvi R‡b¨; Zz”Q Avwg, GB Avgv‡K †KD †Kv‡bvw`b Auv‡Kwb †Zv †Zvgvi g‡Zv KvjRqx Kve¨Kjvq \

cÖeÜ

knx` Kv`ixi N‡i-†div nvmvb †di‡`Šm GK

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Doesn’t dystopian literature feel all-too-real today? How can one Ôwrite forward,’ toward a more utopian stance?’

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I‡qev‡ii msMxZwelqK wPšÍv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq Zuvi Economy and Society (1921) kxl©K MÖ‡š’| I‡qevi cyuwRev‡ì Drm wb‡q e¨vcK KvR K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ag©, ˆbwZKZv I Kv‡Ri †hŠw³KxKiY Kxfv‡e cyuwRev`x mgvR‡K m¤úÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q| Weber saw the rationalization of the Western cultures as the unique element that led to capitalist rise in the West. Part of this nationalization process was the growth of bureaucracies, as the increasing capitalistic division of labor compartmentalized and structured traditional organizations, like education and government, into bureaucracies| I‡qevi g‡b K‡ib, Pv‡P©i †ÿ‡Î †hfv‡e AvgjvZš¿ weKwkZ n‡q‡Q †miƒc Ab¨Î †`Lv hvq bv| †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i †ÿ‡Î e¨vcviwU AZ¨šÍ mZ¨| Pv‡P©i Mv‡bi GKwU e¨vcvi Av‡Q| Pv‡P©i Rb¨ Mv‡bi Av‡qvRb, cÖ¯‘ZKiY I m`m¨‡ì AskMÖnY `xN©w`b a‡i wbqgKvby‡bi ga¨ w`‡q weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P© msMx‡Zi †bv‡Ukb msiÿY Kiv nq| Avi GB †bv‡Ukb Dbœqb I msiÿ‡Yi e¨vcviwU‡K I‡qevi Zuvi c×wZZvwË¡K we‡ePbvi AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| wZwb ch©‡eÿY K‡ib †h, Pv‡P©i cy‡ivwnZ †bv‡Uk‡bi cwikxjb I wkÿv`v‡bB KvRwU K‡ib| agx©q cÖwZôv‡bi GB `vwjwjK cÖwgZKiY I †hŠw³KxKiY‡K I‡qevi Zuvi M‡elYvg~jK †dvKvm wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb BD‡ivc‡Kw›`ªK I AvšÍtmvs¯‹…wZK Zzjbvi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡ib †h, msMx‡Zi †ÿ‡Î †hŠw³KxKiY nq Ges Pv‡P©i e„nËi AvgjvZvwš¿K cÖvwZôvwbKZvi g‡a¨ Zv †e‡o I‡V| msMxZ m¤ú‡K© I‡qev‡ii AbyivM wQj wewPÎ| wZwb †hgb `xN© cwim‡i msMx‡Zi HwZnvwmK weKvk †`‡L‡Qb, †Zgb e¨w³Rxe‡b Gi cÖfve wb‡qI †f‡e‡Qb| I‡qev‡ii mgqwU wQj cvwÐ‡Zï m‡½ wk‡íi ms‡hv‡Mi mgq| A_©vr †h-†Kv‡bv eogv‡ci gvbyl wkí‡ev×v I msMxZ-†PZbvq mg„× wQ‡jb| I‡qev‡ii wkí‡eva I msMxZ-fvebv †m-Kvi‡Y HwZn¨jvwjZ I Rg©b ms¯‹…wZmÄvZ| †hŠw³KxKiY I‡qev‡ii mKj iPbvi cÖvYcvwL| wZwb HwZnvwmKZvi w`K †_‡K ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, cÖvPxb msMxZ AvaywbK msMx‡Zi iƒc wb‡q‡Q µgvMZ A‡hŠw³K ¸Yv¸‡Yi cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| KW©wfwËK nvigwbi

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g¨vK&m I‡qevi weKvk GB mg‡q cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| msMxZKvi ev wkíx Av‡M Zuv‡ì B”QvgvwdK Zi½ m„wó Ki‡Zb, Avi eZ©gv‡b mymsMwVZ, cwiwgZ I KiWvj nvigwbi †hŠw³K bxwZi w`‡K Zv AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| †ivgvb K¨v_wjK hvRKZš¿, ga¨hy‡Mi mvgšÍKvVv‡gv, ¯îwjwc, wMì KZ…©K msMxZh‡š¿i D™¢veb, msMx‡Z my‡ijv K_¨fvlvi eënvi BZ¨vw` K‡i‡Qb G¸‡jvi m¤úK© I cvi¤úh© Abyave‡bi Rb¨| msMx‡Zi HwZnvwmK weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î `ywU gyn~‡Z©i K_v ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib| Avi Zv n‡jv, h‡š¿i Avwe®‹vi I ¯’vqxfv‡e GKwU KvwiMi †kÖwYi DrcwË Ges wØZxqZ wkíxi Awaôvb| KvwiMi †kÖwYi KvR wQj msMxZh‡š¿i µgvMZ DrKl©mvab Ges hš¿xi KvR wQj h‡š¿i Pvwn`v I evRvi m„wó Kiv| msMxZh‡š¿i cÖwgZKiY I wjwLZ ¯îwjwc GKwU msMwVZ AvaywbK mgv‡Ri †hŠw³K Kg©KvÐ| †mB †Z‡iv kZ‡KB wewfbœ mvgšÍ mfv‡K›`ª bZzb bZzb h‡š¿i Pvwn`v m„wó K‡i Ges RwUj msMxZ-Dc‡hvMx m~²Zv `vwe K‡i| Ggb Pvwn`v msMxZ-wkíx I msMxZmsKjK‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| A‡K©÷ªv I Zvihš¿mg~‡ni DÌvb ga¨hy‡Mi c‡iB mvwaZ nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, I‡qevi Zuvi HwZnvwmK †hŠw³KxKi‡Yi g‡a¨ msMxZ‡K mshy³ K‡ib msMxZh‡š¿i A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g| ejv n‡q _v‡K, ïay A_©bxwZ bq, mvs¯‹… wZK, mvgvwRK, K…r‡KŠkjMZ, GgbwK RjevqyMZ d¨v±i msMxZh‡š¿i †hŠw³K D`&fvl‡Y hy³ n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZy RjevqyMZ Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡ci DËivÂ‡ji gvbyl‡K Nive× I Ni‡Kw›`ªK K‡i †i‡LwQj †m-Kvi‡Y wcqv‡bv `ªæZ RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| ga¨weË †kÖwYi msMxZPP©v I gh©v`vi m~PK wn‡m‡e wcqv‡bv‡K MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| †fvM I Drcv`‡bi cyuwRev` cÖmvi nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ hš¿PvwjZ wcqv‡bvi Pvwn`v †e‡o wM‡qwQj| mg¯Í cwðgv †`‡k Ges Zv‡ì Dcwb‡ekmg~‡n Dwbk kZK †_‡K mvs¯‹… wZK cÖjÿYe¯‘ wn‡m‡e wcqv‡bvi eënvi e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q wcqv‡bvi weeZ©b, eënvi I we¯Ívi‡K I‡qevi

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msMx‡Zi weKv‡ki cÖavb KviY bvI n‡Z cv‡i| m¤úÖwZ GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, bMivqY bvMwiK ms¯‹…wZi Drcv`b‡K BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| m¤úÖ`vq, MwZgqZv I ms¯‹…wZ bMivqY‡K cwic~Y©Zv w`‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i, †hŠw³KxKiY bq| Aek¨, bM‡ii weKvk I bM‡ii cÖvwZôvwbK DbœwZ GK A‡_© †hŠw³KxKi‡Yi AšÍfz©³ n‡Z cv‡i| 9) msMxZKvi‡ì m¤úÖ`vq, AÂj, msMxZ‡Kw›`ªK eëmv, msMx‡Zi Drcv`b I cÖwmw× jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| myZivs ¯’vbxq †_‡K êwk¦K ch©v‡q RbwcÖqZvcÖvß wewfbœ msMxZ `‡ji weKvk we‡kølY Ki‡j A‡bK bZzb Dcv`vb Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, hv I‡qev‡ii e¨vL¨v‡K wbZvšÍ ÿz`ªcwimi M‡elYv wn‡m‡e wbw`©óZv †`q| 10) AvR‡Ki cyuwRev`x msMxZ Av‡qvRb, Drcv`b I weZi‡Yi mv‡_ KwZcq †Kv¤úvwbi m¤ú„³Zv jÿ Kiv hvq| Giv ïay msMxZ‡K c‡Y¨ cwiYZ K‡i cÖPzi cwigvY A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Q ZvB bq, †kÖvZv‡ì ¯^v`‡KI wbg©vY Ki‡Q| myZivs †hŠw³KxKi‡Yi gvÎv, cwiwa I ¸Yv¸Y wb‡q bZzb K‡i fvebvi AeKvk G‡m hv‡”Q| 11) I‡qevi mgvRweÁvbx n‡jI msMxZKvi I msMx‡Zi Ici mgvR, A_©bxwZ, cÖhyw³, bMivqY, bi‡Mvôx, msMVb I m¤úÖ`vqMZ KvVv‡gvi cÖfve h‡_ófv‡e Av‡mwb| myZivs msMx‡Zi mgvRZË¡ we‡ewPZ nIqvi g‡Zv h‡_ó Dcv`vbI mwbœ‡ewkZ nqwb| 12) Z‡e I‡qev‡ii c×wZZvwË¡K D‡`¨vM wbtm‡›`‡n AvR‡Ki msMxZwfwËK eëmv I Zvi HwZnvwmK cÖeYZv‡K †evSvi Rb¨ mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| †h-KvVv‡gvMZ Awaôvb msMxZ m„wói †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q Zvi Abycy•L wePvi-we‡kølY mZ¨B `yiƒn e¨vcvi| I‡qevi G-Kv‡R wKQyUv mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb ejv hvq| I‡qevi msMx‡Zi Ici GKwU c~Y©v½ MÖš’ iPbvi B”Qv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| AvR‡Ki mgvRweÁvbx‡ì †m-KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ I‡qevixq †hŠw³KZv, cyuwRev`, HwZnvwmK I KvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| gviwUb g‡b K‡ib, A¨vW‡b©v g~jZ I‡qev‡ii c‡_B AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb msMxZ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î| mvwe©K wePv‡i ejv hvq, I‡qevi msMx‡Zi mgvRZ‡Ë¡i cy‡ivavcyiæl|

Dwbk kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i cÖvavb¨ jÿYxq| WviDB‡bi The Origin of Species cÖKvwkZ n‡jv 1859 mv‡j| RxeRM‡Zi weeZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi GB ZË¡ cÖPwjZ mg¯Í Áv‡bi aviYvq weivU cwieZ©b wb‡q G‡jv| nve©vU© †¯úbmvi weeZ©bev‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ wKbv †m-cÖ‡kœ bv wM‡qI G-aviYv Kiv m¤¢e †h, †¯úbmv‡ii wPšÍv mvgvwRK weeZ©bev‡ì m~Pbv K‡i| wZwb weÁv‡bi mg¯Í Avwe®‹vi‡K mshy³ K‡i µgvš^‡q mvgvwRK weKv‡ki ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e AMÖMY¨| msMxZ-m¤úKx©q Zuvi wPšÍv I iPbv mswÿß n‡jI Zvrch©nxb bq| w` B‡Kvbwg÷ cwÎKvq KvR Kivi mgq wZwb A‡civ, cÖ`k©bx I KbmvU©¸‡jv‡Z †h‡Zb Ges ej‡Z †M‡j G-mg‡qB msMxZ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi AvMÖn Rb¥vq| G-mgq wZwb †jLK wn‡m‡eI wb‡R‡K ˆZwi Kivi my‡hvM †Luv‡Rb| msMx‡Zi cÖ‡kœ Zuvi AvMÖn AvbyôvwbK msMxZwkÿv †_‡K DØy× bq, eis eënvwiK AwfÁZv †_‡K cwicyó| myZivs msMx‡Zi

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nve©vU© †¯úbmvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© †¯úbmvi Lye Mfx‡i hvIqvi my‡hvM cvbwb| Z‡e welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó DÏxcbvgq e³e¨ iv‡Lb| †hgb, msMx‡Zi DrcwË m¤ú‡K©| GQvov d¨v±m A¨vÛ K‡g›Um MÖ‡š’I wKQy cÖvwšÍK gšÍe¨ K‡ib| 1857 mv‡ji The Origin and Function of Music iPbvq wZwb Ggb AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h, msMxZ DrcwËMZfv‡e Ges ¯^Kxqfv‡e KÉ-wbtm„Z Ges †m-Kvi‡YB ¯îh‡š¿i eënvi GLv‡b AZ¨šÍ †gŠwjK Ae`vb iv‡L| wZwb e‡jb, Vocal sounds are produced by the agency of certain muscles. These muscles, in common with those of the body at large, are excited to contraction by measurable and painful feelings. And therefore it is that feelings demonstrate themselves in sounds as well as in movement| †¯úbmv‡ii Kv‡Q K‡Éi êwPÎ¨ n‡jv Abyf‚wZi cv_©‡Kï kvixwiK djvdj| myZivs †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³i e¨vL¨v LyuR‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì Aek¨B gvbwmK I gvsm‡cwki DÏxcbvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Rvb‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb ¸Yv¸Y, D”PMÖvg-jNyMÖvg, weiwZ Ges cwieZ©‡bi nvi wn‡m‡e KÉ¯^‡ii cv_©K¨ K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©Kv‡j †¯úbmvi g‡b K‡ib, msMx‡Zi DrcwË-msµvšÍ ZË¡ cÖ`v‡bi g‡Zv h‡_ó DcvË Zuvi Kv‡Q Av‡Q| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, Vocal peculiarities which indicate excited feelings are those which especially distinguished song from ordinary speech. Every one of the alterations of voice which we have found to be a physiological result of pain or pleasure is carried to an extreme in vocal music| †¯úbmvi G-K_vI e‡jb †h, KÉmsMxZ Av‡eMvcøyZ e³‡eï †P‡q Avjv`v| GwU µgweKwkZ I mšÍc©‡Y weKwkZ|

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Z‡e wKQyUv †nuqvwjc~Y© n‡q ùvovq hLb †¯úbmvi Avevi e‡jb, msMxZ Av‡eMvcøyZ gvbexq KÉ¯^‡i aŸwbi c`©vi cwieZ©b (modulation) †_‡K DwÌZ| Advi Aek¨ †¯úbmv‡ii cÖ_g †jLvwU Av‡iv Mfxifv‡e we‡ePbvi hyw³ †`Lvb| wZwb e‡jb, msMxZ we‡klfv‡e GKwU gvbexq cÖcÂ| †¯úbmvi G-cÖm‡½ D‡jøL K‡ib, That music is a product of civilization is manifest: for though some of the lowest savages have their dance-chants, these are of a kind scarcely to be signified by the title musical: at most they supply but the vaguest rudiment of music properly so called| WviDBb Ges Mviwbi e³‡eï †cÖÿvc‡U †¯úbmvi we¯Í…Zfv‡e msMx‡Zi DrcwË wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb Zuvi weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K msMx‡Zi mvaviY weeZ©b m~Î‡K µgvMZ êmv`„‡kï w`‡K avegvb a‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Av‡eM mvaviYZ gvsm‡cwki ms‡KvPb NUvq| GwU k¦vmwµqv I ¯îh‡š¿i ms‡KvPbI NUvq| Gfv‡e Av‡eM-mÂvwiZ k‡ãi D”PviY ¯îhš¿ I KÉmsMxZ‡K wewkóZv cÖ`vb K‡i| weeZ©‡bi aviv †h‡nZz mij †_‡K RwUjZvi w`‡K avegvb Ges mgmË¡Zv †_‡K AmgmË¡Zvi w`‡K avegvb, †m-Kvi‡Y Avw`g ev`¨msMxZ †_‡K AvR‡Ki msMxZ A‡bK m~² I êwPÎ¨c~Y©| G-mgq WviDBb msMxZ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi e³e¨ DÌvcb K‡i AvmwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi e³‡e¨ msMx‡Zi †cQ‡b wµqvkxj Av‡eM‡K mvaviY bv e‡j †hŠbZvagx© e‡j‡Qb| Aek¨ †¯úbmvi cvkweK Bw›`ªqR kã †_‡K gvbexq Av‡eM-wbtm„Z kã‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z wM‡q WviDB‡bi Ggb mvaviY gZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| msMx‡Zi m‡½ m‡½ nvigwb m¤ú‡K©I wZwb Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, nvigwb weeZ©‡bi djvdj bq| Av‡e‡Mi cÖvK…wZK fvlvi m‡½ G‡K mshy³ Kiv wVK n‡e bv| nvigwbi g‡a¨ GKvwaK my‡ii mswgkÖY N‡U| myZivs G‡K †g‡jvwWi weewZ©Z djvdj ejv hvq bv| weeZ©‡bi cÖwZwU avivi g‡a¨ AwZµg‡Yi mywbw`©ó ¯Íi _v‡K| nvigwb ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j Zvi weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv ¯Íi-AwZµg‡Yi aviv jÿ Kiv hvq bv| †g‡jvwWi m‡½ nvigwb‡K ZvB GK K‡i fvevi †Zgb †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| msMx‡Zi wµqv Ges kZvãxe¨vcx Gi cÖeYZv Ges msMxZ msKj‡bi mgv‡jvPbvI †¯úbmv‡ii Av‡jvPbvq G‡m‡Q| msMx‡Zi wµqv ej‡Z wZwb msMxZ-wbtm„Z Avb‡›ì Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| mvaviYfv‡e msMxZ Avgv‡ì e³e¨‡K AvkÖq K‡i Av‡eM‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| †mw`K †_‡K msMxZ‡K mg‡e`bvi Avavi ejv hvq| msMxZ‡K wZwb wk‡íi AZz½gvÎv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib, †h ch©v‡q wk‡íi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi DÌvb m¤¢e nqwb| Zuvi g‡Z, The primary purpose of music is neither instruction nor culture but pleasure; and this is an all-sufficient purpose| wZwb msMx‡Zi A‡bK¸‡jv wefw³i D‡jøL K‡ib| †hgb, KÉmsMxZ, hš¿msMxZ Ges KÉmsMx‡Zi AbywefvM (P¨v›U, †gv‡UU Ges Gb‡_g)| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, weeZ©b n‡jv e¯‘i msnwZ Ges GKB m‡½ MwZi w¯ÍwgwZ; G-mgq e¯‘ Av‡cwÿKfv‡e Awbw`©ó, Amse× I mgmË¡Zv †_‡K A‡cÿvK…Z mywbw`©ó, mymse× AmgmË¡Zvi w`‡K AMÖmigvb; GB cÖwµqvi cvkvcvwk MwZiI GKwU mgvšÍivj iƒcvšÍi N‡U| msMxZ mgv‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î †¯úbmv‡ii f‚wgKv h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡evnx| hwÌ mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e Zuvi cwÎKvi Rb¨ wZwb A‡civ I msMxZ-Av‡qvRbmg~‡n Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb, wKš‘ AwZgvÎvq cÖZ¨ÿev`x `k©b, weeZ©bev`x e¨vL¨v I wbR¯^ fvlv‰kjxi Kvi‡Y †mme mgv‡jvPbv †Zgb

mgvì cvqwb| Gme Kvi‡Y †¯úbmv‡ii msMxZ-mgv‡jvPbv msMxZ-Av‡qvRbmg~‡ni mijxK…Z mgvRcvV n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj| Avm‡j Dwbk kZ‡K weeZ©bev`x wPšÍv wZbfv‡e msMx‡Zi BwZnvm e¨vL¨v K‡i| Gi GKwU n‡jv msMxZ-msKjK‡ì mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv, msMx‡Zi weKv‡k weeZ©bavivi e¨vL¨v Ges msMx‡Zi cÖ‡kœ †¯úbmvixq weeZ©bev‡ì cÖfve| weª‡U‡bi msMx‡Zi weKv‡ki HwZnvwmKZvi wePv‡i †¯úbmv‡ii cÖfve wbtm‡›`‡n e¨vcK| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ †jL‡Ki cÖfve †¯úbmv‡ii ZË¡‡K A‡bKUv Lv‡Uv K‡i †`q| 1870-80 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †¯úbmv‡ii weeZ©b ZË¡ h‡_ó D”PZv AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ cieZx©Kv‡j Zv µgvMZ wbgœMvgx n‡Z _v‡K| cieZx©Kv‡j A‡bK ZvwË¡K Av‡mb, huv‡ì Ae`vb wbtm‡›`‡n †¯úbmv‡ii Zzjbvq mymsnZ| †hgb, The Evolution of the Art of Music Ggb GKwU MÖš’, hv 1893 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq Ges G-MÖ‡š’ c¨vwi h‡_ó cÖksmv AR©b K‡ib| c¨vwi Zuvi MÖ‡š’ †¯úbmv‡ii msMxZwelqK weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, †¯úbmv‡ii cÖMwZ I weeZ©b m¤úKx©q ZË¡ msMx‡Zi BwZnvmKvi‡ì wKQyUv mgvavb w`‡jI êÁvwbK e¨vL¨v nIqvi g‡Zv h‡_ó hyw³ †mLv‡b wQj bv| wZwb mivmwi †¯úbmv‡ii Ggb aviYv bvKP K‡i †`b †h, msMxZ D¾xweZ e³e¨ †_‡K DrmvwiZ| wZwb Aek¨ g‡b K‡ib, weeZ©bev`x e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î msMxZ‡K GKwU Rxe‡`n wn‡m‡e fve‡Z n‡e| wZwb †¯úbmv‡ii weeZ©bev‡ì mijZv †_‡K RwUjZvi w`‡K AMÖmi nIqvi welqwU cÖksmvmnKv‡i D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib, AcwicK¡ Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv wRwbm mgagx© Ges µgvMZ êwPÎ¨ I wbw`©óZvi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| myZivs msMxZI †miKg µgvMZ wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLvq we¯ÍvwiZ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ m‡½ m‡½ wbR wbR kvLvq msMxZ mywbw`©ó I msnZ n‡q‡Q| ms‡ÿ‡c c¨vwii g~j¨vqb‡K Gfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h : 1) msMxZ Ab¨vb¨ Rxe‡`‡ni g‡ZvB wb‡R‡K m„wó K‡i| 2) msMx‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ wewfbœ aviv cÖ_‡g mse× _v‡K| 3) GB mse× iƒc‡K AweKwkZ mgawg©Zv ejv hvq| 4) cÖMwZkxj weeZ©b msMxZmn mg¯Í wkíKjv‡K ax‡i ax‡i mywbw`©ó I cwi”Qbœ iƒc cÖ`vb K‡i| cvwm© KvU©vi evK Zuvi The Scope of Music (1924) MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, WviDBb †hLv‡b wk‡íi DrcwËi m‡½ †hŠbZv‡K mswkøó K‡i‡Qb, †¯úbmvi †mLv‡b ev‡Kï ¯^Ztù‚Z© bZzbZi cybiærcv`b‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi nve©vU© †¯úbmv‡ii msMxZwelqK wPšÍvaviv cÖm‡½ Zuvi Rxeb¯§„wZ‡Z wj‡L‡Qb Ñ Ônve©vU †¯úÝv‡ii GKUv †jLvi g‡a¨ cwoqvwQjvg †h, mPivPi K_vi g‡a¨ †hLv‡b GKUz ü`qv‡e‡Mi mÂvi nq †mLv‡b AvcwbB wKQy bv wKQy myi jvwMqv hvq| e¯‘Z, ivM `ytL Avb›` we¯§q Avgiv †KejgvÎ K_v w`qv cÖKvk Kwi bv, K_vi m‡½ myi _v‡K| GB K_vevZ©vi Avbylw½K myiUviB DrKl©mvab Kwiqv gvbyl msMxZ cvBqv‡Q| †¯úb&m‡ii GB K_vUv g‡b jvwMqvwQj| fvweqvwQjvg GB gZ Abymv‡i AvMv‡Mvov myi Kwiqv bvbv fve‡K Mv‡bi wfZi w`qv cÖKvk Kwiqv Awfbq Kwiqv †M‡j Pwj‡e bv †Kb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k K_KZvq KZKUv GB †Póv Av‡Q; Zvnv‡Z evK¨ gv‡S gv‡S myi‡K AvkÖq K‡i, A_P Zvnv ZvjgvbmsMZ ixwZgZ msMxZ b‡n| Q›` wnmv‡e AwgÎvÿi Q›` †hgb, Mvb wnmv‡e GI †mBiƒc; Bnv‡Z Zv‡ji Kov°o euvab bvB, GKUv j‡qi gvÎv Av‡Q; Bnvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨, K_vi wfZiKvi fvev‡eM‡K

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Kvj© gvK©m Dc‡fvM K‡i wKbv| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, gvK©‡mi Av‡jvPbvq mivmwi msMxZ m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY cvIqv bv †M‡jI Zuvi `k©b GZUvB m~²`kx© †h, wkíKjvi we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU cwi‡ÿc jvf Kiv GLv‡b m¤¢e| D‡jøL¨, A‡b‡Ki cÖZ¨ÿ msMxZwelqK Av‡jvPbv cvIqv hvq; wKš‘ GKwU mvgwMÖK cwi‡ÿc cvIqv `y®‹i; †mLv‡b gvK©mxq wek¦exÿvq cwi‡ÿc †_‡K AMÖmi n‡j msMx‡Zi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv KwVb nq bv| †Kv‡iwk e‡j‡Qb †h, G-MÖš’ msMx‡Zi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK A_ev mvgvwR‡Ki g‡a¨ msMxZ‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii mnvqK n‡e| AvR‡Ki w`‡b cwðgv msMxZ-weÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ †RÛvi, bi‡Mvôx I †kÖwYi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z K‡i mvsMxwZK cvwÐZ¨ we‡køl‡Yi cÖeYZv †`Lv hv‡”Q| mvgwMÖKfv‡e G-ai‡bi we‡kølY msMx‡Zi Ici wek¦ cyuwRev‡ì ÿgZv I Avwac‡Zï we¯Ívi‡K cwiùzwUZ K‡i‡Q| †Kv‡iwk Zuvi m¤úvw`Z MÖ‡š’ PviwU we‡kølYx wb‡`©kbvi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hv gvK©mxq msMxZ-wb‡`©kK AbymÜv‡bi c_ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i : 1) cY¨vqb I cY¨c~Rvi (†dwUwmRg) mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i msMxZ wPšÍvi wfZi †_‡K ÔM‡elYv mgm¨vÕ wba©viY Kiv| 2) msMx‡Zi MxwZgqZv, Kvwe¨KZv I ˆkjxcbv‡K cuywRev` KZ…©K mvgvwRKfv‡e †gvw_Z ÔM‡elYv mgm¨vÕ wn‡m‡e ùvo Kiv‡bv| 3) mvgšÍev`x I cyuwRev`x Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q Avwef‚©Z A_©‰bwZK cÖwµqvi mv‡_ msMxZ m„wói cÖwµqv‡K ÔM‡elYv mgm¨vÕ wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv| 4) msMxZweÁvb I msMxZ Abykxj‡bi mv‡_ gvK©mev`x ivóªbxwZ‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i M‡elYv mgm¨v cÖYqb| cÖ_gwUi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q †WwfW MÖvwgU e‡j‡Qb, msMxZ wel‡q A¨vKv‡WwgK gbbkxjZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? msMxZweÁv‡b msMxZ Kxfv‡e wbwg©Z Zv Rvbv Av‡`Š m¤¢e wK? G-e¨vcv‡i GKwU Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i msMxZ kÖeY| Avm‡j msMxZweÁvb msMx‡Zi kÖe‡Yi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`q| msMx‡Zi Ab¨w`K¸‡jv †hb A‡`Lv †_‡K hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î gvK©‡mi c‡Yï K_v ejv hvq, hv GB cY¨ ˆZwii †cQ‡b wµqvkxj

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mvgvwRK m¤úK©‡K Ae¸wÉZ K‡i iv‡L| msMx‡Zi A¨vKv‡WwgK ch©v‡jvPbv msMxZ‡K e¯‘wbô mËv wn‡m‡e cvwÐZ¨c~Y© AbymÜv‡bi welq Ki‡Z wM‡q wµqvkxj gvbexq I mvgvwRK Zvrc‡h©i K_v fz‡j hvq| Z‡e gvK©mxq cÖZ¨q, †hgb, cybiærcv`b, †kÖwY m¤úK© cÖf…wZ e¨ZxZ msMx‡Zi h_v_© g~j¨vqb m¤¢e bq| msMxZweÁv‡bi kv¯¿xq msÁvq A‡bK mgq msMx‡Zi we`¨vqZwbK e¨vL¨vwe‡køl‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z wM‡q msMxZ m„wói mvgvwRK Dcv`vb‡K jNy Ki‡Z cv‡i| msMx‡Zi gbbkxj we‡kølY we‡køl‡Ki Av‡eMg~jK mshyw³, e¨w³MZ mswkøóZv I welqxg~jK Dcv`vb‡K cÖkÖq †`‡e Ñ GUvB ¯^vfvweK| GKBfv‡e ejv hvq, msMx‡Zi mvaviY kÖeY I we`¨vqZwbK mgxÿvq b›`bZË¡‡K D‡cÿv Kiv hvq bv| cÖKvivšÍ‡i GiKgwU n‡jB †Kej Zv †kÖvZv, †ev×v, wkwÿZ Ges cwikxwj‡Zi c‡ÿ msMx‡Zi mvwe©K cÖKvkhÁ‡K †evSv m¤¢e| †gvUK_v, msMxZ‡K GKwU mvgvwRK D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e ejvi g‡a¨ †hgb bZzbZ¡ †bB, †miKg mvsMxwZK cvwÐZ¨c~Y© we‡kølY A‡bK †ÿ‡Î, A‡bK mgq, GB mvgvwRKZv‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| gvK©m Zuvi A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi ZË¡vq‡b msMxZKg©‡K mshy³ K‡ibwb| gvK©‡mi cY¨ Ges wewbg‡qi we‡køl‡Yi m‡½ b›`bZ‡Ë¡i †cQ‡b AcwmªqgvY mvsMxwZK Kg©KvÐ‡K Zzjbv Kivi cÖeYZv Zuvi GB Av‡jvPbvq Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv Avevi GKevi †`‡L wb‡Z cvwi cY¨ ej‡Z gvK©m Kx eywS‡q‡Qb : cY¨ n‡jv cÖ_gZ GKwU evwn¨K e¯‘, hv Zvi ¸Yvewj w`‡q gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb cwic~iY K‡i| GB cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖK…wZ ÿzav ev Kíbv hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, Zv Lye eëavb †evSvq bv| ZvQvov Kxfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb cwic~iY nq Ñ mivmwi cwi‡cvl‡Yi Dcvq ev †fv‡Mi mvgMÖx, c‡ivÿfv‡e Drcv`‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb cwic~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î c‡Yï GB eënvig~j¨ †gvUK_v GKwU w`K| c‡Yï wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¸YwU n‡jv, GwU weg~Z© g~j¨ aviY K‡i, hv Ab¨ c‡Yï m‡½ wewbg‡qi cwigv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cwijwÿZ nq| wewbgqKv‡j ¸YvZ¥K g~j¨ A‡`Lv _v‡K Ges wewbgqg~j¨ Avm‡j me c‡Yï mvaviYg~j¨‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| kÖ‡gi Øviv ˆZwi Drcbœ wn‡m‡eB cY¨wU cÖwZfvZ nq| wKš‘ wewbgqg~j¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kÖg‡K wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, hwÌ wewfbœ cY¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi kÖ‡g Drcvw`Z nq| myZivs g~j¨ wba©vi‡Y gvbexq kÖ‡gi weg~Z© iƒcwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| g~j¨welqK gvK©‡mi Av‡jvPbvq Mfxifv‡e †h-wRwbmwU Av‡m Zv n‡jv, e¯‘i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i cyuwRev`x weg~Z©vqb| cwigv‡Yi weg~Z© kÖgg~j¨ wn‡m‡e hLb c‡Yï wewbgq N‡U ZLb †mB c‡Yï †cQ‡b wµqvkxj mvgvwRK m¤úK© cÖwZfvZ nq bv| †gvUK_v, cY¨ wb‡RB GKwU g~‡j¨ cwiYZ nq bv, eis GKwU eënvig~j¨ wewbgqg~j¨ AR©b K‡i| †h‡nZz mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i A_©wU c‡Yï PwiÎ †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv nq, †m‡nZz A‡_©i (meaning) e¨vcviwU gbbkxj Mfxi Abykxj‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| msMxZ m¤úv`‡bi welqwU gvK©mxq we‡ePbvq Drcv`bx kÖg bv n‡jI mgv‡R gvbyl msMxZ‡K c‡Yï g‡ZvB †fvM K‡i Avm‡Q| †iKW©K…Z msMxZ †Zv e‡UB ÔjvBf cvidg©viÕiv wewfbœ Ae¯’vq gRywi-kÖwgK wn‡m‡eB KvR K‡i| †eZb‡fvMx A¨vKv‡WwgK e¨w³Z¡ GKB Kvq`vq gRywi-MÖnxZv| msMxZwelqK cÖKvkbv cvwÐZ¨c~Y© †jLvi Rb¨ im` ev DcKiY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| myZivs mivmwi Avw_©K jvf bv n‡jI †ckvMZ ¯^xK…wZi Av`‡j Gme AR©b‡K Ômvs¯‹…wZK cyuwRÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq| cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡eI gbbkxj Drcv`‡bi Pvwn`v †h mvsMxwZK e¯‘‡K Pvq Zvi g‡a¨

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welqe¯‘ cybiærcv`‡bi welqwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| msMxZ kv‡¯¿i Aa¨q‡bi cÖ‡kœ †ckvMZ I we`¨vqZwbK f‚wgKvØ‡qi g‡a¨ GKUv Rei`w¯Íi fve i‡q‡Q| GQvov msMxZZ‡Ë¡i welq Kx n‡e G-wb‡qI gZv‰bK¨ i‡q‡Q| msKj‡Ki wPšÍv, Kv‡Ri KvVv‡gv, we‡køl‡Yi e¨w³MZ bv›`wbK cÖwZwµqv, GKRb cÖvÁ †kÖvZvi cÖwZwµqv, GKwU we‡kl HwZnvwmK ÷vB‡ji †cÖÿvc‡U msKj‡Ki M„nxZ eë¯’v cÖf…wZ welq Avm‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ wkí‡Nulv kv‡¯¿i †ÿ‡ÎI Ggb gZv‰bK¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| Z‡e msMx‡Zi †ÿ‡Î ejv hvq †h, ÔmsMxZ-Aa¨qbÕ GKwU GKK cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv gykwKj| PZz_©Z msMxZ‡K GKwU k¦vkZ, Ava¨vwZ¥K I AšÍM©Z welq wn‡m‡e Ávb Ki‡j msMxZ-BwZnvm ev msMxZZ‡Ë¡i g‡Zv e¨vcvi¸‡jv ¯úó nq bv| †m-Kvi‡Y msMxZ‡K cY¨ wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨ÿ Kivi welqwUI cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q G‡m‡Q| †klZ, msMxZZ‡Ë¡i gvK©mxq we‡kølY-AvKv•ÿx D‡`¨vM jÿ Kiv hvq bv| mgv‡jvPKiv g‡b K‡ib, msMx‡Zi eënvig~j¨ Zvi bv›`wbK g~‡jï g‡a¨B †cÖvw_Z| myZivs gvK©mxq cY¨g~‡jï m‡½ bv›`wbK g~‡jï GKUv we‡iva †`Lv hvq| gvK©mxq g~j¨ZË¡ Abymv‡i Aek¨ msMx‡Zi inm¨gqZvi gva¨‡gB GB bv›`wbK g~‡jï DÌvb n‡q‡Q| A_©vr g~j¨ Av‡iv‡ci †ÿ‡Î gvK©mxq I AgvK©mxq cv_©K¨wU g~j¨-msMx‡Zi †dwUmK…Z Dcvq‡bi aviYv‡K MÖnY Kiv ev Kivi Ic‡i wbf©ikxj| †dwUwmR‡gi Kvi‡Y msMx‡Zi BwZnvm, msMxZZË¡, †jvKmsMxZZË¡ cÖf…wZ ci¯úi Avjv`v kv‡¯¿i D™¢e n‡q‡Q| msMxZ m„wói welqwU‡K LwÐZfv‡e †`Lvi cÖeYZv I bv›`wbKZvi †Lvjm civ‡bvi †cQ‡b Awae¯‘i aviYv KvR K‡i| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, msMx‡Zi †dwUm Pwi‡Îi m‡šÍvlRbK †kl we‡kølY cvIqv hvqwb| Z‡e msMx‡Zi bv›`wbKZv †hfv‡e g~j¨vq‡b eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q, gvK©mxq g~j¨Z‡Ë¡i wePvi †mfv‡e nqwb| A¨vW‡b©vi e³e¨ †mfv‡e gvK©mxq we‡køl‡Yi mnhvÎx n‡Z cv‡iwb| ÔOn the fetish character in music and that of listening|’ cyuwRev‡ì AvMgb †hŠb weK…wZ I mgKvjxb †kÖvZv‡ì evjmyjfZv‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| cyuwRev‡ì AvMg‡bi m‡½ msMx‡Zi m¤úK© weavb Ki‡Z wM‡q mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi mvwe©K wbwi‡L msMx‡Zi g~j¨vqb Lye GKUv nqwb e‡j Rvbv hvq| gvK©mxq m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM Av‡iv msKxY©fv‡e e‡j‡Q| Z‡e msMx‡Zi Kg© Kxfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq †m cÖm‡½ Rvbv hvq †h, cyuwRev`x AvaywbKZv I ey‡R©vqv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i GKUv m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| we‡klZ G-mgqKv‡ji msMxZ mxgve× I AšÍM©Zfv‡e KvVv‡gve×| †mvbvUvI ÔmsÕ d‡g© G‡ì †`Lv hvq| cÖvK-cyuwRev`x ev cÖvK-†i‡bmuvm ev cÖvK-AvaywbK mgv‡Ri msMx‡Z bvUKxq DÌvb-cZb jÿ Kiv hvq bv| mv`„k¨, cybiæw³, A_©MZ I my‡ii g‡a¨ ‘verse’ wfwËK m¤úK© weij, ¯^‡ii DÌvb-cZbmn †hŠw³KZv e³e¨ I AšÍM©Z wefvM jÿ Kiv hvq bv| cÖvK-AvaywbK msMx‡Z gvÎvi e„w× w`‡q GKB e³e¨ D”PvwiZ nq| `wÿY Gwkqvi KvIqvwj A_ev DËi fvi‡Zi †fvRcyix †PŠZv‡ji D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| D”Pv½msMxZ A‡bKUv Db¥y³| GLv‡b KvVv‡gv h‡_ó mnRfv‡e mse× I ˆ`N©¨ A‡bKUv ¯’vbxq cÖ_vMZfv‡e wba©vwiZ| cyuwRev` I ey‡R©vqv mgvR msMx‡Zi GB d‡g©i †ÿ‡Î A`„k¨c~e© †hŠw³KxKiY NUvq| Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv, msMx‡Zi GB cyuwRev`x aib mgwóMZ a¨vb-aviYvi cwie‡Z© e¨wó‡Kw›`ªK m‡PZbZvi ewntcÖKvk NUvq| KÉ, Q›`, Zvj I gayiZvi w`K †_‡K msMxZ †QvU Ges e¨w³MZ ev KL‡bv KL‡bv wbZvšÍB e¨w³K Abyf‚wZi K_v e¨³ K‡i, hv

116

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Abyev` cÖeÜ

cÖm½ †QvUMí g~j : Gjm&‡c_ †Wwf Abyev` : b~iæbbex kvšÍ

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¯^cœ km¨ kw³ exh© me Avwg †kl Kwi wbR nv‡Z Zz‡j mvivw`b mvivivZ †R¡‡j ivwL Awebvkx Av¸‡bi wRf `xN© GB KweZvq aªæc`x msMx‡Zi m‡g wd‡i Avmvi g‡Zv cybiæ”PvwiZ nq : Ô`¨v‡Lv nwið›`ª‡K `¨v‡Lv wcÖqZg gkv‡ji DmKv‡bv Av‡jvq KwVbÕ| co‡Z co‡Z Abyfe Kwi, Kwei Awf‡cÖZ n‡jv cÖm½vwZhvqx †`k-Kv‡ji evZ©v| †mR‡b¨ kãvšÍe©Zx© wbe©vK k~b¨ZviI cvV Avewk¨K n‡q c‡o| ey‡S wb‡Z nq †Kb Kwe wj‡L‡Qb ÔZey Avwg cÖwZw`b †R‡M D‡V wbR nv‡Z cyovB RxebÕ| Avi, ZLbB cÖkœ †`Lv †`q g‡b, GB Ônwið›`ªÕ cÖZx‡Ki Avov‡j cÖ”Qbœ i‡q‡Q †Kvb HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv? †K GB mvg~wnK mËvi cÖwZwbwa ÔAvwgÕ †h ïb‡Z cvq ÔA‡jŠwKK c„w_exi fvlvÕ? cwiwPZ ev¯Íe AcwiwPwZK…Z n‡j hw` wkím„wó nq, wK‡mi ms‡KZ dz‡U D‡V‡Q Gme cO&w³‡Z : mfvm` bZgy‡L cÖksmvi cwÄKvq Zz‡j‡Q †køvMvb Avgvi my‡Li iv‡R¨ myLx me cÖRv wg‡j my‡Li wgwQj aªæc` msMx‡Z Zviv e›`bv K‡i‡Q GB nwi‡ki bvg †Zvgiv e‡jQ Lyb ms‡kvabx nZ¨vhÁ †nvK †klevi Avwg †Zv e‡jwQ ÿgv, ÿgv K‡iv eÜ †nvK Zxeª i³cvZ e‡jwQ webvk †K‡U †M‡j GKw`b dzjø w`b wd‡i cve AvgivI wd‡i cve AgiZv fv‡jv‡e‡m ¯^‡M©i wVKvbv Avwg †Zv †P‡qwQ wek¦gq webvkwe‡ivax kvwšÍevnx myL Avwg †Zv †P‡qwQ ïay mgZvi g‡Zv K‡i mvRve Rxeb g‡b nq bvwK cyivYK_vi nwið›`ª Qvqvg~wZ© n‡q m‡i †M‡Qb cðvrc‡U; m¤§yLvwqZ n‡q‡Q me©Rbxb ÿgv weavbKvix e½eÜzi D”PZg Av`k©ev‡ì my‡i Zv‡j j‡q Muv_v gnr Rxe‡bi †`¨vZbv| cÖK…Z Kwe Gfv‡eB Zuvi evPb‡K eû¯^wiKZvq F× K‡i wPiKvj‡K mgKv‡ji m‡½ GKB m~‡Î MÖw_Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mvw`K BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ Zuvi `vq‡eva †h †fv‡jb bv KL‡bv, Gi wb`k©b i‡q‡Q ÔKwei g„Zzï ciÕ-Gi eqv‡b †hLv‡b myMfxi †e`bvi m‡½ wg‡k †M‡Q cÖej AvZ¥‡køl : Mfxi †kv‡Ki g‡Zv G‡jv‡g‡jv Avgvi ¯^‡`k Avgv‡ì wcÖq †h cÖwZwU kã Zviv AvR `ytL n‡q hvq Avgv‡ì wcÖq †h cÖwZwU †`Lv †mme GLb e„wó‡fRv e„wó Avgv‡ì wcÖq †h cÖwZwU D”PviY Zviv AvR D”P AvZ©bv` n‡q I‡V ... ... ... Avgv‡ì Qvqv †bB, mZ¨ †bB, cweÎ cybiæ×vi †bB Avgiv KweZvi †P‡q bó ivRbxwZ †ewk fv‡jvevwm Avgiv Kwe‡ì †P‡q wnsmª KmvB‡K †ewk fv‡jvevwm Avgiv m‡Zï †P‡q kw³i Dcvmbvq mn‡R mvnmx Avgiv m„wói †P‡q aŸs‡mi Kv‡QB bZRvby AvR mvw`K g~jZ Rxeb-wegy» Kwe; ZvB wZwb †Kej mZ¨ Pvb| wZwb Pvb µgvMZ jyß n‡Z _vKv ïf Avw¯ÍK¨‡ev‡ai cybiæ×vi| Pviw`‡K hLb webv‡ki wnsmª ZrciZv wZwb Pvb ï×Zv‡ev‡ai cybtm„wó Ges meai‡bi AvwacZ¨cš’v cÖwZnZ Kivi g‡Zv AvZ¥kw³i cybtcÖwZôv| bóa¯Í RM‡Z Kwe‡K Av‡jvi cÖnix n‡Z n‡e : GB ms‡KZB w`‡”Qb mvw`K| KxU`yó mv¤úÖwZ‡K ÔG‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K Quy‡o w`B kvwbZ wZ‡ii g‡Zv `„wó/ we‡Ø‡li †evSv c‡o KweZvi ey‡KÕ| Avi KweZvi LvZv f‡i I‡V i³cv‡Zi bw_ iPbvq| wbR©bZvwcÖq GK wbwiwewj Kwe hw` ZLb fv‡jvevmvi K_v KiæYvi K_v wjL‡Z cv‡ib ZvB n‡q I‡V cÖwZev‡ì wkwíZ Awfe¨w³| ÔwkK‡oi wkjvwjwcÕ bvgK `xN© KweZvq avoviMuv‡qi ¯§„wZcxwoZ mËv Avm‡j ci¤úiv-wehy³ co–qv‡ì m‡¤^vab K‡i|

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†Q` NUv‡bvi R‡b¨ mgvwß ev‡K¨ DrKwjZ n‡e? Ñ Ôgvbyl g‡b K‡i Av‡jv Av‡m m~h© n‡Z| †m †Zv fzj| Av‡jv _v‡K g‡b, †hB Av‡jv‡Z m~h© Av‡jvwKZ nq| †hB Av‡jv‡Z †h †Pv‡L †`‡L bv †mI RMZ †`‡L|Õ r

wZb Dcb¨v‡mi we‡kølY Kwei Avn‡g`

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D_vj-cv_vj †XD †L‡j †M‡Q| A‡bK Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K nvwi‡q †M‡Qb Avevi A‡bK Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K Avwef‚©Z n‡q‡Qb| wewPÎ msMÖvggyLi I cÖevm Rxeb m‡Ë¡I byiæj Kwig bvwmg gvSLv‡bi GKmgq myß Ae¯’vq _vK‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨RM‡Z cybivq Avwef‚©Z n‡q‡Qb ¯^gwngvq I D¾¡jZvq| m¤úªwZ Avwg Zuvi wZbwU Dcb¨vm-msewjZ MÖš’ †miv wZb Dcb¨vm cojvg| Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q, Rxebwkíx byiæj Kwig bvwmg Rxe‡bi wewPÎ c‡_ †nu‡U-†nu‡U †h-AwfÁZv mÂq K‡i‡Qb, †mme wewfbœ ai‡bi AwfÁZv I ¯§„wZ wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb Dcb¨vm wZbwU| wZbwU Dcb¨vmB wfbœagx© Ñ GKwUi m‡½ AciwUi †ÿÎ PwiÎ NUbvweb¨v‡mi †Kv‡bv wgj †bB A_P wZbwU NUbvmgMÖ‡K wZwb Gu‡K‡Qb wbcyY wPÎK‡ii g‡Zv| Dcb¨vm wZbwUi wk‡ivbvg Ñ GK UzK‡iv c„w_ex, Ab¨ †Kvb w`b I †K i‡e ciev‡m| Dcb¨vm wZbwU m¤ú‡K© Avjv`vfv‡e wKQy ejvi †Póv KiwQ :

GK UzK‡iv c„w_ex

†miv wZb Dcb¨vm byiæj Kwig bvwmg Aqb cÖKvkb XvKv 2018 l 270 UvKv

mvßvwnK wewPÎvq Zuvi †jLv c‡owQ| Zuvi Mí¸‡jvi welqe¯‘, Avw½K Ges cÖKvkf½x cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mgv`„Z nq| cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb bvU¨wk‡íi m‡½I Rwo‡q c‡ob| GQvov cÖeÜ Ges KweZvI wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| hvB †nvK Avwg cÖavbZ Zuvi †QvUM‡íi gy» cvVK wQjvg| Zuvi M‡íi welqe¯‘, NUbv I PwiÎwPÎY Ges cÖKvkf½x wQj ¯^Zš¿ Ges mgqvbymv‡i AvaywbK| gvSLv‡b †K‡U †M‡Q `xN© mgq| †jLK I cvVK‡`i Rxeb †_‡K P‡j †M‡Q A‡bK mgq| wkí-mvwnZ¨RM‡ZI bvbviKg cwieZ©b

GB Dcb¨vmwU Avm‡jB GK UzK‡iv c„w_ex Ñ GKwU cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì RxebmsMÖv‡gi g~Z© cÖZxK †Zv‡j aiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b| wcZvnxb msmv‡i eo †Q‡j msmv‡ii nvj a‡i Av‡Q, Zvi Av‡eM Av‡Q wKš‘ mvg_©¨ mxwgZ| Zey wZwb Amxg â‡h©i m‡½ †QvU fvB‡K `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa †_‡K euvPv‡Z Pvb| †QvU fvB AvmdvK‡K euvPv‡Z fvi‡Zi †f‡jv‡i wb‡q †h‡Z nq Ñ †mLv‡b hvIqvi ci wewfbœ gvbyl I NUbvi m¤§yLxb nb †jLK| e¨vcviUv Zv bq| †mUv‡K Kxfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv †mUvB n‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Rxeb‡K wb‡q huviv Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb iPbv K‡ib Zviv †Zv GB c„w_exiB gvbyl| Zv‡ì A‡bK mgq †h Amva¨ mvab Ki‡Z nq Zv ce©Zmgvb KwVb, mvMimg Amxg| Rxe‡bi NUbvµg m„wó K‡ib Ck¦i; Rxe‡bi wbg©vZv ¯^qs Ck¦i, wKš‘ †mB Rxeb‡K gvbyl hLb eY©bv Ki‡Z hvq ev wPÎY Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv A‡bK mgq n‡q D‡V fqsKi Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq KwVb I RwUj wkí Ñ GK cwikÖgjä gnvKve¨ Ñ Rxeb †kl n‡q hvq, gnvKve¨ Z_v Dcb¨vm †hb †kl n‡Z Pvq bv| Zey wKQy wKQy gvbyl †m-Amva¨‡K mvab K‡ib, †hgb Uj÷‡qi Iqvi A¨vÛ wcm, Avbv Kv‡iwbbv; wf±i û‡Mvi jv wgRv‡iej, Gwgj †Rvjvi bvbv, Wvwb‡qj wW‡dvi iwebmb µz‡mv, nvig¨vb †gjwW‡ji gwewWK, iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii

129

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Ab¨ †Kvb w`b

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130

†K i‡e ciev‡m

ZiæY Kwe I mvsevw`K Rv‡f` Zv‡i‡Ki cÖmvmx Rxe‡bi bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNvZ, Rxeb-msMÖvg Ges cwi‡k‡l GK Rxeb`k©‡bi mvÿvr GB Dcb¨v‡mi welq| GKwU g‡bvig ¯^cœ wb‡q Rv‡f` G‡mwQj †MÖUweª‡U‡bi ivRavbx kni jÛ‡b, †h-kn‡i weªwUk hyM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvwK¯Ívb ce© Zvici evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci µgea©gvb nv‡i evOvwjiv G‡m‡Q D”PRxe‡bi Avkvq Ñ `ytLKó‡K c‡ivqv bv K‡i Rxe‡bi SuzwK wb‡q| GmKj †gvnMÖ¯Í gvby‡li †KD †KD mdj nq| †KDev †Kv‡bv iK‡g wU‡K _v‡K Avevi †KD Rxebhy‡× †n‡i hvq| Rv‡f` Zv‡i‡Ki e¨vcviUv GKUz wfbœ Ñ †m GKRb AvZ¥gh©v`vm¤úbœ gvbyl| cÖwZôvi wewbg‡q gvbgh©v`v wemR©b w`‡Z †m ivwR bq| †m †`‡L‡Q wKQy wKQy bvix I cyiæl jÛ‡b G‡m Rxe‡b myL bvgK †mvbvi nwiY ai‡Z †P‡qI cvqwb eis Rxe‡bi Kv‡Q †n‡i †M‡Q, my‡Li Awfbq Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, cÖK…Z myLx n‡Z cv‡iwb| Zv‡ì †KD †KD Rxe‡bi Ggb ch©v‡q G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zviv GK †MvjKauvavq Ny‡iwd‡i gi‡Q Ñ GLv‡b †_‡KI myL †bB Avevi †Kv_vI hvIqvi RvqMv †bB| wKš‘ ZiæY Kwe I msevw`K Rv‡f` Zv‡iK mviv Rxe‡bi Rb¨ VK‡Z ivwR bq| Rxe‡bi Pig I cig wm×všÍ GLv‡bB Ges GLbB wb‡Z n‡e Ñ Zv hZB KwVb K‡Vvi †nvK Ñ ZvB †m wm×všÍ †bq Ñ ciev‡m Avi bq, wbR †`‡kB wd‡i hv‡e †m| ÔRv‡f‡ì g‡b nq GKÕw`‡b KZiKg gvbyl †`‡L‡Q| Gme wb‡q †`‡k wd‡i wM‡q GKwU Dcb¨vm wjL‡e| cÖ_‡g evsjvq c‡i Bs‡iwR‡Z| Awfevmx evsjv‡`wk‡ì †hfv‡e †m †`‡L‡Q †mme wb‡q PgrKvi me AvL¨vb ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| †m mvsevw`K| Zvi †Pv‡L A‡bK wKQy ¯úó

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